Over the past few centuries, we have made countless discoveries that have helped greatly improve the quality of our daily lives and understand how the world around us works. Assessing the full importance of these discoveries is very difficult, if not almost impossible. But one thing is for sure - some of them literally changed our lives once and for all. From penicillin and the screw pump to x-rays and electricity, here is a list of 25 of mankind's greatest discoveries and inventions.
25. Penicillin
If Scottish scientist Alexander Fleming had not discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic, in 1928, we would still be dying from diseases such as stomach ulcers, abscesses, streptococcal infections, scarlet fever, leptospirosis, Lyme disease and many others.
24. Mechanical watch
Photo: pixabay
There are conflicting theories about what the first mechanical watch actually looked like, but most often researchers adhere to the version that they were created in 723 AD by the Chinese monk and mathematician Ai Xing (I-Hsing). It was this seminal invention that allowed us to measure time.
23. Copernican heliocentrism
Photo: WP/wikimedia
In 1543, almost on his deathbed, Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus unveiled his landmark theory. According to the works of Copernicus, it became known that the Sun is our planetary system, and all its planets revolve around our star, each in its own orbit. Until 1543, astronomers believed that the Earth was the center of the Universe.
22. Blood circulation
Photo: Bryan Brandenburg
One of the most important discoveries in medicine was the discovery of the circulatory system, which was announced in 1628 by the English physician William Harvey. He became the first person to describe the entire circulatory system and properties of the blood that the heart pumps throughout our body from the brain to the tips of the fingers.
21. Screw pump
Photo: David Hawgood / geographic.org.uk
One of the most famous ancient Greek scientists, Archimedes, is considered the author of one of the world's first water pumps. His device was a rotating corkscrew that pushed water up a pipe. This invention took irrigation systems to the next level and is still used in many wastewater treatment plants today.
20. Gravity
Photo: wikimedia
Everyone knows this story - Isaac Newton, the famous English mathematician and physicist, discovered gravity after an apple fell on his head in 1664. Thanks to this event, we learned for the first time why objects fall down and why planets revolve around the Sun.
19. Pasteurization
Photo: wikimedia
Pasteurization was discovered in the 1860s by French scientist Louis Pasteur. It is a heat treatment process during which pathogenic microorganisms are destroyed in certain foods and drinks (wine, milk, beer). This discovery had a significant impact on public health and the development of the food industry around the world.
18. Steam engine
Photo: pixabay
Everyone knows that modern civilization was forged in factories built during the Industrial Revolution, and that it all happened using steam engines. The steam engine was created a long time ago, but over the last century it has been significantly improved by three British inventors: Thomas Savery, Thomas Newcomen and the most famous of them, James Watt.
17. Air conditioning
Photo: Ildar Sagdejev / wikimedia
Primitive climate control systems have existed since ancient times, but they changed significantly when the first modern electric air conditioner was introduced in 1902. It was invented by a young engineer named Willis Carrier, a native of Buffalo, New York.
16. Electricity
Photo: pixabay
The fateful discovery of electricity is attributed to the English scientist Michael Faraday. Among his key discoveries, it is worth noting the principles of electromagnetic induction, diamagnetism and electrolysis. Faraday's experiments also led to the creation of the first generator, which became the forerunner of the huge generators that today produce the electricity we are familiar with in everyday life.
15. DNA
Photo: pixabay
Many believe that it was the American biologist James Watson and the English physicist Francis Crick who discovered it in the 1950s, but in fact this macromolecule was first identified in the late 1860s by the Swiss chemist Friedrich Maischer Miescher). Then, several decades after Maischer's discovery, other scientists conducted a series of studies that finally helped us clarify how an organism passes its genes to the next generation and how the work of its cells is coordinated.
14. Anesthesia
Photo: Wikimedia
Simple forms of anesthesia, such as opium, mandrake and alcohol, have been used by people for a long time, and the first mention of them dates back to 70 AD. But pain management moved to a new level in 1847, when American surgeon Henry Bigelow first introduced ether and chloroform into his practice, making extremely painful invasive procedures much more tolerable.
13. Theory of relativity
Photo: Wikimedia
Comprising two related theories of Albert Einstein, special and general relativity, the theory of relativity, published in 1905, transformed all of 20th century theoretical physics and astronomy and eclipsed Newton's 200-year-old theory of mechanics. Einstein's theory of relativity has become the basis for much of the scientific work of our time.
12. X-rays
Photo: Nevit Dilmen / wikimedia
German physicist Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen accidentally discovered X-rays in 1895 when he observed fluorescence produced by a cathode ray tube. For this pivotal discovery, the scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1901, the first of its kind in the physical sciences.
11. Telegraph
Photo: wikipedia
Since 1753, many researchers have experimented with establishing long-distance communication using electricity, but a significant breakthrough did not come until several decades later, when Joseph Henry and Edward Davy invented the electrical relay in 1835. Using this device they created the first telegraph 2 years later.
10. Periodic table of chemical elements
Photo: sandbh/wikimedia
In 1869, Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev noticed that if chemical elements are ordered by their atomic mass, they tend to form groups with similar properties. Based on this information, he created the first periodic table, one of the greatest discoveries in chemistry, which was later called the periodic table in his honor.
9. Infrared rays
Photo: AIRS/flickr
Infrared radiation was discovered by British astronomer William Herschel in 1800 when he studied the heating effect of different colors of light by using a prism to separate the light into a spectrum and measuring the changes with thermometers. Today, infrared radiation is used in many areas of our lives, including meteorology, heating systems, astronomy, tracking heat-intensive objects and many other areas.
8. Nuclear magnetic resonance
Photo: Mj-bird / wikimedia
Today, nuclear magnetic resonance is continually used as an extremely accurate and effective diagnostic tool in the medical field. This phenomenon was first described and calculated by American physicist Isidor Rabi in 1938 while observing molecular beams. In 1944, the American scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for this discovery.
7. Moldboard plow
Photo: wikimedia
Invented in the 18th century, the moldboard plow was the first plow that not only dug up the soil, but also stirred it, making it possible to cultivate even very stubborn and rocky soil for agricultural purposes. Without this tool, agriculture as we know it today would not exist in northern Europe or central America.
6. Camera obscura
Photo: wikimedia
The forerunner of modern cameras and video cameras was the camera obscura (translated as dark room), which was an optical device used by artists to create quick sketches while traveling outside their studios. A hole in one of the walls of the device served to create an inverted image of what was happening outside the chamber. The picture was displayed on the screen (on the wall of the dark box opposite the hole). These principles have been known for centuries, but in 1568 the Venetian Daniel Barbaro modified the camera obscura by adding converging lenses.
5. Paper
Photo: pixabay
The first examples of modern paper are often considered to be papyrus and amate, which were used by ancient Mediterranean peoples and pre-Columbian Americans. But it would not be entirely correct to consider them real paper. References to the first production of writing paper date back to China during the reign of the Eastern Han Empire (25-220 AD). The first paper is mentioned in chronicles dedicated to the activities of the judicial dignitary Cai Lun.
4. Teflon
Photo: pixabay
The material that keeps your pan from burning was actually invented completely by accident by American chemist Roy Plunkett when he was looking for a replacement refrigerant to make household life safer. During one of his experiments, the scientist discovered a strange, slippery resin, which later became better known as Teflon.
3. Theory of evolution and natural selection
Photo: wikimedia
Inspired by his observations during his second voyage of exploration in 1831-1836, Charles Darwin began writing his famous theory of evolution and natural selection, which, according to scientists around the world, became a key description of the mechanism of development of all life on Earth
2. Liquid crystals
Photo: William Hook / flickr
If the Austrian botanist and physiologist Friedrich Reinitzer had not discovered liquid crystals while testing the physicochemical properties of various cholesterol derivatives in 1888, today you would not know what LCD televisions or flat-panel LCD monitors are.
1. Polio vaccine
Photo: GDC Global / flickr
On March 26, 1953, American medical researcher Jonas Salk announced that he had successfully tested a vaccine against polio, a virus that causes a severe chronic disease. In 1952, an epidemic of the disease diagnosed 58,000 people in the United States and claimed 3,000 innocent lives. This spurred Salk on a quest for salvation, and now the civilized world is safe at least from this disaster.
Transcript
2 01/03/1871 Gentry Bradley (New York, USA) patented margarine 01/03/1957 The Swiss company HamilTON released the first electronic watch, a device that did not need to be wound manually and had a battery inside. The dial of the watch was not round, but triangular, thanks to which it became popular among fashionistas from different countries. And one of their first owners was Elvis Presley himself. 01/03/1888 Marvin Stone patented his invention of a straw for drinking cocktails and other liquids (in the Washington Patent Office for). And already in 1890, their production became his business 04/01/1885 In Iowa (USA), Dr. William Grant performed the world's first successful operation to remove the appendix 05/01/1927 The world's first underwater color photographs were published in the USA 06/01/ 1939 In Berlin, scientists O. Hahn and F. Strassmann discovered the fission of uranium nuclei under the influence of neutrons. Thus, the first step was taken towards the use of nuclear energy. 01/07/1714 The Englishman Henry Mill patented a typewriter (which was never accepted for production) 01/09/1926 Sokolniki radio station named after. Popova conducted the first shortwave broadcast in Europe
3 01/10/1863 The world's first subway opened in London (the invention project was proposed back in 1846 by Charles Pearson) 01/11/1922 The first clinical testing of insulin in the treatment of diabetes was carried out in Canada. In 1923, F. Banting and D. McLeod were awarded the Nobel Prize for the discovery of insulin 01/12/1839 In the USA, anthracite was first used to reduce iron in 01/13/1854 American Anthony Foss of Philadelphia patented the accordion 01/14/1690 In Nuremberg, Johann Christoph Denner invented the clarinet 01/15/1934 Frederic and Irene Joliot-Curie discovered artificial radioactivity 01/17/1861 American Thomas Crapper patented the bidet 01/18/1969 Astronomers at the University of Arizona in the USA first described a pulsar - a neutron star with unusual properties. For this outstanding result, E. Hewish received the Nobel Prize in 1974. 01/19/1915 Parisian Georges Claude patented a neon advertising sign
4 01/21/1796 Edward Jenner discovered a method of smallpox vaccination 01/21/1911 The American doctor F. Rous first isolated the cancer virus 01/22/1939 At Columbia University (USA), the uranium atom was split for the first time 01/23/1849 A patent was issued for a machine according to envelope production 01/24/1888 A ribbon for typewriters was patented in the USA 01/24/1922 American Christian Nelson (Iowa) received a patent for popsicle - a delicacy for millions 01/25/1799 Inventor-agronomist Eliakim Spooner patented a seeder 01/26/ 1875 American George Green patented a drill powered by electric batteries
5 01/26/2001 Russian companies "Rossi-Trust" and "Item" have developed a microelectronic device "talking plug". She makes a toast every time she opens a bottle and plays different tunes 01/27/1879 Thomas Alva Edison patents the electric light bulb 01/27/1885 German engineers Mannesmann received a patent for seamless rolling of steel pipes 01/27/1926 Scottish inventor John Baird first demonstrated a television, based on a mechanical image scanning system 01/28/1935 In Germany, the first full-fledged artificial emerald was obtained by G. Espig and his colleagues at the company... Although the first successful experiments date back to 1888 in France 01/29/1886 The German designer Karl Benz received patent for a three-wheeled vehicle he invented, equipped with a gasoline engine - the first BENZ car 01/29/1896 American physicist Emil Grubbe was the first in the world to use radioactive radiation to treat cancer 01/30/1894 A pneumatic press was patented in the USA 01/31/1839 English physicist John Talbot gave a report at the Royal Society of London on the process of photography he discovered.
6 02/02/1892 American William Peitner received a patent for the familiar metal bottle cap with a cork gasket 02/02/1970 The first nerve transplant to a person was carried out in one of the Munich clinics 02/03/1957 French chemist Nguyen Bu Hoi announced his discovery in tobacco smoke, a cancer causative agent 02/05/1850 The first adding machine was patented in the USA 02/05/1861 American Coleman Sellers patented a movie camera 02/05/1928 On this day in 1928, all the inhabitants of the planet suffering from vitamin D deficiency received a gift, i.e. j. Vitamin D is obtained artificially 02/07/1863 In Virginia (USA), Alanson Cray patented the first fire extinguisher 02/08/1929 A new word “helicopter” appears in the Russian language. This is how aircraft designer Nikolai Ilyich Kamov called his invention the first Kaskr 1 helicopter “Red Engineer”
7 02/09/1895 American W. Morgan from Massachusetts invented volleyball 02/11/1809 Robert Fulton patented a steamboat 02/11/1893 Hungarian scientists D. Banks and J. Csonka invent the world's first spray carburetor with a jet for cars (Austro patent -Hungary) 02/13/1895 French inventors the Lumière brothers patented a film projector 02/13/1946 The Pentagon announced the creation of the first digital computer 02/14/1876 American inventor Alexander Bell demonstrated the first household telephone 02/14/1946 At the University of Pennsylvania (USA) The world's first serial computer ENIAC began operation 02/15/1930 A technique for shooting wide-screen films was created 02/15/1969 R.G. Edwards from the Physiological Laboratory of the University of Cambridge performs the first artificial fertilization of a human egg 02/15/1970 In the USA, specialists from IBM invent a flexible magnetic disk that computer owners can use to store information
8 02/15/1985 In the USA, cardiac surgeons begin to use lasers to clean arteries 02/16/1903 Porcelain was used for the first time to fill teeth 02/16/1937 Wallace Hume Carothers, a DuPont chemist, patented nylon 02/16/1978 Born in Chicago the first computer BBS "electronic bulletin board" 02/17/1818 Baron Karl von Dres patents the handcar 02/17/1876 Julius Wolf from Eastport (Maine) made the first canned sardines 02/18/1913 English chemist Frederick Soddy coined the term “isotope” 02/19/1878 Thomas Alva Edison patented the phonograph. A talking car, that’s what he initially called his invention, for which he received the first patent 02/20/1872 An electric elevator was patented in the USA 02/20/1937 American aeronautical engineer Waldo Waterman completed the creation of the first car that can fly (or an airplane that can drive)
9 02/21/1842 American John Greenough patented a sewing machine. When sewing on this machine, a spool of thread was not used, but a thread of the required length was simply inserted into the needle. 02/21/1858 Edwin Holmes installed the world's first electrical anti-burglary system in Boston (USA). Another inventor, Alexander Bell, used Holmes's workshop when he invented the telephone. The acquaintance of two geniuses benefited both. Holmes became the first person to have a telephone at home 02/21/1932 An American from Newark, William Goodwin, patents a photographic exposure meter 02/22/1946 Dr. Zelman Waxman claims that he discovered the antibiotic streptomycin 02/23/1886 In the American town of Oberlin (Ohio) ) Charles Martin Hall discovered a method for producing aluminum using the electrolysis process 02/23/1893 Rudolf Diesel received a German patent for the engine he created 02/24/1938 The first nylon product, a toothbrush, went on sale in Arlington (New Jersey) 25 /02/1836 Samuel Colt received a patent for a six-shooter revolver. In the early years, the Colt company barely avoided bankruptcy, but with the outbreak of the Mexican-American War, it turned out that there was no weapon more effective for a rider 02/26/1895 A glass-blowing machine was patented in Ohio (USA)
10 02/27/1879 The artificial sweetener saccharin was discovered. It was discovered by accident. Chemist K. Fahlberg forgot to wash his hands after experiments and went to lunch. The invention was patented 5 years later 02/27/1883 The famous composer Oscar Hammerstein patented the first cigar-rolling machine 02/27/1932 English physicist James Chadwick discovered the neutron (Nobel Prize 1935) 02/28/1893 In the USA, Edward Goodrich Acheson patented a method for producing powdered silicon carbide (abrasive) 02/28/1956 A network cable for computers was patented in the USA 03/01/ year old Dmitri Mendeleev gave his first version of the table of the periodic system of elements, based on the hypothesis of the connection between atomic weight and some periodicity of chemical properties 03/01/1928 In the USA, Dr. Herbert Evans discovered the sixth vitamin, respectively, called vitamin F 03/02/1791 A new communication system, the semaphore telegraph, was introduced in France
11 03/03/1921 Canadian physiologist Frederick Grant Banting, together with other colleagues, discovered the hormone insulin, for which he received the 1923 Nobel Prize 03/04/1877 American inventor Emil Berliner created a microphone 03/04/1910 Army colonel, military pilot and inventor Sergei Alekseevich Ulyanin filed an application for the invention of controlling a moving object at a distance using electromagnetic waves. 03/05/1868 A stapler is patented in England 03/06/1899 German chemist F. Hoffmann received a patent for aspirin. A year and a half earlier, he discovered the medicinal properties of acetylsalicylic acid, trying to find a cure for his father, who suffered from rheumatism. 03/07/1876 Alexander Graham Bell received a patent for a “talking telegraph” with a range of up to half a kilometer. This is the birthday of the telephone 03/07/1997 The cloned sheep Dolly was born (a lamb was reproduced at the Rosslyn Institute in Edinburgh without the participation of the reproductive cells of a ram) 03/08/1618 J. Kepler formulated the third law of planetary motion: the squares of the times of revolution of the planets around the Sun are related , like the cubes of their average distances to the Sun. Kepler's laws will become the basis for I. Newton's discovery of the law of universal gravitation
12 03/08/1952 Doctors in Philadelphia first used an artificial heart device. Within 80 min. he supported the life of 41-year-old P. Duhring while 9 doctors, 5 nurses and 2 technicians, having stopped the patient’s heart, tried to find out the causes of the disease 03/09/1822 Charles Graham from New York received a patent for artificial teeth 03/09/1858 In Philadelphia, a street mailbox is patented 03/09/1959 In New York, a new doll named Barbie is demonstrated at a toy fair 03/10/1791 A pile driver is patented 03/12/1896 In St. Petersburg, using a device developed by A. S. Popov the first radiogram in Russia was transmitted 03/12/1911 Dr. Fletcher from the Rockefeller Institute discovered the causes of cerebral palsy 03/13/1781 The Englishman W. Herschel, using a telescope he invented, discovered the seventh planet of the solar system, naming the planet in honor of King George III “Star” George." Then it bore the name Herschel until the German astronomer I. Bode came up with the name Uranus for it 03/13/1887 Chester Greenwood from Maine patents headphones 03/15/1892 American inventor J. Reno patents the first escalator
13 03/16/1867 Frenchman J. Monier, a former gardener, patents stressed concrete, which became necessary in the construction of high-rise buildings 03/17/1845 Englishman Stephen Perry patented an elastic bandage 03/17/1960 Multi-colored felt-tip pens were invented in Japan 03/17/1950 The discovery of the 98th chemical element California is announced in the USA 03/18/1952 In Philadelphia, artificial optical lenses are inserted for the first time 03/18/1931 The first electric razors are produced in the USA 03/20/1902 N. Stubblefield demonstrated the first mobile phone while with his invention on a steamboat sailing along the river. Potomac (North America) 03/20/1934 In the harbor of Kiel, engineer Rudolf Kuhnold, who headed the research laboratory of the German Navy, first tested radar 03/22/1841 Starch production is patented in the USA
14 03/22/1904 The London newspaper “Illustrated Mirror” published a color photograph for the first time in the world. 03/24/1882 In Berlin, the German scientist Robert Koch announced the discovery of the causative agent of tuberculosis. A year later he discovered the causative agent of cholera. In 1905, the scientist was awarded the Nobel Prize 03/24/1802 The English inventor R. Trevithick received the first patent for a steam locomotive 03/25/1896 A. S. Popov carried out radio signal transmission at the Russian Physicochemical Society 03/27/1855 Kerosene was patented in the USA 27 /03/1860 New Yorker M.L. Byrne patented the corkscrew. Even modern ideas about electromagnetic interactions cannot do without this invention (in physics, the “corkscrew rule” and not the “gimlet rule”, as the creator of classical electrodynamics, English physicist James Maxwell, suggested incorrectly in textbooks) 03/27/1878 Russian peasant F. Blinov applied for a patent for the “car with endless slats” he invented (the world’s first caterpillar tractor) 03/28/1797 A washing machine was patented in the USA 03/28/1940 American scientists announced the discovery of a new isotope plutonium-239
15 03/29/1886 In Atlanta, doctor and pharmacy owner John Pemberton created Coca-Cola 03/30/1842 American doctor C. W. Long from Jefferson (Georgia) first used ether as an anesthetic when removing a tumor in the neck . But he published a report on the experiments only in 1849, which served as a reason for his discovery to be challenged by other doctors 03/30/1858 Hyman Lipman from Philadelphia patented a pencil with an eraser 03/31/1896 The first zipper is patented in the USA 03/31 /1901 A new standard for cars with an internal combustion engine was created - the first Mercedes car. The beginning of a dynasty, which later became known as “Mercedes” (named after the daughter of the inventor G. Daimler).
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I. Requirements for the level of preparation of students. Students should know: the meaning of concepts: Mechanical movement. Relativity of motion. Path. Speed. Acceleration. Circular movement. Inertia. First Law
History of the discovery of radioactivity The French physicist A. Baccrel on March 1, 1896 discovered by the blackening of a photographic plate that uranium salt emitted invisible rays of strong penetrating power. He soon found out
Grade 9 1 1. Laws of interaction and motion of bodies Question Answer 1 What is called a material point? A body whose dimensions can be neglected in the conditions of the problem under consideration is called a material
Work program for 9th grade physics teaching materials, author Peryshkina A.V. for the basic level is compiled on the basis of: “On approval of the Federal Budgetary Educational Institution and sample curricula for educational institutions implementing
HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING At all stages of its evolutionary development, man tried to mechanize, and later, automate labor. In the field of calculations, people first used
History of the discovery of radioactivity Assoc. department Forensic Ecology, Faculty of Ecology, RUDN University, Maksimova O.A. November 8, 1895, Würzburg “In great discoveries, chance comes upon those who deserve it.”
Explanatory note The work program in physics for grade 9 is compiled on the basis of the “Approximate program of basic general education in physics. 7-9 grades." edited by V. A. Orlov, O. F. Kabardin,
Agreed at a meeting of the Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School N106 “Agreed” 201_g “Approved” 201_g Minutes from the Head of the Municipal Educational Institution: / / Deputy Director for Water Resources Management: /Lapteva I.V./ Director of the Municipal Budgetary Educational Institution Secondary School N106: /Borovskaya O.S./ WORKING
State autonomous educational institution of the city of Moscow "School with in-depth study of individual subjects "SHIK 16" Abstract on computer science "History of the development of computer technology" Work
Municipal educational institution "Secondary school 1 named after Hero of the Soviet Union I.P. Malozemov" in Belozersk. Working curriculum in physics for grade 9 for the 2017-2018 academic year Compiled
Sometimes it seems to us that all the most interesting things were discovered a long time ago, and there is no point in reinventing the wheel. But this is not true at all. Science does not stand still. Committed every day new discoveries. We have collected the ten most striking of them, made only Russian scientists, and tried to describe them so that you can easily tell your children about the latest science.
New discoveries in archeology
Rejuvenated mammothsUntil recently, it was believed that mammoths went extinct in the Stone Age, about 10 thousand years ago. However, new finds by Russian scientists on Wrangel Island prove that mammoths lived here in the 2000s BC. It turns out that in terms of historical age, these giants are contemporaries of the ancient Dreks and Egyptian pharaohs!
Denisovsky man
In 2010, Siberian archaeologists discovered a new type of primitive people. Now Denisovans are in company with Cro-Magnons and Neanderthals. Their remains were found in the Denisovskaya cave in Altai. The age of Denisovan man is about 40 thousand years.
New discoveries in the field of geography
Subglacial lakes of AntarcticaOur scientists still continue to find new subglacial lakes in Antarctica. Currently there are more than 140 of them open! Lake Vostok is the largest subglacial lake in the world. His discovery became one of the greatest of the last half century. The lake is under a layer of ice 4 kilometers thick, and its age is several million years!!! Currently, research on Lake Vostok continues. If scientists find microorganisms in the waters of the lake, this will prove the possible existence of primitive life in our solar system - on the satellites of Jupiter (Callisto, Europe) and Saturn (Enceladus).
New discoveries in astronomy
The sharpest telescopeRadioastron is a large-scale space project launched by Russian scientists. As part of the project, it was launched into orbit world's largest space telescope, listed in the Guinness Book of Records. It is currently the sharpest telescope in the world. With its help, scientists will be able to observe processes occurring in distant galaxies, black holes and unravel other mysteries of the Universe.
New solar discoveries
Coronas is a Russian project that studies solar activity. Over the past 20 years, our scientists have launched 3 satellites, which are the only ones in the world observing the Sun. During this time, a number of unique discoveries were made: the nature of solar flares, the solar corona and other processes on the Sun was studied.
Discovery of water on Mars
Russian detector Hand (HEND), installed on the American Mars Odyssey orbiter in 2001, discovered water ice on the red planet! For 14 years now, this device has been collecting information about Mars for scientists. Perhaps very soon we will have other news about the life of our cosmic neighbor.
New discoveries in the field of chemistry
Flerovium, livermorium, ununoctium,..From 1999 to 2010, the periodic table was replenished 6 new elements thanks to Russian scientists. Physicists from the town of Dubna near Moscow were able to obtain them thanks to a special installation with the Russian name “Masha”. These are flerovium, livermorium, ununoctium, ununtrium, ununpentium, ununseptium. Total in the table today 118 chemical elements. And there are still empty cells!
New discoveries in physics
The most durable materialIn 2010, a group of our scientists received Nobel Prize for the discovery of a super-strong material - graphene. Graphene 200 times stronger than steel, but at the same time very thin and light. To break the thinnest graphene film 0.01 mm thick, you need to apply a force weighing 7 tons (this is an adult elephant)! The scope of graphene is wide: medicine, electronics, space and aircraft construction and many other areas of science and life.
Semiconductors and Alferov laser
In 2000 Nobel Prize in physics our compatriot Zhores Alferov received. Today we all use his developments: all fiber-optic communications are built on semiconductors and Alferov’s laser. And only thanks to his discoveries do our mobile phones, computers, CD players and many other devices work.
New discoveries in mathematics
Bagel, apple and the universeIn 2003, Russian scientist Grigory Perelman solved one of the 7 Greatest Mysteries of the Millennium. He proved the famous Poincaré hypothesis, which confirmed the hypothesis of the origin of our Universe - the Big Bang theory. How to explain the meaning of a complex mathematical theory to a child? Let's try to do this using the example of an apple and a bagel. If you squeeze an apple long and hard, it will turn into a dot. But you won’t be able to squeeze the donut into a point; it will burst. And Perelman scientifically proved this. For his discovery he was awarded the Fields Prize of $1 million, which the scientist... refused!
This world still contains many mysteries that our children will have to solve. Captivate your little scientists with interesting stories and inspire creativity. And may a sea of amazing discoveries await them in life!
