GOST R 41.35-99
(UNECE Regulation No. 35)

Group D25

STATE STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

UNIFORM PROVISIONS,
CONCERNING THE APPROVAL OF VEHICLES
IN REGARD TO THE PLACEMENT OF THE CONTROL PEDALS

Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard
to the arrangement of foot controls

OKS 43.040.50
OKP 45 1000

Introduction date 2000-07-01

Foreword

1 DEVELOPED by the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Standardization and Certification in Mechanical Engineering (VNIINMASH) on the basis of UNECE Regulation No. 35* adopted by the Design Working Group Vehicle UNECE ITC
________________
* The current version of the UNECE Regulation can be found on the free UN website . - Database manufacturer's note.

INTRODUCED by Gosstandart of Russia

2 ADOPTED AND INTRODUCED BY Decree of the State Standard of Russia dated May 26, 1999 N 184

3 This standard is the authentic text of UNECE Regulation No 35, Revision 1 (document E/ECE/324-E/ECE/TRANS/505/Rev.1/Add.34/Rev.1, effective date 11.09.92 ) "Uniform provisions concerning the approval of vehicles with regard to the placement of control pedals"

4 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME


This standard introduces UNECE Regulation No. 35 (hereinafter referred to as the Regulations).

1 area of ​​use

1 area of ​​use

These Rules apply to the location and methods of operation of the control pedals of passenger cars, regardless of the location of the steering.

2 Definitions

The following terms and definitions are used in these Rules:

2.1 vehicle approval: Approval of a vehicle type with regard to control pedals within the meaning of section 1.

2.2 a car: Motor vehicle, excluding motorcycles, designed to carry a maximum of nine persons.

2.3 vehicle type: A category of motor vehicles that do not differ in terms of design or internal equipment differences that may affect the placement or operation of the control pedals.

2.4 accelerator pedal: A control pedal that allows you to change the power provided by the engine.

2.5 service brake pedal: A control pedal that allows you to actuate the service brake device.

2.6 clutch pedal: Pedal control device designed to enable or disable the engine from the drive to the wheels.

2.7 transverse plane: A plane perpendicular to the median longitudinal section of the vehicle.

2.8 longitudinal plane: A plane parallel to the median longitudinal section of the vehicle.

2.9 reference plane(see Figure 1): The transverse plane perpendicular to the line joining point to point where:

2.9.1 - a point located on the surface of the accelerator pedal and spaced 200 mm from the point;

2.9.2 - a fixed point on the vehicle at which the driver's heel is located and which is indicated by the vehicle manufacturer.

Figure 1 - Placement of the control pedals

2.10 partitions: Permanent structural elements (for example, a tunnel ledge above the driveshaft, wheel housing and side skin panels).

3 Application for approval

3.1. An application for approval of a vehicle type with regard to the location of the control pedals shall be submitted by the vehicle manufacturer or his duly authorized representative.

3.2 The application shall be accompanied by the following documents in three copies and the following data shall be indicated:

3.2.1 Sufficiently detailed and to scale drawings of the parts of the structure to which the provisions of these Rules apply.

3.3. A vehicle representative of the type of vehicle to be approved must be presented to the Technical Service authorized to conduct approval tests.

4 Approval

4.1. If a vehicle type submitted for approval in accordance with this Regulation satisfies the requirements of section 5 below, that vehicle type shall be deemed approved.

4.2. Each approved vehicle type is assigned an approval number. The first two digits of this number (currently 00 for the Regulation in its original form) indicate a series of amendments that includes the latest significant technical changes made to the Regulation at the time of approval. The same Contracting Party may not assign the same number to another vehicle type.

4.3. The Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation shall be notified of approval, extension of approval, refusal of approval, withdrawal of approval or production of a vehicle type definitively discontinued pursuant to this Regulation, by means of a card conforming to the model given in Annex 1 to this Regulation. Rules.

4.4. On every vehicle conforming to a vehicle type approved in accordance with this Regulation, there must be affixed, in a conspicuous and easily accessible place as shown on the approval card, an international approval mark consisting of:

4.4.1. A circle containing the letter "E" followed by the distinguishing number of the country which has granted the approval* and

4.4.2. The number of this Regulation followed by the letter "R", a dash and the approval number, to the right of the circle prescribed in paragraph 4.4.1.
________________
* 1 - Germany, 2 - France, 3 - Italy, 4 - Netherlands, 5 - Sweden, 6 - Belgium, 7 - Hungary, 8 - Czech Republic, 9 - Spain, 10 - Yugoslavia, 11 - United Kingdom, 12 - Austria , 13 - Luxembourg, 14 - Switzerland, 15 - not assigned, 16 - Norway, 17 - Finland, 18 - Denmark, 19 - Romania, 20 - Poland, 21 - Portugal, 22 - the Russian Federation, 23 - Greece, 24 - not assigned, 25 - Croatia, 26 - Slovenia, 27 - Slovakia, 28 - Belarus, 29 - Estonia, 30 - not assigned, 31 - Bosnia and Herzegovina, 32-36 - not assigned, 37 - Turkey, 38-39 - not assigned and 40 - the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia. Subsequent serial numbers are assigned to other countries in chronological order of their ratification of the Agreement Concerning the Adoption of Uniform Technical Prescriptions for Wheeled Vehicles, Equipment and Parts Which Can Be Installed and/or Used on Wheeled Vehicles and on Conditions for the Mutual Recognition of Approvals Granted on the basis of these provisions, or in the order in which they accede to this Agreement. The numbers thus assigned to them shall be communicated by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to the Contracting Parties to the Agreement.

4.5. If the vehicle conforms to a vehicle type approved under other Regulations annexed to the Agreement in the same country which has granted approval under this Regulation, the symbol prescribed in paragraph 4.4.1 need not be repeated; in this case, the additional numbers and symbols of all Regulations for which approval has been granted in the country which has granted approval under this Regulation shall be placed in vertical columns to the right of the symbol prescribed in paragraph 4.4.1.

4.6. The approval mark must be legible and indelible.

4.7. The approval mark shall be placed next to or on the plate affixed by the manufacturer giving the characteristics of the vehicles.

4.8. Annex 2 to this Regulation shows, as an example, schemes of approval marks.

5 Prescriptions (see annex 4)

5.1 As viewed from the driver's seat, the control pedals should be in the following order, from left to right: clutch pedal, if any, service brake pedal and accelerator pedal.

5.2 Left leg when not in use, must be able to rest normally on the floor surface or on the footrest so that it cannot get stuck in the pedals.

5.3 It must be possible to fully depress any pedal without inadvertently depressing buttons or other foot control pedals.

5.4. The distance between the points of the contours of orthogonal projections on the bearing surfaces of the accelerator pedal and service brake pedal on the plane , indicated in Annex 4 by the letter , must be 100 mm and 50 mm.

5.5 The distance between the orthogonal projections of the bearing surfaces of the service brake and clutch pedals on the reference plane must be<50 мм.

5.6 The distance between the contour points of the projection of the clutch pedal on the plane and the intersection of the closest partition with this plane should be 50 mm.

5.7. The distances between the projection of the service brake pedal on the reference plane and the intersection of each partition with this plane, indicated in Annex 4 by the letters and respectively, shall be 130 mm on the right and 160 mm on the left for vehicles with three pedals and 130 mm on the right and 120 mm on the left for vehicles with two pedals.

6 Change of vehicle type and extension of approval

6.1. Any change to a vehicle type shall be notified to the administrative authority which approved the vehicle type. This body can:

6.1.1 either conclude that the changes made will not have significant adverse effects and that in any case the vehicle still complies with the regulations,

6.1.2 or require a new test report from the technical service authorized to carry out the tests.

6.2. The confirmation or refusal of approval, indicating the changes, shall be sent to the Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation in accordance with the procedure referred to in paragraph 4.3.

6.3. The competent authority which has extended the approval shall assign to such an extension an appropriate serial number and notify the other Parties to the 1958 Agreement applying this Regulation accordingly by means of a message card conforming to the model given in annex 1 to this Regulation.

7 Compliance of production

7.1. Every vehicle bearing an approval mark pursuant to this Regulation must conform to the approved vehicle type, in particular with regard to the position of the pedals.

7.2. To check compliance with the requirements of 7.1., a sufficient number of spot checks shall be carried out on series production vehicles bearing the approval mark pursuant to this Regulation.

8 Sanctions for non-conforming production

8.1. The approval granted to a vehicle type pursuant to this Regulation may be withdrawn if the conditions laid down in 7.1 are not met or if the results of the vehicle checks prescribed in 7.2 are not satisfactory.

8.2. If any Party to the Agreement applying this Regulation withdraws an approval it has previously granted, it shall immediately so inform the other Contracting Parties applying this Regulation by means of a copy of the communication card conforming to the model given in Annex 1 to this Regulation.

9 Definitive cessation of production

If the holder of the approval completely ceases to manufacture a vehicle type approved in accordance with this Regulation, he shall so inform the authority which granted the approval. Upon receipt of the relevant notification, the competent authority shall notify the other Parties to the 1958 Agreement applying these Regulations by means of a notification form conforming to the model given in Annex 1 to these Regulations.

10 Names and addresses of technical services authorized to carry out approval tests and administrative authorities

The Parties to the Agreement applying this Regulation shall communicate to the Secretariat of the United Nations the names and addresses of the technical services responsible for conducting approval tests and of the administrative authorities which grant approval and to which registration cards for approval, refusal of approval, issued in other countries, should be sent. approval or withdrawal of approval.

APPENDIX 1 (mandatory). MESSAGE

APPENDIX 1
(mandatory)

MESSAGE,

[Maximum size: A4 (210x297mm)]

	directed:
		name of the administrative body

________________
Distinguishing number of the country which granted/extended/refused/withdrawn the approval (see the approval provisions of this Regulation).

concerning:	OFFICIAL APPROVAL EXTENSION OF APPROVAL WITHDRAWAL OF APPROVAL WITHDRAWAL OF APPROVAL DEFINITELY DISCONTINUED PRODUCTION

type of vehicle in relation to the placement of control pedals based on Regulation No. 35
_______________

Cross out the unnecessary.

1 Manufacturer or trade mark of the vehicle

2 Vehicle type

3 Manufacturer and address

4 Where applicable, name and address of the manufacturer's representative

5 Brief description of the vehicle type in relation to the location of the control pedals

6 Vehicle submitted for approval (date)

7 Technical Service authorized to carry out approval tests

8 Date of test report issued by this service

9 Number of test report issued by this service

10 Approval granted/approval extended/approval denied/approval withdrawn
________________
Cross out the unnecessary.

11 Location of the approval mark on the vehicle

12 Place

14 Signature

Attached to this communication is a list of documents which have been deposited with the administrative authority which granted the approval and which are available upon request.

APPENDIX 2 (mandatory). APPROVAL MARK SCHEMES

APPENDIX 2
(mandatory)

Sample A

Sample A
(See paragraph 4.4 of these Rules)

The above approval mark affixed to a vehicle indicates that the type of vehicle has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) with respect to the location of the pedals under number 002439. The first two digits of the approval number indicate that the approval was granted in in accordance with the requirements of Rules N 35 in their original version.

Sample B

Sample B
(See paragraph 4.5 of these Rules)

The above approval mark affixed to a vehicle indicates that the type of vehicle has been approved in the Netherlands (E4) pursuant to Regulations Nos 35 and 24*. (In the latest Rules, the corrected value for the extinction coefficient is 1.30 m). The approval numbers indicate that, at the time the respective approvals were granted, Regulation No 35 had not been amended and Regulation No 24 included the 03 series of amendments.
________________
* The second number is given as an example.

APPENDIX 3 (mandatory). PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE H POINT AND THE ACTUAL ANGLE OF THE TORSO IN A SITTING POSITION IN MOTOR VEHICLES

APPENDIX 3
(mandatory)

PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING THE POINT AND THE ACTUAL SLOPE
TORSO IN A SITTING POSITION IN MECHANICAL
VEHICLES

1 Goal

The procedure described in this appendix is ​​intended to determine the position of the point and the actual torso angle for one or more seating positions in a vehicle and to verify the relationship between the measured parameters and the design specifications specified by the manufacturer*.
________________
* For all seating positions, other than the front seats, for which the point cannot be determined using the 3D pointing mechanism or related methods, the point given by the manufacturer may be used as the reference point, at the discretion of the competent authority.

2 Definitions

In this annex, the following terms apply with their respective definitions:

2.1 control parameters: One or more of the following seating characteristics:

2.1.1 dot and dot and their relationship;

2.1.2 actual torso angle and design torso angle and their relationship.

2.2 3D point detection mechanism(3-D mechanism): A device used to determine the point and actual torso angle. A description of this device is given in appendix 1 to this annex.

2.3 dot: The center of rotation of the torso and hip of the 3-D machine installed on the seat of the vehicle in accordance with the requirements of section 4 below. The point is located in the middle of the center line of the machine, passing between the dot sight marks on both sides of the 3-D machine. Theoretically, the point corresponds (tolerances - see paragraph 3.2.2 below) to the point . Once a point has been determined in accordance with the procedure described in section 4, this point is considered to be fixed with respect to the seat cushion and moves with it when the seat is adjusted.

2.4 dot or seating reference point: A reference point specified by the manufacturer for each seating position and set relative to a three-dimensional coordinate system.

2.5 body line: The center line of a 3-D pin when the pin is in its rearmost position.

2.6 actual torso angle: The angle measured between the vertical line through the point and the torso line by means of the circular sector of the 3-D mechanism. Theoretically, the actual torso angle corresponds to the design torso angle (tolerances are given in 3.2.2).

2.7 constructive torso angle: The angle measured between the vertical line through the point and the torso line at a position corresponding to the seat-back design position specified by the vehicle manufacturer.

2.8 central plane of driver or passenger(C/LO): The median plane of the 3-D mechanism located at each designated seating position; it is represented by the coordinate of the point about the axis. On individual seats, the center plane of the seat is the same as the center plane of the driver or passenger. On other seats, the center plane of the driver or passenger is specified by the manufacturer.

2.9 3D coordinate system: The system described in appendix 2 to this annex.

2.10 reference points: Physical points (holes, planes, marks and recesses) on the vehicle body as specified by the manufacturer.

2.11 position for measurement on the vehicle: The position of the vehicle, defined by the coordinates of the original reference points in a three-dimensional coordinate system.

3 Precepts

3.1 Presentation of data

For each seating position whose benchmarks are used to verify compliance with the provisions of this Regulation, all or an appropriate selection of the following data shall be provided, as specified in Appendix 3 to this annex:

3.1.1 coordinates of a point relative to a three-dimensional coordinate system;

3.1.2 design torso angle;

3.1.3. all instructions necessary to adjust the seat (if the seat is adjustable) and bring it into the measurement position specified in paragraph 4.3. of this annex.

3.2 Correlation of received data and design specifications

3.2.1. The coordinates of the point and the value of the actual torso angle, established in accordance with the procedure specified in Section 4 below, are compared, respectively, with the coordinates of the point and the value of the design torso angle, specified by the manufacturer.

3.2.2 The relative position of point and point and the relationship between the design torso angle and the actual torso angle are considered to be satisfactory for the seating position under consideration if the point , defined by its coordinates, lies within a square whose horizontal and vertical sides, equal to 50 mm, have diagonals intersecting at , and if the actual torso angle does not differ from the design torso angle by more than 5°.

3.2.3 If these conditions are met, the point and design torso angle are used to check compliance with the provisions of these Rules.

3.2.4 If the point or actual torso angle does not comply with the requirements of paragraph 3.2.2 above, then the point and actual torso angle are determined two more times (three times in total). If the results of two of these three measurements satisfy the requirements, the provisions of paragraph 3.2.3. of this annex shall apply.

3.2.5. If the results of at least two of the three measurements defined in paragraph 3.2.4. above do not satisfy the requirements of paragraph 3.2.2. above, or if verification is not possible because the vehicle manufacturer has failed to provide data concerning the position of a point or design torso angle, the centroid of the three points obtained or the average of three measurements of angles may be used and will be considered acceptable in all cases where a point or design torso angle is mentioned in these Rules.

4 How to define a point and actual torso angle

4.1. The test vehicle shall be kept at a temperature of (20 ± 10) °C, at the choice of the manufacturer, in order to bring the seat material to room temperature. If the seat under test has never been used, a person or device weighing between 70 and 80 kg should be placed on the seat twice within one minute to loosen the seat cushion and backrest. At the request of the manufacturer, all sets of seats are kept unloaded for at least 30 minutes before the 3-D mechanism is installed on them.

4.2. The vehicle must take the measurement position specified in paragraph 2.11. of this annex.

4.3. If the seat is adjustable, it shall first be set to the rearmost position - normal in driving or use - as provided by the vehicle manufacturer, by the mere longitudinal adjustment of the seat and without moving it for purposes other than normal driving. or use. If there are other ways to adjust the seat (vertical, backrest angle, etc.), it must be brought to the position specified by the vehicle manufacturer. For reclining seats, the rigid locking of the seat in the upright position shall correspond to the normal operating position specified by the manufacturer.

4.4 The surface of the seat that the 3-D mechanism comes into contact with is covered with a muslin cotton fabric of sufficient size and texture, defined as a smooth cotton fabric having 18.9 threads per centimeter and a mass of 1 m 0.228 kg, or as a knitted or non-woven fabric. with similar characteristics. If the test is carried out on a seat outside the vehicle, the floor on which the seat is to be installed shall have the same basic characteristics* as the floor of the vehicle in which the seat is to be installed.
________________
* Tilt angle, seat height difference, surface texture, etc.

4.5 Position the base and backrest of the 3-D machine so that the center plane of the driver or passenger (C/LO) coincides with the center plane of the 3-D machine. At the request of the manufacturer, the 3-D mechanism can be moved inward relative to the C/LO if it is outside and the edge of the seat does not allow it to be leveled.

4.6 Attach the feet and lower legs to the base of the body, either separately or by swivel. The line passing through the point finders shall be parallel to the ground and perpendicular to the longitudinal center plane of the seat.

4.7 Arrange the feet and legs of the 3-D machine as follows:

4.7.1 Driver's and passenger's seats next to the driver.

4.7.1.1 The feet and legs are moved forward so that the feet take up a natural position, if necessary, between the working pedals. The left foot, if possible, is positioned so that it is approximately the same distance on the left side of the center plane of the 3-D mechanism as the right foot is on the right side. With the help of the level of checking the transverse orientation of the device, it is brought to a horizontal position by adjusting, if necessary, the base of the body, or by moving the feet and legs back. The line passing through the H-point sight buttons must be perpendicular to the longitudinal center plane of the seat.

4.7.1.2. If the left leg cannot be kept parallel to the right leg and the left foot cannot be placed on the vehicle structure, then the left foot must be moved to place it on the support. Horizontalness is determined by sight marks.

4.7.2 Rear outer seats

With regard to the rear or side seats, the legs must be positioned as prescribed by the manufacturer. If the feet are resting on parts of the floor that are at different levels, then the foot that first touches the front seat serves as the reference foot, and the other foot is positioned so as to ensure the horizontal position of the device, checked using the lateral orientation level. body bases.

4.7.3 Other seats

The general procedure specified in paragraph 4.7.1. above should be followed, with the exception of the order of setting the feet, which is determined by the vehicle manufacturer.

4.8 Place weights on the shins and thighs and place the 3-D machine in a horizontal position.

4.9 Tilt the back of the base of the body forward to a stop and move the 3-D mechanism away from the seatback using the knee joint. Reinstall the mechanism in its original place on the seat using one of the following methods:

4.9.1 If the 3-D mechanism slides backwards, proceed as follows: allow the 3-D mechanism to slide backwards until it is no longer necessary to use the front limiting horizontal load on the knee joint, that is, until the rear part of the mechanism will not come into contact with the seat back. If necessary, change the position of the lower leg and foot.

4.9.2 If the 3-D mechanism does not slide back, proceed as follows: push the 3-D mechanism back by using a horizontal rear load applied to the knee joint until the back of the mechanism comes into contact with the seat back (See Figure 2 of Attachment 1 to this Annex).

4.10 Apply a load of (100 ± 10) N to the back and base of the 3-D machine at the intersection of the circular sector of the thigh and the knee cover. This force must be directed at all times along a line passing through the above intersection to a point just above the thigh bracket casing (see figure 2 of appendix 1 to this annex). After that, carefully return the back of the mechanism until it comes into contact with the back of the seat. The rest of the procedure must be done with care to prevent the 3-D mechanism from slipping forward.

4.11 Place weights on the right and left sides of the base of the body and then alternately eight weights on the back. The horizontal position of the 3-D mechanism is checked using a level.

4.12 Tilt the back of the 3-D mechanism forward to relieve pressure on the seat back. Rock the 3-D mechanism for three complete cycles in a 10° arc (5° to each side of the vertical center plane) to identify and eliminate possible friction points between the 3-D mechanism and the seat.

During rocking, the knee joint of the 3-D machine may deviate from the set horizontal and vertical directions. Therefore, during swinging of the mechanism, the hinge must be held by an appropriate lateral force. When holding the hinge and rocking the 3-D mechanism, care must be taken to avoid introducing unintended external vertical or longitudinal loads.

Do not hold the feet of the 3-D machine or restrict their movement when doing this. If the feet change their position, they should remain in the new position for a while.

Carefully return the back of the mechanism until it touches the back of the seat and bring both levels to the zero position. If the feet move while swinging the 3-D mechanism, they should be repositioned as follows:

Alternately lift each foot off the floor to the minimum height necessary to prevent further movement of the foot. In this case, it is necessary to hold the feet in such a way that they can rotate; application of any longitudinal or transverse forces is excluded. As each foot returns to its lower position, the heel should come into contact with the corresponding structural element.

Bring the transverse level to the zero position; if necessary, apply a transverse load to the upper part of the back of the mechanism; the load value must be sufficient to establish the back of the 3-D mechanism on the led in a horizontal position

4.13 Hold the knee joint to prevent the 3-D mechanism from sliding forward onto the seat cushion, and then:

a) return the back of the mechanism until it comes into contact with the back of the seat;

b) Alternately apply and release a horizontal rearward load not exceeding 25 N to the back angle bar at a height approximately at the center of the attachment of the weights to the back, until the thigh circle indicates that a stable position has been achieved after the load has been removed. It must be ensured that the 3-D mechanism is not subjected to any external downward or sideways forces. If it is necessary to reorient the 3-D machine in the horizontal direction, tilt the back of the machine forward, recheck its horizontal position and repeat the procedure indicated above in 4.12.

4.14 Carry out all measurements:

4.14.1 Point coordinates are measured relative to a three-dimensional coordinate system.

4.14.2 The actual torso angle is determined by the 3-D machine's recline circle with the pin in the rearmost position.

4.15 In the event of a 3-D mechanism being re-established, the seat must be free of any load for a minimum of 30 minutes prior to commencement of the installation. The 3-D mechanism should not be left on the seat for more than the time required to perform this test.

4.16. If seats in the same row can be considered the same (bench seat, identical seats, etc.), then only one point and one actual seat back angle should be determined for each row by placing the mechanism 3- D , described in appendix 1 to this annex, to a position that can be considered as typical for this row of seats. This place is:

4.16.1 in the front row - the driver's seat;

4.16.2 in the back row or rows - one of the extreme places.

APPENDIX 1 (mandatory). Description of the three-dimensional mechanism for determining the H point (mechanism 3-D H)

APPENDIX 3. APPENDIX 1
(mandatory)

Description of the three-dimensional point determination mechanism (3-D mechanism)

1 Back and base

The back and base are made of reinforcing plastic and metal; they model the human torso and hips and are attached to each other mechanically at the point . A circular sector is installed on the pin fixed at the point to measure the actual angle of the backrest. The adjustable hip joint, connected to the base of the torso, defines the center line of the thigh and serves as the reference line for the circular sector of the hip tilt.

2 Elements of the torso and legs

The elements that model the feet and lower legs are connected to the base of the torso with the help of a knee joint, which is a longitudinal continuation of the adjustable thigh bracket. To measure the angle of the bend of the knee, the elements of the lower leg and ankle are equipped with circular sectors. The elements that model the feet are graduated to determine the angle of the foot. The orientation of the device is provided through the use of two levels. The weights placed on the torso are installed in the respective centers of gravity and provide a pressure on the seat cushion equal to that exerted by a passenger - a man weighing 76 kg. All joints of the 3-D mechanism must be checked to ensure that they move freely and that there is no noticeable friction.

Figure 1 - Designation of the elements of the mechanism 3-D H

1 - back;

2 - bracket for dorsal weights; 3 - the level of the angle of inclination of the back; 4 - circular sector of the hip inclination;
5 - base; 6 - bracket for hip weights; 7 - knee joint; 8 - pin; 9 - circular sector
back tilt; 10 - sighting marks of the point; 11 - axis of rotation of the point; 12 - transverse level;
13 - hip bracket; 14 - circular sector of the bend of the knee; 15 - circular sector of the bend of the foot

Figure 1 - Designation of the elements of the 3-D mechanism

Figure 2 - Designation of elements of the 3-D H mechanism and distribution of loads

1 - back weights; 2 - ischial weights; 3 - thigh weights; 4 - foot weights;
5 - direction and point of application of the load

Figure 2 - Dimensions of the elements of the 3-D mechanism and distribution of loads

APPENDIX 2 (mandatory). 3D coordinate system

APPENDIX 3. APPENDIX 2
(mandatory)

1 The three-dimensional coordinate system is defined by three orthogonal planes set by the vehicle manufacturer (see illustration)*.
_______________
* The coordinate system complies with the requirements of ISO 4130-78.

2 The measurement position on the vehicle is established by placing the vehicle on the reference surface so that the coordinates of the initial reference points correspond to the values ​​specified by the manufacturer.

3 The coordinates of the points and are set relative to the initial reference points determined by the vehicle manufacturer.

1 - initial plane (vertical transverse initial plane); 2 - original plane
(vertical longitudinal reference plane); 3 - original plane
(horizontal reference plane); 4 - supporting surface

Figure - Three-dimensional coordinate system

APPENDIX 3 (mandatory). Seating inputs

APPENDIX 3. APPENDIX 3
(mandatory)

1 Encoding source data

The reference data is listed sequentially for each seating position. Seating positions are identified by a two-digit code. The first character is an Arabic numeral and represents a number of places; Seats are counted from front to back. The second character is a capital letter which indicates the location of the seat in the row facing the direction of travel of the vehicle forward; the following letters are used:

L - left;

C - central;

R - right.

2 Determining the position of the vehicle set for measurement

2.1 Coordinates of reference points:

3 List of initial data

3.1 Seating position:

3.1.1 Point R coordinates:

3.1.2 Design torso angle:

3.1.3 Seat adjustment position*

horizontal:

vertical:

angular:

torso angle:
________________
* Cross out the unnecessary.

NOTE List references for other seating positions in 3.2, 3.3, etc.

APPENDIX 4 (mandatory). Pedal Location

APPENDIX 4
(mandatory)

Size designation	Meaning
	Maximum	Minimum

Figure 1 - Two pedals - automatic transmission

Size designation	Meaning
	Maximum	Minimum

Figure 2 - Three pedals - conventional type transmission

The text of the document is verified by:
official publication
M.: IPK Publishing house of standards, 2000

State standard of Rostekhregulirovanie from September 09, 2010 No. GOST R 53884-2010

GOST R 53884-2010 (UNECE FFV-35:2002) Strawberries sold in retail trade. Specifications

Adopted September 29, 2010
Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology

1. GOST R 53884-2010
2. (UNECE FFV-35:2002)
3. Group C35
4. NATIONAL STANDARD OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
5. STRAWBERRY SOLD IN RETAIL TRADE
6. Specifications
7. Strawberries for retail. Specifications
8. OKS 67.080.10
9. OKP 97 6131
10. Introduction date 2011-07-01
11. Foreword
12. The goals and principles of standardization in the Russian Federation are established by the Federal Law of December 27, 2002 N 184-FZ "On Technical Regulation", and the rules for the application of national standards of the Russian Federation - GOST R 1.0-2004 "Standardization in the Russian Federation. Basic provisions"
13. About the standard
14. 1 PREPARED by the Autonomous Non-Commercial Organization "Research Center "Kubanagrostandart" (ANO "Research Center "Kubanagrostandart") on the basis of an authentic translation of the standard specified in paragraph 4
15. 2 INTRODUCED by the Technical Committee for Standardization TC 178 "Fresh fruits, vegetables and mushrooms, products of essential oil medicinal, nut crops and floriculture"
16. 3 APPROVED AND PUT INTO EFFECT by Order of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology dated September 29, 2010 N 271-st
17. 4 This standard is modified in relation to the regional UNECE standard FFV-35:2002 * concerning the marketing and commercial quality control of strawberries (UNECE standard FFV-35:2002 "Concerning the marketing and commercial quality control of strawberries moving in international trade between and to UNECE member countries"), by changing the structure, content of individual structural elements, words, phrases to take into account the peculiarities of the national economy and national standardization of the Russian Federation, highlighted in the text in italics**.

________________
* Access to international and foreign documents mentioned hereinafter can be obtained by clicking on the link;
** In the paper original, the designations and numbers of standards and normative documents in the "Foreword" section and Table DB.1 of Appendix DB are given in regular font, the rest in the text of the document are in italics. - Database manufacturer's note.


18. A comparison of the structure of this International Standard with that of the specified regional international standard is given in Supplementary Annex DA.
19. Information on the compliance of reference national standards with international standards used as reference in the applied international standard is given in Appendix DB.
20. The name of this standard has been changed relative to the name of the specified regional standard to bring it into line with the generally accepted Russian classification of groups of homogeneous products and types of tests, as well as to bring it in line with GOST R 1.5-2004 (clause 3.5)
21. 5 INTRODUCED FOR THE FIRST TIME
22. Information about changes to this standard is published in the annually published information index "National Standards", and the text of changes and amendments - in the monthly published information indexes "National Standards". In case of revision (replacement) or cancellation of this standard, a corresponding notice will be published in the monthly published information index "National Standards". Relevant information, notification and texts are also posted in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet
23. anchor
24. 1 area of ​​use
25. _________________
26. * The name of paragraph 1 in the paper original is in italics. - Database manufacturer's note.
27. This standard applies to fresh strawberry cultivars of the species Fragaria L. sold for fresh consumption. The standard does not specify requirements for strawberries for industrial processing.
28. Requirements for safety are set out in 4.3, for quality - in 4.2, for marking - in section 6.
29. anchor
30. 2 Normative references
31. _________________
32. * The name of paragraph 2 in the paper original is in italics. - Database manufacturer's note.
33. This standard uses normative references to the following standards:
34. GOST R 50520-93 (ISO 6665-83) Strawberries. Cold Storage Guide
35. GOST R 51074-2003 Food products. Information for the consumer. General requirements
36. GOST R 51289-99 Reusable polymer boxes. General specifications
37. GOST R 51301-99 Food products and food raw materials. Stripping voltammetric methods for determining the content of toxic elements (cadmium, lead, copper and zinc)
38. GOST R 51474-99 Packaging. Marking indicating the way the goods are handled
39. GOST R 51760-2001 Consumer polymer packaging. General specifications
40. GOST R 51766-2001 Food raw materials and products. Atomic absorption method for the determination of arsenic
41. GOST R 51962-2002 Food products and food raw materials. Stripping voltammetric method for determining the mass concentration of arsenic
42. GOST R 52579-2006 Consumer packaging from combined materials. General specifications
43. GOST R 53228-2008 Scales of non-automatic action. Part 1. Metrological and technical requirements. Tests
44. GOST 8.579-2002 State system for ensuring the uniformity of measurements. Requirements for the quantity of packaged goods in packages of any kind during their production, packaging, sale and import
45. GOST 166-89 (ISO 3599-76) Calipers. Specifications
46. GOST 427-75 Measuring metal rulers. Specifications
47. GOST 9142-90 Corrugated cardboard boxes. General specifications
48. GOST 11354-93 Reusable boxes made of wood and wood materials for products of the food industry and agriculture. Specifications
49. GOST 12301-2006 Boxes made of cardboard, paper and combined materials. General specifications
50. GOST 13511-2006 Corrugated cardboard boxes for foodstuffs, matches, tobacco products and detergents. Specifications
51. GOST 14192-96 Marking of goods
52. GOST 15846-2002 Products shipped to the Far North and equivalent areas. Packaging, marking, transportation and storage
53. GOST 17812-72 Wooden reusable boxes for fruits and vegetables. Specifications
54. GOST 21133-87 Specialized box pallets for potatoes, vegetables, fruits and gourds. Specifications
55. GOST 21650-76 Means of fastening packaged cargoes in overpacks. General requirements
56. GOST 24597-81 Packages of packaged goods. Main parameters and dimensions
57. GOST 24831-81 Packaging equipment. Types, basic parameters and dimensions
58. GOST 26663-85 Transport packages. Formation using packaging tools. General technical requirements
59. GOST 26927-86 Food raw materials and products. Methods for the determination of mercury
60. GOST 26929-94 Food raw materials and products. Sample preparation. Mineralization to determine the content of toxic elements
61. GOST 26930-86 Food raw materials and products. Arsenic determination method
62. GOST 26932-86 Food raw materials and products. Lead determination methods
63. GOST 26933-86 Food raw materials and products. Methods for the determination of cadmium
64. GOST 30178-96 Food raw materials and products. Atomic absorption method for the determination of toxic elements
65. GOST 30349-96 Fruits, vegetables and products of their processing. Methods for determination of residual amounts of organochlorine pesticides
66. GOST 30538-97 Food products. Method for determining toxic elements by atomic emission method
67. GOST 30710-2001 Fruits, vegetables and products of their processing. Methods for determination of residual amounts of organophosphate pesticides
68. Note - When using this standard, it is advisable to check the validity of reference standards in the public information system - on the official website of the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology on the Internet or according to the annually published information index "National Standards", which was published as of January 1 of the current year , and according to the corresponding monthly published information signs published in the current year. If the reference standard is replaced (modified), then when using this standard, you should be guided by the replacing (modified) standard. If the referenced standard is canceled without replacement, then the provision in which the reference to it is given applies to the extent that this reference is not affected.
69. anchor
70. 3 Classification
71. 3.1 Strawberries, depending on the quality, are divided into three grades: the highest, the first, the second.
72. anchor
73. 4 Technical requirements
74. _________________
75. * The name of paragraph 4 in the paper original is in italics. - Database manufacturer's note.
76. 4.1 Strawberries must be prepared and packaged in consumer packaging in accordance with the requirements of this standard according to the technological instructions in compliance with the requirements established by the regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation *.

_______________



77. 4.2 The quality of strawberries must comply with the requirements and standards specified in Table 1.
78. Table 1
79. Name of indicator higher first secondAppearance Berries of bright color, without the presence of land. Minor surface defects are allowed, provided that they do not affect the quality and keeping quality Minor shape defects are allowed, the presence of small white spots not larger than 1/10 of the surface of the berry, a slight surface imprint when pressed, without the presence of earth Small defects in shape, a white spot, not exceeding 1/5 of the total surface of the berry, slight dry dent, slight traces of earthDegree of maturity Homogeneous Smell and taste The size of strawberries, determined by the diameter of the maximum cross section, mm, not less than* 25.0 18.0 18.0Mass fraction of berries with deviations from the established minimum size of berries,%, no more Mass fraction of fruits, %, not more than:first grade 5.0 Not standardized Not standardizedsecond grade Not allowed 10.0 Not standardizednot satisfying the requirements of the second grade Not allowed Not allowed 10.0including the mass fraction of fruits with cracks and (or) damaged by agricultural pests,%, not more than The presence of berries that are rotten, wilted, moldy, badly dented, with excessive external moisture

    Characteristics and norm for commercial varieties

    The berries are fresh, but not washed, whole, clean, healthy, at the stage of commercial maturity, well formed, not overripe, with a calyx and a stalk (with the exception of wild strawberries); the calyx and stalk, if present, must be fresh and green; shape and color typical of the pomological variety, without excessive external moisture. Berries must be carefully picked

    Less homogeneous

    Peculiar to this pomological variety without foreign smell and (or) taste

    10,0

    2,0

    Not allowed

    * There is no minimum berry size for wild strawberries.

80. 4.3 The content of toxic elements, pesticides, radionuclides, helminth eggs and cysts of intestinal pathogenic protozoa in fresh strawberries should not exceed the permissible levels established by the legal acts of the Russian Federation*.

_______________
* Before the introduction of the relevant regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation - sanitary rules and regulations approved in the prescribed manner.

You can read the text of the official document at the link:

UNITED NATIONS

ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE

DEVELOPING THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE "SINGLE WINDOW" SYSTEM IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE

first edition accepted by the United Nations Center for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT)

__________________________________________________________________

Geneva, December 2010 ECE/TRADE/401

Development of the legal framework for the Single Window system
in international trade

Summary This recommendation is submitted in accordance with decision 07-13 of the United Nations Center for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business, adopted by it at its thirteenth session (ECE/TRADE/C/CEFACT/2007/29). UN/CEFACT provides countries and economies with practical tools to facilitate Single Window implementation and ensure their interoperability. This Recommendation expands on such support by assisting countries and economies in addressing legal issues related to the national and international exchange of trade data required for a Single Window system. This recommendation was originally submitted for approval to the fifteenth plenary session of UN/CEFACT in November 2009. In accordance with decision 09-08 of that meeting, it was subsequently submitted for approval through an intersessional process, with an exceptionally long comment deadline of 1 May 2010. During this period, comments were received from the Russian Federation and the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). These comments have been included in document ECE/TRADE/C/CEFACT/2010/23/Rev.2

CONTENT

		Items	Page
INTRODUCTION		1 - 3
	SCOPE	4 - 5
	POSITIVE RESULTS
III.	USE OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS	7 - 8
IV.
Applications
	Legal Checklist for Single Window Operations
II.	Checklist Guidelines
III.	Set of tools

INTRODUCTION

1. The single window mechanism is increasingly being implemented around the world to simplify and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the process of reporting data on import and export transactions. In many countries and economies, the introduction of such a mechanism has brought significant benefits to both the government and the trade community. 1 , and a number of regional organizations (Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Eurasian Economic Community (Eurasian), and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)) are currently considering the prospects for introducing a regional single window system 2 .

2. At the same time, the establishment of a Single Window is a complex process, requiring, inter alia, measures such as the analysis of established practices governing the flow of trade information. It entails changing and clarifying the data exchange process and therefore the current laws and regulations. Therefore, creating an enabling legal environment for a Single Window system in international trade is one of the major challenges for countries and economies establishing such a national system and/or seeking to exchange information with other Single Windows.

3. The United Nations Center for Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT) provides practical tools to facilitate the implementation of Single Window facilities. This Recommendation expands on this support by helping countries and economies resolve legal issues related to the national and international exchange of trade data required for Single Window systems.

I. SCOPE

4. For the purposes of this Recommendation, the legal framework for a Single Window in International Trade is defined as the set of measures that may be required to address legal issues related to national and international exchange of trade data required for a Single Window.

5. Establishing a Single Window often requires changes to existing laws and regulations, such as laws on electronic submission of documents, electronic signatures, including but not limited to digital signatures, user and message authentication, data exchange, data preservation, destruction and archiving and electronic confirmations. However, a Single Window system can be created without significant legislative changes. In all cases, current regulations and practices governing the movement of trade information affect the choice of commercial and operational model of the Single Window system. Therefore, a timely analysis of existing and potential legal barriers to trade data exchange is an important first step in establishing and operating a Single Window. Such an analysis should take into account the broader context of international trade in which the Single Window exists.

II. POSITIVE RESULTS

6. Transparency and security of trade data exchange is essential for all Single Window transactions. A strong legal regime that enables data collection, access and distribution, and clarifies confidentiality, non-disclosure and liability regimes, provides a sound basis for the operation of such a mechanism and establishes a relationship of trust among all stakeholders.

III. USE OF INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

7. The use of international standards is a key element in the implementation and use of the Single Window. This allows you to scale the services provided and provide easier interaction between all participants in the international supply chain. Since the Single Window is intended for communication between private entities and public authorities and between public authorities, care must be taken to ensure that their operation is compatible with currently available solutions in relations between private entities, private entities and public authorities and between public authorities.

8. The work on the legal codification of e-commerce carried out by the United Nations through the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) should be taken into account and, where possible, used as a reference in the establishment of the Single Window legal infrastructure for both national and and international operations.

9. The United Nations Center for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT), recognizing that a sound legal framework is needed to support Single Window operations in international trade, recommends that governments and entities involved in international trade and movement of goods:

a) conducted a study (including e-commerce legal benchmarking and gap analysis to determine the appropriate set of measures that may be required to address legal issues related to the domestic and international exchange of trade data required for Single Window operations;

b) used the UN/CEFACT checklist and its guidelines (annexes I and II) to ensure that the most common legal issues related to domestic and international trade data exchange are reflected in this legal framework;

c) amend current legislation, regulations, ordinances, etc., if necessary, to address identified legal issues and gaps;

d) use international standards, international legal instruments, as well as non-binding regulations, wherever possible, throughout the process of creating the necessary legal environment for a Single Window system in international trade.

Annex I

LEGAL CHECKLIST FOR
SINGLE WINDOW ACTIVITIES

When establishing a national or regional Single Window, the legal issues mentioned in this list may arise. 3 . This list is not exhaustive. Depending on the actual implementation of the Single Window mechanism, there may be legal issues not mentioned in this annex. For many governments, this initial list of legal issues will serve as a basis for identifying other issues related not only to business-to-state and government-to-business transactions, but also to the broader business-to-business environment nationally and internationally:

a) Has the legal framework for the implementation of the Single Window been explored/created?

b) Has an appropriate organizational structure been chosen for the establishment and operation of the Single Window?

c) Have appropriate identification, authentication and authorization procedures been established?

d) Who has the authority to request data from the Single Window?

f) When and how can data be shared and under what circumstances and with which organizations, government agencies or governments in other countries and economies?

f) Have adequate data protection mechanisms been put in place?

g) Are measures in place to ensure data accuracy and integrity? Who is responsible for this?

h) Have any liability issues that may arise from Single Window activities been addressed?

i) Are dispute resolution mechanisms in place?

j) Are procedures in place for electronic archiving and the establishment of a system of audit trails?

k) Have intellectual property and

database ownership?

l) Are there situations in which competition issues may arise?

Appendix II

GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF THE CHECKLIST

Question	Guidelines
Legal the basis implementation single window"	It is important to establish the legal basis for the operation of the Single Window in the legislation and regulations of the country. A thorough review of the current legislation, by-laws and regulations should be carried out to ensure that the operation of the Single Window is consistent with the current legislation in the country and international law and to identify any "gaps" that may exist, as well as the method or methods for their elimination. . When developing legislation and regulations at the national level, it is important to reflect "international standards" and best practices to the greatest extent possible in order to be able to achieve international "legal interoperability" as trade through national one-stop shops grows. For example, the principles of "non-discrimination" between paper and electronic documents or messages and "technological neutrality" are important considerations for both domestic legal frameworks and international legal interoperability. If there is no legal basis for the establishment of a Single Window in the national legislation, then it is necessary to create one. In establishing the legal basis for a national Single Window, States should expressly authorize international transactions in such laws and regulations and/or orders. When national Single Window systems cooperate internationally, it is often necessary to enter into multilateral or bilateral agreements to govern the operation of each Single Window and take into account the various legal issues that may arise between cooperating countries and economies in order to ensure legal interoperability between national and/or regional one-stop shops. One of the key issues in such agreements will be the terms of mutual recognition of electronic documents and information messages that can be exchanged through Single Window mechanisms (as well as private sector counterparties using Single Window mechanisms). Such mutual recognition agreements will be based on considerations related to security measures (for example, the level of encryption that may be required), issues of secure storage of data, requirements for recognition, if necessary, international confirmations, etc.
Legal the basis implementation single window" (continuation)	It is recognized that managing the implementation of bilateral and/or multilateral agreements as the countries and economies of trading partners using Single Window grow can be a complex task, at least until the "international framework" of such agreements is in place. Countries and economies should involve their foreign ministries at an early stage in their Single Window efforts to help guide the process. [Note: There are other areas where this type of agreement is used and the same considerations apply.] In the event of disputes, whether at the national or international level, or between public authorities and private sector entities, or between private sector entities, particular attention should be paid to issues that may arise regarding the admissibility of electronic evidence in courts or administrative tribunals (including processes of fixing information and data in electronic form). The principle of "non-discrimination" between paper and electronic documents should be applied to judicial standards of evidence so that electronic documents and communications are not deprived of probative value in proceedings before these courts. This, of course, will lead to considerations characteristic of most evidentiary requirements, storage, security, etc. electronic documents and data to ensure the level of reliability required for such documents or communications to be admissible as evidence in such proceedings. In addition, these considerations must be taken into account in international transactions to ensure that electronic documents and informational messages are admissible in litigation in the courts of other countries, as well as admissible as evidence in the courts of the country. Another consideration for international Single Window operations is jurisdiction over counterparties doing business using the national Single Window of two or more countries and/or economies, and choice of law issues, i.e. the legislation of the country that will be applied in relation to counterparties between whom a dispute has arisen, or in a criminal or executive case. These kinds of issues should be explicitly addressed both in the country's legislation and by-laws, and in any bilateral or multilateral agreement between cooperating national Single Window facilities. (It might be noted that at the level of the private sector, i.e. between parties that have entered into contracts for the sale of goods, those parties may decide to agree terms in their international contracts concerning jurisdiction and choice of law, at least in that to the extent that governmental enforcement measures are not required and such conditions do not violate public policy in the countries or economies in which such private counterparties enter into reciprocal contracts)
Structure and organization single window"	Single Window facilities can be set up in a variety of ways, not only from a technical point of view, but also from an organizational point of view. An important role in the possible emergence of specific legal issues related to such mechanisms is played by the structure of the latter. One Stop Shops can be established by government entities (such as customs), private enterprises or public-private partnerships. Each of the various organizational forms should be accompanied by clear legal provisions setting out the terms of reference and objectives of the Single Window. In addition, when multiple organizations are involved in the establishment and operation of a Single Window, it is important that there be formal agreements between the parties that clearly and specifically define the various roles, functions and responsibilities of each participant. For example, the use of memorandums and understandings (MOUs), various types of service level agreements and information security agreements may be necessary depending on the specific organizational situation. Finally, "end user agreements" must be concluded with the users of the Single Window (such as merchants, freight forwarders, agents, banks, etc.). Such agreements should include provisions regarding access and security, controls and procedures, electronic signatures (if required for the ICT environment), security issues, etc.
Data protection	The issue of data protection within the framework of the Single Window is of great importance. Data protection concerns issues such as access and data integrity and accuracy. Without a proper data protection mechanism, Single Window facilities should not be allowed to be used. To do this, it is necessary to create the necessary security and access protocols based on the mechanisms of identification, authentication and authorization (see also issues of identification, authentication and authorization). The use of Single Window risk analysis techniques can be particularly useful in identifying the vulnerabilities of Single Window systems in order to prevent data breaches. The issue of data protection is closely related to the issue of privacy (for example, the protection of personal information), as well as the protection of proprietary data of companies and sensitive trade data. When personal data is processed using a one-stop shop, it must be determined whether this is in compliance with all data protection laws.
Data protection (continuation)	Some national legal regimes may distinguish between "tamper-proof" issues, in particular those related to personally identifiable information, and "confidentiality" issues related to both trade data and trade information. Governments may wish to consider how these two areas should be viewed within the country and in the international environment. However, the following remarks should be taken as referring to both legal issues of privacy protection and legal issues of confidentiality. Countries and economies that do not have data protection laws should seriously consider updating their legal and regulatory framework to provide the necessary conditions for a Single Window facility to function. While there is currently no "uniform" approach to protecting privacy, there are a number of models that could be considered for national regulation. In addition, these factors may be important for a government's Single Window to interact with another country's Single Window that has laws or regulations to protect privacy. In the case of entering into an agreement with a Single Window system with a Single Window facility in another country that has privacy protection laws or regulations, great attention should be paid to this area.
Right of access and data transmission between state institutions	Legislation and regulations should be considered to determine which public authorities may require information from the Single Window and provide data to it. Governments should enact regulations regarding the use of data, such as privacy, redistribution or exchange. Such considerations may apply to both privacy policy and data retention policy. In light of the growing importance of privacy laws and regulations, as noted above, consideration should be given to how and under what conditions access to data provided by the Single Window should be authorized both nationally and in relation to the Single Window. window" of another country, region or international "single window". Some countries and economies that use Single Window use a specific approach in this area, which involves entering into Memorandums of Understanding (MOU) for the exchange of data between government departments. In any case, the rules for accessing data in the Single Window should comply with international and national regulations. Countries and economies are also encouraged to conduct regular "Privacy Impact Assessments" (PIAs) to ensure they can identify the risks that need to be addressed in this area. As noted above, bilateral and possibly multilateral agreements should be considered to meet the requirements of both national legislation and regional regulations. Ideally, such international agreements should be harmonized as much as possible.
Identity identification authenticity and authorization	In order to ensure the security, quality, accuracy and integrity of the data in a Single Window, proper mechanisms are needed to identify, authenticate and authorize users (both operators and end users). Since there are no global legal, procedural and technical standards in this area, operators of Single Window facilities currently have to refer to national legislation. (There appears to be an increasing trend towards "authentication" methods in this area.) For regional Single Window facilities, rules and procedures should be agreed upon by participating governments. At the same time, such regional Single Windows should, to the extent possible, adopt international standards and best practices to ensure that Regional Single Windows are compatible withsingle window worldwide.
Quality Issues data	The quality of the data (ie the accuracy and integrity of the data) processed in a Single Window environment is of the utmost importance. Therefore, it is important to define the responsibility for entering such data into the Single Window and for the subsequent processing of such data within the Single Window. When it comes to data processing within the Single Window mechanism, it is necessary to define, for each step, who controls the data. This requires the establishment of chain-of-custody systems with logging, identification, authentication and authorization tools and appropriate audit trail and logging mechanisms.
Questions responsibility (Commitments and responsibility)	The use of inaccurate, incomplete or incorrect data by Single Window users may result in damage. Due to the nature of the Single Window, it is possible that the reuse of inaccurate, incomplete or incorrect data may result in damage in many cases. In this regard, questions of liability need to be considered, such as recourse to national and international legal liability and possible redress for damages suffered.
Arbitration and settlement disputes	In view of the costs and often lengthy duration of litigation in many courts, legislation needs to be reviewed to include provisions for alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. Provisions for arbitration or similar dispute resolution methods between counterparties could be addressed in model consortium and end-user agreements for counterparties that can use the Single Window. A similar provision could be included in agreements where the Single Window is operated by a private or public-private enterprise on behalf of a public authority. Such considerations could apply to civil disputes, although not necessarily, such as in situations in which there has been a violation of a particular law or regulation providing for sanctions. Where a national Single Window operates in conjunction with Single Windows from other countries and economies (such as regional Single Window facilities), agreements should include similar provisions for arbitration and dispute resolution. Legal protection provisions for third parties (i.e. persons or entities that are not parties to the agreement) should also be taken into account.
Electronic Documents	To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the Single Window, governments should improve the functional equivalence of paper and electronic documents. E-commerce legislation often uses language that functionally equates electronic records with paper documents. Such a legislative method can also be used in relation to e-government legislation to remove barriers to the extent permitted by the relevant laws. After that, attention must be paid to the fact that such documents satisfy the requirements of other relevant laws, such as accounting laws, etc. 4
Electronic archiving	Appropriate electronic archiving procedures need to be in place to ensure compliance with national and international archiving (i.e. data retention) regulations. This also includes measures to ensure the establishment of a "chain of control" when using the Single Window. As a result of the establishment of a chain of command, liability issues can be considered after the events. Since the rules for data retention and electronic archiving vary from country to country, Single Window operators should ensure that they comply with their country's relevant standards. In the case of regional Single Window arrangements, it is necessary to enter into agreements between participating States that satisfy the requirements of national laws in those countries or economies, unless, of course, such agreements supersede national laws regarding Single Window operations. In addition, electronic archiving agreements should take into account confidentiality and data protection concerns, and possibly the need to retrieve and use archival information, for example for law enforcement purposes. In addition, the relationship of these issues to international transactions and possible electronic archiving requirements between trading partners should also be considered.
Intellectual Property Rights and Database Ownership	Questions may arise as to who "owns" the data and which parties, if any, including the government, may own the data or have intellectual property interests in it. For example, in some countries and economies, government authorities other than customs authorities may claim ownership or control over data, in particular trade data. Naturally, private sector traders (eg manufacturers and sellers) may have certain ownership rights in the information that is provided to the Single Window. It may be important to carefully examine the statutory or regulatory authority for such oversight, in particular in situations where the Single Window operator is a private or quasi-private entity or the Single Window operates in a bilateral or multilateral environment (e.g. regional or sub-regional "single windows"). The possibility of influencing the operation of the Single Window by a third party who may hold patent rights (or other intellectual property rights) on a process that may be similar to the process planned for the Single Window should be explored. In such cases where the development of Single Window data systems is outsourced, development agreements should include, inter alia, guarantees of ownership of the rights to the results of such developments (software, firmware, etc.), guarantees of non-infringement of intellectual property rights the property of any third party, rights to licenses such as IP, etc.
Competition	Consideration should be given to the possibility that Single Window activities may be organized in such a way as to raise antitrust and protectionist concerns. These opportunities, although unlikely, may be of concern to those who may use the international Single Window and block development and trade facilitation. In addition, when establishing Single Window facilities, countries and economies should consider their obligations under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) (in particular Articles V, VIII and X) and other international treaties and conventions relating to legislation on competition.

Appendix III

SET OF TOOLS

1. For a Single Window to operate effectively, efficiently and most importantly in a legal manner, it must comply with all the laws of the country and its international agreements. Since the rules governing Single Window operations differ between countries and regions and sub-regions and depend on the actual scope and functions of the facility, it is difficult to compile an exhaustive list of relevant regulations. This appendix aims to provide some useful resources for operators or potential Single Window operators.

2. This "toolbox" includes references to a number of international organizations that develop policy documents for the use of governments and the private sector, including treaties and conventions, model laws, guidelines and recommendations that may be useful in establishing a national Single Window. In addition to documents published by international organizations, some industry associations have developed model agreements and contracts that can also provide useful guidance. They should also be studied to determine whether a detailed approach might be of interest to

creation of a legal and regulatory framework for Single Window mechanisms.

I. COMMERCIAL LAW

3. In addition to complying with the laws of the countries, the international operation of the Single Window must comply with the law of international trade. When using (regional) Single Window facilities, the following (model) laws and treaties should be taken into account:

a) United Nations Convention on the Use

electronic messages in international treaties (United Nations Convention on

electronic messages) (2005);

(b) UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Commerce (1996);

(c) UNCITRAL Model Law on Electronic Signatures (2001);

OECD Guidelines for Electronic Identity

authenticity (2007);

f) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATTS).

II. PRIVACY AND DATA PROTECTION

4. Respect for confidentiality and adequate data protection are important factors in the operation of a Single Window. Although there are no global privacy laws, there are documents that establish general guidelines for data protection and privacy.

a) OECD Guidelines on Non-Disclosure and Cross-border Data Flows (1980);

OECD Basic Principles on Electronic Authentication (2007).

III. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

5. Intellectual property also matters in the creation and

single window activities. It is important to note that at the time this recommendation was published, there was no global database protection compact. At the regional level (for example, in the European Union), database protection rules have been created.

a) Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works (1886);

b) Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883);

(c) WIPO Patent Law Treaty (2000).

IV. ARBITRATION

UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules (1976).

V. COMPETITION

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

VI. IMPORTANT ORGANIZATIONS

6. The organizations listed below may provide further advice and assistance to (potential) Single Window operators.

United Nations Center for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business

7. UN/CEFACT 5 supports activities aimed at enhancing the ability of business, trade and administrative bodies of developed countries, developing countries and countries with economies in transition to effectively exchange products and related services. The main focus is to promote national and international trade transactions through the simplification and unification of processes, procedures and international flows and thus promote the growth of global trade.

United Nations Commission on International Trade Law

8. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law 6 (UNCITRAL) is the main legal body of the United Nations in the field of international trade law. UNCITRAL is also tasked with modernizing and harmonizing the rules of international business transactions; it is also responsible for the development of international conventions and (model) laws, but it also provides practical advice in the form of guidelines and legal guides. In addition, the General Assembly of the United Nations approved the work in the field of coordination of the activities of international organizations in the field of international trade law. Of direct relevance to the international Single Window regulatory framework, at its 2008 plenary session, the UNCITRAL Commission approved a joint project with the World Trade Organization that will develop detailed policies and practical guidelines for governments and businesses on the legal issues noted in Recommendation No. 35. This project is expected to include governments and other international organizations.

World Customs Organization

9. World Customs Organization 7 (WCO) is the only international organization dealing exclusively with customs matters. The work of the WCO covers the development of global standards, the simplification, harmonization and modernization of customs procedures (including the promotion of the use of ICT methods), the security of the goods movement system, the facilitation of international trade procedures, the strengthening of customs enforcement activities, initiatives to combat counterfeiting and piracy, public -private partnerships, integrity and sustainable global customs capacity building programs. WCO also maintains the Harmonized System international product nomenclature and handles the technical aspects of the WTO agreements on customs valuation and rules of origin. In addition, as noted above, WCO and UNCITRAL are collaborating with other international organizations in a major program to address the global legal challenges associated with the international Single Window.

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

10. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 8 has accumulated considerable experience in the field of customs through its work related to the development of trade. Many countries and economies use its Automated Customs Data Processing System (ASYCUDA).

International Chamber of Commerce

11. International Chamber of Commerce 9 (ICC) is an international private sector body representing the interests of the global business community. The purpose of the ICC is to stimulate the global economy through the creation of rules and standards, to promote growth and prosperity, and to disseminate business excellence. ICC has developed a number of model contracts and agreements covering the business aspects of supplying goods under international sales contracts, such as the model international sales contract, the model brokerage contract and the model wholesale contract.

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development

12. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 10 is an international body with 30 member countries. Its goals are to support sustainable economic growth, develop employment, improve living standards, maintain financial stability, promote the economic development of other countries and economies, and contribute to the growth of world trade.

Hague Conference on Private International Law

13. The Hague Conference on Private International Law 11 is a global intergovernmental organization. As a melting pot of various legal traditions, it develops and maintains multilateral legal instruments that respond to global needs.

World Intellectual Property Organization

14. World Intellectual Property Organization 12 is a specialized agency of the United Nations dedicated to building a balanced and accessible international intellectual property (IP) system that encourages creativity, stimulates innovation and contributes to economic development while protecting the public interest.

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1 For a general analysis see UN/CEFACT Single Window Repository at

2 Messages at the EO Symposium.

3 It is important to distinguish between national and regional (or transnational) single windows. Where a national single window is established, attention is given first to the legal regime of the State in question, including international agreements binding on the State. However, a regional single window should, in principle, comply with the requirements of all the States it serves, while also keeping in mind the wider trading opportunities for members of such a regional group outside of the member countries themselves.

4 Governments should carefully review the texts drawn up by the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law for clear guidance in this area. Both its UN Convention on Electronic Communications and its Model Law on Electronic Commerce, as well as their accompanying interpretative notes, are relevant here.

5 For more information please visit