Learn to maintain a dialogue of any level of complexity, begin to better understand people, comprehend the art of overcoming obstacles that arise in life path, and simply enjoy evenings alone with yourself - not only business coaches and psychotherapists, but also classical literature can teach us all this. And sometimes even to a greater extent than the listed professionals in their field!
Understand people better
Reading the classics not only promotes spiritual development, but also introduces you to the basics of psychology. Think about it: after reading the monumental works of Goncharov, Turgenev, Kafka, Wilde, you will begin to understand the causes and consequences of this or that behavior, get to know human characters better and comprehend the difficult science of interaction with the outside world.
Mikhail Lermontov
Great writers offer the reader practically universal types personalities: Don Juan, Tartuffe, Macbeth, Pechorin and many, many others, which each of us probably comes across in life. After all, if you think about it, despite its apparent uniqueness, in most cases it is common for a person to act according to a pattern that developed hundreds of years ago. By reading the classics, you will not only be able to easily unravel the behavioral motives of your interlocutors, but also select your own “key” for each character. Do you want to become a master negotiator? Seek help from great writers.
Develop a culture of speech
It's no secret that reading any quality literature, be it modern prose or classics from school curriculum, helps to develop creative abilities, improve the thought process and expand your vocabulary (we wrote more about this). And also classical works are able to diversify your speech. New expressions and unfairly forgotten words native language will help you express your thoughts more clearly and competently.
Effectively solve pressing problems
Many people mistakenly believe that classical works are hopelessly outdated: times and morals have changed, and advice given several centuries ago has lost its relevance. We are ready to argue with this! The main advantage of high-quality literature lies precisely in the fact that the truths once voiced by great writers are eternal, they do not depend on the current century. Even experts in the field of psychotherapy strongly recommend turning to classic novels in search of answers to pressing questions, because measured reading good books can not only restore lost harmony, but also help you look at the situation from the outside and even find a way out of it.
Alexander Pushkin
Agree that everyone's problems modern man, with rare exceptions, are typical, which means that the set of their solutions is quite limited. The plots of “Anna Karenina”, “Eugene Onegin” or Shakespeare’s “King Lear” are still present in our lives, it is enough just to dress the main characters in modern outfits. And having studied great works well, you can easily get out of the most difficult situations.
Enjoy
The ability to perceive classical literature as a source of inspiration, rather than a school lesson, usually arises in adulthood. After thirty (and sometimes even later), a love appears not only for a daringly twisted plot, but also for philosophy, which sometimes turns out to be inaccessible to a schoolchild. Reading the works of Shakespeare, Goethe, Dickens, you will discover fundamentally new horizons for yourself. They will allow you to escape from everyday life, develop spiritually and get acquainted with the best examples of the art of writing.
Classics will help you relax after a busy day at work, reconsider your views on pressing problems and, quite possibly, begin to perceive life differently.
hot vortex covered Ilya. He liked to stand in front of a plump little man with wet lips on his shaved face and see how angry he was. The knowledge that the Avtonomovs were embarrassed in front of the guests deeply pleased him. He was becoming All calmer, the desire to go against these people, to speak impudent words to them, to anger them to the point of fury - this desire unfolded in him like a steel spring, and raised him to some pleasantly terrible height. All his voice sounded calmer and firmer.
During the first time of his stay in St. Petersburg, Prince Andrei felt all his way of thinking, developed in his solitary life, completely obscured by those petty concerns that covered him in St. Petersburg.
The conversation flowed and grew, covering black life with everyone On both sides, the mother delved into her memories and, extracting everyday grievances from the darkness of the past, created a heavy picture of the silent horror in which her youth had drowned. Finally she said...
Pierre knew that All they were only waiting for him to finally say one word, to step over a certain line, and he knew that sooner or later he would step over it; but some strange horror covered him at the mere thought of this terrible step.
Driven almost to madness by this howl, Lyonka broke away from it, jumped to his feet and rushed somewhere forward like an arrow, eyes wide open, blinded by lightning, falling, getting up and leaving All deeper into the darkness, which then disappeared from the blue shine of lightning, then again densely covered a boy distraught with fear.
Nekhlyudov stared at the light of the burning lamp and froze. Remembering All the ugliness of our life, he clearly imagined what this life could be like if people were brought up on these rules, and a delight that had not been experienced for a long time covered his soul. It was as if, after long languor and suffering, he had suddenly found peace and freedom.
All, mixing together, made up a very entertaining spectacle for Ivan Ivanovich, while the rays of the sun, covering in some places a blue or green sleeve, a red cuff or a piece of gold brocade, or playing on a sword spitz, made it something extraordinary, similar to the den that wandering scoundrels carry around farmsteads.
The first feeling that covered To Agrafen, when the sleigh moved to the other side of Kamenka and quickly disappeared into the forest, it was like what a drowning person experiences. The seat of the sleigh was narrow, so when turning, in order to maintain balance, Monk Kirill everyone leaned on Agrafena with his body.
In good moments, Kasatsky was not embarrassed by these thoughts. When he remembered this in good moments, he was glad that he had gotten rid of these temptations. But there were moments when suddenly All what he lived grew dim in front of him, he stopped not only believing in what he lived, but he stopped seeing it, he could not evoke in himself what he lived by, and he could not recall and - it’s terrible to say - repentance for his conversion covered his.
Irritation, always dormantly hidden in tired breasts, woke up, demanded release, triumphantly flew through the air, All spreading his dark wings wider, All stronger covering people, dragging them along, pushing them against each other, degenerating into fiery anger.
We All recoiled at the sight of the picture that opened up. All the chest of the dead man presented one gaping wound, cut and gouged in different directions. Involuntary horror covered soul at the sight of these traces of frenzied atrocity. Each wound would have been fatal, but it was obvious that most of them were inflicted on the dead.
However, the boy had no time for the dog. Terrible looking janitor covered his supernatural horror, tied his legs, paralyzed All his small thin body. But, fortunately, this tetanus did not last long. Almost unconsciously, Sergei let out a piercing, long desperate cry and at random, not seeing the road, not remembering himself from fear, he started running away from the basement.
These hallucinations continued for three whole days, and the doctor was freed from them only by leaving the house. But the fatal thought did not leave him here either. Sitting in the editorial office of the Zapolsky Courier, the doctor felt that he was now standing outside the door and that small particles of him were gradually saturating the air. Of course, others did not notice this because they were deprived of inner vision and because they were not Bubnovs. Cold horror covered doctor, he all shook, turned pale and became scary.
Lavretsky had not heard anything like this for a long time: a sweet, passionate melody from the first sound covered heart; she all was shining, all she languished with inspiration, happiness, beauty, she grew and melted; she touched Total what is dear, secret, holy on earth; she breathed immortal sadness and went to die in heaven.
We decided not to be separated, and All Let's go to St. Petersburg. Life here is like metropolitan life with the beginning of a revival in the student community. covered our small community circle... And a year later we returned to our hometown greatly changed, especially Israel. In addition, he had to put on glasses, and he, always serious and silent, now positively had the appearance of a young scientist.
How much he fussed about Chizhik, how zealously the doctors worked on him - the boy died! It's a shame... Orlova will grab him one day, twist him, and it's over. He became scared, he covered loneliness. I'd like to talk to smart person about Total this! He tried more than once to start a conversation with one of the students, but no one had time for philosophy. I had to go to my wife and talk to her. He walked away, gloomy and sad.
I was ashamed. I looked at the Pregel valley and all was burning. It wasn't scary, just embarrassing. Me covered pointless melancholy, the desire to rush about, bang your head against the wall. Something like the impotent anger of a slave who all life danced and sang songs, and suddenly, in one minute, everyone I understood in my being that he all, from head to toe, a slave.
Some strange excitement covered Galaktion, as if he was afraid of not delivering something and losing it on the way. And then this cleansing thirst to speak out, to lay out all soul... He even became scared at the thought that his father could suddenly die, and he would remain forever with a heaviness in his soul.
– You are a witch, Vera. Yes, this very minute I reproached you for not even leaving a word! - he said, confused, both from fear and from unexpected joy, which suddenly covered his. - How can you do that!.. In the house All They said that you left yesterday...
Nekhlyudov remembered All what he saw yesterday, waiting in the hallway, and realized that the punishment was taking place precisely while he was waiting, and that mixed feeling of curiosity, melancholy, bewilderment and moral, almost physical, nausea came over him with particular force, which before, but never with such force covered his.
On the outskirts we again found ourselves in the midst of Chinese city life; again covered We heard different smells, the screams of peddlers, the crackling and hissing of the kitchen, the clapping of paper spinning mills were heard in our ears. Oh, what a stuffiness! out, out, hurry up, past the interesting scenes! However, I managed to notice that at one shop there was a merchant, with everyone with signs of bliss, he sat on the street, closing his eyes, and his wife scratched his gray braid. Others at the benches were eating and shaving.
First, far ahead, where the sky meets the earth, near the mounds and windmill, which from a distance looks like a little man waving his arms, a wide bright yellow stripe crawled along the ground; a minute later the same stripe lit up a little closer, crawled to the right and covered hills; something warm touched Yegorushka’s back, a stripe of light, creeping up from behind, dashed through the chaise and horses, rushed towards other stripes, and suddenly all the wide steppe threw off the morning penumbra, smiled and sparkled with dew.
Sometimes I feel sorry for him. It's a pity good man, which one all life was spent on studying the thin book of the regulations and on petty concerns about swivels and trynchiki. I feel sorry for the poverty of his thought, which was never even interested in what was happening behind this narrow horizon. I feel sorry for him, in a word, with that pity that involuntarily covers soul, if you look long and intently into the eyes of a very smart dog...
It seemed to Proshka that the air was foggy, the sky was overcast with clouds, the leaves were whispering anxiously, as if before the onset of a thunderstorm. After a few more minutes, he even thought he heard the dull rumble of thunder, and he began to experience anxiety and a desire to wake up in order to hide from the approaching rain. But the nap All stronger and stronger covered him, shackling him All members.
No sharp knock or scream escaped separately, All drowned in general noise, hum, roar, and All constituted a continuously and harmoniously flowing river of sounds, which with such force covered us, took possession of us that for a long time we could not utter a single word.
She pulled Sasha towards her and began to unbutton his blouse. Sasha fought back, clinging to her hands. His face became frightened, and, like fear, shame covered his. And this made him suddenly weak. Lyudmila knitted her eyebrows and resolutely undressed him. She took off her belt and somehow pulled off her blouse. Sasha fought back All more desperate. They fiddled around, circled around the room, bumped into tables and chairs. A spicy fragrance wafted from Lyudmila, intoxicating Sasha and weakening him.
From the moment he told Gavrila to row more quietly, Gavrila again covered acute expectant tension. He all leaned forward into the darkness, and it seemed to him that he was growing - the bones and veins stretched out in him with a dull pain, his head, filled with one thought, ached, the skin on his back trembled, and small, sharp and cold needles pierced his legs. His eyes ached from intensely looking at the darkness, from which - he was waiting - something was about to rise and bark at them: “Stop, thieves!..”
She looked up at me with her meek big eyes, their eyelids swollen from tears. Me covered some kind of unspeakable pity. I suddenly wanted to hug her, caress her, say those words that make my soul feel warm. I remember that more Total I was captivated by this childish humility and defenselessness in her.
Vasilyeva A.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. – M., 1990.
Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G., Kashaeva E.Yu. Russian language and culture of speech. – Rostov-on-Don, 2007.
Vvedenskaya L.A., Pavlova L.G. Rhetoric and speech culture. – Rostov-on-Don, 2008.
Golovin A.N. Fundamentals of speech culture. – M., 1988.
Ippolitova N.A., Knyazeva O.Yu., Savova M.R. Russian language and culture of speech. – M., 2005.
Russian language and culture of speech. Ed. prof. V.I. Maksimova. – M., 2001.
Russian language and culture of speech. Ed. prof. L.K. Graudina and E.N. Shiryaev. – M., 2009.
Russian language and culture of speech. Ed. the doctors philological sciences D.A.Romanova. – Tula, 2010
Skvortsov L.I. Ecology of the word, or Let's talk about the culture of Russian speech. – M., 1996.
Formanovskaya N.I. Communication culture and speech etiquette. – M., 2002.
Dictionaries and reference books
Alexandrova E. E. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. – M., 1968
Akhmanova O. S. Dictionary of homonyms of the Russian language. – M., 1974
Belchikov Yu. A., Panyusheva M. S. Dictionary of paronyms of the modern Russian language. – M., 1994.
Large phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. Meaning. Use. Cultural commentary. – M., 2008.
Bukina B.Z., Sazonova I.K., Cheltsova L.K. Spelling dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 2008.
Bystrova E.A., Okuneva A.P., Shansky N.M. Phraseological dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 2000.
Gorbachevich K.S. Norms of modern Russian literary language. – M., 1989.
Dal V.I. Explanatory dictionary of the living Great Russian language. In 4 volumes. – M.2003.
Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. Ed. V.N. Yartseva. – M., 1990.
Lvov M.R. Dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language. – M., 1985.
Ozhegov S.I. Dictionary of the Russian language. – M., 2000.
Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language. Ed. R.I.Avanesova. – M., 1981.
Reznichenko I.L. Dictionary of accents of the Russian language. – M., 2008.
Rosenthal D.E. Handbook of spelling and literary editing. – M., 1978.
Rosenthal D.E. Punctuation Guide. – M.1984.
Rosenthal D.E. Management in Russian. Dictionary-reference book. – M., 1981.
Russian language. Encyclopedia. Ed. Yu.N. Karaulova. – M., 1998.
Russian literary pronunciation and stress. Dictionary-reference book. – M., 1960.
Dictionary of the Russian language in 4 volumes (MAS). Ed. A.P. Evgenieva. – M., 1984.
Dictionary of synonyms, ed. A.P. Evgenieva. – M., 1975.
Dictionary of difficulties of the Russian language. – M., 1984.
Difficulties of the Russian literary language - M., 1994.
Modern dictionary of foreign words. – M., 1999.
Phrasebook. Ed. A.I. Molotkov. – M., 1967.
Preparation plans for practical and seminar classes
№ 1 Language and speech. Russian literary language and its norms.
Orthoepy: accentological and actual pronunciation norms
Questions and tasks:
Define the following concepts: language, speech, speech culture, speech culture, national language,literary language,dialect,sociolect,vernacular.
Compare the scope of concepts Russian national language And Russian literary language.
What are the main signs literary language?
What's happened language norm? Explore TOPIC 1 based on the textbook edited by D.A. Romanov and expand the concepts dynamism And variability norms. What does the concept mean? codification of the norm? Take notes on the section of the same textbook “Sources of information about language norms.”
What's happened orthoepy? What branch of linguistics is orthoepy associated with? Name the types of spelling norms.
What is accentology? What is special about Russian word stress?
Write out at least 10 examples of accentological variants from the spelling dictionary. Analyze the marks in the dictionary entries: which of them are permissive, which are prohibitive. Record the output of the dictionary you worked with.
Read these words, observing the norms of accentology. If you have any difficulties, consult a spelling dictionary. Indicate the reasons for deviations from accepted norms in speech practice: arrest, aristocracy,Athenians, bureaucracy, dispensary, document, quarter, flint, hunk, masterfully, medicine, gradually, scanty, for a long time, alleviate, inform, partly, mold, sentence, conspiracy, dowry, interest, beets, silage, orphans, statue, shorthand, carpenter, customs, aggravate, petition, owners, cement, hundredweight, scoop, sorrel, expert.
Take notes on § 9 - 13 of chapter “Correctness of speech: stress norms” from the book by B.N. Golovin “Fundamentals of speech culture”
Solve test problems:
A 1. Both nouns belong to the same accentological type - words with fixed stress based on:
1) director, cloud 2) monogram, sable
3) quarter, landscape 4) convocation, stanza 5) watermelon, shop
A. 2. The word is stressed correctly:
1) quart A l 2) cat A log 3) neftepr O water 4) cake O in 5) hut A polished
A 3, In both words the stress is placed correctly:
1) with c And rkulyami, with driver e ramie
3) she lied A, wine n A lito
4) I'm calling you I t, they b A pamper children
5) buyout O sharpen, aggravate And t
Explore TOPIC 6 based on the textbook edited by D.A. Romanova, What norms are actually called pronunciation(actually orthoepic)? List the basic pronunciation norms in the area of consonants and vowels. What difficulties do we encounter in pronouncing the following words (group the words according to the possible type of deviation from the hole, separately note the possible pronunciation options): adequate, obstetrician, anesthesia, annexation, baobab, baroque, bonna, bakery, mustard plaster, grenadier, dean, neckline, decor, hyphen, bile, interview, clarinet, criterion, mission, mocha, museum, oasis, Odessa, guardianship, boast, disinfect, puree, straightened, tender, masterpiece, driver, ecarte, essay, scrambled eggs, barley.
№ 2 Lexical norms. Use of phraseological units
Questions and tasks:
What is vocabulary? What can be associated with violations of lexical norms?
Extract from linguistic encyclopedic dictionaries or reference books (see also TOPIC 7) definitions of the following concepts: antonyms,synonyms,paronyms,homonyms,ambiguous word, borrowed word, obsolete word. From aspect dictionaries, write down several corresponding (antonymic, synonymous, etc.) paradigms. Provide the output of the dictionaries you worked with.
Using explanatory dictionaries, determine the meanings of words, pay attention to stylistic marks: what do they mean, what information about the use of lexemes can be gleaned from the marks? Make up sentences using the underlined words: agency, adaptation,analogue , annul, antagonism, apartheid, appeal, apocalypse, attaché,authentic , run, fiction,unprecedented , good, briefing,vernissage , virtual, grotesque, declaration, dumping, deposit, deportation,dividend , dilemma , dealer, dissident, distributor, dithyramb, identical, hierarchy, image, impeachment, impressionism,investment , innovation , interpretation, infantilism, infernal,incident , hypochondriac, cataclysm, catalog, compromise,consomme , consonance, monitoring, nouveau riche, opportunity, nonsense, outskirts, panacea, panegyric,tunic, vanity.
Determine the lexical meaning of borrowed words by referring to explanatory dictionaries or dictionaries of borrowed words (indicate the output data of the dictionaries). Place emphasis on the words and pronounce them, observing spelling standards: apartments, alcohol, peanuts, apostrophe, asymmetry, autogenous, bartender, bungalow, boutique, gala concert, grapefruit, blinds, ikebana, marketing, pizzeria, rhododendron facsimile, feminism, flyleaf, bookplate.
Find Russian synonyms for foreign words. Explain in which cases it is more appropriate to use a borrowed word, in which - Russian: ambition,verdict, memoirs, punctual, fauna, flora.
Indicate which synonyms can be combined with the words placed in brackets. TO brown, brown (dress, eyes, paint, material). Thick, full (woman, notebook, stick, material). Swarthy, dark (sky, face, hair, matter, eyes, forest). Dense, dense (forest, drink, grass, fog). obvious, clear (question, explanation, error, sky). Hot, sultry (water, summer, hello, speech, wind). Dose, part, portion, share (building, population, bread, medicine, inheritance). Vast, limitless (delight, hall, garden, room).
Explain the differences in the meanings and use of paronyms, make up phrases with them: pride - pride, ignorant - ignorant, intolerant - intolerable, put on - dress, present - provide.
Explain the difference between the meanings of words Russian And Russian. Make up sentences with each of them.
What is phraseology? What units of language are called phraseological units? What is special about the use of phraseological units? Write out phraseological units with components from explanatory and/or phraseological dictionaries leg,hand,white, gold. Make up 6–7 sentences with them.
Determine the meaning of the following phraseological units: Achilles' heel; absolute zero; lead by example; throw words to the wind; take your word for it; thing in itself; exit the game; keep your word; matter; play a role; a colossus with feet of clay; the cat cried; on the seventh sky; take one's word; sing praises. Compose a text using 5 - 7 phraseological units in accordance with their meaning and style.
Find errors in the use of phraseological units and phraseological combinations: 1.The writer keeps up with his time. 2. This article surprised me to the core. 3. He took the lion's share of what he earned. 4. The manager is simply obliged to take the initiative. 5. The history of the appearance of the shroud in Europe is shrouded in complete mystery.
What is pleonasm? How does tautology differ from pleonasm?
Analyze violations of the norms of use of lexical and phraseological units:
He was an easy-going, successful person.
Both plot lines, personal and public, develop in the comedy in parallel, intersecting each other.
The sudden departure of Khlestakov and the news of the arrival of a new auditor leaves officials in a daze.
The scientist stood at the sources of mechanical engineering.
The artist won the gratitude of the audience.
He had long dreamed of the title role in Crime and Punishment.
His gaze is either pleading, or serious, or outrageous.
I have already talked about my autobiography in the introductory article.
The institute has developed new methods and developments on this problem.
The company announced a vacancy for the position of chief accountant.
The president of the company called on everyone to cooperate together.
The painting by V. Serov depicts a young girl with dark brown eyes.
Shevchenko shoots at goal and actually misses.
At this wonderful flower exhibition, I would like to say “thank you” to its organizers for organizing a trip to another world, where you can so rest your soul!
Many were unable to solve problems and found themselves on the edge of poverty.
Most of the game has already passed.
Extracurricular activities play a positive role in the development of children.
|
example-statement |
analysis of a speech error: what norm is violated, what exactly is the error |
corrected version |
|
1. At the invitation of friends, wehad to |
The norm of semantic agreement is violated: in the meaning of the verb “ had to" there is a component ‘contrary to the wishes of the subject of the action’, which contradicts general sense statements. The member of the synonymous paradigm is poorly chosen: happened - was lucky - had to - managed. |
At the invitation of friends welucky visit this wonderful town. |
|
2. The books you need can be ordered through interlibraryto the subscriber . |
The member of the paronymic paradigm is incorrectly selected: subscriber(‘one who uses a subscription’) –subscription(‘a document granting the right to use something’) |
The books you need can be ordered through interlibrarysubscription |
№ 3 Grammar rules (morphology)
Questions and tasks:
What does morphology study? Explore TOPIC 8 based on the textbook edited by D.A. Romanov and list difficult cases in the system of morphological norms.
Distribute nouns into groups: 1) indeclinable 2) indeclinable; then determine the gender of all words. With the words in bold, make up the phrases “to them.” adj. + im. noun in units”; with underlined words - sentences in which a verb in the past tense form is used as a predicate: Doctor , doctor,mediocrity , turntable, bigwig, upstart, victim, singer, colleague, gourmet,ignoramus , touchy, stupid, smart, half-educated, scribbler,foreman , judge, toastmaster, sneak piano,shoe , sconce,mouse , potato , coffee , salami , producer , entertainer , potpourri, rail, tulle, cafe, shoe, cockatoo,shampoo , chimpanzee,corn , time sheet, depot, compartment, menu,Taxi , bet,jury , hummingbird, Baku,Mississippi , Tbilisi,Sochi , Toronto,Hugo, Dumas .
Put the nouns in the nominative plural. Indicate possible options and explain their use: address, accountant, century, year, director, contract, doctor, lecturer, rector, report, midshipman, warrant, turner, professor, driver, mechanic, snow, variety, soup, volume, tractor, truffle, hawk.
Put the nouns in the genitive plural. Highlight the endings. List the possible options and note the stylistic differences between them. Place emphasis on the formed word forms: ampere, orange, eggplant, barge, boot, felt boot, wafer, brand, gram, hollow, kilogram, comment, poker, tangerine, sock, estate, tomato, boot, wedding, candle, soldier, gossip, shoe, young man, cherry, apple, apple tree.
Open the brackets and highlight the endings of the inflected words: watched a film with the major (Pronin) - became interested in the English writer (Joseph Cronin); disagree with (Dr. Uglov) - disagree with (Prussian military theorist Adam Heinrich Dietrich von Bulow); became engrossed in the English writer Jane Austen) – became interested in the English linguist (John Austen) – became interested in the singer (Zhenya Osin).
What categories are numerals divided into by meaning and structure?
What is the peculiarity of the declension of compound ordinal numbers? Write down the following combinations in words and decline them: 2000, 2010, metropolis with a population of 15,000,000.
What is the peculiarity of the declension of compound cardinal numerals? Write down the following combinations in words and decline them: 711 kilometers, 153 copies, 329 students.
What is special about the use of collective numerals?
Copy the sentences using numerals in the required form and choosing the desired form of the noun:
On this unfortunate Monday he was left with (54) (ruble) in his pocket.
About (1,850) (hectares) of land was plowed.
The teacher managed to interview (24) (student).
A load weighing (1,500) (ton) was lifted.
Each was given (235) (ruble).
During the day he traveled more than (740) (kilometers).
This happened in (2000) (year).
Everything in the gallery is ready for the meeting (250,000) (visitor).
There are (12, 5) (kilometers) left to go.
Find errors in the use of numerals:
a) in both cases; b) with one and a half tons; c) about eight hundred meters
d) three professors e) in two thousand and two; e) three schoolgirls
№ 4 Grammar rules (syntax)
Questions and tasks:
Explore TOPIC 9 based on the textbook edited by D.A. Romanova.
What is syntax as a section of grammar and as a level of the language system?
Define syntactic connections: coordination, control, adjacency.
Make up phrases according to the example: preparation and supervision (graduate students) – training and supervision of graduate students. 1. Admire and adore (the courage of the soldiers). 2. Collection and exchange (information). 3. Installation and maintenance (equipment). 4. Introduce and distribute (text of the resolution). 5. Push up and believe (victory).
Make up phrases with the listed words as main words according to the model “main word + case form of a noun”: pay, pay, pay, note, confirm, testify, understand, hinder, slow down, master, assimilate, review, review, confidence, faith, rejoice, overjoyed.
How are the main members of a two-part sentence related to each other? Open the brackets and explain the choice of the form of the predicate: 1 . Half the city (to remain) without electricity. 2..More than 80 thousand spectators (come) to Luzhniki. 3.800 rubles saved over the summer (spent) on the purchase of textbooks. 4.. Nobody; neither deputies, nor ministers, nor the president (have the right) to violate the Constitution. 5.Russian media (represented by) leading TV channels. 6.The IMF (to allocate) the next tranche. 7.. Seven students (pass) the exams with excellent marks. 8.A female surgeon (to perform) a complex heart operation.
Opening the door………a) I saw a far from simple living room environment
What sentences are called complicated? List the types of complicators.
What are gerunds and participial phrases? What is special about the use of adverbial phrases? In which one-part sentences are gerunds and participial phrases not used? Connect the adverbial phrases with one of these two sentences:
………b) a strange picture appeared before my eyes
Traveling second class….a) the service was wonderful b) no one expected such good service
Without being embarrassed at all….. a) her whole figure expressed confidence b) she walked past the surprised guests
Falling into the lake...... a) he felt ashamed of his clumsiness b) he blushed with shame for his clumsiness.
The experimental results confirm our assumptions.
Contrary to the doctor’s advice, the patient refused hospitalization.
The head of administration distributes and manages property and finances.
Reading works of Russian classics, I am filled with delight and a sense of pride in Russian literature.
What is a complex sentence? What types complex sentences You know? Compose and write down several complex sentences of different types.
Analyze grammatical errors in sentences and edit statements:
The discussion raises the question of a student’s ability to be a group leader for medical reasons.
There were a lot of letters to the editor.
Thirty-five point five percent of students did an excellent job.
For my birthday I invite my closest friends.
When they sat down, she asked if he liked reading books.
Silence suddenly reigned, understanding the meaning of which my mood soured.
He suddenly slipped and fell.
Present the results of the analysis in the form of a table according to the example:
№ 5 Basic functional styles of the Russian literary language
Questions and tasks:
List the main features of a literary language.
Copy it from a textbook on speech culture or from encyclopedic dictionary definitions of concepts style And functional style.
Using textbooks and encyclopedic linguistic dictionaries, as well as a textbook ed. YES. Romanova, write down the characteristics in your notebook colloquial,journalistic And official business styles according to plan:
Extralinguistic and general linguistic factors that determined the main stylistic features of the text (style-forming factors):
sphere of communication (science, art, politics, etc.)
communication task (to inform, obtain information, motivate to action, etc.)
communication situation (formal/informal)
nature of communication (mass, group, interpersonal)
form of speech (oral, written; dialogue/polylogue/monologue)
canonicity/non-canonicity of a speech situation (compliance with the conditions of commonality of time and place)
implementation of the rules of successful communication
predominantly realized functions of language (communicative, emotive, phatic, etc.)
Style features
Linguistic means by which the main stylistic features are implemented, and compositional features texts
Substyles
Speech genres
Sample assignment 3.
