This lesson will cover a fairly difficult topic to remember, so you should concentrate as much as possible. Auxiliary verbs in English, the table of which will be presented below, are parts of speech that do not have individual meaning in terms of vocabulary, but act as assistants. Their main function is to help correctly compose a construction for a complex verb form. Verbs considered:

• to do,
• will (would)
• to be
• shall (should),
• to have.

We will look at the topic in detail so that you do not have any questions.

Why are auxiliary verbs needed?

Auxiliary verbs in English are used when there is a need to express gender, number or time period of an action. In this case, this part of speech is added.

It should be noted that some parts of speech from the topic under consideration can be used as semantic ones, these include: to be (to be), to have (to possess), to do (to do). In addition, in many cases, to be is used in construction as a connective, and the verbs shall (should) and will (would) are used as modals. The parts in question are a universal assistant, but are not translated into Russian. When translating, no questions are even asked to them.

Examples:

• She is at the hospital now. - She's in the hospital now.
• She swims here every morning. – She swims here every morning.
• You were young and didn’t understand your father. – You were young and did not understand your father.

Example with a semantic verb:

• I'm a teacher. - I am a teacher.

Verb to have

This part of speech can be used as a semantic verb in its main meaning.

For example,

• I don't have time. – I don’t have time.
• I have a big family. – I (have) a big family.

To form the Perfect of any tense, use this part of speech.

For example,

• I will have read the article by nine. – I will have read the article by nine o’clock.
• You have done a lot of work. – You did a lot of work.
• We had finished the task by two o’clock. – We completed the task before two o’clock.

Verb to be

The auxiliary verb that will be considered is the only one, having a special form in the singular, plural and persons. It can be used as a link, used as a semantic one, or used as an auxiliary part of speech in a construction.

As a semantic verb, this verb is used in the meaning of “to appear” and “to be.”

Other English topics: Phrasal Verb Run: Context and Application

Examples narrative sentences and those where questions are used:

• I have to be at home now. - I should be home now.
• Do you want to be our friend? – Do you want to be our friend?

As a linking verb, this part of speech is part of the predicate (this verb + attribute or character). In a sentence, it corresponds to the place where the verb “to be” should logically be located (as a rule, in Russian such omitted).

For example,

• He is a doctor. - He's a doctor.
• I am your friend. - I'm your friend.

The verb to be as an auxiliary is used to form everything Continuous tenses and Perfect Continuous in the active voice.

For example,

• We were expecting a better result. -We expected a better result.
• I am looking for someone. - I'm looking for someone.
• I have been waiting for you for two hours. - I've been waiting for you for two hours.

Just like an auxiliary, this verb is used to form all forms of the passive (passive) voice.

For example,

• The building is being constructed now. – The building is currently under construction.
• The newspapers have been delivered. - The newspapers have been delivered.

Verb to do

As a semantic verb, this verb is used in the meaning of “to engage”, “to do”.

For example, Just do it! - Just do it! He does what he wants. - He does what he wants.

The verb to do is used as an auxiliary when forming the form Present Simple and Past Simple of all verbs, in addition to modal and auxiliary verbs. But this only applies to negative and interrogative sentences.

For example,

• Do you listen to me? – Are you listening to me?
• My sister doesn't trust her husband. – My sister doesn’t trust her husband.
• We didn't see anything. - We didn't see anything.

Also, as an auxiliary, this part of speech helps to form the negative form of the imperative mood.

For example,

• Don't be late. - Don't be late.

In addition, this verb, acting as an auxiliary part of speech, enhances the meaning of the verb in the form of Present Simple or Past Simple, when the speaker proves his point of view.

For example,

• Why did you say I don’t know your sister? I do know her. - In connection with what, you said that I don’t know your sister? I know her.

Verb will (would)

This verb is used as an auxiliary and modal.

The auxiliary (will) is used to make up all forms of the future tense.

For example,

• The winter will be cold. - The winter will be cold.
• I will be walking with my dog ​​this evening. - I will walk the dog this evening.

Would is used when constructing a future form in the past.

Other English topics: Gerund in English (Gerund): functions, forms, formation

For example,

• My friend told me he would watch this film at the weekends. My friend said that he would watch this film at the weekend.

Verb shall (should)

Modern English classifies the verb shall (should) only as modal, however, in textbooks published during the Soviet era one can find information that:

• Instead of will, the verb shall is used as an auxiliary when it is necessary to create a construction of the future tense with the 1st person singular and plural. For example, We shall talk about it. - We'll talk about this later.
• With the same parameters, but in order to create the form of the future tense in the past, the verb should can be used instead of would. For example, I said that we should discuss it later. - I said we'll discuss this later..

In modern British language this verb is replaced by will and would. The verb shall (should) can be found in old textbooks English language, old books and films in the original language.

English is not particularly rich in auxiliary verbs , however, one should keep in mind in what cases one or another verb is used. The main thing to do is to learn these verbs, in what cases and in what forms they are used. And do not confuse them with semantic ones, which carry lexical load in the constructed construction.

Auxiliary verbs in English table

To summarize the information, you can use the table below.

Time	A sentence that contains a statement	A sentence containing a negation	Sentences that use questions
Present Simple		don't / doesn't	do/does
Past Simple		didn't	did
Future Simple	will	won't	will
Present Continuous	am/is/are	am not /isn’t /aren’t	am/is/are
Past Continuous	was/were	wasn't/weren't	was/were
Future Continuous	will be	won't be	will be
Present Perfect	have / has	haven't/hasn't	have/has
Past Perfect	had	hadn't	had
Future Perfect	will have	won't have	will have
Present Perfect Continuous	have / has been	haven't/hasn't been	have / has been
Past Perfect Continuous	had been	hadn't been	had been
Future Perfect Continuous	will have been	won't have been	will have been

This concludes the analysis of the topic. We have explained the material to you clearly, now it’s up to you to learn all the rules and verbs. If you have any questions, review auxiliary verbs in English , presented in the table. This is a summary of the material.

Affirmative form	Negative form		Question form
I do	I don't	know (do, etc.)	Do I	know (do, etc.)
you do	you don't		Do you
he does	he does not		Does he
she does	she does not		Does she
it does	it doesn't		Does it
we do	we don't		Do we
you do	you don't		Do you
they do	they don't		Do they

Negative interrogative form: Do I not? (Don't I?), etc.

She danced well.- Yes, she did.
He didn’t come.- No, he didn't.
Tom speaks a lot.- Yes, he does.

She danced well. - Yes (, good).
He didn’t come. - Yes (, didn’t come).
Tom talks a lot. - Yes (, a lot).

b) in short sentences expressing disagreement.

Don't speak too loudly.- No, he doesn't.
You eat too much.- No, I don't.

He speaks very loudly. - No, not very loudly.
You eat too much. - No, not much.

c) in sentences that complement the information received.

She likes hot milk and so do I.
She loves hot milk and so do I.

Not lives in a hostel but I don't.
He lives in a dormitory, but I don’t (I don’t live in a dormitory).

Not doesn't like pork and neither do I.
He doesn't like pork and neither do I.

• 6. In the second part of dividing questions, if the verb is

When in English is is used at the beginning of a sentence in a question, and when is do?

Here you can find out when in English is is used at the beginning of a sentence in a question, and when do?

Writing questions in English causes difficulties for many students. Some students are confused in which cases to start a question with the form of the verb to be - is, and in which cases with the auxiliary verb tense Present Simple - do.

To avoid confusion, first of all you need to study 2 topics well:

Distinctive feature English sentences with the verb to be as a linking verb is that there is no verb in these sentences. That is why we use the linking verb to be instead of a verb.

Example.
She is very beautiful lady - She is very beautiful girl.
There is no verb in this sentence, and instead we put the linking verb is.
If translated literally, the sentence will be translated as follows: she is a very beautiful girl.
That is, the essence of the sentence does not change, only the verb appears - is. When translating into Russian, we do not voice it.

If a question needs to be made from such a sentence, then it will be begin with the verb to be, in our case, from the form of the verb to be - is.
Is she very beautiful lady? - Is she a very beautiful girl? (Is she a very beautiful girl?)

Now let's look at sentences in the Present Simple tense. If the sentence is in this tense, then the question will begin with the auxiliary verb do/does.
These sentences have a semantic verb, and a linking verb is not used here.
I read that book every day - Every day I read that book (semantic verb read - read).

This sentence is used in Present Simple tense, and to ask the speaker a question, we must use the auxiliary verb do.
Do you read that book every day? - Do you read that book every day?

You should also keep in mind that in the Present Continuous tense, interrogative sentences can also begin with the verb is.
Is she reading now? - Is she reading now?

Thus, in order not to be confused in composing questions with the verb to be and with the auxiliary verb do, you must do the following:
- study well the topics of using the verb to be as a linking verb and the Present Simple tense;
- remember that the verb to be is used as a linking verb when there is no semantic verb.

Auxiliary verbs are so called because they help form tenses and voices in English. The main auxiliary verbs in English are the verbs BE, DO and HAVE, each of which has its own forms, which we will discuss below. Auxiliary verbs also sometimes include modal verbs that do not change their form.

A feature of auxiliary verbs (except modal ones) is the absence of any meaning other than the grammatical one.

I have been to London. – I was in London. (The verb to have has no meaning, but simply helps to construct the present perfect tense form)

So what are auxiliary verbs for?

• For the formation of times
• For the formation of interrogative and negative sentences.
• To form the passive voice
• To form a dividing question.

Auxiliary verbs for forming tenses.

To form tenses, auxiliary verbs be / do / have / will are used.

Let's look at the table of using auxiliary verbs in different times in affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences.

		don't / doesn't
Present Continuous		am not /isn’t /aren’t
		wasn't/weren't
Future Continuous
		haven't/hasn't
Present Perfect Continuous		haven't/hasn't been
Past Perfect Continuous
Future Perfect Continuous		won't have been

If you look carefully at the table, you can do the following conclusions about how auxiliary verbs work.

• The auxiliary verb do (does/did) is used only to form Present Simple and Past Simple tenses.
• The auxiliary verb be (am / is /are /was /were /will be) is used only to form Continuous tenses.
• The auxiliary verb have (has / had) is used to form Perfect tenses
• The auxiliary verb will is used to form future tenses.

Knowing these 4 points, you can accurately determine which auxiliary verbs to use to form any tense. Take, for example, the Future Perfect Continuous - to form it we need as many as 3 auxiliary verbs:

• will (since it is future),
• have (since it is perfect),
• been (form of to be – since it is continuous).

Auxiliary verbs for forming negative and interrogative sentences.

The tense-appropriate auxiliary verb with the particle not will help you construct negative sentence. It is important to know that auxiliary verbs with the particle not can be written separately or together, forming a short form.

Consider the table:

Full form of negation	Short form of denial

In order to construct an interrogative sentence, the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. If there is more than one auxiliary verb, only the first of them is placed before the subject, the rest come after the subject.

• Are are you playing tennis now?

• Have did you ever play tennis?

• Will you be playing tennis at two o’clock tomorrow?

• Why is he playing tennis now?

Thus, almost every interrogative sentence in English begins with either an auxiliary verb or a question word followed by an auxiliary verb. To learn how to make a sentence interrogative, read the article - Special attention please refer to .

LET'S SUMMARY:

Auxiliary verbBE.

As we said earlier, the auxiliary verb to be has 3 forms of the present tense (am / is / are), 2 forms of the past tense (was / were) and 1 form of the future tense (will be).

The auxiliary verb to be is used:

• To form Continuous tenses.
• To form the passive voice.

Molly is reading a magazine. (Present Continuous)

Children were talking. (Past Continuous)

England were beaten by Germany in the final (Past Passive)

Auxiliary verbHAVE.

Have (has/had) is used to form perfect tenses as well as perfect forms of the passive voice.

• The judge has asked the witness to speak up. (Present Perfect)

• In some years, they will have established community gardens. (Future Perfect)

• I will have been asked by 3 o'clock tomorrow (Future Perfect Passive)

Auxiliary verbDo

The auxiliary verb do (does/did) is used to form negative and interrogative sentences in Present Simple (do/does) and Past Simple (did).

You might find it useful to do and

The auxiliary verb do is sometimes used for emphasis in affirmative sentences.

He did look tired. “He really looked tired.”

You need to understand that the verbs be, have and do have dual nature, if you like, lead a double life: they can be both auxiliary and semantic.

So as a semantic verb TO BE is translated - “ to be, to be, to be”

She was at home. - She was at home. (to be (was) is a semantic verb, has a lexical meaning and is translated into Russian)

She was crying. – She cried (to be (was) is an auxiliary verb, has no lexical meaning, cannot be translated).

As a semantic verb TO DO is translated “ do”, and to HAVE – “ have":

I did what I could. – I did what I could.

I have a cat. - I have a cat

Often in English sentence you can find 2 identical verbs, one of which is semantic, and the second is auxiliary.

I had had dinner before my mum came. (the first had is an auxiliary verb for the formation of the Past Perfect, the second had is the semantic verb “have dinner - have dinner / have dinner”).

Did you do what you could? (did – auxiliary, do – semantic)

We continue the topic of necessary verbs in the English language and today the almighty “do” is next. Despite its popularity and frequent use, many people have difficulty with this verb. The biggest confusion arises when the question arises: should we use do or does, or maybe did in English? We will talk about all the characteristics of the verb in this article.

In addition to the fact that the verb “to do” is an auxiliary verb and helps to “build” interrogative and negative sentences in the present tense, it can do tricks and become the main verb in affirmative sentences. In order to understand that a verb is auxiliary, it is enough to see if there is another verb in the sentence.

The verb “do” has forms that are not difficult to remember.

Forms of verb “to do”
	Present	Past	Perfect Form	Continuous Form
I	do	did	have/had done	am/was doing
you/we/they	do	did	have/had done	are/were doing
he/she/it	does	did	has/had done	is/was doing

This verb is used in short answers. For example,

Do you always drink black tea in the morning? Yes, I do (No, I don’t).

Does he regularly take the bus moving home? Yes, he does (No, he doesn’t).

Remember that the most common question “What do you do?” You should answer about the type of your activity, and not about what you are doing at the moment.

- What do you do?
- I am a businessman.

- What does she do?
- She is a doctor.

- What do they do?
- They are hairdressers.

Additionally, the verb “to do” is quite common and is often confused with the verb “to make,” which is also translated as “to do.” How do you know where to use which verb? The verb “to do” is used where someone performs an action or task. It is often used with the word “work” ( Do you always do the homework?). “Do” is used when talking about some things in general (often with the words “something”, “nothing”, “everything”, “anything”):

Now he is too tired, he is doing nothing.

Below we offer the most common expressions with the verb “to do”:

do badly- to succeed badly
do business- conduct business
do damage- cause damage
do the dishes- wash the dishes
do a favor- provide a service
do good- be beneficial
do harm- cause harm
do time(to go to prison) – to serve time
do well- to benefit, to prosper
do your best- try your best
do your hair- comb hair
do your nails- do a manicure
do your worst- to cause harm, to do the worst
do right- do it right
do laundry- do laundry
do miracles- work miracles
do an ill service- do a disservice
do a translation– do translation
do something by chance- do something accidentally
do sums– solve arithmetic problems
do all in one's power- do your best
do as you would be done by- do as you want to be treated
do first-rate- to succeed
do for a rival- destroy a competitor, rival

You can find many slang expressions with the verb “do”, which are used in America, Great Britain and Australia:

do a fade– to wash off, to shed (slang)
do a good turn- provide good service
do a hot foot- get away, get away, get out (American slang)
do a Melba– make repeated farewell gestures, grimaces (Australian slang)
do a micky- get out, get out
do a number on someone- to deceive someone, to screw someone over (American slang)
do a runner– to run away in order to avoid problems or payment for any product (slang)
do a Skase– leave the country with a lot of money (Australian informal expression)
do a slow burn- gradually become furious, become enraged, barely restrained (American slang)
do a snow job on someone- to make a fool of yourself, to deceive (American slang)
do bird– rewind time, serve time (British slang)
do a flip-flop– cool change of view, change of point of view (American slang)

And discover new horizons for yourself!