Quotes are able to decorate the text, confirming or revealing more widely the idea expressed by the author, therefore, they are probably willingly used both in journalism and in scientific works. But sometimes introducing a quotation into a text can cause difficulties in terms of punctuation.
In this article we will try to remember the rules for formatting quotes for different ways of including them in the text. Let us remember what punctuation marks need to be used in this case, as well as ways to highlight some words in the quoted passage.
What is a quotation: example
A quotation is a verbatim reproduction of what was said, while being inextricably linked in meaning to the text in which the passage is included.
Old age is, first of all, experience accumulated throughout life. As the great Faina Ranevskaya once said: “Memories are the wealth of old age.”
Combining several passages from different parts of the work in one quotation is not allowed. They should be formatted as different quotations. An obligatory requirement is the presence of an indication of its source.
If the passage you quote does not begin at the beginning of the original sentence, then an ellipsis is placed there in the quotation. This sign is also placed in place of all missing words in the passage.
“... An intelligent person knows how to get out of a difficult situation, but a wise person never gets into it,” Ranevskaya emphasized. 
As the author or source of the quoted passage is indicated
In this article we will not talk about how a bibliographic footnote is formatted, but we will discuss the ways in which the author or source of what is cited is indicated. Good manners require you to do this every time you use someone else's thoughts.
“Incompetent people have a tendency to reach categorical and categorical conclusions” (David Dunning).
Please note that in this version there is no period after the quotation; it is placed only after the link! By the way, if the first word in brackets indicating the source is not a proper name, then it is written with a small letter.
“Incompetent people have a tendency to draw unambiguous and categorical conclusions” (from an article by psychologist David Dunning).
If the formatting of quotations in the text requires the name of the author or their source to be placed on another line, then they are written without parentheses or other punctuation marks. And after the quote itself there is a period or any necessary sign.
Incompetent people have a tendency to draw unambiguous and categorical conclusions.
David Dunning
The same rule applies to epigraphs. 
Video on the topic
Highlights within quotes
If the passage cited as a quotation contains author’s emphases, they are preserved in the same form as in the original source. The design of citations does not require special emphasis on the fact that these marks belong to the author. In cases where the citing person wants to highlight something, he must make an appropriate footnote. To do this, indicate in brackets: “my italics” or “emphasized by me” - and put initials.
A. Startsev spoke about the writer O. Henry: “Endowed by nature with the rare gift of seeing the funny..., he encountered the tragic in life..., but in most cases I preferred to remain silent about it(my italics - I.I.).”
“The literary tradition that unites their names (Gogol and Ostrovsky - I.I.) is significant. After all, Ostrovsky was initially perceived as a direct successor of Gogol’s work...” 
Ways in which quotations are put into context
Quotations can be introduced into a sentence as direct speech. In these cases, punctuation marks in Russian are placed in the same way as when highlighting direct speech.
I. Zakharov emphasizes: “Ranevskaya handed down cruel rulings to others that looked like court decisions. But she didn’t spare herself either.”
In cases where the quote must be separated by the words of the author, it looks like this:
“His Majesty remains completely confident,” wrote A.S. Pushkin A.Kh. Benkendorf, - that you will use your excellent abilities to pass on to posterity the glory of our Fatherland ... "
If the quotation is an addition, or it is included in the subordinate part of a complex sentence, then no signs other than quotation marks are placed, and the quotation itself begins with a small letter, even if in the source it was written with a capital letter:
At one time, the philosopher J. Locke said that “there is nothing in the intellect that is not in feeling.” 
Punctuation at the end of a quote
Separately, you need to consider the design of a quotation in a letter in situations where it is necessary to decide on the punctuation marks at the end of it - before and after the quotation marks.
- If the quoted phrase ends with an ellipsis, question mark or exclamation mark, then they are placed before the quotation marks:
Katharine Hepburn exclaimed: “By obeying all the rules, you deprive yourself of many pleasures!”
- And in a situation where there are no signs before the quotation marks in the quotation, a period is placed at the end of the sentence, but only after them:
Ranevskaya lamented: “85 years with diabetes is not sugar.”
- If the quotation is part of a subordinate clause, then a period should be placed after the quotation marks, even if there is already an exclamation mark, a question mark or an ellipsis before them:
Marlene Dietrich rightly believed that “tenderness is a better proof of love than the most passionate vows...”. 
Is it lower case or capital letter at the beginning of a quotation?
If a quotation is placed after a colon, then you need to pay attention to what letter it began with in the original source. If it is with a lowercase letter, then the quote is written with a small letter, only an ellipsis is placed before the text:
Describing A.S. Pushkina, I.A. Goncharov emphasized: “...in the gestures accompanying his speech there was the restraint of a secular, well-bred man.”
If the quoted passage begins with a capital letter, then the quotations are formatted in the same way as in direct speech - with a capital letter after the colon.
V. Lakshin wrote about A.N. Ostrovsky: “Many things continue to sound in these plays with living joy and pain, echoing in our soul.”
Some more nuances of noting quotes
How to indicate a quotation if you only need to quote one word or phrase? In such cases, the given word is enclosed in quotation marks and introduced into the sentence with a small letter:
V. Lakshin emphasized that the faces in Ostrovsky’s comedies are historically accurate and “ethnographically vivid.”
In situations where the original source of the quotation is not freely available (there is no translation into Russian or this is a rare publication), then when quoting you should indicate: “cit. By". 
Is it possible to change anything in the quoted passage?
Formatting quotations requires not only compliance with the rules of punctuation, but also a correct attitude towards the quoted text. On the part of the author of the article in which these passages are given, only a few deviations from their original state are allowed:
- the use of modern spelling and punctuation, if the manner of writing and placement of characters is not a sign of the author’s individual style;
- restoration of abbreviated words, but with the obligatory enclosing of the added part in square brackets, for example, sv-vo - svo [oyst]vo;
- the design of quotations also allows for the omission of individual words in them, with the location of the omission indicated by an ellipsis, if this does not distort the general meaning of the quoted passage;
- When including individual phrases or words, you can change their case so as not to disrupt the syntactic structure of the phrase in which they are included.
If the author needs to further express his attitude to the quoted passage or to some of its words, he, as a rule, places a question mark or exclamation mark enclosed in parentheses after them. 
Not only punctuation marks in Russian should serve to convey a quote
For an author writing a scientific or literary work, a quotation is a convincing and economical technique that allows you to present facts to the reader, generalize them and, of course, confirm your idea with reference to authoritative sources.
In non-scientific texts, quotation is often a means of emotional impact. But we must not forget that the passage quoted must be conveyed accurately. Indeed, even in the definition of the concept “quote” it is emphasized that this is a verbatim excerpt from a text. And from this it follows that not only the text itself, but also the punctuation marks that the author has, as well as the emphasis that he has, must be reproduced without distortion.
And this can equally be attributed to both official documents and emotional excerpts from fiction. Only by remembering this can you fully understand what a quote is. An example of respect for the quoted material is, first of all, respect for the author who wrote the lines you quote.
How to format citations?
- The most common way is to use quotation marks.
- Highlighting using italics or using a font 1–2 points smaller than the font of the main text:
- Highlighting using a set of quotes with a retract. In this case, it is possible to use an underline ruler in the indentation:
How are highlights created within a quotation?
Highlights within a quotation may belong to the person quoting or the author of the quoted text. The way of designing selected text fragments depends on this.
Emphases belonging to the cited author, it is recommended to save them in the form in which they are printed in the source, and if this is impossible or contradicts the design style of the publication, then the author’s highlighting should be replaced with a highlighting of a different type. The ownership of author's selections is usually not specified. The exception is those cases when there are few author’s selections, but, on the contrary, there are many selections belonging to the citing one; in such cases, it is stipulated that some selections belong to the cited author (these selections are marked), and the rest - to the citing one. In addition, in such cases, the affiliation of the selections is specifically noted in the preface. Selection example:
Emphases belonging to the quoting person are indicated. The comment is given in parentheses, after the comment there is a dot, a dash and the initials of the commentator, for example:
What punctuation marks are used when quoting?
Between the words of the quoter and the quotation that follows:
a) put a colon if the quoting words preceding the quotation warn that a quotation follows:
Pasternak wrote: “There is a psychology of creativity, problems of poetics. Meanwhile, of all art, it is its origin that is experienced most directly, and there is no need to speculate about it.”
b) put a period if inside the quotation or behind it there are the words of the quotator, introducing the quotation into the text of the phrase:
Pasternak said this well. “There is a psychology of creativity, problems of poetics. Meanwhile, of all art, it is its origin that is experienced most directly, and there is no need to speculate about it,” he wrote in “Safety Certificate.”
c) do not put any marks if the quotation acts as an addition or as part of a subordinate clause:
Pasternak wrote that “of all art, it is its origin that is experienced most directly.”
At the end of the phrase after the quotation marks closing the quote:
a) put a period if there are no signs before the closing quotation marks. If the quotation is immediately followed by a link to the source, then the period is moved behind the link:
B. L. Pasternak emphasized: “The most clear, memorable and important thing in art is its emergence, and the best works of the world, telling about the most diverse things, actually tell about their birth” (Pasternak 2000, 207).
Attention! The period is always placed after the closing quotation marks, but not before them. An ellipsis, a question mark and an exclamation mark are placed before the closing quotation marks.
b) put a period if the quotation is not an independent sentence, but acts as part of a subordinate clause (even if there is an ellipsis, question mark or exclamation mark before the closing quotation marks):
B. L. Pasternak emphasized that “the most clear, memorable and important thing in art is its emergence...”.
c) do not put any marks if the closing quotation marks are preceded by an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark, and the quotation enclosed in quotation marks is an independent sentence (as a rule, all quotations after a colon are like this, separating them from the words of the quoting person preceding them):
The chapter ends with the words: “Farewell philosophy, goodbye youth, goodbye Germany!”
If the phrase does not end with a quotation, then after the quotation a comma is placed (if the quotation is part of an adverbial phrase or completes the first part of a complex sentence) or a dash (if the quotation ends with an ellipsis, exclamation or question mark, and also if, according to the context, it is not possible to separate the subsequent text with a comma need to).
After a poetic quotation, a punctuation mark is placed at the end of the poetic line, which applies to the entire text with the quotation.
Does a quote always start with a capital letter?
The quotation begins with a capital letter in the following cases:
When the quotator begins a sentence with a quotation, even if the quotation has omitted the initial words and opens with an ellipsis:
“...Of all art, it is its origin that is experienced most directly, and there is no need to speculate about it,” wrote Pasternak.
When the quotation comes after the words of the quotator (after a colon) and in the source begins a sentence:
Pasternak wrote: “Meanwhile, of all art, it is its origin that is experienced most directly, and there is no need to speculate about it.”
Pasternak wrote: “...of all art, it is its origin that is experienced most directly, and there is no need to speculate about it.”Pasternak wrote that “... there is no need to speculate about him.”
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So, we can finally begin the final part of this article. As is clear from the title, it will be devoted to the design of quotes. But first, let's talk a little about this term.
A quotation is a verbatim excerpt from a text. © Wikipedia
Of course, this concept is obvious, but necessary for the completeness of this part. Now I can safely say that everyone who reads this part will know what a quotation is and there will be no misunderstanding in the text presented below.
Now let's move on to the basic design rules:
· The quotation must accurately reproduce the quoted fragment of text.
· Punctuation marks in the quotation must be reproduced accurately. If you do not have the text of the work at hand, then you should arrange the signs in accordance with the rules of punctuation.
I think these two points are quite obvious. The very definition of this term suggests that the text is transmitted not just verbatim, but also with all punctuation marks. That's why this is a quote.
· In the Russian language and typography, it is customary to format quotes in quotation marks or in a special font.
So, let's look at this point in more detail.
Probably everyone can figure it out with quotation marks. But still, I’ll add that two types are usually used for design: French quotation marks, otherwise also called herringbones (“…”), and German, also known as paws (“…”).
A special font, according to Wikipedia, is called a reduced size, with a retract, italic. However, not all resources offer the opportunity to format a quote this way, so quotation marks are a win-win option.
I would also like to note that other citation rules may be used in other languages, but I will not go into detail about them in this article, since we all write in Russian. At least within the ficbook.
Speaking of our favorite “Book of Fanfiction”. Sometimes I noticed that on this resource, quotes are simply shown in italics. I also often came across a quotation marked with a copyright sign. Yes, I myself often use it in articles, citing quotes.
So, as you can see, there are infinitely many ways to quote.
But in this article I would like to take a closer look at the formatting with quotation marks.
· If any fragment of a quotation is omitted, it must be replaced with an ellipsis, which is sometimes located in angle brackets.
Let's dwell on this point in more detail. To avoid tediously explaining it for a long time, I will give an example of such a citation. More precisely, what the quote itself will look like with the “torn out piece” that I recently came across in a Russian language textbook.
Example:
“But why do I remember so much?<…>Because some three or four hours passed, and all this - our wonderful swimming together, and the sleepy lake with its motionlessly reflected shores, and a thousand other thoughts, feelings, impressions - all of this suddenly went somewhere.” (Veniamin Kaverin “Two Captains”)
I would like to note that the missing quotation fragment is also located inside quotation marks. And please note that the period is placed after the closing quotation mark.
I would also highlight one more case when after the colon the text is not quoted from the very beginning. In this case, after the colon, an ellipsis is placed inside the quotation marks, and the text itself is written with a small letter.
Example:
Raskolnikov himself says to Luzhin regarding his reasoning: “... bring to the consequences what you preached just now, and it will turn out that people can be slaughtered...”
· Options for including quotes in the text may vary.
I know of two types of citations. As direct speech and as indirect. Now let's look at each method in more detail.
With quotation as direct speech, everything is very simple. The same rules for formatting direct speech that I outlined in the previous part of this article apply to such quotes.
Example:
“I know only two real misfortunes in life: remorse and illness,” says Prince Andrei to Pierre.
With indirect speech, things are somewhat different and in some ways even simpler. In this case, the quotation is an integral part of the sentence and is always written with a small letter. The only exception is if it begins with a proper name.
Example:
Prince Andrei tells Pierre that he knows in life “only two real misfortunes: remorse and illness.”
All these rules are typical for quoting prose texts. Now let's talk about poetic quotes. After all, they have their own special rules.
· You cannot retell a poetic text in your own words.
When quoting poems in this way, the meaning is distorted, and sometimes it can look funny and absurd.
An example of what not to do:
Pushkin writes that he loves Peter's creation.
· General rules for formatting a poetic quotation.
But speaking in general about the rules for quoting a poem, we can again single out only two. Naturally, I will consider each of them in detail.
So, the first one is in compliance with the graphic appearance of the stanza. When quoting in this way, the text is given without quotation marks and written after a colon.
Example:
“Wonderful picture...” A. Fet - winter landscape. This poem conveys the poet’s feelings caused by the contemplation of beautiful nature:
Wonderful picture
How dear you are to me:
White plain,
Full moon...
The second method of quoting is applicable to small poetic quotes that do not exceed one or two lines. In this case, the quote is placed in quotation marks.
Example:
“Wonderful painting” by A. Fet - winter landscape. This poem conveys the poet’s feelings caused by the contemplation of beautiful nature: “Wonderful picture, // How dear you are to me...”
In this case, it has already been indicated once which work or its creator is being discussed, so there is no need to repeat it.
· There is no need to indicate the name of the poet in the case when it precedes the quotation or is named after it.
If the name is mentioned before the poem is quoted, then the quote itself is written after the colon. If the author is indicated at the end, the name is indicated in parentheses.
Examples:
1. A. Fet writes:
Wonderful picture
How dear you are to me:
White plain,
Full moon...
2. Wonderful picture,
How dear you are to me:
White plain,
Full moon...
· Quotes from various poets.
If the text contains poems by different authors, the name of each must be indicated in brackets after his work.
Under blue skies
Magnificent carpets,
Glistening in the sun, the snow lies...
("Winter Morning")
The clouds are rushing
the clouds are swirling;
Invisible moon
The flying snow illuminates;
The sky is cloudy, the night is cloudy...
And on this note, perhaps, we can end this part, and with it the entire article. I hope you found it useful in some way.
Note Author: In order not to break any laws and not to find problems for yourself, I indicate the source from which the materials for writing this part of the article were partially borrowed - http://www.gramma.ru/RUS/?id=5.8
The article was prepared by Maxim Klokov (Zebrul) specifically for the group “Training Center “Beta - Gamma” (vk.com/beta_gamma).
The material is borrowed from the article “Rules for Formatting Direct Speech and Quotes” by the same author.
Publishing this article outside the group is strictly prohibited! Respect other people's work, gentlemen!
Quote, or excerpt, is a text from a work, reproduced verbatim by the author in the publication to substantiate his own statements or refute the quoted author, etc.
What are the rules for formatting quotations, depending on their location in the phrase and the syntactic relationships between it and the preceding and subsequent text?
1.
Between the words of the quoter and the quotation that follows them:
- put a colon if the quoting words preceding the quotation warn that a quotation will follow; For example:
I.S. Nikitin wrote: "...not reading means for me not living..." - they put an end to it if, despite the warning nature of the text preceding the quotation, inside the quotation or behind it there are words of the quotator, introducing the quotation into the text of the phrase; For example:
I.S. said this clearly. Nikitin. “...Not reading means for me not living...” writes the poet N.I. Vtorov. - do not put any marks if the quotation appears in relation to the text preceding it as an addition or as part of a subordinate clause begun in the quoting text; For example:
S.I. Vavilov demanded "...by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books."
S.I. Vavilov believed that it was necessary “...by all means to rid humanity of reading bad, unnecessary books.”
2.
After quotation marks in a phrase ending with a quotation:
- put a period if there is no ellipsis, exclamation or question mark before these quotation marks; For example:
A.N. Sokolov writes: “Misunderstanding is the absence of unification.” - they put a period if the closing quotation marks are preceded by an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark, but the quote is not an independent sentence, but acts as a member of the sentence in which it is included (usually such quotes are part of a subordinate clause); For example:
Gogol wrote about Manilov that “in his eyes he was a distinguished man...”. - do not put any marks if there is an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark before the closing quotation marks, and the quotation enclosed in quotation marks is an independent sentence (as a rule, all quotations after a colon are like this, separating them from the words of the quoting person preceding them); For example:
Pechorin wrote: “I don’t remember a more blue and fresh morning!”
Pechorin admitted: “I sometimes despise myself...”
Pechorin asks: “And why did fate throw me into the peaceful circle of honest smugglers?”
3.
In a sentence with a quote in the middle:
- before a quotation, a colon is placed or not placed according to the same rules as before a quotation, which ends the quoting phrase (see paragraph 1a);
- after the quotation marks closing the quotation, a comma is placed if the quotation is part of an adverbial phrase that ends with it, or a subordinate clause that also ends with it; For example:
So, ninth-graders, having read the phrase: “The British especially vigilantly guarded the sea route to India,” asked themselves...
or completes the first part of a complex sentence:
Several editors read the following text: “The young reader is especially interested in books in which he seeks answers to vital questions,” and none of them noticed the gross logical error;
or the quotation completes the main clause, followed by a subordinate clause:
And then you have to read: “The viewer met E. Vitsin...”, although Vitsin’s name is Georgy. - after the quotation marks closing the quotation, a dash is placed if, according to the conditions of the context, the subsequent text is not supposed to be separated by a comma (in particular, in the text before the quotation there is a subject, and in the text after it there is a predicate or before the quotation there is one homogeneous member, and after it attached by the conjunction “and” another):
The author, after the phrase: “Production management is built on a scientific basis,” quotes...
or the quote ends with an ellipsis, exclamation point, or question mark:
When a literary staff member signed the answer to a reader’s question: “Are vitamins preserved in fruit juices?” - He apparently wasn’t concerned...
or a dash must be placed according to the rules of punctuation between the part of the phrase before the quote and the part of the phrase after it:
To say: “sensory representation is the reality existing outside of us” means returning to Humeanism... - after a poetic quotation, a punctuation mark is placed, which applies to the entire text with the quotation, at the end of the last poetic line; For example:
“Life is spread out in nature like a boundless ocean,” and even that it is to man
blissfully indifferent
As befits the deities (1.96),
does not cast a shadow on the call...
4.
In a phrase with the words of the quoter inside the quotation:
- if at the break in the quotation there is a comma, semicolon, colon, dash or there are no punctuation marks, then the quoting words are separated from the text of the quotation on both sides by a comma and a dash; For example:
in the source:
I have become incapable of noble impulses...
in the edition with a quote:
“I,” Pechorin admits, “have become incapable of noble impulses...” - if there is a period where the quotation breaks, then a comma and a dash are placed before the quoting words, and after these words - a period and a dash, starting the second part of the quotation with a capital letter; For example:
in the source:
...My heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again. I'm ready to make any sacrifice...
in the edition with a quote:
“...My heart is turning to stone, and nothing will warm it up again,” concludes Pechorin. “I am ready for all sacrifices...” - if there is a question or exclamation mark at the break in the quotation, then before the quoting words this sign and a dash are placed, and after the quoting words - a dot and a dash or a comma and a dash, starting the second part with an uppercase or lowercase letter, depending on which letter it began in the quotation after an exclamation or question mark; For example:
in the source:
I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others too?..
I became incapable of noble impulses; I'm afraid to seem funny to myself.
...Forgive me love! my heart turns to stone, and nothing will warm it up again.
in the edition with a quote:
“I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others?..” admits Pechorin. “I have become incapable of noble impulses...”
“...Forgive me love!” Pechorin writes in his journal, “my heart is turning into stone, and nothing will warm it up again.” - if there is an ellipsis where the quotation breaks, then an ellipsis and a dash are placed before the quoting words, and a comma and a dash after the quoting words; For example:
“I sometimes despise myself...” admits Pechorin, “isn’t that why I despise others too?..” - if there are two verbs in the quoter’s words, one of which refers to the first part of the quotation, and the other to the second, then after the first part of the quotation a punctuation mark is placed at the place where the quotation breaks, and a dash, and after the quoting words, a colon and a dash; For example:
“I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others?” asks Pechorin and admits: “I have become incapable of noble impulses...”
5.
In a sentence that begins with a quote:
- if the quotation in the source ended with a period, then after the quotation a comma and a dash are placed before the quoting words; For example:
in the source:
...I'm afraid to seem funny to myself.
in the edition with a quote:
“I’m afraid to seem funny to myself,” Pechorin wrote. - if the quotation in the source ended with an ellipsis, a question mark or an exclamation mark, then after the quotation a dash is placed before the quoting words; For example:
in the source:
I sometimes despise myself... isn’t that why I despise others too?..
in the edition with a quote:
“I sometimes despise myself...” admits Pechorin.
Quote correctly!!!
Author: Arkady Milchin
The article is devoted to the rules of citation in scientific works. We will tell you about the general rules of citation, about special cases and common mistakes that authors make.
Introduction
The topic of proper design of borrowed elements has recently become quite controversial. Increased attention to plagiarism and several scandals involving the dissertations of famous people have led to stricter citation requirements in scientific papers.
Scientific work without citation is impossible. The fine line between plagiarism and citation lies in compliance with the rules described in GOSTs and methodological manuals. Unfortunately, some manuals do not provide precise answers to citation questions, leaving gaps. The publishing house “Young Scientist” continues to talk about the correct formatting of your works and in this material will remind you of the basic rules of scientific citation.
General rules
What is citation? Quoting is called:
- borrowing a fragment of the author's text;
- borrowing formulas, provisions, illustrations, tables and other elements;
- non-verbal, translated or paraphrased reproduction of a text fragment;
- analysis of the content of other publications in the text of the work.
The most important rule of citation is to accompany the quotation with a link to a specific source from. The absence of a link in a quotation or the absence of a quotation in the presence of a link is a gross error in the design of the work. For example, at the Young Scientist publishing house, this may be a reason to return your article for revision.
- Be sure to use quotation marks when copying source text verbatim. Otherwise, such a quotation will become plagiarism.
- The text of the quotation must be complete. Arbitrary shortening of the text is unacceptable.
- When referring to the author, indicate his last name and initials. The initials are placed before the last name, for example, “M.T.” Kalashnikov" or "S. Hawking." There is no need to write the entire names of the authors, even if they are quite famous - initials are enough.
- Do not start a paragraph with a quotation, initials, or the author's last name.
- All links in the work are designed in the same style.
In scientific works, this type of citation is common: paraphrase. This is what is called retelling a quote in your own words. In this case, reference to the author is also required, as is preservation of the meaning when retelling. Paraphrase is appropriate in the following cases:
- providing summarized information with reference to several sources;
- a summary of the broad theoretical concept;
- lengthy quotes that are not applicable for direct mention.
Changing a Quote only permissible in special cases. As a rule, this is undesirable, but there are cases when GOST R 7.0.5_2008 “Bibliographical reference” and methodological manuals allow copyright changes to be made to a citation:
- When expanding abbreviated words into full ones. In this case, it is necessary to put the complemented part of the word in square brackets.
- When changing the case of words in a quote. A change is permissible only if the quotation is consistent with the syntactic structure of the phrase in which it is included.
- When citing works published before the Russian spelling reform of 1918.
- When indicating typos and errors in the text of the document. The error is not corrected, but the correctly spelled word is placed in square brackets or a question mark in brackets.
Special cases
There are special options for quoting text used in special cases. Such options include citation from secondary sources, mention of foreign authors and terms, self-citation and citation of legislative acts.
Citation from secondary sources is possible only at the stage of familiarization with the topic and problems of the research, as well as to determine the conceptual apparatus of the work. All quotations used in this manner must be carefully verified against primary sources. You also need to be sure that there are no errors in the secondary source. Cases in which citation from a secondary source is possible:
- the original source is lost or inaccessible (for example, located in closed archives or libraries);
- the original source is written in a language difficult to translate;
- the text of the quotation is known from the recording of the words of their author in the memoirs of other persons;
- the quotation is provided to illustrate the author's train of thought and argumentation.
When mentioned names of foreign authors, and also when citing foreign sources, the source text is also given not in the original language, but in the language of the scientific work (for example, in Russian). If the correctness of the translation is in doubt, you can use a paraphrase. If the author is not widely known in Russian science, it is necessary to additionally write his original surname and initials in brackets.
It is important to correctly transliterate the author's last name. To do this, you can turn to Russian-language sources and publications on this topic. With a high degree of probability, the source of the quote has already been indicated and translated into Russian. Please note that in the list of sources used, foreign publications are indicated in the original language.
Self-citation– a common practice in Russian scientific works. The author's previously published research may be the source of the citation. This type of citation will avoid duplication of information and self-plagiarism, and will also help direct the interested reader to previous and related works. Own quotations must be formatted according to all citation rules. It must be remembered that citing your own works must be appropriate and justified, complement the scientific work and follow its objectives.
Citation of legislative acts should be carried out strictly according to primary sources, especially since all legal and by-laws are public and publicly available information. Quoting from secondary sources will appear inappropriate and completely unjustified. You need to make sure that the current version of the law is used and that the law has entered into force. This can be checked using any legal system, for example, “ConsultantPlus” (http://www.consultant.ru).
Common mistakes made when quoting
Despite the conciseness and unambiguousness of the citation rules, authors of scientific papers periodically make mistakes. Let's figure out how the most common errors occur.
- Lack of reference in the list of used literature. Such an error may result from simple carelessness, but is considered a serious defect.
- Links to popular publications or to authors who do not have proper scientific qualifications. The qualifications of the authors must be checked based on the style of work and the information found about the author and the publication itself. If there are doubts about the author's qualifications, it is better to avoid quoting him.
- Lack of links when posting graphic materials. When borrowing graphic materials (for example, diagrams, diagrams, drawings), as well as tables, you must provide a link to the source of information. Such information without reference to the source will constitute a violation of copyright.
- Verbatim rewriting of the text and “queue” of quotes. In order to maintain the lively nature of the narrative, it is necessary to use quotations within reasonable limits, as well as vary the form of citation. For example, use a paraphrase.
- Violation of secondary citation rules. Authors quite often quote information as if they themselves found it in the primary source or as if it belonged to the author of the secondary source.
- Errors when citing foreign authors. Incorrect translation of the author's surname, lack of original spelling of the first and last name, errors in paraphrase when using the source independently. It is also important to remember that in the bibliography the names of the sources of quotations must be given in the original language.
- Using quotes with unverified authorship, as well as quotes containing banal or erroneous statements.
- And finally, the most unforgivable and unethical mistake: the lack of quotation marks and links to the source of information. In this case, the quotation is considered plagiarism.
In the article we examined the main features of scientific citation. Usually it is enough to know these simple rules in order to strictly comply with copyright and be protected from unintentional plagiarism. If you want to delve deeper into the problem and learn more details and subtleties, we recommend the excellent methodological manual by T.O. Kulinkovich.
