perspective(Latin perspicio - “clearly see through”) is a technique for creating the illusion of space on a plane. To give a believable depth to the image, techniques such as:
- change in proportions in accordance with the visual perception of volume;
- the image of light and shadow, as they would fall on a real object;
- aerial perspective - an artistic technique with a decrease in saturation and / or clarity of an object as it moves away.
Visual aerial perspective in the work of Jacek Yerka. The background seems to be covered with a bluish haze.
Brief historical excursion
From time immemorial, people have been interested in drawing and have made attempts to capture the surrounding reality. Starting from primitive rock drawings made according to intuitive sensations, fine arts developed on the basis of observation, and then scientific substantiation of the patterns of surrounding forms and phenomena.
The first mention of the geometric construction of perspective is found in the time of Ancient Greece in the writings of Euclid. Then, in the Middle Ages, this science was temporarily lost. Before the beginning of the Renaissance, there was no concept of building perspective in art; artists depicted space intuitively.
With the onset of the Renaissance, the active development of science began, people began to be interested in the theoretical justifications for the surrounding phenomena, including perspective distortions. According to some evidence, the theory of perspective was first described by the architect Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446) and quickly took root in painting as an impressive visual effect.
“He who is in love with practice without science is like a helmsman who enters a ship without a rudder or compass: he is never sure where he is sailing.” (Leonardo da Vinci)
Background perspective sketch for The Adoration of the Magi (Leonardo da Vinci)
Let's consider some types of graphic constructions of perspective.
Direct linear perspective
It is characterized by a proportional decrease in objects as they move away. For a long time it was considered the only way to display reality in the drawings. It is the most common today.
The first thing to do when building a direct linear perspective is to draw a horizon line, which will be oriented to subsequent work. If the lines parallel to the earth are extended to infinity, they should end on the horizon, and if they are also parallel to each other, they should converge on the horizon line to one point.
Vanishing point is the point at which parallel lines moving away from the observer converge.
One vanishing point is obtained with a frontal perspective of the cube, two - with a rotation along one axis, three points - with a rotation along two axes
The grid method, or how to transfer the proportions of an object to perspective
The frontal projection of proportions is transferred to the perspective with the help of an additional vanishing point
Where is it applied?
Everywhere, from academic drawing to computer games.
Geometric construction of linear perspective in the drawing of Rafael Araujo (Rafael Araujo)
Axonometric perspective
More commonly known as axonometric projection. Unlike linear perspective, there are no vanishing points. All lines that are parallel in reality remain parallel in the drawing. This gives a sense of space without reducing the proportions of distant objects.
If, for example, you are creating an icon set with an axonometric perspective, then to maintain its integrity, you should distinguish between the types of this perspective:
- isometric- all three axes have the same degree of distortion relative to the real proportions;
- dimetric- the distortion is the same along the two axes;
- trimetric- distortion is different in all three axes;
- frontal - one of the planes is displayed without distortion.
Where is it applied?
Initially - in the drawings, good for a constructive image of objects. In pixel art, for better clarity of diagonal pixel lines, and in flat design, as it does not violate the style of the plane. It is also characteristic of the painting of medieval China.
Reverse perspective
The opposite of linear perspective - things get bigger as they get farther away. Accordingly, the vanishing point is not on the horizon, but on the viewer himself. Creates an unusual effect of expanded space.
Where can you meet?
It is found in the iconography of Ancient Russia, where it has a deep symbolic character. It is rarely used, in justified cases.
spherical perspective
Also known as domed. Depicts three-dimensional space as if on a spherical surface, and not on a flat one. With such a perspective, only the depth lines converging at the main point, the horizon line and the vertical line remain straight. All other vanishing lines, the farther they are from the main point, the more rounded they take.
Main point is the center point of the spherical perspective around which the circle is formed. For example, if you look at a Christmas tree ball, your eyes will be the main point in the reflection, and if it is perfectly spherical, they will always be in the center, no matter how you twist it.
Since all parallel vanishing lines, except deep ones, are closed by semi-ellipses at both ends, when drawing a cube in this case, we get five vanishing points
Where can you meet?
In fine arts and photography.
It also sees our peripheral vision in a spherical perspective. But since the point we are looking at is always the main point, the lines passing through it, respectively, have no distortion. We form an idea of the big picture from the pieces, moving our eyes from one point to another.
Perceptual perspective
Its name comes from the Latin word perceptio - perception. It combines direct, axonometric and reverse perspective, forming a reflection of reality as it is seen by the human eye and brain. To be more precise, due to the binocularity of our vision:
- the foreground is seen in reverse perspective, since the object is seen with two eyes simultaneously from different sides;
- distant plan - in a direct linear perspective with a decrease in objects;
- and only the middle plan is visible almost undistorted, in axonometry.
The concept appeared relatively recently. It was first described by B. V. Raushenbakh, a Russian mechanical physicist, in the book Spatial Constructions in Painting (1975). According to the idea of the author, who studied the features of depth perception by human vision, the perceptual perspective most accurately depicts the surrounding world seen by the eye in the drawing, and carries a stronger impression.
Conclusion
Knowing the theoretical basis of perspective types, their disadvantages and advantages, you can achieve the greatest effect of graphic work by systematically building its volume.
PERSPECTIVE
PERSPECTIVE
PERSPECTIVE
1. Far, space. In perspective, it all had a different look..
2. only units. The art of depicting, reproducing in a drawing, on a flat surface, objects in accordance with the apparent change in their size, shape, clarity, which is due to the degree of their remoteness from the viewer, from the point of observation (painting). The laws of perspective. Linear perspective. Air-Light Perspective.
|| The apparent change in the size, position and shape of objects according to the degree of their remoteness from the viewer, from the point of observation. break perspective.
|| The nature, quality of the image in the drawing, on a flat surface of these changes in the forms of the object, their pictorial, graphic reproduction (painting). Lack of perspective. Wrong perspective.
3. The department of descriptive geometry, which studies the rules for depicting bodies with the help of their central projection on some kind of. surface (mat.).
4. View, panorama, picture of nature, some. terrain, as it appears to the observer from afar, from some remote observation point. Great view from the balcony.
5. Prospect, straight, long street (obsolete). Neva perspective. (now Prospekt 25 Oktyabrya in Leningrad).
6. trans., only plural. Plans, views for the future, the fate of someone. in future. The History of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks says that by the end of the restoration period, “the question of the prospects, the nature of our development, our construction, the question of the fate of socialism in the Soviet Union, arose with all its might.” Economic prospects. Harvest prospects are good. Prospects for the sowing campaign. Political Perspectives for Europe.
7. trans. What should come according to the assumption of someone; the inevitability or possibility of something. (colloquial). He dreamed of the pleasant prospect of a trip on a steamboat. He was threatened by the prospect of spending the summer in a dusty city. Nothing to say, nice prospect.
❖ In perspective(have what, be who)- in the future, ahead, in mind. He has a scientific expedition in the future.
Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935-1940.
Synonyms:
See what "PERSPECTIVE" is in other dictionaries:
- (French perspective, from Latin perspicio I see clearly), a system for depicting three-dimensional bodies on a plane, conveying their own spatial structure and location in space, including their distance from the observer. Perspective in... ... Art Encyclopedia
perspective- uh. perspective f. 1. Distance, the space covered by the eye. BAS 1. The rotten huts have been demolished and new ones built in their place, with cheerful prospects and romantic peristyles. Danilevsky Ek. Great. // PSS 18 6. || A view, a panorama of something… Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language
- (new lat., from perspicere to see through). 1) the art of depicting the distance in pictures as it appears in reality. 2) future. 3) a view into the distance, opening, from the place of observation, to various objects standing in the distance ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language
- - a system for depicting three-dimensional bodies on a plane, and in the artistic sphere - the science of building shapes and determining proportions that create a natural (naturalistic) display of objects and scenes of the real world, visible from a fixed point of view ... Philosophical Encyclopedia
- (French perspective from Latin perspicio I see clearly), 1) a system for depicting the objective world on a plane in accordance with the visual perception of objects by a person. 2) Linear perspective, a way of depicting spatial figures on a plane with ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Perspective. In perspective (inosk.) Everything that is expected and expected, which, according to known data, a person can hope for in the future, or fear (a hint of the prospect of looking into the distance). Wed (Hope of earning) this wonderful prospect, ... ... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)
female, lat. view into the distance, forward, at a distance, with the situation along the way with different objects; | visible, imaginary reduction of objects and distortion of their outlines, according to the laws of vision; | the image, according to these laws, of thick objects on a plane. | * All,… … Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
See view, expectation... Dictionary of Russian synonyms and expressions similar in meaning. under. ed. N. Abramova, M .: Russian dictionaries, 1999. perspective view, foreshortening ... Synonym dictionary
perspective- Perspective, apparently, under the influence of an erroneous perception of this word as supposedly starting with a prefix, a wrong perspective arose; but let us repeat, in order to better remember, the right one: perspective. Misunderstanding... ... Dictionary of Russian language errors
- (fr. perspective, from lat. perspicio - I see clearly) 1) a system of depicting the objective world on a plane in accordance with the visual perception of objects by a person; 2) aerial perspective conveys changes in color and clarity of outlines ... ... Encyclopedia of cultural studies
The word "perspective" is borrowed from the French language (perspective), and comes from the Latin perspicere, which means "to look through." This term was originally used in the visual arts, and today a different, indirect meaning of the word "perspective" is more known. Let's look at what the prospect of depending on the context of the use of this word is.
Word meanings
- Perspective in the meaning of "space, distance". For example: “The ship that has departed from the pier has ceased to seem majestic: in the future, everything has a different look.” In this sense, the word is used only in the singular.
- Perspective as the art of reproducing in a drawing the effect of the distance of objects from the point of observation. In this case, we can talk about the laws of perspective and its types: linear, air-light, etc.
- Perspective is the apparent change in the size of an object, its position or shape as it moves away from the viewer. So, for example, it seems to us that the rails converge in the distance, and the road goes into the sky.
- Panorama of the area, which opens to the observer, who is in the distance or on a hill. For example: "You will not see such a Parisian perspective as from the Eiffel Tower anywhere else."
- Perspective as a mathematical term. The name of a section in geometry that studies the representation of objects according to the rules of central design.
- Perspective as the name of a straight and long street, an outdated name of the avenue. For example, the Nevskaya prospect is an avenue in St. Petersburg.
- Perspective as a view of the future. The figurative meaning of the word is used only in the plural. For example, economic prospects, political prospects, crop prospects, etc.: “At the meeting, the prospects of the sowing company were considered.”
- Perspective as an inevitability or possibility, the expected course of events. The figurative meaning of the word is used in colloquial speech. For example: "And how do you like this prospect?", "This prospect does not appeal to me."
You can also read about the meaning of the term "perspective" as the art of reproduction in the article
perspective
perspective, future period.
Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Vladimir Dal
perspective
well. lat. view into the distance, forward, at a distance, with the situation along the way with different objects;
visible, imaginary reduction of objects and distortion of their outlines, according to the laws of vision;
the image, according to these laws, of thick objects on a plane.
* Everything that a person expects and desires is ahead, which, according to his own reasons, he can hope for from fate, fate, happiness. Direct or oblique perspective of the street, squander. Skillful perspective in the picture is deceiving, removing other objects from the eye. What a prospect, to be your quarterly century! Perspective image of what. Promising painter, decorative.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
perspective
prospects, w. (from Latin perspectus - through something seen, considered) (book).
Far, space. In perspective, it all had a different look.
only ed. The art of depicting, reproducing in a drawing, on a flat surface, objects in accordance with the apparent change in their size, shape, clarity, which is due to the degree of their remoteness from the viewer, from the point of observation (painting). The laws of perspective. Linear perspective. Air-light perspective.
The apparent change in the size, position and shape of objects according to the degree of their remoteness from the viewer, from
The department of descriptive geometry, which studies the rules for depicting bodies with the help of their central projection on some kind of. surface (mat.).
View, panorama, picture of nature, some. terrain, as it appears to an observer from a distance, from some remote observation point. From the balcony there was a magnificent view.
Prospect, straight, long street (obsolete). Neva perspective. (now Prospekt 25 Oktyabrya in Leningrad).
trans., only pl. Plans, views for the future, the fate of someone-something. in future. The History of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks says that by the end of the restoration period "the question of the prospects, the nature of our development, our construction, the question of the fate of socialism in the Soviet Union" arose with all force. Economic prospects. Harvest prospects are good. Prospects for the sowing campaign. Political perspectives of Europe.
trans. What should come according to the assumption of someone; the inevitability or possibility of something. (colloquial). He dreamed of the pleasant prospect of a trip on a steamboat. He was threatened by the prospect of spending the summer in a dusty city. Needless to say, a pleasant prospect. In the future (to have something, to have someone) - in the future, ahead, in mind. He has a scientific expedition in the future.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova.
perspective
The art of depicting three-dimensional space on a plane in accordance with the apparent change in the size, shape, clarity of objects, which is due to the degree of their remoteness from the point of observation. The laws of perspective.
A view, a picture of nature from some remote observation point, visible distance. Marine p.
trans., usually pl. Future, expected, prospects for the future. Good crop prospects. In the future (in the future, ahead).
adj. promising, -th, -th (to 1 and 3 values; special). Perspective aerial photography. P. work plan.
New explanatory and derivational dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
perspective
-
The art of depicting, reproducing in a drawing, on a flat surface, objects in accordance with the apparent change in size, shape, clarity, due to the degree of their remoteness from the observer.
The apparent change in the size, shape, position of objects, caused by their remoteness from the observer.
The nature, quality of the image in the figure, on a flat surface of these changes in the forms of objects; picturesque, graphic representation of them.
A set of rules for constructing an image of three-dimensional objects on a plane.
trans. unfold The possibility or inevitability of smth. in future.
Plan, program of action.
Distance, space covered by the eye.
A view, a panorama, a picture of nature, some. terrain as it appears to an observer from a distance, from some specific observation point.
obsolete Straight, long street; Avenue.
well. The department of descriptive geometry, which sets out the rules, methods for depicting spatial bodies by projecting them onto a plane.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
perspective
PERSPECTIVE (French perspective, from Latin perspicio - I see clearly)
a system of representation of the objective world on a plane in accordance with the visual perception of objects by a person.
Linear perspective, a method of depicting spatial figures on a plane using a central projection, in which a point P of space is projected onto a plane to a point P, which is the point of intersection of the straight line OP with the plane (O is the center of perspective). In the visual arts, linear perspective is used to construct an illusory space.
Aerial perspective conveys changes in color and in the clarity of the outline of an object at a distance.
Reverse perspective is a system of conventional techniques used in art to convey space on a plane (enlargement of objects when they are removed, combining several points of view).
View into the distance.
Plans, views for the future.
Long straight street, avenue (obsolete).
perspective
(French perspective, from Latin perspicio ≈ I see clearly), a system for depicting three-dimensional bodies on a plane or some other surface, taking into account their spatial structure and the remoteness of their individual parts from the observer.
The emergence of the concept of P. is associated with the development of optics and various types of art, primarily painting. The artists of the primitive world and the ancient East, who created a number of techniques for characterizing the relative position of objects (tiered composition, a contrasting combination of frontal and profile views, etc.), subordinated them not to a single scale correlated with the viewer, but to a conditionally symbolic scheme. The tendency to unify space with the help of space appears in the art of ancient Greece (from the 6th century BC). For the first time, the rules of P. are mentioned in the treatise of the Greek mathematician Euclid "Optics" (3rd century BC), and the Roman architect Vitruvius dates its practical application in theatrical scenery to the time of Aeschylus (6th-5th centuries BC). ; he also writes about the treatises of Anaxagoras and Democritus on P. that have not survived. close to central-perspective (that is, having one projection center); along with this, a system was widely used in antiquity, which implies several vanishing points located on the same vertical axis (the so-called fish bone). In late antique and medieval art, interest in the systematic elaboration of the problems of P. as a whole disappears, but the method of the so-called reverse P. is often used, which consists in increasing individual objects as they are removed and synthetically combining several points of view. A consistent, mathematically substantiated system of P., calculated on a fixed, “anthropocentric” point of view, takes shape during the period of the Italian Quattrocento (F. Brunelleschi, L. B. Alberta, Masaccio, Piero della Francesca, Paolo Uccello); Northern European masters (brothers H. and J. van Eyck, A. Dürer) also made a significant contribution to the empirical and scientific development of P.. Leonardo da Vinci substantiated the principles of aerial P. (that is, he studied the influence of air on the clarity of the outlines of objects, as well as on their color depending on the distance). Despite the fact that in subsequent eras the specific connection between the scientific theory and artistic practice of painting was lost (except for the masters of perspective painting), and the theory of painting as a whole became part of descriptive geometry [in this regard, the works of the French mathematicians J. Desargues (17th century) and G. Monge (18th century)], the perspective structure remains an organic part of the pictorial or sculptural-relief image of the masters who gravitate towards an objective, scientifically substantiated transfer of the real spatial environment. The art of the East did not know the optical-mathematical substantiation of the problems of P., although it gave rise to a number of empirical systems; such, for example, is the parallel projection, typical of the painting of China and Japan, which can conditionally be considered a construction with an infinitely distant center of projection.
From the point of view of geometry, projection is a method of depicting figures based on the use of central projection (see Descriptive geometry, Projection). To obtain a perspective image of an object, rays are drawn from a selected point in space (the center of the object) to all points of the given object. On the path of the rays put the surface on which they want to get an image. At the intersection of the conducted rays with the surface, the desired image of the object is obtained; on the rice. one≈ perspective image of an object on a plane (linear P.), on rice. 2≈ on the inner surface of the cylinder (panoramic P.), on rice. 3≈ on the inner surface of the sphere (dome P.). Perspective images of parallel lines intersect at the so-called vanishing points, and parallel planes ≈ in vanishing lines.
A general method for constructing the orthogonal projections of complex objects (whose orthogonal projections are given) on a vertical plane (see Fig. rice. 4) and inclined planes is based on the four-point correspondence theorem of projective geometry. Two mutually perpendicular planes are selected on the object, and a rectangle is drawn on each of them. Then, according to the rules of descriptive geometry, the boundaries of these rectangles are built (in Fig. ≈ abcd and adef ≈ The boundaries of the corresponding rectangles of the object). Points F1, F2 and F3 of intersection of the extensions of the sides of the rectangles are vanishing points (F3 ≈ point at infinity). By connecting the intersection points of the diagonals of the constructed rectangles with the vanishing points, they find at the intersection of the obtained lines with the sides of the rectangles the midpoints of their sides (in the figure, point g ≈ P. of the midpoint G of side AB). To construct other points of the object, for example, points M on the line AB, an arbitrary point O is marked and rays Oa, Ob and Od are drawn. Points A, B, G and M are transferred from an orthogonal drawing to a separate strip of paper and laid on the image so that points A, B and G are on the rays Oa, Ob and Od. The boundary of the point M (point m) is obtained by projecting the point M from the point O onto the line ab. P. constructions are carried out similarly on an inclined plane.
In the theory of linear projection, it is of great importance to study the distortions that arise in the peripheral parts of the picture as a result of significant deviations of the projecting rays from a perpendicular position to the plane on which the image is built.
Lit .: Rynin N.A., Descriptive geometry. Perspective, P., 1918; Glagolev N. A., Descriptive geometry, 3rd ed., M., 1953; Baryshnikov A.P., Perspektiva, 4th ed., M., 1955; Kuznetsov N. S., Descriptive geometry, M., 1969; Panofsky E., Die Perspektive als "symbolische Form", in Vorträge der Bibliothek Warburg, 1924≈25, Lpz.-B., 1927, S. 258≈330; Gioseffi D., Perspectiva artificialis..., ; 1957; White J., Birth and rebirth of pictorial space, 2 ed., L., 1967.
Wikipedia
Perspective (geometry)
perspective in geometry, a way of depicting figures based on the use of central projection.
perspective
perspective(from - see through) - a technique for depicting spatial objects on any surface in accordance with those apparent reductions in their size, changes in the outlines of the form and light and shadow ratios that are observed in nature.
In other words, " This:"
- Fine distortion of the proportions and shape of real bodies in their visual perception. For example, two parallel rails appear to converge to a point on the horizon.
- A method of depicting three-dimensional bodies, conveying their own spatial structure and location in space. In the visual arts, various uses of perspective are possible, which is used as one of the artistic means that enhance the expressiveness of images.
Perspective (disambiguation)
perspective:
- Perspective is a technique for depicting spatial objects on a plane.
- Perspective is a way of depicting figures based on the use of central projection.
- Perspective is a Russian organization.
- Perspective - representation of anticipated events ( Prospects for the future. Development prospects. hopelessness).
Perspective (center of animation creativity)
Animation Center "Perspektiva"- Russian organization. Full name - Municipal educational institution of additional education for children, center for creative development and humanitarian education "Center for Animation Creativity" Perspektiva "". The institution is located in Yaroslavl.
Pupils of the center won prizes in many significant competitions, including the Delphic Games of Russia.
Examples of the use of the word perspective in the literature.
However, it is difficult to completely get rid of the impression that the described perspective contains an indirect autobiographical element.
By the way, I must say that my new autoclave for recovery promises wonderful perspectives.
perspective Marrying a millionaire doesn't usually open up to a small coastal town law clerk, Della Street said.
Burns is appointed to the excise office of the Port of Dumfries for £70 a year, with perspective additional income of 15 pounds.
Mirror anamorphosis in its own way cancels the normal mode of vision, because it eliminates the linear perspective, and, consequently, the unified point of view that it assumes, into which the subject's eye can be conditionally placed.
Not so long ago, I had the fact of entering into an actual marriage with an unforgettable love for me perspective Stepanovna, the daughter of a well-known professor of anthropophagy, head of the department of animalistic linguistics and choreography at the Institute of Melancholia and Taste Therapy, which actual morganatic marriage was, for greater strength, formalized by me and perspective in the district office and in the Orthodox and Catholic churches, as well as in the mosque, synagogue and Buddhist temple.
Not feeling historical perspectives this issue, Annensky solves it without going beyond the system of moral values.
However, at the moment, Ahri thought more about how to quickly kill all the aliens remaining in the square than about the cost of plasma charges, precious devices and rare metals that can be found on their warship, or perspective capture living prisoners.
Elia to get acquainted with another planet, but the walk did not last long: the double sun set on prospects Asuka is a bold cross, and the beautiful princess has returned to the dungeon.
He liked the last piece of the first part and decided to stay for the second part, but during the intermission, along with the noise and conversations, a turmoil of worries again invaded his mind, no longer occupied with music: a collision with Rance, perspective to fly out of Nanterre without any certainty that he would be picked up by the Sorbonne, and, most importantly, a dissertation that has no end in sight, which he has been pulling for ten years, since he still did not have the opportunity to sit down closely with her, all his time was devoured by assistant duties, seven hours of seminars, checking student papers, more and more laborious, transport, and all sorts of administrative burdens imposed on Rance.
In addition, I want to find out what other beliefs exist in this position, since this perspective different from the associated perspective.
On the one hand, he began to express the moods of the least prosperous part of the younger generation, including urban outsiders, losers, people without perspectives.
She was encouraged by rainbow perspectives: after all, she belongs to the respected layer of Ashkenazi - immigrants from Europe.
She looked brilliant and wild - as in the early morning dream of an intelligent drunkard, according to Kornev's definition: cones converging in perspective aluminum arcs of electrodes, glass bowls of high-voltage insulators were stretched between them in garlands, ceramic spacer beams lined up in polygonal shapes, the gray sides of balloon balloons were mattely shiny, leveling plates spread like fans from the tension of nylon cables around the cabin.
Ridiculing the epigones of Byronism, parodying Walterscott's idealization of the Middle Ages, these realist writers did not always realize that objectively, in a broad sense, perspective historical and literary development, their work was to a certain extent prepared by the conquests carried out by their predecessors.
fr. perspective, from lat. perspicio - I see clearly) - 1) the geometric doctrine of the image on the plane of the volumetric-spatial properties of objects; 2) a method of depicting the forms of objects on the plane, their relative position, which allows creating a visible image of the outside world.
Great Definition
Incomplete definition ↓
PERSPECTIVE
(lat. perspicio - to see clearly, to see correctly) - in the fine arts, a way of depicting three-dimensional bodies on a plane. Knowing the rules of perspective helps the artist convey the volume and size of objects depending on their position in space, distance from the observer and lighting. In the history of art, several systems of pictorial perspective have developed, among which linear, aerial and reverse perspectives have become of paramount importance. Linear (direct) perspective allows the artist to create the illusion of depth of the plane due to the perspective reduction of objects in space. Aerial (light-air) perspective allows the artist to convey a change in color depending on the degree of removal of an object in space and the nature of its interaction with the surrounding light-air environment. Due to the reverse perspective, the artist, as it were, superimposes the image on the plane in layers, due to which the effect of greater decorativeness and monumentality is achieved.
The beginnings of spatial perspective were introduced into painting in Ancient Greece by the artist Apollodorus, who applied the effect of chiaroscuro in his paintings (2nd half of the 5th century BC). At the same time, Euclid's theory of visual rays had a great influence on the development of the theory of perspective. During the Renaissance, the notion of "artistic perspective" arose, which was also called "central", "direct", or "Italian". Renaissance figures F. Brunel-leschi, P. Ucello, P. Francesca, A. Alberti, L. da Vinci in Italy, A. Dürer in Germany and others gave a detailed development and mathematical justification of perspective as the deep space of the picture. By prescribing precise rules for the construction of the visible to the image, perspective expanded the scope of the subjective. In the XX century. Russian artist K. S. Petrov-Vodkin developed the principles of “spherical” or “oblique” perspective, which makes it possible to see objects from different sides in multiple reflection and refraction.
Great Definition
Incomplete definition ↓
