Nutritional adequacy is judged by nutritional status a person - his state of health, which has developed against the background of the heredity of the organism under the influence of actual nutrition. At optimal nutrition - the body works without shifts. At excess food in the body receives an excess of any nutrients. Insufficient nutrition occurs with a quantitative or qualitative lack of nutrition. In both cases, the body is overstressed, there is a violation of the tissues and functions of the body, which is expressed in a violation of working capacity, health status and, ultimately, leads to illness. Eating disorders can be divided into 3 stages:
- inferior status- manifests itself in a decrease in the adaptive capabilities of the body to ordinary microclimatic conditions and performance (“not hunting” ... to wake up, get up, work, etc. - instead of: “wake up and sing!”). Correction of this condition is in changing the diet: increasing the intake of missing nutrients and following the recommendations for complying with the requirements of a healthy lifestyle;
- premorbid status- Deeper disturbances are noted. Reduced adaptive capacity of the body in the form of frequent colds and herpes. Reduced biochemical parameters of blood and urine, laboratory determined, as well as the functionality of organs (digestion, muscles, heart). Violations mainly go to the organ predisposed to the disease (locus morbi - see topic No. 3). For correction, it is no longer enough to follow the recommendations to eliminate the inferior status. The diet should be supplemented with the intake of appropriate dietary supplements:
- morbid (pathological) status- manifested by severe clinical symptoms of the disease, characteristic of a certain alimentary insufficiency. Correction of this stage requires, in addition to changing the diet and the inclusion of dietary supplements, also therapeutic assistance.
Diagnosis of malnutrition is carried out by clinical signs, laboratory blood and urine tests - by the presence of end products of metabolism; measurements of height and weight, functional assessment of the work of the nervous, cardiovascular and digestive systems. Based on the data obtained, nutritional adequacy, its deficiency or excess is assessed, and a patient's dietary nutrition program is built. Consider the manifestations of deficiency or excess in the diet of basic nutrients - drinking water, B, F, U, minerals and vitamins.
Drinking water. A person is 70% water, so the loss of 5-10% of water leads to painful disorders, and 20% leads to death. It is recommended to consume at least 1.5-2 liters of water daily.
With little water the excretion of metabolic products with urine decreases and they settle in the internal organs, constipation, headache, skin rashes, etc. are observed, and working capacity decreases. Chronic acidosis is created in the blood, which accelerates the aging of the body and the occurrence of "diseases of old age."
Enhanced Drinking(water, beer) dilutes the blood, oxygen transfer worsens, the person suffocates, the heart contracts intensely. Long-term increased water load transforms the vessels, kidneys and heart (a "bull's heart" is formed). In the summer, increased drinking alkalizes the stomach, promotes easy penetration of intestinal infections (summer diarrhea). Random drinking has no effect: sweating becomes more and more intense. It must be remembered that ordinary drinking water is not the best way to quench thirst. In a hot period, the body loses more salt (16 g per 3 liters of sweat) than it receives (10-15 g per day), which disrupts the salt balance. Therefore, hygienic recommendations for workers in hot shops provide for the use of carbonated water with a 0.5% solution of table salt. Table salt promotes water retention in the body (salty foods), while potassium and calcium salts remove water from the body (apricots, raisins). Beer does not quench thirst, and the alcohol it contains adds extra calories to a warm body.
Thirst - this is a reaction of the nerve center in the brain to a decrease in water in the body, but it is often deceived: small sips of water with a delay in the mouth, green tea, drinks, soda water - calm the nerve center faster than a drunk bucket of warm or hot water. Above 12-15 0 C, water does not relieve thirst.
In clinical nutrition for infectious diseases, fever, diseases of the liver and biliary tract, fluid intake is increased, and for diseases of the heart and kidneys, it is reduced. Cold water on an empty stomach increases intestinal motility, which is used to regulate stool frequency and constipation.
PROTEINS
Protein deficiency in Russia, 6-8% of children and 2% of adults suffer. An analysis of nutrition in Russia in 2000 shows that the consumption of B in the diet of the population is reduced by 20% of the norm, and in a number of territories even more.
Deficiency B(protein starvation) in the body leads to alimentary (food) protein dystrophy, characterized by a decrease in the body's defenses (decrease in immunity and endurance), metabolic disorders - the destruction of the body's own B, depletion of the activity of the endocrine glands and the nervous system, anemia; and in children - growth retardation, mental and physical development. With prolonged insufficient intake of B with food, alimentary diseases occur. So in children in Africa, such a disease as kwashiorkor is often found - this is a disease of a child weaned and transferred to a carbohydrate diet with a sharp lack of animal B (feeding mainly with cereals). This causes anemia, sharp and irreversible changes in the constitution and personality of the child - mental retardation (cretinism). Lack of B in combination with a lack of F, Y and other substances leads to alimentary general dystrophy - insanity.
Excess B(predominantly eating meat) contributes to the strengthening of putrefactive processes in the intestines. Products of incomplete oxidation of B accumulate in the body. The work of the liver and kidneys becomes difficult (the kidneys are overstressed, intensively excreting a lot of nitrogenous compounds in the urine). Chronic excess of B, especially of animal origin, increases the excitability of the central nervous system, leads to the development of metabolic diseases.
Consider b the biological role of the three most deficient amino acids:
Methionine prevents fatty liver, atherosclerosis and protects against the action of bacterial toxins, constantly coming from the lungs, large intestine and other places. With its deficiency, a violation of fat metabolism occurs.
Lysine provides hematopoiesis: with a deficiency, it is disturbed, anemia occurs, bones and muscles are depleted; necessary for the growth of young people.
tryptophan necessary for the production of hemoglobin and blood serum proteins, for brain function; with a deficiency, anemia, depression, and stress occur. This is a growth factor and the younger the body, the more it is required.
FATS
Deficiency F leads to disruption of nervous activity, weakening of the immune system, skin lesions - dermatitis, eczema, diseases of the kidneys and organs of vision, primarily due to a lack of absorption of F-soluble vitamins (A, D, E.).
Excess F impairs the absorption of other food components (B, Ca, Mg) + inhibits gastric secretion + makes it difficult to digest B + impairs the absorption of B, calcium, magnesium + suppresses the function of the hematopoietic and immune apparatus, thyroid gland and ovaries (prevents conception) + increases blood clotting (thrombus formation ) + disrupts the activity of the nervous system and metabolism, contributing to the development of atherosclerosis, obesity, cholelithiasis + accelerates the aging process, the onset of "strength diseases" and thereby reduces life expectancy.
In stale and overheated fats, vitamins and essential fatty acids are destroyed, harmful substances accumulate that cause irritation and diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, metabolic disorders - such fats are harmful in diseases of the digestive system and are prohibited in medical nutrition.
Diseases of excess protein nutrition
Excess protein intake adversely affects the metabolism and the activity of a number of organs. Excess protein in the diet does not lead to an increase in its reserves in the body. An excess of protein in the diet causes the following adverse effects: damage to the liver, kidneys; overexcitation of the central nervous system, sometimes - conditions close to neuroses; increased consumption of vitamins in the body (vitamin deficiency); with long-term high-protein nutrition, first strengthening, and then suppression of the secretory function of the stomach; increased processes of decay in the intestines; high risk of developing diseases such as gout, urolithiasis.
Diseases with a lack of fat in the diet
A quantitative lack of fats in the diet is a reduction or complete cessation of their consumption. A qualitative lack of fat in the diet is expressed in a deficiency in the diet of essential unsaturated fatty acids with a reduced, normal or even increased total fat content in the diet. Fats can be formed from proteins and carbohydrates. However, the resulting fat contains only saturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids are indispensable because they are not formed in the body and come only with food.
Signs of a deficiency of unsaturated fatty acids in the human body: slow growth and physical development; weight loss; disorders of water metabolism with increased need for water; increased blood cholesterol levels, metabolic disorders of vitamins A and B, a decrease in the effect of vitamins C and group B; dryness, scaly peeling of the skin, eczema; increased bleeding.
For treatment, vegetable oils are used, which include unsaturated fatty acids. Oil is added to ready-made dishes, salads, vinaigrettes, since unsaturated fatty acids are partially converted into saturated ones during heat treatment.
The effect of excess fat on the body
With prolonged excess consumption of fats, their content in the blood increases. In tissues, the formation of fats begins to predominate over their breakdown. There is an accumulation of fat in cells with subsequent disorders of the functions of a number of organs. Excess fat in the diet causes liver damage; increased blood cholesterol and blood clotting, predisposition to vascular thrombosis; deterioration in the absorption of proteins, calcium, magnesium, an increased need for vitamins that provide fat metabolism; inhibition of gastric secretion, overexertion of the activity of the pancreas and intestines.
Excess fat contributes to the development of obesity, atherosclerosis, cholelithiasis.
Diseases with a lack or excess of carbohydrates in the diet
Stocks of carbohydrates in the liver (glycogen) are quickly exhausted when they are deficient in the diet. Nerve and muscle cells are especially sensitive to a lack of carbohydrates. A sharp and prolonged lack of carbohydrates leads to serious disorders in the human body - deviations in the metabolism of fats, which cause a serious complication: a shift in the acid-base balance to the acid side (acidosis).
For normal fat metabolism, it is necessary that in the diet for 4 g of fat there should be at least 1 g of carbohydrates. With a lack of carbohydrates, amino acids of food proteins and tissue proteins are significantly consumed, which in turn causes disturbances in the metabolism of vitamins and mineral salts. The lack of carbohydrates negatively affects the well-being, physical and mental performance of the body, which are quickly eliminated when the required amount of carbohydrates is consumed.
A serious consequence of carbohydrate deficiency is a decrease in blood sugar levels (hypoglycemia). Alimentary hypoglycemia can occur with long breaks between meals, i.e. irregular meals. Hypoglycemia affects people with low blood pressure. Hypoglycemia can occur with increased muscular work, especially in conditions of lack of oxygen, with strong neuropsychic stress.
Signs of nutritional hypoglycemia: weakness, drowsiness, dizziness, headaches, hunger, nausea, sweating, trembling in the hands. In severe cases, convulsions occur, loss of consciousness is noted. All this requires emergency medical care (intravenous glucose).
The systematic overload of the body with carbohydrates plays a role in the development of atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, dental caries and vitamin B deficiency.
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Ministry of Health of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)
GBPOU "Yakutsk Medical College"
Branch of the city of Nyurba, Nyurbinsky district
ESSAY
"Diseases,relatedwithcharacternutrition"
Completed by: 1st year student
2 brigades 1 group
Arkhipova Motrena
Lecturer: Nikolaeva G.M.
Nyurba, 2017
Introduction
1. Cachexia
2. Kwashiorkor
Conclusion
Introduction
According to the World Health Organization, the state of human health is only 15% dependent on the organization of the medical service, the same amount is due to genetic characteristics, and 70% is determined by lifestyle and nutrition. Nutrition is the most important physiological need of a person. Food is an environmental factor through which the human body comes into close contact with all chemicals of plant and animal origin. All the vital functions of the body are closely related to nutrition. Nutrition ensures the development and continuous renewal of cells and tissues, the supply of energy necessary to restore the body's energy consumption at rest and during physical activity. Food is a source of substances from which enzymes, hormones and other regulators of metabolic processes are formed in the body. The metabolism underlying the vital activity of the body is directly dependent on the nature of nutrition.
Improper nutrition - both insufficient and excessive - is equally harmful to the health of adults and children. This can be expressed in a deterioration in physical and mental development, in a decrease in the body's resistance to various environmental factors, a decrease in efficiency, premature aging and a reduction in life expectancy. Employees of the Institute of Nutrition of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences conducted large-scale studies and revealed significant violations in the nutrition of the Russian population. This is, first of all, excessive consumption of animal fats, which contributes to an increase in the number of people with various forms of obesity. And at the same time - a deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and in some groups - complete (animal) proteins, a deficiency of vitamins (especially antioxidants - A, C, E, beta-carotene), a deficiency of macro- and microelements - calcium, iron, iodine, fluorine, selenium and zinc, dietary fiber deficiency. Malnutrition leads to an increase in the number of children with reduced indicators of physical development, a violation of the immune status of the population, an increase in the frequency of diseases associated with a deficiency of vital substances that ensure the normal state of the body.
At the suggestion of the World Health Organization (WHO), it is recommended to distinguish between the following forms of pathological conditions associated with malnutrition.
Malnutrition is a condition caused by the consumption for a more or less long time of an insufficient amount of food in terms of calories.
Overeating is a condition associated with the consumption of excess food. A specific form of deficiency is a condition caused by a relative or absolute deficiency in the diet of one or more nutrients. Imbalance is a condition that occurs when the ratio of essential nutrients in the diet is incorrect. Inadequate nutrition, when the energy value of the daily diet does not cover the energy costs produced during the day, leads to the development of a negative energy balance. At the same time, there is a mobilization of all the body's resources for maximum energy production in order to eliminate the resulting energy deficit. With an energy deficiency, all nutrients, including protein, are used as an energy source, and not only protein from food, but also tissue protein, which leads to the development of protein deficiency. Eating disorders make a significant contribution to the development of diseases. This contribution ranges from 10% to 40%. The health of children is largely determined by the nutrition of women, especially during pregnancy. Epidemiological studies of the last 15 - 20 years show that the role of malnutrition or unbalanced nutrition can be compared with the role of genetic factors and active chemical or infectious influences. The diseases of malnutrition include primarily diseases associated with protein-energy malnutrition: cachexia, kwashiorkor and insanity.
The most vulnerable group of the population in relation to the lack of protein are children, especially during breastfeeding and the first years of life - from 6 months to 4 years. The disease of children, which developed as a result of protein deficiency, was called kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor, meaning "red boy" or in another interpretation "weaned child", occurs as a result of a deficiency in the diet of animal proteins. A concomitant factor is the lack of vitamins of the B complex. The reason is also a monotonous carbohydrate diet. Childhood dystrophy (kwashiorkor) and cachexia are widespread in several parts of West Africa. Kwashiorkor develops when a baby is placed on a protein-poor, starchy diet after weaning. Kwashiorkor is characterized by a slowdown in the growth and development of the child, a change in the color of the skin and hair, depigmentation, a change in the state of the mucous membranes, a deterioration in the functions of many systems, especially the digestive system (dyspepsia and persistent diarrhea). In severe cases, the main manifestations of kwashiorkor are edema and mental disorders.
1. Cachexia
Cachexia is an extreme depletion of the body, which is characterized by general weakness, a sharp decrease in weight, activity of physiological processes, as well as a change in the mental state of the patient.
Symptoms of cachexia are pronounced weakness, disability, sudden weight loss, often accompanied by signs of dehydration. Weight loss can reach 50% or more.
Subcutaneous tissue decreases sharply or disappears completely, there are signs of hypovitaminosis (vitamin deficiency). As a result, the skin of patients becomes flabby, wrinkled, turns pale or acquires an earthy gray tint.
There are also trophic changes in hair and nails, stomatitis may develop, the appearance of severe constipation is characteristic.
In patients, sexual function decreases, in women amenorrhea may occur (since the volume of circulating blood decreases in the patient).
Often, glomerular filtration in the kidneys is reduced. Hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, as well as iron anemia or B 12 deficiency anemia are manifested.
With cachexia, mental disorders are often observed. At the beginning of its development, asthenia appears, in which there is irritable weakness, tearfulness, subdepressive mood. With the development of cachexia and asthenia, the adynamic component begins to manifest itself to a greater extent. With exacerbations of the underlying disease, which caused cachexia, clouding of consciousness in the form of amentia, twilight clouding of consciousness, severe or rudimentary forms of delirium, which are replaced by anxious and melancholy states, apathetic stupor, and pseudoparalytic syndrome, can often occur.
K.'s pathogenesis is determined by the disease that caused it, but in all cases it includes profound metabolic disorders with depletion of fat and carbohydrate reserves, increased protein catabolism and a decrease in its synthesis.
Clinically K. is shown by sharply expressed weakness, disability, sharp weight loss. which is often combined with signs of dehydration, although in some cases hypooncotic (protein-free) edema of the subcutaneous tissue and accumulation of transudate in various body cavities are observed.
Treatment of patients To. in most cases is carried out in a hospital. It is aimed primarily at the underlying disease, but necessarily includes measures to restore the nutrition of patients, as well as careful general care for them. The diet is necessarily enriched with protein and fats, vitamins, easily digestible products are used whenever possible. With symptoms of impaired digestion and absorption of food, polyenzymatic preparations (festal, pancreatin, etc.) are prescribed. To remove patients with K. from a serious condition, glucose, electrolytes, vitamins, protein hydrolysates, and amino acid mixtures are parenterally administered. According to indications, anabolic hormones are used. In psychogenic anorexia, treatment is prescribed and carried out by a psychiatrist; Appetite enhancers may be used.
2. Kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor is a type of severe dystrophy due to a lack of protein in the diet. The disease usually occurs in children 1-4 years of age. When a baby is breastfed, it receives certain amino acids needed for growth from mother's milk. When a baby is weaned, when products that replace mother's milk are high in starches and sugars and low in protein (as is usually the case in countries where the main diet of people consists of starchy vegetables, or where mass starvation has begun, in the child may begin kwashiorkor.
This name comes from one of the languages of the Ghanaian coast and literally means "first-second", and means "rejected", reflecting that the condition begins in the eldest child after weaning, often due to the fact that another child was born in the family .
One of the symptoms is bloating in children (ascites, which often occurs in children in poor areas of Africa, due to the fact that strawberries contain only a small amount of protein (1.2%) and very few essential amino acids. In a diet based on cassava, these factors lead to infantile pellagra (kwashiorkor) Due to the lack of important amino acids, the internal organs accumulate water, therefore it is recommended to also eat cassava leaves, which contain a large amount of protein, as a vegetable.
Treatment is carried out in a hospital. It is necessary to adjust the nutrition in accordance with the age needs of the child. The missing amount of protein is compensated by introducing milk, cottage cheese, protein enpits, and amino acid preparations into the diet. The protein content and energy value of the diet is increased gradually. Vegetable fats are preferred because they are better absorbed than animal fats.
From the first days of treatment, preparations of vitamins (especially A and group B), potassium, magnesium, iron (for anemia), as well as enzyme preparations are prescribed. With complications caused by a secondary infection, antibacterial agents are indicated. Treat diseases that contribute to or cause the development of K. After the start of treatment, body weight may decrease within a few weeks due to a decrease in edema.
The prognosis for early diagnosis and timely treatment is favorable.
Prevention consists mainly in the rational nutrition of young children (natural feeding in the first year of life, timely and correct introduction of complementary foods, a sufficient amount of dairy products in the diet). Timely and adequate treatment of diseases leading to protein deficiency is important.
cachexia kwashiorkor marasmus food
Marasmus (from the Greek marasmus - exhaustion, extinction).
Alimentary insanity is a disease, a form of protein-energy deficiency, usually in children under one year old.
There are currently no effective treatments for atrophic processes. However, proper care and prescription of symptomatic remedies (for individual symptoms of the disease) are of great importance for the fate of such patients. At the beginning of the disease, it is desirable to keep them at home without drastic changes in the life stereotype. Admission to the hospital may worsen the condition. The patient needs to create conditions for a fairly active lifestyle, so that he moves more, lies less during the daytime, and is more busy with his usual household chores. With severe dementia and in the absence of the possibility of constant care and monitoring of the patient at home, inpatient treatment or stay in a special boarding school is indicated. Psychotropic drugs are prescribed only for sleep disorders, fussiness, delusional and hallucinatory disorders. Preference is given to drugs that do not cause weakness, lethargy, other side effects and complications. Tranquilizers are recommended only at night (radedorm, eupoktin). From antidepressants apply pyrazidol, azafen; from neuroleptics - sonapax, teralen, etaperazin, haloperidol in drops. All drugs are prescribed in minimal doses in order to avoid unwanted complications. Treatment with nootropics and other metabolic agents is advisable only in the early stages of the disease, when it helps to stabilize the process to some extent. There is no cure for dementia. Good care, timely treatment of internal diseases and maintaining a mental state can significantly prolong the patient's life. Patients need bed rest and the appointment of symptomatic agents (for individual symptoms of the disease). At the beginning of the disease, it is desirable to keep them at home, without sudden changes in life habits. Admission to the hospital may worsen the condition. The patient needs to create conditions for a fairly active lifestyle, so that he moves more, lies less during the daytime, and is more busy with his usual household chores.
Problems arising from a lack of protein. The lack of protein in the body is caused by a lack of its required amount or the amount of amino acids necessary for protein synthesis. As a rule, the lack of proteins is a regular occurrence in strict vegetarians, in people with great physical exertion due to an unbalanced diet. Protein deficiency in the body has negative consequences for almost the entire body. Inadequate intake of protein with food leads to a slowdown in the growth and development of children, in adults - to disturbances in the activity of the endocrine glands, to changes in the liver, changes in hormonal levels, disturbances in the production of enzymes, resulting in a deterioration in the absorption of nutrients, many trace elements, useful fats, vitamins. In addition, protein deficiency contributes to memory impairment, decreased performance, weakened immunity due to a decrease in the level of antibody formation, and is also accompanied by beriberi. Insufficient protein intake leads to weakening of the heart and respiratory system, loss of muscle mass.
The daily requirement of the female body for protein should be based on the calculation of 1.3 g, multiplied by a kilogram of weight. For men, this coefficient increases to 1.5 g. When exercising or doing any kind of physical activity, the protein intake must be increased to 2.5 g multiplied per kilogram. It is better if the protein consumed is easily digestible, that is, in the form of milk, soy proteins or specially prepared amino acid mixtures.
Conclusion
In the human body, protein reserves are practically absent, and the synthesis of new proteins is possible only from amino acids that come with food. The protein consumed by a person with food, entering the body, is broken down into amino acids during digestion, which are then easily absorbed into the bloodstream and absorbed by the body. From amino acids, cells synthesize a protein that differs from the consumed protein and is characteristic only for the human body. Amino acids synthesized in our body are considered essential, and from which the proteins of our body are built are irreplaceable. They are not synthesized in our body and must come from food. It can be said that non-essential amino acids are more important for the cell than essential ones. Nutritional requirements for certain compounds indicate that dependence on an external source of amino acids may be more favorable for the survival of the organism than the body's own synthesis of these compounds.
Proteins are usually divided into plant and animal groups. Animal proteins include chicken egg protein and whey protein. Chicken protein is easily digestible, is the standard, since it consists of 100% albumin and yolk. Relative to chicken protein, other proteins are also evaluated. Soy is a vegetable protein. Since the synthesis of a new protein in the human body is ongoing, it is necessary to ensure a constant supply of protein to the body in the right amount.
To avoid violations of protein metabolism, the following recommendations must be observed:
It is forbidden to use semi-finished products and long-term storage meat products (sausage, sausages, ham, sausages). Since there is little complete protein in semi-finished and ready-made “meat” products, people who often use these products most often experience protein starvation.
Fatty varieties of meat and fish are rarely consumed, since they contain a large percentage of fat, which interferes with the absorption of protein.
Eat more poultry, eggs, lean beef. Vegetable proteins contained in peas, beans, nuts, buckwheat should be regularly included in the daily diet.
Meat is best cooked on the grill or in the form of a kebab, because this method of cooking removes excess fat, which does not overload the gastrointestinal tract.
Do not combine meat and fish with cereals, potatoes and bread, the best addition would be a vegetable salad.
Protein food should be consumed in the evening before 18.00.
High quality protein foods are milk, eggs and meat.
Preferred Protein Foods: Egg white, lean cottage cheese, lean cheeses, lean fresh fish and seafood, lamb, lean veal, chicken, turkey, (skinless meat), soy milk, soy meat.
The basic rule to follow when choosing protein foods is to choose foods that are low in fat and high in protein.
Bibliography
1. Marilov, V.V. Private psychopathology /V.V. Marilov. M.: Academy, 2004. - 400s.
2. Donchenko L. V., Nadykta V. D. Food safety. Moscow: Pishchepromizdat, 2001.
3. Liflyandsky V.G., Zakrevskii V.V., Andronova M.N. Medicinal properties of foods. M.: Terra, 1996.
4. Malakhov G. P. Healing forces. SPb., 1994.
5. Popular about nutrition. / Ed. A.I. Stolmakova. Kyiv, "Health", 1990.
6. Rational nutrition / Smolyar V.I. Kyiv: Nauk. thought, 1991.
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Nutritional disorders can lead both to pronounced forms of manifestation of nutritional diseases, and to a deterioration in indicators of physical and mental development, a decrease in body resistance, an increase in morbidity, a decrease in working capacity and a reduction in life expectancy.
- malnutrition - a condition caused by insufficient quality and quantity of food intake for a more or less long time;
- binge eating - a condition associated with the consumption of excess food;
- a specific form of insufficiency - a condition caused by a relative or absolute deficiency of one or more nutrients in the diet.
- imbalance - a condition caused by the wrong ratio of nutrients in the diet.
Nutrition, or nutritional factor, largely determines the most important functions of the body. The nature of nutrition in modern conditions is especially important. This is due to a number of factors, primarily
The second factor that forms the problems of nutrition in modern conditions is hypodynamia(lack or low level of physical activity).
The third factor influencing nutrition in modern conditions is environmental pollution. Increasing levels of environmental pollution are leading to nutritional problems. This problem can be considered in several planes. On the one hand, nutrition is a way to reduce the impact of negative environmental factors on health. On the other hand, in conditions of intense environmental pollution, food itself becomes the object of pollutants.
The nature of nutrition determines the features of the formation and development of a number of diseases. Violation of the nature of nutrition largely determines the development of early atherosclerosis, coronary insufficiency, hypertension, diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. Violation of the diet contributes to the emergence of cancer. The nature of nutrition affects fat, cholesterol metabolism and affects the development of diseases of the cardiovascular system and other organs.
There are a number of diseases associated with malnutrition (alimentary diseases).To malnutrition diseases primarily include diseases associated with protein-energy deficiency (marasmus, cachexia, alimentary dystrophy, kwashiorkor); avitaminosis, hypovitaminosis.
So, protein-energy malnutrition can manifest itself in the form alimentary insanity. This is a condition characterized by muscle atrophy, lack of subcutaneous fat, and very low body weight. All this is the result of eating low-calorie foods for a long time, as well as a lack of proteins and other nutrients in it.
The most severe form of protein-energy malnutrition is the disease kwashiorkor. This is a severe clinical syndrome, the main cause of which is the lack of amino acids necessary for protein synthesis. Clinically, kwashiorkor is characterized by growth retardation, edema, muscle atrophy, dermatoses, hair color changes, liver enlargement, diarrhea, psychomotor changes such as lethargy, and a distressed appearance.
Manifestations of protein-energy deficiency are mental disorders and disorders of mental and physical development. The defeat of the psyche is characterized by the development of insanity, there is a decrease in body weight, a change in constitutional signs (large belly).
The most important in the treatment of these diseases is a balanced diet.
Nutritional diseases also include endemic goiter (cretinism). This is an alimentary disease associated with a lack of iodine intake in the body.
Alimentary anemia - is a condition in which the hemoglobin content in the blood is below normal due to a deficiency in one or more important nutrients, regardless of the cause of this deficiency. Prevention of anemia is a balanced diet, the consumption of foods containing a sufficient amount of iron.
Nutritional diseases characterized by malnutrition include beriberi.
These include xerophthalmia, associated with insufficient content or impaired metabolism of vitamin A. Clinical manifestations are expressed by clouding of the cornea of the eye and the development of blindness, disorders of the skin. Rational nutrition, the use of foods rich in vitamin A, are the basis for the prevention of xerophthalmia.
Diseases associated with malnutrition include rickets, associated with insufficient intake of vitamin D. Also, beriberi is associated with insufficient intake of vitamins C, group B and others.
Overnutrition no less harmful than insufficient - its consequence is obesity. Obesity is a widespread chronic disease. So, in the USA it was detected in 30%, in Germany - in 35%, in Russia - in 26% of the population. Obesity is a cause of disability and reduced life expectancy. Overweight people tend to have a life expectancy 10% lower than those of ideal body weight. Obesity contributes to the development of other pathologies: neuroendocrine diseases (diabetes), cardiovascular diseases, infectious diseases. Thus, persons suffering from a moderate degree of obesity suffer from diabetes mellitus 4 times more often, and in severe forms of obesity, the frequency of diabetes mellitus is 30 times higher; obese individuals are 11 times more likely to develop an infectious pathology.
If you do not eat right, you can harm your health.
Bulimia is translated into Russian as "wolf hunger." With this disease, an unhealthy (increased) appetite is noted, usually caused by nervous breakdowns. In this regard, bulimia refers to diseases of the endocrine and central nervous system. It manifests itself in the form of sharp attacks, accompanied by a feeling of excruciating hunger, general weakness and pain in the epigastric region.
The desire to lose weight, become slim, by all means and by any means can lead to no less dangerous manifestations - dystrophy and anorexia.
Anorexia and dystrophy
Anorexia (lack of appetite) is commonly seen in girls and young women. While food restriction usually consists of attempts, successful or not, to abstain from food, in anorexia adolescents - usually (but not exclusively) girls - demonstrate an iron will, go to any tricks and become more and more immersed in controlling food intake, going beyond necessary for life support. Characteristic signs are equally denial of the problem, the desire to hide it. An anorexic patient not only controls food intake, but also gets rid of what she has eaten by causing vomiting, avoids nutritious foods, takes laxatives, and sometimes refuses to eat at all. This disease can be regarded as a consequence of nervous breakdowns and mental disorders against the background of passion for super-strict diets. Sometimes (in case of complete refusal of food) there is a threat to life.
With alimentary dystrophy, due to prolonged malnutrition, the general condition of the body is disturbed, because of which it cannot return to normal for a long time.
Both diseases require professional help, which parents must seek, despite the protests of their daughter or son.
Compulsive eating
Although it is common for teenagers to want to limit their eating to look better, sometimes a teenager's concerns about their appearance lead to them eating indiscriminately. This can be caused by a strong sense of insecurity. Instead of occasionally restricting food or eating normally, such a teenager chews and chews until he gains such weight that he becomes inactive and clumsy, and his health is at risk. Incessant food intake and obesity are hardly just a manifestation of the passing period of adolescence, and they do not disappear by themselves.
Nutrition and Cancer
Swedish oncologists testify that if 50 years ago in Sweden stomach cancer ranked first in the structure of mortality, today this figure has sharply decreased (from 60% to 17% in men and 8% in women). This decrease is explained by the fact that 50 years ago, the diet of the Swedes was predominantly meat, but now greens, vegetables and fruits predominate in their diet.
Similar changes have taken place in the United States and many other industrialized countries.
Nutrition and vision
Ophthalmologist B. Lane (Sweden) believes that the reason for the deterioration of vision is an excess of calcium, proteins, sugar and a lack of chromium in food. The data was obtained on the basis of the analysis of the nutrition of the patients of this doctor.
Nutrition and nervous activity
Of all the organs in our body, the brain is the most defenseless. Almost 25% of all metabolic processes take place in the brain. Nervous tissue is not able to store energy, and therefore its functioning directly depends on the level of glucose in the blood. With a significant decrease in its level in the blood, changes in nervous activity immediately occur. Obviously, there is a relationship between carbohydrate intake (and therefore blood glucose levels) and the ability to withstand stressful situations.
