“Heavy, you, Monomakh’s hat,” is exactly what Boris Godunov said in the famous drama by Alexander Pushkin. These words have a metaphorical meaning about the severity of government, but many are interested in knowing how much the royal headdress actually weighs. About the Monomakh cap and other royal crowns - later in the review.
Monomakh's hat
The most famous regalia of the Russian autocracy is Monomakh's hat. Presumably it was made by masters of Central Asia and was presented to Ivan Kalita by Uzbek Khan. The precious crown looks exactly like the national headdress of the Golden Horde - borik.
When the concept “Moscow – the Third Rome” appeared in the 16th century, chronicles increasingly mentioned another version of the origin of the precious headdress, which became official. According to it, the Byzantine Emperor Constantine gave the hat to his grandson Vladimir Monomakh. Kings wore this precious regalia only on the day of their ascension to the throne.
The weight of this headdress is almost 994 grams. It is decorated with a scattering of sapphires, worm-shaped yakhonts (rubies), Burmite grain (pearls) and sable fur. There are 43 stones in total on the crown.
Kazan hat
The Kazan hat became a symbol of the conquest of the Kazan Khanate and its annexation to Russian possessions in 1552. On the head of Ivan the Terrible there was a golden crown, generously decorated with precious stones. At the top of the cap is a 90-carat yellow sapphire. The image of this crown is present on the modern coat of arms of Kazan.
Astrakhan hat
As in the case of the Kazan cap, the appearance of the Astrakhan cap on the head of Tsar Mikhail Romanov was timed to coincide with the annexation of the Astrakhan Khanate.
This headdress is also called the “Big Outfit” crown. And indeed, the hat looks very rich. There are eight teeth on the outside of the lower part. At the top is a small crown. The entire hat is decorated with a scattering of precious stones. Traditionally, it is surrounded by a sable edge.
Altabasnaya (Siberian) hat
The Altabasnaya (Siberian) hat was the favorite headdress of Tsar Ivan V Alekseevich. Its name comes from the gold brocade (altabas) from which it is made. To prevent the crown from becoming wrinkled, the master made a silver frame on the inside. In another way it is called the Hat of the third outfit.
Diamond cap
The Diamond or Diamond Cap is another crown made for Ivan V. The Tsar ordered some of the stones that went into its production to be removed from another headdress, which he considered already outdated. 900 diamonds were used for this crown, not counting other precious stones.
Cap of Peter I Alekseevich
A Diamond Cap was also made for the future emperor, but it had many differences in comparison with the headdress of his elder brother Ivan V. Much fewer diamonds were used to decorate it, but they were larger in size. Other precious stones are also of better quality, so the Diamond Cap of Peter I is valued at much higher prices than his brother’s crown.
A curious fact is that Peter I put on his crown for the last time in 1696 before traveling to Europe. After this, the Diamond Cap was simply considered the king’s private jewel.
Peter I became famous as a great reformer, but not all of his undertakings were successful. These will allow you to look at the reign of the Russian autocrat from a different angle.
Hundred Great Treasures
Monomakh's hat
The Monomakh cap is the main regalia of the Russian Grand Dukes and Tsars. The symbol of the crown of autocracy in Russia. It is a gold filigree pointed headdress, presumably of oriental workmanship of the late 13th - early 14th centuries, with a sable edge, decorated with precious stones: pearls, rubies, emeralds and a cross.
“Monomakh's Cap” is one of the most ancient regalia stored in the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin. Starting from Ivan Kalita, all the spiritual letters of the Moscow princes mention the “golden hat”. It is possible that it was for the first time in 1572 that it was called “Monomakh’s hat” in the will of Ivan the Terrible.
The almost three-century reign of the Romanov dynasty elevated Russia to a very high level of glory. The treasures of the state were constantly multiplied by each king, and the royal court surprised the envoys of all foreign states with splendor and wealth. So, for example, Lord Carlyle, the English ambassador, describing the court of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich; reported: “The same thing happened to us that happens to those who suddenly emerge from darkness into the light and are suddenly struck by the rays of the bright sun. Our eyes were barely able to bear the brilliance of the Russian Tsar’s court, covered with precious stones and in the middle of it, what seemed like a clear sun.”
The ancient royal crown - Monomakh's hat - is world famous. All Russian tsars were crowned with her in the 16th-17th centuries. A long time ago there was a legend about it, that in the 12th century the Byzantine Emperor Constantine sent it and other regalia on a golden platter to the Kyiv Grand Duke Vladimir Monomakh, from whom, after many generations, this crown passed to the Moscow kings. The legend says that Metropolitan Neophytos of Ephesus also gave Vladimir Monomakh mantles, or barmas - precious medallions that were sewn onto a round collar, a life-giving cross, a chain of Arabian gold and the cup of Pope Augustus.
Monomakh's hat. F. G. Solntsev
Drawing from the early 1830s
True, later historians, comparing their years of life and reign, decisively refuted this legend. Emperor Constantine [died in 1054, and Vladimir Monomakh became Grand Duke in 1113 - 59 years after the death of the Byzantine ruler. Scientists have different opinions about the origin of the royal crown. [Some historians believe that it was made in Byzantium, others attribute it to eastern (Arab or Arab-Egyptian) art, and others claim that it is a work of Bukhara work. The origin of the royal crown, as well as the history of its appearance in the royal treasury, have not yet been clarified and are still awaiting new research.
The ancient chronicles do not mention the hat: even if it was sent by the Byzantine emperor, it would have been a sign of submission to the person to whom the gift was intended. And they had never heard of Monomakh’s cap until the beginning of the 16th century... But in all the spiritual letters” of the Moscow kings, starting with Ivan Kalita, a certain golden cap was mentioned, but no detailed description of it was given.
Grandson of Ivan III, Dmitry
It has now been documented that for the first time the grandson of Ivan III, Dmitry, was crowned king with the Monomakh cap in 1498. Tsar Ivan III was a major statesman, therefore, in such a difficult time for the country, he decided to emphasize the creation of solid centralized power and the increased power of the country with a special solemn ceremony - the coronation.
For this ceremony on February 4, 1498, the Monomakh's crown was used. On this day, Ivan III, accompanied by the boyars, led his 15-year-old grandson into the Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, where they were met by the Russian clergy. To make the wedding of his grandson more solemn, Ivan III invited some hierarchs of the Russian Orthodox Church: Metropolitan Simon, Archbishop of Rostov, as well as the bishops of Suzdal, Ryazan, Terek, Kolomna and Sarsk.
Royal wedding
Two archbishops presented the metropolitan with the grand ducal regalia - barmas and a crown, and the metropolitan handed them over to the grand duke, who placed the Monomakh cap on Dmitry's head. 50 years later, young Ivan IV was crowned with her, who finally approved the royal title for the Russian sovereigns.
Monomakh's hat is similar in shape to skufia, only it has a sharper top. Its golden surface is covered with a lace filigree pattern of Greek work, in which graceful spiral curls, star-shaped rosettes and six-petaled lotus flowers were gathered into a single whole.
Korolev Oleg. Monomakh's Hat
The “apple” is cut along the lower belt and minted in the middle parts. A smooth golden cross is installed on it, and four pearl grains are inserted at the ends and at the base of it: the top one is oblong, the sides are round, the bottom one is somewhat compressed and larger than the others.
On each of the eight planks, in nests, three of which are decorated with enamel, there is a large stone in the middle: four rubies and four emeralds.
Initially, Monomakh's hat was decorated with pearl and gold pendants; later it was trimmed with dark sable fur and crowned with a gold engraved pommel with a cross. The height of the hat with a cross is about 25 centimeters, and its diameter is about 20 centimeters.
Symbols on Monomakh's Cap
Star of Veles. Monomakh's hat (13th century, Russia).
Symbol of the crowning of Russian tsars to power.
Symbolism of the hat: “Star of Veles”
means power over Heaven (“Cross of Dyya”),
above the Earth (“Bee-Makosh”), above the Waters (“Mara”).
"THE STAR OF VELES is a Slavic religious symbol of the god Veles.
Despite the fact that Veles is a native Slavic god, and the symbol of Veles
- a primordially Slavic symbol, this symbol, like all
Slavic religious dogmas and other symbols were taken over and
modern Kabbalistic occultism, and Judeo-Christian teaching
generally. Historically, this symbol does not belong to the Jewish religion,
the Jews simply borrowed the Star of Veles."
(Tyunyaev Andrey Aleksandrovich, President of the Academy of Basic Sciences, Head of the Historical Symbols Sector of the Institute of Ancient Slavic and Ancient Eurasian Civilization of the Academy of Sciences and the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences, full member of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences)
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Monomakh's hat is known to many. It has great historical value, being an attribute of Tsarist Russia and an adornment of the Russian Tsars. But few people know that there are two such hats, and the second one is also in Russia.
The history of the Monomakh cap begins from the moment when it was presented to Prince Vladimir by the Byzantine emperor Constantine Monomakh. The author of this jewelry is definitely unknown. There are several options. These were either jewelers from Byzantium, or from Central Asia, or from the Middle East. Soon, Monomakh's hat became a symbol of the power of ancient Russian princes and later tsars.
All new successors to the throne were crowned with the cap of Monomakh. When two brothers, Ivan Alekseevich and Pyotr Alekseevich, were crowned, a second Monomakh cap had to be made for the younger brother. It was already made by Russian jewelers. Many historians attach special significance to it, since it was worn by Peter I, who later became a famous reformer and the first emperor of Russia. But later all the kings wore the first Monomakh hat at their wedding.
Monomakh's hat is unique in the number and quality of stones. It surpasses all royal and royal headdresses not only in Russia, but also in Europe. Europeans compared it with the crowns of France, Germany, and Hungary. There is even evidence from 1576 that confirms this.
The value of this work of art, neither historical nor jewelry, cannot be determined. The precious stones and the technology of their processing are unique. Both Monomakh hats are in the Armory Chamber in Moscow and are considered the most expensive exhibits.
Contrary to legends and myths, Monomakh's hat - one of the symbols of the Russian autocracy - hardly had anything to do with Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh, the former Grand Duke of Kyiv in the period from 1113 to 1125.
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As follows from the “Tale of the Princes of Vladimir,” written around 1518, this headdress was presented by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine IX Monomakh to Prince Vladimir Monomakh, who was his grandson.
However, this version is extremely doubtful. Emperor Constantine IX died in 1055, when Vladimir was only two years old. In addition, the shape and nature of the sewing and decorations - all this does not fit with the origin of the headdress from Byzantium. It exactly corresponds to the borik, which is still the national headdress in Kazakhstan and is popular in a number of other regions inhabited by peoples of the Turkic linguistic group.
One of the most plausible versions of the real origin Monomakh hats there is an assumption that this is a gift from Uzbek Khan to Yuri Danilovich, Grand Duke of Moscow, or Ivan Kalita. Thus, the Khan of Ulus Jochi could reward one of the Moscow princes for loyalty, after which the increase in the importance of the Moscow principality began, which occurred at the beginning of the 14th century.
The story of the gift from the Byzantine Emperor was invented due to the emergence of an orientation toward Byzantium and the emergence of the concept of Moscow inheriting the traditions of the Second Rome and declaring it the Third Rome.
Only for royal weddings
Received the status of a crown and was used accordingly. Kings wore hats only at the time of their appointment to reign. This was the case until the coronation of Ivan V, who for some time was co-ruler of Peter I. Peter was crowned in a specially made Second Attire cap, and Monomakh’s hat was part of the Great Attire. The first tsar who was crowned to rule wearing this hat was Ivan IV.
What is Monomakh's hat?
This headdress weighs about a kilogram and is decorated with sapphires, spinels, rubies, emeralds and pearls. Total 43 stones. The hat is lined with gold planks, trimmed with sable trim, and in the upper part is crowned with a smooth gold cross. Currently it is kept in the Armory, a museum, and is the most ancient regalia.
Passion for Byzantium
Regardless of the versions of various historians, we have reason to consider Vladimir Monomakh the first Russian ruler, under whom an orientation towards Byzantium began to take shape. On the surviving seals of this prince, already in those days there was the title “Archon of all the Russian Land”, traditional for Greece and Byzantium. Moreover, it would be strange if a prince from the Rurik family purely by chance received the nickname Monomakh, after the nickname of his mother’s family. Whether she was the daughter of the Emperor of Byzantium is unknown, but it is impossible to deny that she was his relative. The family of Constantine IX was quite small; it is unlikely that he sent some distant relative to Rus' with an embassy. The name of Prince Vladimir's mother is unknown, but her appearance coincides with the reign of Constantine IX Monomakh.
Vladimir II Monomakh was an active ruler, from a very young age he was involved in military campaigns. He took part in clashes with the Polovtsians, a campaign in Poland, where he helped the Poles in the fight against the Czechs. In 1078, his father Vsevolod Yaroslavich became the Grand Duke of Kyiv, and Vladimir occupied Chernigov, which he successfully defended. During this period there were also campaigns against the rebellious Vyatichi, which were also victorious.
In 1093, his father died, but Vladimir did not take the Kiev throne, fearing family conflict and civil strife. He becomes the Grand Duke of Kyiv only after the death of his cousin Svyatopolk Izyaslavich, whose great reign he did not challenge. And even then not immediately, but after much persuasion and even threats from the Kyiv boyars. They threatened Vladimir that the popular revolt that was taking place during that period would become even more violent if Vladimir did not take the throne and find a way to calm the slaves. Several years preceding the great reign were spent in constant skirmishes with the Polovtsians - the Russian squads either won or suffered defeat.
Having become the Grand Duke, Vladimir II Monomakh slightly improved the situation of ordinary people through legislation. The years of the last strengthening of Kievan Rus in history began. However, no more than 3/4 of its territory was under his control.
March on Byzantium
The last years of the life of a possible descendant of the Byzantine emperor were associated with the war with the Second Rome. A certain False Diogenes II appeared in Rus'. For political reasons, Vladimir pretended to recognize him, married his daughter to him and began a campaign on the Danube. Rus' gathered quite large forces and received the support of the Polovtsians, with whom at that time there were no active hostilities. The squad was led by False Diogenes. At first, she captured one city after another on the Danube, but then hired assassins sent by Emperor Alexei I were able to kill the impostor. Vladimir Monomakh did not stop the war and was now acting in the interests of Vasily, the son of False Diogenes, his grandson. The war was long, more and more squads were sent to the battlefields. It ended already under Emperor John II. Peace was concluded, and the granddaughter of Monomakh was married to the son of the Byzantine emperor. From that moment on, Rus' never again fought with Byzantium.
Vladimir Monomakh died on May 19, 1125 in Kyiv, at the age of 71, and was buried in St. Sophia Cathedral. Heavy or light Monomakh's hat, the prince hardly knew, but he proved himself to be one of the most powerful leaders in Rus'.
Kaluga region, Borovsky district, Petrovo village
A new travel season for groups of schoolchildren is opening at the ethnographic park-museum “ETNOMIR”. You can walk the roads of the Great Silk Road, through Central Asia, mountainous Nepal, legendary India, see China, Korea and Japan. Plunge into the world of the Slavic calendar. Get acquainted with the homes of the peoples of the world, find out what materials a home can be built from, what shape and size houses are, how natural and climatic conditions and a person’s lifestyle are taken into account.
Consists of an excursion and a handicraft master class.
During the excursion, which will take place in the Russian hut of the ethno-yard “Museum of the Russian Stove”, in the Ukrainian mud hut and on the Belarusian farm, the children will learn how a family of 10-12 people used to live in one hut with an area of 20 square meters. m. How they maintained harmony in the family, where they slept, how they ate; Who are “Bolshak” and “Bolshakha” and who is more important in the family? Schoolchildren will see everyday objects of our ancestors, which they previously only read about in Russian fairy tales, and they will be able to use some objects: take a cast iron pot out of the stove, adjust the firewood in the firebox with a poker, try to iron fabric with a ruble. Following the master's stories, the children will create a small souvenir - a hut, decorate it and cover it with a thatched roof.
Plan
Introduction
1 Legend and history
2 Additional facts
Bibliography
Introduction
Monomakh's hat is a golden filigree pointed headdress, presumably of oriental workmanship of the late 13th - early 14th centuries, with a sable edge, decorated with precious stones: pearls, rubies, emeralds and a cross. Regalia of Russian Grand Dukes and Tsars. The symbol of the crown of autocracy in Russia. “Monomakh's Cap” is one of the most ancient regalia stored in the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin. Starting from Ivan Kalita, all the spiritual letters of the Moscow princes mention the “golden hat”. It is possible that it was she who was named for the first time in 1572 in the will of Ivan the Terrible “ Monomakh's cap ».
1. Legend and history
The hat is a Central Asian headdress. It is possible that this hereditary regalia of the Moscow sovereigns was a gift from Khan Uzbek to Yuri Danilovich or Ivan Kalita, whom he patronized. The hat could have been made to their order by oriental craftsmen.
In connection with the reorientation of Moscow statehood from the Horde to Byzantium under Ivan III, the meaning of the cap is also being rethought in line with the concept of “Moscow - the Third Rome”. Around 1518 (“The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir”), the official version of its origin was formulated: this gift from the Byzantine emperor Constantine IX Monomakh to his grandson, the Kiev prince Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh, was supposed to symbolize the continuity of power of Russian rulers from the Byzantine emperors.
In fact, this origin of the headdress is extremely doubtful - both because Constantine died in 1055, when Vladimir was only 2 years old and the likelihood that he would receive Kyiv was quite modest, and from an art historical point of view.
The special status of the crown dictated its use until the end of the 17th century when placing all Russian sovereigns on the throne. The Tsar put on Monomakh's hat only on the day of his royal crowning; subsequently he used his personal headdress - the “crown”. The last Russian tsar to be crowned king with the cap of Monomakh was Ivan V, whose co-ruler was his brother Peter I, in 1682. Peter I himself, crowned together with his brother as a junior co-ruler, was crowned king with a specially made “cap of the second outfit,” which reproduced the shape and decoration of the historical Monomakh cap, but with simplifications and not at such a high artistic level. The cap of the second outfit is also kept in the Armory.
The hat appears in a legend according to which the Byzantine emperors, before transferring it and other regalia to Rus', themselves sent an expedition to Babylon for it, where they found it among other treasures remaining from King Nebuchadnezzar near the tomb of the Three Youths (see Three Youths in fiery cave).
2. Additional facts
· Monomakh's hat was part of the Great Dress.
· The weight of Monomakh's hat is 698 grams.
· In the Emine-Bair-Khosar cave (lower plateau of Chatyr-Dag, Crimea) there is a stalagmite called “Monomakh’s Cap”.
· In the Feodorovsky Cathedral of St. Petersburg, built in honor of the 300th anniversary of the reign of the Romanovs, there was a chandelier in the form of Monomakh’s cap.
· In 2002, for the 50th anniversary of Vladimir Putin, a group of Russian jewelers created an exact copy of Monomakh’s cap, valued at 50 thousand US dollars
Bibliography:
1. B. A. Uspensky. "Tsar and Emperor: Anointing to the throne and the semantics of royal titles." Moscow, “Languages of Russian culture”, 2000. Pp. 77.
