The invention relates to the mining industry and can be used to detect voids in the area of open-pit mining. The purpose of the invention is to reduce the cost of delineating voids of a predominantly elongated shape while increasing operational safety. From the side of the quarry, a vertical fan of wells is drilled into the zone of the supposed void perpendicular to its strike. After identifying the void, the boundary points of the void's distribution are determined by drilling horizontal wells on the horizon intersecting the void. If no void is detected by the vertical fan of the wells, the fan of the wells is drilled at an angle to the plane of the vertical fan of the well. In this case, the wells are placed in a checkerboard pattern relative to the well of the previous well fan. And then vertical fans of wells are drilled across the strike of the void between the boundary points of the detection horizon. 2 salary f-ly, 2 ill.
The invention relates to the mining industry and can be used to detect voids in the area of open-pit mining. The purpose of the invention is to reduce the cost of delineating a void of a predominantly elongated shape while increasing the safety of work. In fig. Figure 1 shows the side of a quarry with underground workings, as well as fans of vertical wells and the ore body in the zone of influence of underground workings, section; Fig.2 shows the side of the quarry in plan. The method is carried out as follows. From the side of the quarry, in the direction of the center of the supposed void 1, perpendicular to its strike, a vertical fan of wells 4 is drilled from the platform 2 of the ledge 3. Having not found a void, an additional fan of wells 5 is drilled with a vertical fan of wells 4 obliquely to the plane of the fan of wells 4, placing the wells of fans 4 and 5 in staggered relative to each other. If a void is detected in one of the wells of fans 4 and 5, a fan of wells 6 is drilled to the horizon of the void, tracing the void along the strike. At the extreme boundary points of intersection of the void with the fan of wells 6, vertical fans of wells 7-10 are drilled along the strike of the void, tracing it across the strike. At the points of intersection of the wells of fans 7-10 with the boundaries of the void, its contour, geometric dimensions and collapse zone 11 are determined. After extinguishing the void 1, the edge is separated and the ore body 12 is mined.
Claim
1. METHOD FOR DETECTING UNDERGROUND VOIDS, including drilling wells to the horizon of the supposed void, intersecting the well and delineating it, characterized in that, in order to reduce the cost of delineating voids of a predominantly elongated shape along the strike while increasing the safety of work, drilling is carried out from the quarry bench, first a fan of wells is drilled perpendicular to the strike of the supposed void in the vertical plane; after detecting the void, the boundary points of the void's distribution are determined by drilling from the same point of a horizontal fan of wells on the horizon a well intersecting the void, and then by drilling fans of wells across the strike of the void between the boundary points of the detection horizon. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that if a void is not detected by the vertical fan of wells, the next fan of wells is placed in a plane at an angle to the plane of the vertical fan of wells. 3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the wells in inclined planes are arranged in a checkerboard pattern relative to the wells of the previous fan of wells.
DRAWINGS
,MM4A Early termination of a patent of the Russian Federation for an invention due to failure to pay the fee for maintaining the patent in force within the prescribed period
Houses made using a monolithic method are becoming increasingly common. And in private homes, the monolith is replacing concrete slabs 
ceilings Yes, the method provides increased strength. Nobody argues. However…
- sounds the advertising slogan of one of the companies. How to believe? Rather not believe, but definitely need to check. After all, when pouring concrete, a number of defects can occur. Moreover, if some of the defects can only affect the appearance, they are removed cosmetically. Some defects cannot be visually inspected, significantly affecting the strength of the structure, and in some cases directly threatening safety.
One type of such defects is the formation of voids in the thickness of concrete. Voids are formed due to the failure of concrete to pass through a particular area. Moreover, sometimes the voids can be of such a size that the reinforcement may be exposed or even through voids. Which cannot but affect the strength of the monolith.
In some cases, voids can be identified by tapping the monolith with a hammer. In void areas the sound will be noticeably muffled. But, as a rule, it is used on small objects and small monolith thicknesses. Plus, voids can be detected if they are fairly close to the surface.
What to do if the monolith is quite thick and/or the voids are located quite deep? In these cases, non-destructive testing (NDT) devices are used. Ultrasound is mainly used for these purposes. Ultrasound is most suitable for end-to-end inspection. The UK 1401 device is quite easy to use, designed for both surface and through scanning of concrete. Gives an excellent picture. Via IR ports it can transmit images to a computer.
Once voids are discovered, the defect should be repaired immediately. To do this, the surface of the voids is cleaned of old loose concrete and washed with water. The voids are filled with fine-grained concrete, carefully vibrated. To speed up the maturation of concrete, steam and electric heating of the pouring site is used. In winter, it is recommended to use infrared lamps before and after pouring. When filling voids, the presence of a laboratory assistant and a foreman is required. They check the thoroughness of the seal by vibrating or bayoneting.
1) Project name:
Devices for detecting voids, underground passages, burials,polyethylene gas pipelinesand non-magnetic ammunition.
2) Brief description of the project:
The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that currently there are no portable and reliable instruments that allow us to determine the location of soil anomalies using existing methods, and by the nature of the anomalies detect voids, underground passages and burials. Search and discovery of biological remains is currently an unsolved global problem. Currently Domestic and imported radio wave mine detectors can only detect non-metallic objects, i.e. there is no selection of non-magnetic mines from stones and objects of similar size. Also available an urgent need for the army and intelligence services to detect a thin, unpowered cable during mine clearance(from a land mine to a radio fuse), such devices are currently absent in our country and abroad.
In the period 1990...2010, a number of modifications of IGA-1 devices were developed and tested to measure ultra-weak electromagnetic fields of the Earth’s natural field and the distortions of these fields introduced from absorption and re-emission by various objects. The devices are selective receivers of electromagnetic fields in the range of 5...10 kHz, with calculation of the integral of the phase shift at the measured frequency (http:// www. *****). The principle of operation of the IGA-1 device is similar to radio wave mine detectors, only there is no emitter, which is the natural background of the Earth and a lower frequency range. IGA-1 detects distortion of the electromagnetic field in places of soil heterogeneity in the presence of any objects underground, and is designed to search for non-metallic objects, voids, water veins, pipelines, human remains by changing the phase shift at the boundary of the transition of media. The output parameter of the device is the integral of the phase shift at the receiving frequency, the value of which changes at the boundary of the media transition (soil-pipe, soil-void). The device is made in the form of a portable measuring sensor with visual indication. The device is powered by a battery. The weight of all equipment in the suitcase does not exceed 5 kg, the weight of the measuring sensor does not exceed 1 kg.
3) Nature of the project:
Expansion of existing production
Carrying out R&D
Sale of licenses for the production of new versions of devices to other manufacturers.
4) Industry of application:
· High technology, high technology
6) Amount of required investment, in rubles
100 million rubles
7) Payback period, years
8) Project implementation period, years
9) Form of cooperation:
Share capital
· Share
10) Project readiness level
Since 1994, the Light-2 company has organized the production of IGA-1 devices on the basis of defense enterprises, producing more than 300 devices that are used in Russia and abroad. Options for IGA-1 devices for detecting water veins have been developed and do not require additional investment. Detection polyethylene gas pipelines worked out in manual (not automated) mode and requires the work of a well-trained operator.
Modernization and further development of IGA-1 devices is required for detecting voids, underground passages, burials and non-magnetic ammunition,polyethylene gas pipelinesaccording to received patents for inventions:
RF Patent N 2119680 dated 01/01/2001. Method of geoelectromagnetic exploration and device for its implementation. , and etc.
RF Patent No. 000 dated January 1, 2001. A method for detecting the location of buried biological objects or their remains and a device for its implementation. , and etc.
RF Patent No. 000 dated 01/01/01 “Device for searching and identifying plastic mines”, etc.
RF Patent No. 000 dated 01/01/01 “Device for searching underground pipelines”, etc.
For the search for human remains, the IGA-1 device was first tested in the village of Neftegorsk (1995); after the earthquake, about 30 dead were found. Feedback from the head of the administration of the village of Neftegorsk on the website http://www. *****. In Yekaterinburg (1996), the Ministry of Internal Affairs carried out work to discover corpses walled up in the Siberian Tract highway and burials in the forest in the area of the Nizhneisetsky cemetery. Certificates from criminal case No. 000. Ekaterinburg, 1996 on the website http:// www. *****.
In using the IGA-1 device, it was possible to detect graves 100-150 years ago during the restoration and restoration of churches: St. George Monastery “Holy Bushes” in the Blagoveshchensky district of Bashkiria, the Church of the “Holy Trinity” in the village of Krasny Yar in Bashkortostan ( http:// www. *****), as well as other churches in Bashkortostan and Tatarstan.
In 2008, at the request of a resident of the city of Tuymazy, a search was made for the abandoned grave of his father Ivan Bezymyannikov, a war veteran and former secretary of the district committee. The grave was located in a city park; after the reconstruction of the park in 1991, traces of the burial were lost. After the excavations, the remains were reburied in the city cemetery. Photos on the website http://www. *****.
When conducting search studies (2003) in the area of battles of the 1st separate mountain rifle brigade during the Great Patriotic War, in the Kirov district of the Leningrad region, using the IGA-1 device, the possibility of detecting filled-in trenches, dugouts and burials, as well as ammunition. It was found that the IGA-1 device reacts to ammunition and metal objects in a similar way to the IPM mine detector. To detect voids and burials, it is first necessary to detect and remove all metal from the area being examined, then the voids and burials are detected. For selective selectivity (only voids or human remains), it is necessary to further modernize and improve the IGA-1 device
Regarding the use of IGA-1 devices for engineering and sapper purposes, there was correspondence with the Security Council of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Defense - direction on detecting non-magnetic mines. This invention was considered by the Commission on Scientific and Technical Issues of the Security Council of the Russian Federation (1995), in the Invention Department of the Ministry of Defense (), military unit 52684-A (Ex. 565/2139 dated December 3, 1996), Central Research Institute 15 MO (ref. 1131 dated September 1, 1998). In the summer of 2000, an experimental model of the IGA-1 device in the mine detector version was tested at the Central Research Institute 15 MO for the possibility of detecting anti-tank, anti-personnel non-magnetic mines and unexploded land mines located at great depths, positive feedback was received ( http:// www. *****),. Disadvantages were also noted; to eliminate them, further development of the equipment is required, which requires additional investment. Considering that the world's mine detectors for non-magnetic mines do not distinguish them from stones of a similar size, further development of our method will make it possible to carry out such selection according to the frequency of reception by taking the spectral characteristics of detected objects. To determine the possibility of fixing unpowered cables during mine clearance (from a land mine to a radio fuse), one of the IGA-1 devices was configured for this task and tested on the bank of the river. Belaya in Ufa, in a place where there are no longer any communications, as a result, confirmation was received about the possibility of using IGA-1 for these tasks.
For the detection of underground passages in which terrorists may be hiding, the IGA-1 device was of great interest to Western military specialists at the exhibition of Russian developments and equipment for land mine clearance and ammunition disposal, which was held on April 29-30, 2002 in Moscow on enterprise "Basalt". Several IGA-1 devices were sold to organizations and treasure hunters for these tasks and are successfully used.
· Research and development
· Purchase of equipment
· Introduction of new technologies
12) There is support from authorities
There is no financial support at the moment
13) availability of a prepared business plan
Under development
14) Financial support for the project:
· There are currently no own funds.
· There is no government funding.
· Previously raised own funds since 1994 10 million rubles. in modern terms
· Missing funds 100 million rubles. for 5 years.
15) Granting rights to the investor:
· Acquisition of shares 48%
· Shares of the volume of profit received from the sale of licenses for the production of new proven versions of devices 50%
16) Contact information:
Contact address: Ufa, st. K. Marksa 65\1 apt 74
Contact person email: *****@***ru
The contact person:
Contact phone numbers: 0-69
17) Project Owner (select only one option depending on the project owner)
This work is distributed in electronic form with the knowledge and consent of the author on a non-commercial basis, provided that the integrity and immutability of the text, including the preservation of this notice, are preserved. Any commercial use of this text without the knowledge and direct consent of the author is NOT ALLOWED.
ABOUT TREASURES-2-4. DOWING. MYSTICITY OF SEARCHING FOR TREASURES, CURSE. DOWING.
Specially trained people find underground voids, water sources, ore deposits, pipelines, cables, old foundations, and treasures.
These are hypersensitive people. The device with which they find objects underground is a wooden flyer or a metal frame. When searching, the frame begins to slowly rotate, pointing to what you are looking for. (7).
Dowsing is one of the mysterious phenomena with the help of which specially trained people find underground voids, water sources, ore deposits, pipelines not indicated on the diagrams, old foundations and even treasures. The main device of dowsing operators is a wooden flyer or metal frame. They hold it in their hands and slowly walk through the area being surveyed. If there is a void below, a foundation or something else unusual, the frame begins to slowly turn. As a rule, hypersensitive people have the rare gift of working with frames. By the deviation of the frame, you can determine a karst funnel, i.e. a void or cave underground, washed out by water. Despite the fact that the effectiveness of dowsing has been proven by thousands of experiments, there is a persistent element of mistrust in it. Everything is too simple: with the help of some kind of frame - and such accurate data. (7).
An old French treatise on mineral prospecting says:
“There are 5 rules that you need to know in order to determine the places where metals occur:
The first, the simplest, is based on outcrops of the earth;
Second, according to the herbs and plants that are found above;
Third, according to the taste of the water that comes to the surface there or
which is found in the pores of the earth;
Fourth, by the vapors that rise around the mountains and valleys at sunrise;
Fifth, by means of sixteen metal instruments which
applied at the top.
In addition to these 5 rules and 16 tools, there are 7 more metal rods that you need to know and be able to use, and which served our ancestors to find metals in the depths of the earth and determine their depth, as well as to find sources of water, if they are abundant. The author of this treatise is Martina de Bertero. She and her husband Baron de Beausoleil discovered more than 100 ore deposits in France. (7). K. Kasyanova.
An unflattering opinion about the art of ore miners and dowsers (as in Rus' in the old days they called people looking for water or ore with the help of a special slingshot - a “magic rod”) is very common among scientists.
The dowser walks leisurely; the forked rod he holds in his hands rotates in time with his steps. At some point, the rod sharply tilts down and begins to rotate faster. And now the dowser, having stopped, already gives instructions to the diggers: dig there and to such and such a depth.
The main role in searching for sources and ores is not played by a slingshot or any other tool, but by the man himself - the dowser. It is the human body that somehow responds to the presence of the desired objects, and various devices only help the weak physiological response to manifest itself more clearly. The slingshot tilts to the ground under the influence of weak muscular efforts of the dowser’s hands, but these efforts themselves are caused by what a person somehow perceives... If the dowser does not walk, but drives in a car at a relatively high speed, then his sensitivity increases sharply. And the “airwalker” flying in an airplane finds something that is inaccessible to his brother traveling in a car.
About half the people may be dowsers; Different people have different degrees of dowsing sense.
Dowsers can search for ore deposits and sources of water, armed not with a rod, but with a pendulum, which they hold in one hand.
The “dowser effect” is associated with changes in the magnetic field. Where the dowser's slingshot tilts, modern instruments register a magnetic anomaly. Magnetic anomalies are associated with iron ore deposits.
Groundwater is rich in dissolved mineral salts. This creates an electric current in the soil, which causes a magnetic field. This field is what a dowser can detect.
Dowsers are credited with the ability to find hidden treasures, buried bodies of murdered people, and murder weapons. The dowser detects metals late, having passed somewhat further than the place where the magnetic field changes the most.
The most sensitive part of the human body is the elbow area. The dowser also senses an alternating magnetic field. Some non-magnetic influences, such as vibration, can completely desensitize the dowser. (7). K. Kasyanova.
Experiments were conducted to detect various underground anomalies using the bioenergetic, or dowsing, effect. By the deviation of the indicator frame, which a trained operator holds in his hand, an ancient stone wall in Novgorod was discovered underground. The wall was immediately excavated. Near Leningrad, in Peterhof, the location of the foundation of an ancient garden building was determined, in Pskov - the entrance to the Varlaamov coal tower hidden by scree and filled-in loopholes in the lower tier of the fortress wall, in the city of Galich, Ivano-Frankivsk region (Ukraine) - the buried ruins of monuments of ancient Russian architecture of the 12th century. XIII centuries.
The use of bioenergetic methods made it possible to significantly reduce the time spent searching for archaeological sites and showed sufficient reliability of the results. (80).
According to some researchers, even the ancient Sumerians, and after them the Chaldeans and Babylonians, knew how to use a “magic wand” or “magic wands” - they used them to search for water and ore. Ancient miners found deposits of various ores with amazing accuracy. An ancient adit was discovered, driven obliquely towards an ore body lying at a depth of one hundred meters; no signs of ore were visible on the surface. How did the ore explorers manage to determine that there was a deposit here? The answer is simple - the ore miners used the most primitive search device - a vine, a “magic wand”.
In the Middle Ages, good Christians tried to attribute the movement of the stick to the intervention of Satan. And this despite the fact that dowsers and water finders have thoroughly proven their suitability.
Baron Basoleil and his wife discovered more than 150 ore deposits in France at the beginning of the 17th century using this method.
In 1780, Pierre Thouvenel, together with the peasant Bartolomeo Bletton, conducted a series of successful experiments in searching for groundwater - in Lorraine alone they discovered about 800 springs.
Carmejean, president of the regional society of architects of the north-east of France, said that the wand allowed him to successfully capture groundwater to supply the cities of Rempol, Lanniom and Sambrier in 1910. Around the same time, a competition for water seekers, organized by the International Congress of Experimental Psychology, took place in Paris. The experiments were successful.
They were also interested in dowsing in Russia. One water surveyor was taken around Moscow, checking his readings with the plan of the city water supply network. The dowser accurately indicated where the water pipes lie underground and in which direction the water flows through them.
The best “sticks” are made from hazel. You can also use elm, maple, dogwood, ash - both dry and fresh wood. They were made from reeds, whalebone, and metal wire.
A small fork with an angle of divergence of branches of 25-50 degrees was selected. The branches should have approximately the same thickness and bend at right angles without breaking. Their length is 40-55 cm, excess branches are trimmed flush. The bark must be handled carefully and must not be damaged.
The straight end of the stick is 5-8 cm long. If reeds are used, then take two stems as thick as a pencil and tie them with twine. Hold the indicator in front of you with both hands, pressing your elbows to your body and bending your elbows at approximately right angles - this is the most common method. The palms of the hands are facing up, the back of the hands towards the ground. The fingers cover the ends of the branches so that they “stick out” slightly between the base of the index finger and thumb; the ends of the branches are slightly bent at the little fingers so that they form a straight axis of rotation. Hold the vine firmly and steadily, slightly bringing the branches together so that they spring back. Before searching, it should be in a horizontal position, with the common end slightly raised. As soon as the water finder approaches the place where the groundwater is located, the tip rises up.
Today, metal “frames” are most often used. The simplest device is a piece of wire bent in the shape of the letter G. And they work with them differently. If the vine rotates in a vertical plane, then the frame rotates in a horizontal plane, but the same effect is recorded.
First of all, the “operator-frame” system reacts to the heterogeneity of the environment – both underground and aboveground. A distinct reaction manifests itself at the boundary: the surrounding rock and the ore body, a water vein, a void, or, conversely, a compaction, and the depth of “recognition” can exceed 700 m. This is how they look for ores, oil, gas-bearing layers, underground passages and the remains of foundations.
A group of Bulgarian dowsers, at the request of several museums, inspected ancient burial sites. It was necessary to find out whether there were metal objects, in particular gold, there or not, so as not to dig in vain. The group managed to discover quite a few burials with a large number of gold, copper and silver coins and jewelry. The hit percentage was very high. Received official gratitude from archaeologists.
Recently, about 2 thousand wells have been drilled in different regions to check biolocation reconnaissance data. The matches are good.
Dowsing allows you to quickly identify significant zones of tectonic disturbances and, within these zones, determine areas with fresh water. It's done like this. The zone of tectonic disturbances is mapped with a frame. Usually they work with a U-shaped indicator, holding it with both hands. As soon as they approach the border of the zone, the number of rotations of the frame in the “positive” direction increases (conventionally, rotation upwards is taken as positive, rotation downwards as negative). If they approach the boundary between monolithic and fractured rocks, the frame abruptly changes its rotation to the opposite direction; in this case, the border can be determined literally with an accuracy of 0.5 m. And quickly. Then they go to an area well studied by drilling, where it is known that there is fresh water. The indicator is “tuned” using electrical capacitors connecting the arms of the frame. From the letter P you get something similar to A. Capacity for fresh water - from 100 to 300 picofarads. After this, the profiles that passed through are re-traced and the tectonic zone is mapped. The area of development of fissure-vein waters is identified on the site. Then the well is laid. Using the frames, you can determine the total mineralization, burial depth and other parameters.
You can also search for “lost” buildings, the remains of foundations on architectural, historical sites, monasteries, estates, and so on. Many ancient buildings have been demolished by our time, and only their foundations remain in the thickness of the cultural layer. Dowsing allows you to clarify, even strictly determine the area where ancient remains lie, after which you can dig for sure. We fix this or that architectural restoration anomaly on the ground; its shape and size correspond to what the client architect expects. The shape is the same, but only turns out to be shifted by several meters. You have to work using a special technique, then the error in the deviation of the “pattern” does not exceed 20-30 cm.
Often you have to look for voids, underground passages and rooms, heating mains, former adits. There are also conditional voids - diggings. These are filled-in ditches, mass graves, “former” ravines, they need to be delineated before new construction, so as not to put a new building on a “forgotten” ravine, otherwise it may “float”. Anomalies are literally under your feet when studying architectural and restoration objects.
If the frames (when working with two frames) are parallel to each other, this is zero points. When the angle between them is 30 degrees - this is 1-2 points, 90 degrees - 3 points, and so on. Above the dome parts of the oil field there was a reaction of 5 and 6 points.
Water shields signals in a certain way. The distance from the bridge to the horizon is approximately 9 nautical miles, the height of the bridge above sea level is 18 m. It was possible to locate ships at distances of 12, 15 and even 22.2 miles. That is, 40 km. The position of the vessel was determined by radar. There was no question of mistakes. With the help of frames you can search for objects “lost” at sea. It is quite possible to search for commercial fish and animals.
Out of 100 people, 80, taking a frame for the first time in their life, will immediately feel the effect. But for good results you need long-term training. Sensitivity depends on many reasons: time of year, day, state of health, ability to “tune in.” You need to think about the object you are looking for. This property must be trained, and yet, despite training, it manifests itself to different degrees in different individuals in different areas of the terrain. Therefore, for accurate mapping it is necessary to combine the actions of several individuals. Everyone puts their data on the map, they are overlaid, and where the largest number of matches is found, work can begin.
First, they pass the object in one direction at intervals of N meters. Get M points. Then they pass the same object in the opposite direction. Another person is recording the data. In case of discrepancies, repeat.
In places of discrepancies, several measurements are taken. You can calculate the squared error, the relative error, and then say with confidence: there is an anomaly below us. Repeatability is consistently high.
The dowsing effect proves the presence of some kind of supersensible perception, a sixth or seventh sense inherent in humans, absolutely not studied by science.
Sometimes terminals are placed on the frames: the sample is “attached” to them. Let’s say an anomaly is discovered and we don’t know what’s there – copper, iron ore, or just an underground void. Let's connect the intended sample to the frame and see whether the effect increases or decreases. After this, it will be possible to say which elemental composition is most likely. You can cause “resonance” in another way, in particular by connecting an oscillating circuit to the frame.
Dowsing is nothing more than the influence of the field on a person and the response, manifested in the deflection of the frame or vine. The field has a wave character; different samples - different wavelengths. (80).
There are entire teachings about searching for minerals by external signs, including plants.
In deserts and dry steppes, fresh water lies at a depth of several tens of meters. From generation to generation, the inhabitants of the desert pass on the commandment: if you see an acacia or rue, dig a well, there will be water.
M. Lomonosov: “On the mountains in which ores or other minerals are born, the growing trees are usually not healthy, that is, their leaves are pale, and they themselves are low, crooked, gnarled, gnarled, rotten and before their perfect old age. The grass growing above the ore veins is usually smaller and paler.”
Any process occurring in the depths of the Earth necessarily makes itself felt on the surface in one way or another. Nature constantly signals: in these parts the balance is disturbed, anomalies are possible. And it was these deviations - anomalies - that were taken into account.
The “breath” of any oil, gas or ore deposit is felt on the surface. In areas of gas fields, gas horizons are located at depths of about two thousand meters. But if you leave a flock of sheep in some lowland for the whole day, several sheep are sure to die.
Cases of sheep deaths were noted in such places a hundred and two hundred years ago.
The collected plants are dried and burned. The raw ash is then calcined at high temperature. The final stage of the technological process is spectral and chemical analysis of water for metal content. Result: clear recommendations - there will be a copper-molybdenum deposit in this area, lead here, and nickel there.
It is possible to use the biogeochemical method to search for ore deposits almost all year round: in summer and autumn - by analyzing the leaves of trees and herbaceous plants, in winter and spring - by analyzing branches, bark and wood of trees.
Copper veins and copper-molybdenum deposits are found from the humus layer of soil and ash. Copper deposits and iron deposits were discovered using the ash of birch leaves. By “testing” cherries, almonds, honeysuckle and St. John's wort, a copper-molybdenum deposit was discovered. Analyzing wormwood, juniper and St. John's wort, a deposit of polymetals was discovered, and wormwood and feather grass indicated a copper deposit. Uranium deposits have been discovered. Biochemical studies of needles and branches of coniferous trees led to the discovery of copper-molybdenum deposits. Deposits of tungsten and tin were found from heather ash.
Indicators are those terrestrial plants that most clearly reflect landscape geochemical conditions (chemical composition of soils, rocks and groundwater). Such universal plants include resin (for copper), violet (for zinc), silene (for cobalt), aster (for selenium), astragalus (for selenium, uranium). Local ones include hodgepodge (for boron), alyssum (for nickel), moss (for copper), rue (for zinc), honeysuckle (for silver, gold), horsetail (for gold). Poppies with different double flowers grow above the lead-zinc veins, a black cross on the petals of the same poppy is an indicator of copper-molybdenum mineralization, and nickel causes chlorosis and white spotting on the leaves, reduction of corolla petals, and ugly forms. A shortened root is an indicator of aluminum, and yellow leaves with green veins are an indicator of chrome. (81).
Sometimes monuments are discovered where their location is assumed based on other archaeological sites. For example, having discovered a settlement, it is assumed that somewhere near it there are unfortified settlements or a burial ground; or, having discovered one mound, they look for other mounds nearby. Sometimes the location of a monument is determined based on the relief and landscape of the area. So, they examine grottoes, caves, rock overhangs, assuming that people once lived in them. They also examine capes at the confluence of rivers, suggesting the existence of early Iron Age settlements on them, coastal dunes on which Neolithic sites are possible, etc. An archaeologist, as a rule, first determines the location of a monument on one basis or another on a topographic map. But this does not mean finding a monument. Finding even an archaeological site identified on a map on the ground is a very difficult matter, requiring great experience, knowledge, patience, physical endurance and sometimes even courage. Techniques for finding monuments on the ground are numerous and varied. A pottery shard that accidentally comes to the surface, a darker soil surface, denser and brighter vegetation on arable land and in a meadow, a hill or depression on the surface of the earth, and much more attracts the attention of an archaeologist.
Recently, archaeologists have widely begun to use aircraft observations and aerial photography when searching for monuments. Oblique morning lighting highlights and even somewhat exaggerates the slightest unevenness in the soil. Therefore, it is possible to obtain photographs of ruins and draw up accurate plans of ancient buildings. Ancient roads and ditches are usually covered with vegetation of a darker shade. The ancient ruins are covered with lighter vegetation. The humus deposits on the site of the former ditch better nourish the roots of plants, so the vegetation here is denser and taller. This explains the appearance of dark stripes in the image. (73).
The first aerial photographs were taken by French aeronautics and photography enthusiast Gaspard-Felix Tournachon, better known by his pseudonym Nadar. In October 1858, he photographed the Place des Stars in Paris from a balloon. This is how the branch of photography that is now used in many fields of science - aerial photography - began. This technique also came to archeology. Already in 1906, English Army Lieutenant P. Sharp photographed the famous Stone Age monument, Stonehenge, from the air. These photographs made it possible for the first time to view the gigantic structure as a single whole, to take in its entire layout. They gave rise to aerial archaeology.
The soil changes color slightly if it has previously been dug or if it contains remains of foundations. This changes the density of the soil and the circulation of water in it, which affects the shade of the soil. These changes are visible from the air, and light filters and photographic materials sensitive to different parts of the spectrum make it possible to emphasize these small differences, completely invisible from the ground. Vegetation cover also helps. Above the filled-in holes and ditches that have swollen over time, where there is more moisture, the vegetation is lush and darker. Above the stone foundations hidden in the soil, it is poorer and lighter. It was this phenomenon that made it possible to reveal the plan of an ancient Roman estate, as if drawn on a compressed field near the town of Langenau in the south of Germany. Now archaeologists can only take up shovels and dig, coping with a map delivered from the sky. Usually photographs taken in spring, autumn and winter are compared. This makes it possible to reveal previously hidden small details and details. (7).
Classification of underground voids. As a result of the development of deposits or under the influence of various natural factors, cavities (chambers, voids) are formed in the rock mass, filled with air, gas, water, brine, clay solution, etc. From the point of view of surveying, the resulting voids are conventionally divided. into accessible and inaccessible. Inaccessible spaces include those voids to the walls of which direct access by an observer is impossible or this access is associated with great danger, although in some cases it is possible for the performer to be in the cell. All other voids are classified as accessible. Mine surveying of production faces, which are accessible voids, was discussed earlier. Here we will dwell on issues related to filming inaccessible voids.
In accordance with the nature of the survey work, inaccessible voids can be divided into three groups.
Within the voids of the first group, it is possible and acceptable for a surveyor to be with a tool. There are usually higher requirements for survey accuracy, which can be met thanks to the ability to reliably control survey methods.
The surveyor cannot enter the voids of the second group or his stay there is prohibited by existing safety rules. The survey can be carried out with measuring devices delivered into the voids through any channels.
When developing ore deposits, the most common are voids of the third group, into which neither a surveyor nor a tool can access. In these cases, when surveying, the tool installation point is chosen in the approach workings (so that part of the void is visible) or in the outlying part of the void on special remote structures.
Classification of methods for surveying underground voids. The choice of method for surveying inaccessible voids is carried out based on the availability of access to the void being filmed, its characteristics, as well as the purpose and purpose of the survey. The choice of tool for surveying is determined by the characteristics of the void being removed, namely: the number and location of the approach workings to the working space, the ratio of the linear dimensions of the chamber, the angles of inclination of the chamber walls adjacent to the point where the tool is standing. In the practice of developing ore deposits, various principles and methods of surveying the working area are used.
Classification of survey methods can be carried out on the basis of physical and geometric principles and mining conditions for using instruments.
The tacheometric method is based on the use of tools and survey methods (in combination with illuminators and light projectors), which make it possible to determine the polar coordinates of survey points of inaccessible voids. The method is used to survey voids of the first and third groups.
The photogrammetric method is based on the use of tools and survey methods that use the principle of photographing inaccessible spaces illuminated by special illuminators, a light spot moving along the walls of the cleaning space, or traces of laser radiation. This method can be used to survey voids of all three groups.
The location method is based on the use of equipment that allows one to determine coordinates by measuring and converting physical quantities into values that characterize the parameters of inaccessible space. The instruments of this method are based on the principles of sonar, radar, photogrammetry and telemetry. The method is used to survey voids of the second and partially third groups. When surveying voids of the second group, the device must have remote control and automatic recording of readings.
The survey of the clearing area must be oriented relative to the points of the reference or survey network. Orientation is carried out by the usual surveying survey or by the use of special devices in instruments (compasses, gyroscopic devices) that allow orientation.
Surveying underground chambers and voids is carried out in the same way as conventional tacheometric survey. In the approach workings of the subfloors, the tool installation points are marked and secured with surveyor signs in such a way that the largest possible part of the camera being removed is visible from them. To orientate the survey, these points are linked relative to the sides and points of the survey networks on the subfloors. At the same time, all angular and linear measurements necessary to calculate the X, Y, Z coordinates of the tool position points are performed.
When surveying, the tool is installed at a point in the approach excavation, the protractor tube is pointed at the rear point (the point of the survey network of a given sublevel) and a reading is taken along a horizontal circle. Then the pipe is sequentially pointed at the characteristic points of the camera (picket or survey points) and, with each pointing, readings are taken along the horizontal and vertical circles, as well as on the rangefinder scale. Before pointing the protractor tube at the shooting points, a light mark is placed on them or the area of the camera being filmed is illuminated (in the absence of a projection device). The objects of filming in the cameras are protrusions, depressions, rock contacts, geological disturbances, well exits into the camera, etc.
In a similar way, shooting is carried out at each planned approach working until the entire chamber is removed. In this case, some overlap of surveys taken from different instrument settings is provided. Most often, during survey work, the points being filmed are collected along vertical sections at a certain interval. The size of the intervals between sections and between the points taken in the section depends on many facts. Special calculations and survey data from various fields show that for surveys at scales of 1: 500, 1: 200 and 1: 100, it is advisable to maintain intervals of 5-6 m, 2-3 m and about 1 m, respectively. During the survey, an outline is drawn.
During cameral processing of surveys, horizontal distances (if they are not obtained during measurement) from approaching points to survey points and the marks of the latter are calculated. Based on these data, a plan of the underground chamber and vertical sections are drawn up.
Photogrammetric methods for surveying underground chambers and voids. The photogrammetric method of surveying in underground conditions is based on determining the coordinates of the points of the treatment chamber by converting photographic coordinates into true ones, which is carried out by processing photographic images using special devices. To photograph underground chambers and voids in the development of ore deposits, the following photogrammetric methods are used: short-baseline, stereo photography, shooting and preparation of short-baseline stereo photography of solid and working workings of a large cross-sectional area using a light profile, remote photo-stereo photography of horizontal sections of inaccessible mountain voids.
Surveying of mine workings
Surveying of mine workings is possible using the perpendicular method, when points are set on the alignment and the distances between the points on the alignment are measured, as well as the distances to the contours of the workings perpendicular to the alignment (left, right) and in the polar way with the installation of a theodolite at the surveying point and measuring the horizontal angle and distance to the contours at characteristic points of development (Figure 11.2 and 11.3, respectively).
The essence of the perpendicular method is as follows.
1) if there are surveying points placed in the directional alignment of the excavation (directional points, usually laid in the roof of the excavation), then without using a theodolite, points are set, approximately at a distance of 7 to 10 m from which, at right angles to the directional alignment, the distances to the sides are measured production.
One person stands behind the plumb lines lowered from the points and positions another, and in mine conditions they use flashlights. The first shines in the direction of the plumb lines, the latter sets it relative to the alignment of the plumb lines, using conventional signs: translational movements to the left, right and circular movements with the flashlight, meaning respectively left, right and setting the point. Temporary points are established: either by marking with chalk, or by laying stones, or in another way that allows further measurements. At the Artemyevsky mine, distances are measured with a “laser tape” manufactured by Leica, which allows measuring distances up to 80 m, which provides the capabilities and accuracy for this type of survey with a margin.
Figure 11.1 – Laser tape measure Disto Plus
Figure 11.2 - Scheme of surveying a mine opening using the
Perpendiculars
Figure 11.1 shows a Leica laser tape measure. With its qualities, mobility and a number of functions, the device has practically replaced metal and tape measuring tapes.
During the shooting process, a detailed sketch is drawn up, which shows the situation and records all the shooting data. All sketches and digital notes must be done carefully.
2) in cases where the directional point is lost and there is an approach point, the survey is carried out using a theodolite to set the alignment (if there is no approach point, then a theodolite traverse is laid with temporarily fixed points in the soil).
A theodolite is installed at the approach point and brought into working position. The reading along the horizontal circle is reset to zero, the alidade of the horizontal circle is secured, a plumb line lowered from the surveyor's point of the theodolite traverse is pointed at, the dial is secured and, having unfastened the alidade, the telescope is placed in the alignment of the excavation being removed. After this, the dial is secured with a clamping screw, a reading is taken along a horizontal circle and recorded in the field journal. According to this
in the direction on the target, points are set every 7 to 10 m and lengths are measured in the manner described above, with recording of survey data and sketching of a sketch in the same field journal.
The essence of the polar method is as follows: at the approach, directional or any other surveying point having known coordinates, a plumb line is suspended, a theodolite is installed and brought into working position.
The telescope is sighted at the back point of the theodolite traverse, the reading in the horizontal circle is reset to zero, the dial is fixed and the alidade is rotated to point at the characteristic places of the mine workings, taking readings and recording them in the theodolite survey log (a detailed sketch is drawn in the notes column and the necessary notes are made). Along with measuring angles, distances to the excavation contours are measured, with values rounded to the nearest decimeter.
Figure 11.3 - Scheme of surveying a mine working using the polar method
At the mine, to carry out surveys using this method, surveying theodolites 2T30M, 2T30P, and “laser tape” are used, in cases where an approach point is taken out, the distances are measured with a steel measuring tape, taking readings up to millimeters.
12 Filming work (continued)
7 Underground vertical surveys
8 Transfer of z coordinate to sublevel workings
9 Trigonometric leveling
10 Transmission of elevation by rangefinder DA-2
