Dnieper glaciation
was maximum in the middle Pleistocene (250-170 or 110 thousand years ago). It consisted of two or three stages.
Sometimes the last stage of the Dnieper glaciation is distinguished as an independent Moscow glaciation (170-125 or 110 thousand years ago), and the period of relatively warm time separating them is considered as the Odintsovo interglacial.
At the maximum stage of this glaciation, a significant part of the Russian Plain was occupied by an ice sheet, which, in a narrow tongue along the Dnieper valley, penetrated south to the mouth of the river. Aurélie. Permafrost existed in most of this territory, and the average annual air temperature was then no higher than -5-6°C.
In the southeast of the Russian Plain, in the middle Pleistocene, the so-called "early Khazar" rise in the level of the Caspian Sea by 40-50 m occurred, which consisted of several phases. Their exact dating is unknown.
Mikulin interglacial
Following the Dnieper glaciation followed (125 or 110-70 thousand years ago). At that time, in the central regions of the Russian Plain, winter was much milder than now. If at present the average January temperatures are close to -10°С, then during the Mikulin interglacial they did not fall below -3°С.
Mikulin time corresponded to the so-called "Late Khazar" rise in the level of the Caspian Sea. In the north of the Russian Plain, a synchronous rise in the level of the Baltic Sea was noted, which then connected with the Ladoga and Onega lakes and, possibly, the White Sea, as well as the Arctic Ocean. The general fluctuation of the level of the world ocean between the epochs of glaciation and melting of ice was 130-150 m.
Valdai glaciation
After the Mikulin interglacial,
consisting of the Early Valdai or Tver (70-55 thousand years ago) and Late Valdai or Ostashkov (24-12:-10 thousand years ago) glaciations, separated by the Middle Valdai period of repeated (up to 5) temperature fluctuations, during which the climate was much colder modern (55-24 thousand years ago).
In the south of the Russian platform, the early Valdai corresponds to a significant "Attelian" lowering - by 100-120 meters - of the level of the Caspian Sea. It was followed by the "early Khvalynian" rise in sea level by about 200 m (80 m above the initial mark). According to A.P. Chepalyga (Chepalyga, t1984), the influx of moisture into the Caspian basin of the Upper Khvalynian time exceeded its losses by approximately 12 cubic meters. km per year.
After the "Early Khvalynian" rise in sea level, the "Enotaevsk" lowering of the sea level followed, and then again the "Late Khvalynian" rise in sea level by about 30 m relative to its initial position. According to G.I. Rychagov, at the end of the Late Pleistocene (16 thousand years ago). The late Khvalynian basin was characterized by water column temperatures somewhat lower than modern ones.
The new lowering of the sea level occurred rather quickly. It reached a maximum (50 m) at the very beginning of the Holocene (0.01-0 million years ago), about 10 thousand years ago, and was replaced by the last - the “Novo-Caspian” sea level rise by about 70 m about 8 thousand years ago.
Approximately the same fluctuations in the water surface occurred in the Baltic Sea and the Arctic Ocean. The general fluctuation of the level of the world ocean between the epochs of glaciation and melting of ice was then 80-100 m.
According to radioisotope analyzes of more than 500 different geological and biological samples taken in southern Chile, mid-latitudes in the western Southern Hemisphere experienced warming and cooling events at the same time as mid-latitudes in the western Northern Hemisphere.
Chapter " The world in the Pleistocene. Great glaciations and exodus from Hyperborea"
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Eleven glaciations of the Quaternaryperiod and nuclear wars
© A.V. Koltypin, 2010
Prior to this, scientists for decades predicted the imminent onset of global warming on Earth, due to industrial human activity, and assured that "there would be no winter." Today, the situation seems to have changed dramatically. Some scientists believe that a new ice age is beginning on Earth.
This sensational theory belongs to an oceanologist from Japan - Mototake Nakamura. According to him, starting from 2015, the Earth will begin to cool. His point of view is also supported by a Russian scientist, Khababullo Abdusammatov from the Pulkovo Observatory. Recall that the last decade was the warmest for the entire period of meteorological observations, i.e. since 1850.
Scientists believe that already in 2015 there will be a decrease in solar activity, which will lead to climate change and its cooling. The temperature of the ocean will decrease, the amount of ice will increase, and the overall temperature will drop significantly.
Cooling will reach its maximum in 2055. From this moment, a new ice age will begin, which will last 2 centuries. Scientists have not specified how severe the icing will be.
There is a positive point in all this, it seems that polar bears are no longer threatened with extinction)
Let's try to figure it all out.
1 Ice Ages can last hundreds of millions of years. The climate at this time is colder, continental glaciers are formed.
For example:
Paleozoic Ice Age - 460-230 Ma
Cenozoic Ice Age - 65 million years ago - present.
It turns out that in the period between: 230 million years ago and 65 million years ago, it was much warmer than now, and we live in the Cenozoic Ice Age today. Well, we figured out the eras.
2 The temperature during the ice age is not uniform, but also changes. Ice ages can be distinguished within an ice age.
glacial period(from Wikipedia) - a periodically repeating stage in the geological history of the Earth lasting several million years, during which, against the background of a general relative cooling of the climate, repeated sharp growths of continental ice sheets - ice ages occur. These epochs, in turn, alternate with relative warmings - epochs of glaciation reduction (interglacials).
Those. we get a nesting doll, and inside the cold ice age, there are even colder segments, when the glacier covers the continents from above - ice ages.
We live in the Quaternary Ice Age. But thank God during the interglacial.
The last ice age (Vistula glaciation) began ca. 110 thousand years ago and ended around 9700-9600 BC. e. And this is not so long ago! 26-20 thousand years ago, the volume of ice was at its maximum. Therefore, in principle, there will definitely be another glaciation, the only question is when exactly.
Map of the Earth 18 thousand years ago. As you can see, the glacier covered Scandinavia, Great Britain and Canada. Note also the fact that the level of the ocean has dropped and many parts of the earth's surface have risen out of the water, now under water.
The same card, only for Russia.
Perhaps the scientists are right, and we will be able to observe with our own eyes how new lands protrude from under the water, and the glacier takes the northern territories for itself.
Come to think of it, the weather has been pretty stormy lately. Snow fell in Egypt, Libya, Syria and Israel for the first time in 120 years. There was even snow in tropical Vietnam. In the USA for the first time in 100 years, and the temperature dropped to a record -50 degrees Celsius. And all this against the backdrop of positive temperatures in Moscow.
The main thing is to prepare well for the ice age. Buy a site in the southern latitudes, away from big cities (there are always full of hungry people during natural disasters). Make an underground bunker there with food supplies for years, buy weapons for self-defense and prepare for life in the style of Survival horror))
The periods of the geological history of the Earth are the epochs, the successive change of which formed it as a planet. At this time, mountains formed and collapsed, seas appeared and dried up, ice ages succeeded each other, and the evolution of the animal world took place. The study of the geological history of the Earth is carried out on sections of rocks that have retained the mineral composition of the period that formed them.
Cenozoic period
The current period of the geological history of the Earth is the Cenozoic. It began sixty-six million years ago and continues to go on. The conditional boundary was drawn by geologists at the end of the Cretaceous period, when a mass extinction of species was observed.
The term was proposed by the English geologist Phillips in the middle of the nineteenth century. The literal translation of it sounds like "new life." The era is divided into three periods, each of which, in turn, is divided into eras.
Geological periods
Any geological era is divided into periods. There are three periods in the Cenozoic era:
Paleogene;
Quaternary period of the Cenozoic era, or anthropogen.
In earlier terminology, the first two periods were combined under the name "Tertiary period".
On land, which had not yet had time to finally divide into separate continents, mammals reigned. There were rodents and insectivores, early primates. In the seas, reptiles have been replaced by predatory fish and sharks, and new species of mollusks and algae have appeared. Thirty-eight million years ago, the diversity of species on Earth was amazing, the evolutionary process affected representatives of all kingdoms.
Only five million years ago, the first great apes began to walk on land. Three million years later, on the territory belonging to modern Africa, Homo erectus began to gather in tribes, collect roots and mushrooms. Ten thousand years ago, modern man appeared, who began to reshape the Earth to suit his needs.
Paleography
The Paleogene lasted forty-three million years. The continents in their modern form were still part of Gondwana, which was beginning to split into separate fragments. South America was the first to go into free swimming, becoming a reservoir for unique plants and animals. In the Eocene era, the continents gradually occupy their present position. Antarctica is separating from South America and India is moving closer to Asia. An array of water appeared between North America and Eurasia.
In the Oligocene era, the climate becomes cool, India finally consolidates below the equator, and Australia drifts between Asia and Antarctica, moving away from both. Due to temperature changes, ice caps form at the South Pole, which leads to a decrease in sea levels.
In the Neogene period, the continents begin to collide with each other. Africa "rams" Europe, as a result of which the Alps appear, India and Asia form the Himalayan mountains. In the same way, the Andes and rocky mountains appear. In the Pliocene era, the world becomes even colder, forests die out, giving way to steppes.
Two million years ago, a period of glaciation sets in, sea levels fluctuate, white caps at the poles either rise or melt again. The animal and plant world is being tested. Today, humanity is experiencing one of the stages of warming, but on a global scale, the ice age continues to last.
Life in the Cenozoic
The Cenozoic periods cover a relatively short period of time. If you put the entire geological history of the earth on the dial, then the last two minutes will be allotted for the Cenozoic.
The extinction that marked the end of the Cretaceous and the beginning of a new era wiped out all animals that were larger than the crocodile from the face of the Earth. Those who managed to survive were able to adapt to new conditions or evolved. The drift of the continents continued until the appearance of people, and on those of them that were isolated, a unique animal and plant world could be preserved.
The Cenozoic era was distinguished by a large species diversity of flora and fauna. It is called the time of mammals and angiosperms. In addition, this era can be called the era of the steppes, savannahs, insects and flowering plants. The crown of the evolutionary process on Earth can be considered the appearance of Homo sapiens.
Quaternary period
Modern humanity lives in the Quaternary era of the Cenozoic era. It began two and a half million years ago, when in Africa, anthropoid primates began to stray into tribes and get their own food by picking berries and digging up roots.
The Quaternary period was marked by the formation of mountains and seas, the movement of continents. The earth has acquired the form it has now. For geologists, this period is just a stumbling block, since its duration is so short that the methods of radioisotope scanning of rocks are simply not sensitive enough and give out large errors.
The characteristic of the Quaternary period is made up of materials obtained by radiocarbon analysis. This method is based on measuring the amount of rapidly decaying isotopes in soil and rocks, as well as bones and tissues of extinct animals. The entire period of time can be divided into two epochs: Pleistocene and Holocene. Humanity is now in the second age. While there are no exact calculations when it will end, but scientists continue to build hypotheses.
Pleistocene Epoch
The Quaternary period opens the Pleistocene. It began two and a half million years ago and ended only twelve thousand years ago. It was ice age. Long ice ages were interspersed with short warming periods.
A hundred thousand years ago, a thick ice cap appeared in the region of modern Northern Europe, which began to spread in different directions, absorbing more and more new territories. Animals and plants were forced to either adapt to new conditions or die. The frozen desert stretches from Asia to North America. In some places, the thickness of the ice reached two kilometers.
The beginning of the Quaternary period turned out to be too harsh for the creatures that inhabited the earth. They are used to warm, temperate climates. In addition, ancient people began to hunt animals, who had already invented the stone ax and other hand tools. Entire species of mammals, birds and representatives of marine fauna are disappearing from the face of the Earth. Could not stand the harsh conditions and the Neanderthal. Cro-Magnons were more hardy, more successful in hunting, and it was their genetic material that had to survive.
Holocene epoch
The second half of the Quaternary period began twelve thousand years ago and continues to this day. It is characterized by relative warming and climate stabilization. The beginning of the era was marked by the mass extinction of animals, and it continued with the development of human civilization, its technical flourishing.
Changes in the animal and plant composition throughout the epoch were insignificant. Mammoths finally died out, some species of birds and marine mammals ceased to exist. About seventy years ago, the general temperature on the earth increased. Scientists attribute this to the fact that human industrial activity causes global warming. In this regard, glaciers in North America and Eurasia have melted, and the ice cover of the Arctic is disintegrating.
glacial period
The Ice Age is a stage in the geological history of the planet, which takes several million years, during which there is a decrease in temperature and an increase in the number of continental glaciers. As a rule, glaciations alternate with warmings. Now the Earth is in a period of relative increase in temperature, but this does not mean that in half a millennium the situation cannot change dramatically.
At the end of the nineteenth century, the geologist Kropotkin visited the Lena gold mines with an expedition and discovered signs of ancient glaciation there. He was so interested in the finds that he took up large-scale international work in this direction. First of all, he visited Finland and Sweden, as he suggested that it was from there that the ice caps spread to Eastern Europe and Asia. Kropotkin's reports and his hypotheses regarding the modern ice age formed the basis of modern ideas about this period of time.
History of the Earth
The ice age in which the Earth is now is far from the first in our history. The cooling of the climate has happened before. It was accompanied by significant changes in the relief of the continents and their movement, and also influenced the species composition of flora and fauna. Between glaciations there could be intervals of hundreds of thousands and millions of years. Each ice age is divided into glacial epochs or glacials, which during the period alternate with interglacials - interglacials.
There are four ice ages in the history of the Earth:
Early Proterozoic.
Late Proterozoic.
Paleozoic.
Cenozoic.
Each of them lasted from 400 million to 2 billion years. This suggests that our ice age has not even reached its equator yet.
Cenozoic Ice Age
Quaternary animals were forced to grow extra fur or seek shelter from ice and snow. The climate on the planet has changed again.
The first epoch of the Quaternary period was characterized by cooling, and in the second, relative warming set in, but even now, in the most extreme latitudes and at the poles, the ice cover remains. It covers the territory of the Arctic, Antarctica and Greenland. The thickness of the ice varies from two thousand meters to five thousand.
The strongest in the entire Cenozoic era is the Pleistocene ice age, when the temperature dropped so much that three of the five oceans on the planet froze.
Chronology of the Cenozoic glaciations
The glaciation of the Quaternary period began recently, if we consider this phenomenon in relation to the history of the Earth as a whole. It is possible to distinguish separate epochs during which the temperature dropped especially low.
- The end of the Eocene (38 million years ago) - the glaciation of Antarctica.
- The entire Oligocene.
- Middle Miocene.
- Middle Pliocene.
- Glacial Gilbert, freezing of the seas.
- Continental Pleistocene.
- Late Upper Pleistocene (about ten thousand years ago).
This was the last major period when, due to the cooling of the climate, animals and humans had to adapt to new conditions in order to survive.
Paleozoic Ice Age
During the Paleozoic era, the Earth was so frozen that ice caps reached Africa and South America in the south, and also covered all of North America and Europe. Two glaciers almost converged along the equator. The peak is considered to be the moment when a three-kilometer layer of ice towered over the territory of northern and western Africa.
Scientists have discovered the remains and effects of glacial deposits during research in Brazil, Africa (in Nigeria) and the mouth of the Amazon River. Thanks to radioisotope analysis, it was found that the age and chemical composition of these finds are the same. This means that it can be argued that the rock layers were formed as a result of one global process that affected several continents at once.
Planet Earth is still very young by cosmic standards. She is just starting her journey in the universe. It is not known whether it will continue with us or humanity will simply become an insignificant episode in successive geological epochs. If you look at the calendar, then we spent a negligible amount of time on this planet, and it is quite simple to destroy us with the help of another cold snap. People need to remember this and not exaggerate their role in the biological system of the Earth.
Consider such a phenomenon as periodic ice ages on Earth. In modern geology, it is generally accepted that our Earth periodically experiences Ice Ages in its history. During these epochs, the Earth's climate becomes sharply colder, and the Arctic and Antarctic polar caps monstrously increase in size. Not so many thousands of years ago, as we were taught, vast expanses of Europe and North America were covered with ice. Eternal ice lay not only on the slopes of high mountains, but also covered the continents with a thick layer even in temperate latitudes. Where the Hudson, the Elbe and the Upper Dnieper flow today, there was a frozen desert. All this was like an endless glacier, and now covers the island of Greenland. There are indications that the retreat of the glaciers has been halted by new ice masses and that their boundaries have varied over time. Geologists can determine the boundaries of glaciers. Traces of five or six successive movements of ice during the ice age, or five or six ice ages, have been found. Some force pushed the ice layer to temperate latitudes. Until now, neither the cause of the appearance of glaciers, nor the cause of the retreat of the ice desert is known; the timing of this retreat is also a matter of dispute. Many ideas and conjectures have been put forward to explain how the ice age began and why it ended. Some have thought that the Sun radiated more or less heat in different epochs, which explains the periods of heat or cold on the Earth; but we do not have sufficient evidence that the Sun is such a "changing star" to accept this hypothesis. The reason for the Ice Age is seen by some scientists as a decrease in the initially high temperature of the planet. Warm periods between glacial periods have been associated with heat released from the supposed decomposition of organisms in layers close to the earth's surface. The increase and decrease in the activity of hot springs were also taken into account.
Many ideas and conjectures have been put forward to explain how the ice age began and why it ended. Some have thought that the Sun radiated more or less heat in different epochs, which explains the periods of heat or cold on the Earth; but we do not have sufficient evidence that the Sun is such a "changing star" to accept this hypothesis.
Others have argued that there are colder and warmer zones in outer space. As our solar system passes through regions of cold, the ice descends in latitude closer to the tropics. But no physical factors have been found to create similar cold and warm zones in space.
Some have wondered whether precession, or the slow reversal of the earth's axis, could cause periodic fluctuations in climate. But it has been proven that this change alone cannot be so significant as to cause an ice age.
Also, scientists were looking for an answer in periodic variations in the eccentricity of the ecliptic (earth's orbit) with the phenomenon of glaciation at maximum eccentricity. Some researchers believed that winter in aphelion, the most distant part of the ecliptic, could lead to glaciation. And others believed that summer at aphelion could cause such an effect.
The reason for the Ice Age is seen by some scientists as a decrease in the initially high temperature of the planet. Warm periods between glacial periods have been associated with heat released from the supposed decomposition of organisms in layers close to the earth's surface. The increase and decrease in the activity of hot springs were also taken into account.
There is a point of view that the dust of volcanic origin filled the earth's atmosphere and caused insulation, or, on the other hand, the increasing amount of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere prevented the reflection of heat rays from the surface of the planet. An increase in the amount of carbon monoxide in the atmosphere can cause a drop in temperature (Arrhenius), but calculations have shown that this could not be the true cause of the ice age (Angstrom).
All other theories are also hypothetical. The phenomenon that underlies all these changes has never been precisely defined, and those that were named could not produce a similar effect.
Not only are the causes of the appearance and subsequent disappearance of ice sheets unknown, but the geographic relief of the area covered with ice remains a problem. Why did the ice cover in the southern hemisphere move from the tropical regions of Africa towards the South Pole, and not in the opposite direction? And why in the northern hemisphere did ice move into India from the equator towards the Himalayas and higher latitudes? Why did glaciers cover most of North America and Europe, while North Asia was free of them?
In America, the ice plain extended to a latitude of 40° and even went beyond this line, in Europe it reached a latitude of 50°, and North-Eastern Siberia, above the Arctic Circle, even at a latitude of 75° was not covered by this eternal ice. All hypotheses regarding the increasing and decreasing isolation associated with the change of the sun or temperature fluctuations in outer space, and other similar hypotheses, cannot but encounter this problem.
Glaciers formed in permafrost regions. For this reason, they remained on the slopes of high mountains. The north of Siberia is the coldest place on Earth. Why did the ice age not touch this area, although it covered the Mississippi basin and all of Africa south of the equator? No satisfactory answer to this question has been offered.
During the Last Ice Age, at the peak of the glaciation, which was observed 18,000 years ago (on the eve of the Great Flood), the borders of the glacier in Eurasia passed along approximately 50 ° north latitude (latitude of Voronezh), and the border of the glacier in North America even along 40 ° (latitude New York). At the South Pole, glaciation took over southern South America, and possibly also New Zealand and southern Australia.
The theory of ice ages was first presented in the work of the father of glaciology, Jean Louis Agassiz, "Etudes sur les glaciers" (1840). Over the past century and a half, glaciology has been replenished with a huge amount of new scientific data, and the maximum boundaries of the Quaternary glaciation were determined with a high degree of accuracy.
However, for the entire time of the existence of glaciology, it failed to establish the most important thing - to determine the causes of the onset and retreat of ice ages. None of the hypotheses put forward during this time has received the approval of the scientific community. And today, for example, in the Russian-language Wikipedia article “Ice Age” you will not find the section “Causes of Ice Ages”. And not because this section was forgotten to be placed here, but because no one knows these reasons. What are the real reasons? 
Paradoxically, in fact, there have never been any ice ages in the history of the Earth. The temperature and climate regime of the Earth is set mainly by four factors: the intensity of the Sun's glow; orbital distance of the Earth from the Sun; the angle of inclination of the axial rotation of the Earth to the plane of the ecliptic; as well as the composition and density of the earth's atmosphere.
These factors, as scientific data show, remained stable throughout at least the last Quaternary period. Consequently, there were no reasons for a sharp change in the Earth's climate in the direction of cooling. 
What is the reason for the monstrous growth of glaciers during the Last Ice Age? The answer is simple: in the periodic change in the location of the earth's poles. And here it should immediately be added: the monstrous growth of the Glacier during the Last Ice Age is an apparent phenomenon. In fact, the total area and volume of the Arctic and Antarctic glaciers have always remained approximately constant - while the North and South Poles changed their position with an interval of 3,600 years, which predetermined the wandering of polar glaciers (caps) on the Earth's surface. Exactly as much glacier formed around the new poles as it melted in those places where the poles left. In other words, the Ice Age is a very relative concept. When the North Pole was in North America, there was an ice age for its inhabitants. When the North Pole moved to Scandinavia, the Ice Age began in Europe, and when the North Pole “left” into the East Siberian Sea, the Ice Age “came” to Asia. An ice age is currently in full swing for the supposed inhabitants of Antarctica and the former inhabitants of Greenland, which is constantly melting in the southern part, as the previous pole shift was not strong and moved Greenland a little closer to the equator.
Thus, there have never been ice ages in the history of the Earth, and at the same time they have always been. Such is the paradox.
The total area and volume of glaciation on the planet Earth has always been, is and will be generally constant as long as the four factors that determine the climate regime of the Earth are constant.
During the pole shift, there are several ice sheets on the Earth at the same time, usually two melting and two newly formed, depending on the angle of crustal displacement.
Pole shifts on Earth occur at intervals of 3,600-3,700 years, corresponding to the orbital period of Planet X around the Sun. These pole shifts lead to a redistribution of heat and cold zones on Earth, which is reflected in modern academic science in the form of continuously replacing each other stadials (cooling periods) and interstadials (warming periods). The average duration of both stadials and interstadials is determined in modern science at 3700 years, which correlates well with the orbital period of Planet X around the Sun - 3600 years.
From academic literature:
It must be said that in the last 80,000 years the following periods were observed in Europe (years BC):
Stadial (cooling) 72500-68000
Interstadial (warming) 68000-66500
Stadial 66500-64000
Interstadial 64000-60500
Stadial 60500-48500
Interstadial 48500-40000
Stadial 40000-38000
Interstadial 38000-34000
Stadial 34000-32500
Interstadial 32500-24000
Stadial 24000-23000
Interstadial 23000-21500
Stadial 21500-17500
Interstadial 17500-16000
Stadial 16000-13000
Interstadial 13000-12500
Stadial 12500-10000
Thus, in the course of 62 thousand years, 9 stadials and 8 interstadials happened in Europe. The average duration of a stadial is 3700 years, and an interstadial is also 3700 years. The largest stadial lasted 12,000 years, and the interstadial lasted 8,500 years.
In the post-Flood history of the Earth, 5 pole shifts occurred and, accordingly, 5 polar ice sheets successively replaced each other in the Northern Hemisphere: the Laurentian ice sheet (the last antediluvian), the Scandinavian Barents-Kara ice sheet, the East Siberian ice sheet, the Greenland ice sheet and the modern Arctic ice sheet.
The modern Greenland Ice Sheet deserves special attention as the third major ice sheet coexisting simultaneously with the Arctic Ice Sheet and the Antarctic Ice Sheet. The presence of a third large ice sheet does not at all contradict the above theses, since it is a well-preserved remnant of the previous North Polar Ice Sheet, where the North Pole was located during 5200-1600 years. BC. Connected with this fact is the answer to the riddle why the extreme north of Greenland today is not affected by glaciation - the North Pole was in the south of Greenland.
Accordingly, the location of the polar ice sheets in the southern hemisphere changed:
- 16,000 BCuh. (18,000 years ago) Recently, there has been a strong consensus in academic science regarding the fact that this year was both the peak of the maximum glaciation of the Earth and the beginning of the rapid melting of the Glacier. A clear explanation of neither one nor the other fact in modern science does not exist. What was this year famous for? 16,000 BC e. - this is the year of the 5th passage through the solar system, counting from the present moment ago (3600 x 5 = 18,000 years ago). This year, the North Pole was located on the territory of modern Canada in the Hudson Bay area. The South Pole was located in the ocean to the east of Antarctica, which suggested the glaciation of southern Australia and New Zealand. Bala's Eurasia is completely free of glaciers. “In the 6th year of K'an, the 11th day of Muluk, in the month of Sak, a terrible earthquake began and continued without interruption until 13 Kuen. The Land of the Clay Hills, the Land of Mu, was sacrificed. Having experienced two strong vibrations, she suddenly disappeared during the night;the soil was constantly shaking under the influence of underground forces, which raised and lowered it in many places, so that it settled; countries were separated from one another, then scattered. Unable to resist these terrible shudders, they failed, dragging the inhabitants with them. This happened 8050 years before this book was written.”("Code Troano" translated by Auguste Le Plongeon). The unprecedented magnitude of the catastrophe caused by the passage of Planet X has resulted in a very strong pole shift. The North Pole moves from Canada to Scandinavia, the South Pole to the ocean west of Antarctica. At the same time that the Laurentian Ice Sheet begins to melt rapidly, which coincides with the data of academic science about the end of the peak of glaciation and the beginning of the melting of the Glacier, the Scandinavian Ice Sheet is formed. At the same time, the Australian and South Zealand ice sheets melt and the Patagonian Ice Sheet forms in South America. These four ice sheets coexist for only a relatively short time, which is necessary for the two previous ice sheets to completely melt and two new ones to form.
- 12,400 BC The North Pole is moving from Scandinavia to the Barents Sea. As a result, the Barents-Kara Ice Sheet is formed, but the Scandinavian Ice Sheet is melting only slightly as the N Pole moves a relatively small distance. In academic science, this fact has found the following reflection: “The first signs of an interglacial period (which is still ongoing) appeared as early as 12,000 BC.”
- 8 800 BC The North Pole moves from the Barents Sea to the East Siberian Sea, in connection with which the Scandinavian and Barents-Kara ice sheets are melting, and the East Siberian ice sheet is formed. This pole shift killed off most of the mammoths. Quote from an academic study: “About 8000 BC. e. a sharp warming led to the retreat of the glacier from its last line - a wide strip of moraines stretching from central Sweden through the Baltic Sea basin to southeast Finland. Approximately at this time, the disintegration of a single and homogeneous periglacial zone occurs. In the temperate zone of Eurasia, forest vegetation predominates. To the south of it, forest-steppe and steppe zones are formed.
- 5 200 BC The North Pole is moving from the East Siberian Sea to Greenland, causing the East Siberian Ice Sheet to melt and the Greenland Ice Sheet to form. Hyperborea is freed from ice, and a wonderful temperate climate is established in the Trans-Urals and Siberia. Ariavarta, the country of the Aryans, flourishes here.
- 1600 BC Past shift. The North Pole moves from Greenland to the Arctic Ocean to its current position. The Arctic Ice Sheet emerges, but the Greenland Ice Sheet remains at the same time. The last mammoths living in Siberia freeze very quickly with undigested green grass in their stomachs. Hyperborea is completely hidden under the modern Arctic ice sheet. Most of the Trans-Urals and Siberia become unsuitable for human existence, which is why the Aryans undertake their famous Exodus to India and Europe, and the Jews also make their exodus from Egypt.
“In the permafrost of Alaska ... one can find ... evidence of atmospheric disturbances of incomparable power. Mammoths and bison were torn apart and twisted as if some cosmic arms of the gods were acting in rage. In one place ... they found the front leg and shoulder of a mammoth; the blackened bones still held the remnants of soft tissues adjacent to the spine along with tendons and ligaments, and the chitinous sheath of the tusks was not damaged. There were no traces of dismemberment of carcasses with a knife or other tool (as would be the case if hunters were involved in the dismemberment). The animals were simply torn apart and scattered around the area like woven straw, although some of them weighed several tons. Mixed with clusters of bones are trees, also torn, twisted and tangled; all this is covered with fine-grained quicksand, subsequently tightly frozen” (G. Hancock, “Traces of the Gods”).
Frozen mammoths
Northeastern Siberia, which was not covered by glaciers, holds another mystery. Its climate has changed dramatically since the end of the ice age, and the average annual temperature has fallen many degrees below its previous level. The animals that once lived in the area could no longer live here, and the plants that used to grow there were no longer able to grow here. Such a change must have happened quite suddenly. The reason for this event is not explained. During this catastrophic climate change and under mysterious circumstances, all Siberian mammoths perished. And it happened only 13 thousand years ago, when the human race was already widespread throughout the planet. For comparison: Late Paleolithic rock paintings found in the caves of Southern France (Lascaux, Chauvet, Rouffignac, etc.) were made 17-13 thousand years ago.
Such an animal lived on earth - a mammoth. They reached a height of 5.5 meters and a body weight of 4-12 tons. Most mammoths died out about 11-12 thousand years ago during the last cooling of the Vistula Ice Age. This is what science tells us, and draws a picture like the one above. True, not very concerned about the question - what did these woolly elephants weighing 4-5 tons eat on such a landscape. “Of course, since it’s written in books like that”- Allen nod. Reading very selectively, and considering the given picture. About the fact that during the life of mammoths on the territory of the current tundra, birch grew (which is written in the same book, and other deciduous forests - that is, a completely different climate) - they somehow do not notice. The diet of mammoths was mainly vegetable, and adult males daily ate about 180 kg of food.
While the number of woolly mammoths was truly impressive. For example, between 1750 and 1917, the mammoth ivory trade flourished over a wide area, and 96,000 mammoth tusks were discovered. According to various estimates, about 5 million mammoths lived in a small part of northern Siberia.
Before their extinction, woolly mammoths inhabited vast parts of our planet. Their remains have been found throughout Northern Europe, Northern Asia and North America.
Woolly mammoths were not a new species. They have inhabited our planet for six million years.
A biased interpretation of the hairy and fatty constitution of the mammoth, as well as a belief in unchanging climatic conditions, led scientists to the conclusion that the woolly mammoth was an inhabitant of the cold regions of our planet. But fur-bearing animals do not have to live in cold climates. Take for example desert animals like camels, kangaroos and phoenixes. They are furry but live in hot or temperate climates. Actually most fur-bearing animals would not be able to survive in arctic conditions.
For successful cold adaptation, it is not enough just to have a coat. For adequate thermal insulation from the cold, the coat should be in an elevated state. Unlike Antarctic fur seals, mammoths lacked raised fur.
Another factor of sufficient protection against cold and humidity is the presence of sebaceous glands, which secrete oils on the skin and fur, and thus protect against moisture.
Mammoths did not have sebaceous glands, and their dry hair allowed the snow to touch the skin, melt, and significantly increase heat loss (the thermal conductivity of water is about 12 times higher than that of snow).
As seen in the photo above, mammoth fur was not dense. In comparison, the fur of a yak (a cold-adapted Himalayan mammal) is about 10 times thicker.
In addition, mammoths had hair that hung down to their toes. But every arctic animal has hair on its toes or paws, not hair. Hair would collect snow on the ankle joint and interfere with walking.
The above clearly shows that fur and body fat are not proof of cold adaptation. The fat layer only indicates the abundance of food. A fat, overfed dog would not have been able to withstand an arctic blizzard and a temperature of -60°C. But arctic rabbits or caribou can, despite their relatively low fat content relative to total body weight.
As a rule, the remains of mammoths are found with the remains of other animals, such as: tigers, antelopes, camels, horses, reindeer, giant beavers, giant bulls, sheep, musk oxen, donkeys, badgers, alpine goats, woolly rhinos, foxes, giant bison, lynx, leopard, wolverine, hares, lions, elks, giant wolves, gophers, cave hyenas, bears, and many bird species. Most of these animals would not be able to survive in the arctic climate. This is additional evidence that woolly mammoths were not polar animals.
The French prehistoric expert, Henry Neville, made the most detailed study of mammoth skin and hair. At the end of his careful analysis, he wrote the following:
"It is not possible for me to find in the anatomical study of their skin and [hair] any argument in favor of adaptation to cold."
— G. Neville, On the Extinction of the Mammoth, Smithsonian Institution Annual Report, 1919, p. 332.
Finally, the diet of mammoths contradicts the diet of animals living in polar climates. How could a woolly mammoth maintain its vegetarian diet in an arctic region, and eat hundreds of pounds of greens every day, when in such a climate most of the year there is none at all? How could woolly mammoths find liters of water for daily consumption?
To make matters worse, woolly mammoths lived during the Ice Age, when temperatures were cooler than they are today. Mammoths would not have been able to survive in the harsh climate of northern Siberia today, let alone 13,000 years ago, if the then climate had been much harsher.
The above facts indicate that the woolly mammoth was not a polar animal, but lived in a temperate climate. Consequently, at the beginning of the Younger Dryas, 13 thousand years ago, Siberia was not an arctic region, but a temperate one.
"A long time ago, however, they died"- the reindeer breeder agrees, cutting off a piece of meat from the found carcass in order to feed the dogs.
"Hard"- says a more vital geologist, chewing a piece of barbecue taken from a makeshift skewer.
Frozen mammoth meat initially looked absolutely fresh, dark red in color, with appetizing streaks of fat, and the expedition even wanted to try to eat it. But as it thawed, the meat became flabby, dark gray in color, with an unbearable smell of decomposition. However, the dogs happily ate the millennial ice cream delicacy, from time to time arranging internecine fights over the most tidbits.
One more moment. Mammoths are rightly called fossils. Because in our time they are simply dug. For the purpose of obtaining tusks for crafts.
It is estimated that for two and a half centuries in the north-east of Siberia, tusks belonging to at least forty-six thousand (!) Mammoths were collected (the average weight of a pair of tusks is close to eight pounds - about one hundred and thirty kilograms).
Mammoth tusks are DIGGING. That is, they are mined from underground. Somehow, the question does not even arise - why have we forgotten how to see the obvious? Did mammoths dig holes for themselves, lay down in them for winter hibernation, and then they fell asleep? But how did they end up underground? At a depth of 10 meters or more? Why are mammoth tusks dug from river banks? And, massively. So massively that a bill was submitted to the State Duma equating mammoths with minerals, as well as introducing a tax on their extraction.
But for some reason they are digging massively only here in the north. And now the question arises - what happened that whole mammoth cemeteries were formed here?
What caused such an almost instantaneous mass pestilence?
Over the past two centuries, numerous theories have been proposed that attempt to explain the sudden extinction of woolly mammoths. They got stuck in frozen rivers, were over-hunted, and fell into ice crevices at the height of the global glaciation. But none of the theories adequately explains this mass extinction.
Let's try to think for ourselves.
Then the following logical chain should line up:
- There were a lot of mammoths.
- Since there were a lot of them, they should have had a good food base - not the tundra, where they are now found.
- If it was not the tundra, the climate in those places was somewhat different, much warmer.
- A slightly different climate OUTSIDE the Arctic Circle could only be if it was not TRANSArctic at that time.
- Mammoth tusks, and whole mammoths themselves, are found underground. They somehow got there, some event occurred that covered them with a layer of soil.
- Taking it as an axiom that mammoths themselves did not dig holes, only water could bring this soil, first surging, and then descending.
- The layer of this soil is thick - meters, and even tens of meters. And the amount of water that applied such a layer must have been very large.
- Mammoth carcasses are found in a very well-preserved condition. Immediately after washing the corpses with sand, their freezing followed, which was very fast.
They almost instantly froze on giant glaciers, the thickness of which was many hundreds of meters, to which they were carried by a tidal wave caused by a change in the angle of the earth's axis. This gave rise to the unjustified assumption among scientists that the animals of the middle belt went deep into the North in search of food. All remains of mammoths were found in sands and clays deposited by mud flows.
Such powerful mudflows are possible only during extraordinary major disasters, because at that time dozens, and possibly hundreds and thousands of animal cemeteries were formed throughout the North, into which not only the inhabitants of the northern regions, but also animals from regions with a temperate climate were washed away . And this allows us to believe that these giant animal cemeteries were formed by a tidal wave of incredible power and size, which literally rolled over the continents and retreating back into the ocean, carried away thousands of herds of large and small animals with it. And the most powerful mudflow "tongue", containing giant accumulations of animals, reached the New Siberian Islands, which were literally covered with loess and countless bones of various animals.
A giant tidal wave washed away gigantic herds of animals from the face of the Earth. These huge herds of drowned animals, lingering in natural barriers, terrain folds and floodplains, formed countless animal cemeteries, in which animals of various climatic zones appeared to be mixed.
Scattered bones and molars of mammoths are often found in sediments and sedimentary rocks at the bottom of the oceans.
The most famous, but far from the largest cemetery of mammoths in Russia, is the Berelekh burial. Here is how N.K. describes the mammoth cemetery in Berelekh. Vereshchagin: “Yar is crowned with a melting edge of ice and mounds ... A kilometer later, an extensive scattering of huge gray bones appeared - long, flat, short. They protrude from the dark damp ground in the middle of the slope of the ravine. Sliding down to the water along a slightly turfed slope, the bones formed a spit-toe protecting the shore from erosion. There are thousands of them, the scattering stretches along the coast for about two hundred meters and goes into the water. The opposite, right bank is only eighty meters away, low, alluvial, behind it is an impenetrable willow growth ... everyone is silent, depressed by what they saw ".In the area of the Berelekh cemetery there is a thick layer of clay-ash loess. Signs of an extremely large floodplain sediment are clearly traced. In this place, a huge mass of fragments of branches, roots, bone remains of animals has accumulated. The animal cemetery was washed away by the river, which, twelve millennia later, returned to its former course. Scientists who studied the Berelekh cemetery found among the remains of mammoths a large number of bones of other animals, herbivores and predators, which under normal conditions are never found in huge clusters together: foxes, hares, deer, wolves, wolverines and other animals. 
The theory of repeated catastrophes that destroy life on our planet and repeat the creation or restoration of life forms, proposed by Deluc and developed by Cuvier, did not convince the scientific world. Both Lamarck before Cuvier and Darwin after him believed that a progressive, slow, evolutionary process governs genetics and that there are no catastrophes that interrupt this process of infinitesimal changes. According to the theory of evolution, these minor changes are the result of adaptation to the conditions of life in the struggle of species for survival.
Darwin admitted that he was unable to explain the disappearance of the mammoth, an animal much better developed than the elephant, which survived. But in accordance with the theory of evolution, his followers believed that the gradual subsidence of the soil forced the mammoths to climb the hills, and they turned out to be closed on all sides by swamps. However, if geological processes are slow, mammoths would not be trapped on isolated hills. Besides, this theory cannot be true, because the animals did not die of starvation. Undigested grass was found in their stomachs and between their teeth. This, by the way, also proves that they died suddenly. Further research showed that the branches and leaves found in their stomachs do not grow in the areas where the animals died, but further south, at a distance of more than a thousand miles. It seems that the climate has changed radically since the death of the mammoths. And since the bodies of the animals were found undecayed, but well preserved in blocks of ice, a change in temperature must have followed immediately after their death.
Documentary
Risking their lives and being in great danger, scientists in Siberia are looking for a single frozen mammoth cell. With the help of which it will be possible to clone and thereby bring back to life a long-extinct animal species.
It remains to be added that after storms in the Arctic, mammoth tusks are carried to the shores of the Arctic islands. This proves that the part of the land where the mammoths lived and drowned was heavily flooded.
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For some reason, modern scientists do not take into account the facts of the presence of a geotectonic catastrophe in the recent past of the Earth. It is in the recent past.
Although for them it is already an indisputable fact of the catastrophe from which the dinosaurs died. But they attribute this event to the times of 60-65 million years ago.
There are no versions that would combine the temporary facts of the death of dinosaurs and mammoths - at the same time. Mammoths lived in temperate latitudes, dinosaurs - in the southern regions, but died at the same time.
But no, no attention is paid to the geographic attachment of animals of different climatic zones, but there is still a temporary separation.
The facts of the sudden death of a huge number of mammoths in different parts of the world have already accumulated a lot. But here the scientists again stray from the obvious conclusions.
Not only did the representatives of science age all the mammoths by 40 thousand years, but they also invent versions of the natural processes in which these giants died.
American, French and Russian scientists have performed the first CT scans of Luba and Khroma, the youngest and best preserved mammoths.
Computed tomography (CT) slices were presented in the new issue of the Journal of Paleontology, and a summary of the results of the work can be found on the website of the University of Michigan.
Reindeer herders found Lyuba in 2007, on the banks of the Yuribey River on the Yamal Peninsula. Her corpse reached the scientists with almost no damage (only the tail was bitten off by dogs).
Chrome (this is a "boy") was discovered in 2008 on the banks of the river of the same name in Yakutia - crows and arctic foxes ate his trunk and part of his neck. Mammoths have well-preserved soft tissues (muscles, fat, internal organs, skin). Chroma was even found to have clotted blood in intact vessels and undigested milk in her stomach. The chroma was scanned in a French hospital. And at the University of Michigan, scientists took CT scans of animal teeth.
Thanks to this, it turned out that Lyuba died at the age of 30-35 days, and Khroma - 52-57 days (both mammoths were born in the spring).
Both mammoths died, choking on silt. CT scans showed a dense mass of fine-grained deposits obstructing the airways in the trunk.
The same deposits are present in Lyuba's throat and bronchi - but not inside the lungs: this suggests that Lyuba did not drown in water (as was previously believed), but suffocated, inhaling liquid mud. Chroma had a broken spine and also had dirt in his airways.
So, scientists once again confirmed our version of a global mudflow that covered the current north of Siberia and destroyed everything living there, covering a vast territory with “fine-grained sediments that clogged the respiratory tract.”
After all, such finds are observed over a vast territory and it is absurd to assume that all the mammoths found at the same time and massively began to fall into rivers and swamps.
Plus, mammoths have typical injuries for those caught in a stormy mudflow - fractures of bones and spine.
Scientists have found a very interesting detail - the death occurred either in late spring or summer. After birth in the spring, mammoths lived until death for 30-50 days. That is, the time of the change of poles was probably in the summer.
Or here's another example:
A team of Russian and American paleontologists is studying a bison that has lain in permafrost in northeastern Yakutia for about 9,300 years.
The bison, found on the shores of Lake Chukchala, is unique in that it is the first representative of this species of bovids, found at such a venerable age in complete safety - with all parts of the body and internal organs.
He was found in a recumbent position with his legs bent under his belly, his neck outstretched, and his head lying on the ground. Usually in this position, ungulates rest or sleep, but in it they die a natural death.
The age of the body, determined using radiocarbon analysis, is 9310 years, that is, the bison lived in the early Holocene. Scientists also determined that his age before his death was about four years. The bison managed to grow up to 170 cm at the withers, the span of the horns reached an impressive 71 cm, and the weight was about 500 kg.
Researchers have already scanned the animal's brain, but the cause of his death is still a mystery. No injuries were found on the corpse, as well as no pathologies of internal organs and dangerous bacteria.
History of the Ice Age.
The causes of ice ages are cosmic: a change in the activity of the Sun, a change in the position of the Earth relative to the Sun. Planetary cycles: 1). 90 - 100 thousand-year cycles of climate change as a result of changes in the eccentricity of the earth's orbit; 2). 40 - 41 thousand-year cycles of change in the inclination of the earth's axis from 21.5 degrees. up to 24.5 degrees; 3). 21 - 22 thousand-year cycles of change in the orientation of the earth's axis (precession). The results of volcanic activity - the darkening of the earth's atmosphere with dust and ash - have a significant impact.
The oldest glaciation was 800 - 600 million years ago in the Laurentian period of the Precambrian era.
About 300 million years ago, the Permian Carboniferous glaciation occurred at the end of the Carboniferous - the beginning of the Permian period of the Paleozoic era. At that time, the only supercontinent Pangea was on planet Earth. The center of the continent was at the equator, the edge reached the south pole. Ice ages were replaced by warming, and those - again by cold snaps. Such climate changes lasted from 330 to 250 million years ago. During this time, Pangea shifted to the north. About 200 million years ago, an even warm climate was established on Earth for a long time.
About 120 - 100 million years ago, during the Cretaceous period of the Mesozoic era, the mainland Gondwana broke away from the Pangea mainland and remained in the Southern Hemisphere.
At the beginning of the Cenozoic era, in the early Paleogene in the Paleocene epoch - ca. 55 million years ago there was a general tectonic uplift of the earth's surface by 300 - 800 meters, the split of Pangea and Gondwana into continents and a global cooling began. 49 - 48 million years ago, at the beginning of the Eocene epoch, a strait formed between Australia and Antarctica. About 40 million years ago mountain continental glaciers began to form in West Antarctica. During the entire Paleogene period, the configuration of the oceans changed, the Arctic Ocean, the Northwest Passage, the Labrador and Baffin Seas, and the Norwegian-Greenland Basin formed. High blocky mountains rose along the northern shores of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, and the underwater Mid-Atlantic Ridge developed.
On the border of the Eocene and Oligocene - about 36 - 35 million years ago, Antarctica moved to the South Pole, separated from South America and was cut off from the warm equatorial waters. 28 - 27 million years ago in Antarctica, continuous covers of mountain glaciers were formed and then, during the Oligocene and Miocene, the ice sheet gradually filled the entire Antarctica. The mainland Gondwana finally split into continents: Antarctica, Australia, Africa, Madagascar, Hindustan, South America.
15 million years ago glaciation began in the Arctic Ocean - floating ice, icebergs, sometimes solid ice fields.
10 million years ago, a glacier in the Southern Hemisphere went beyond Antarctica into the ocean and reached its maximum about 5 million years ago, covering the ocean with an ice sheet to the coasts of South America, Africa, and Australia. Floating ice reached the tropics. At the same time, in the Pliocene era, glaciers began to appear in the mountains of the continents of the Northern Hemisphere (Scandinavian, Ural, Pamir-Himalayan, Cordillera) and 4 million years ago filled the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and Greenland. North America, Iceland, Europe, North Asia were covered with ice 3 - 2.5 million years ago. The Late Cenozoic Ice Age reached its maximum in the Pleistocene epoch, about 700 thousand years ago. This ice age continues to this day.
So, 2 - 1.7 million years ago, the Upper Cenozoic - Quaternary period began. Glaciers in the Northern Hemisphere on land have reached mid-latitudes, in the Southern continental ice has reached the edge of the shelf, icebergs up to 40-50 degrees. Yu. sh. During this period, about 40 stages of glaciation were observed. The most significant were: Plestocene glaciation I - 930 thousand years ago; Plestocene glaciation II - 840 thousand years ago; Danube glaciation I - 760 thousand years ago; Danube glaciation II - 720 thousand years ago; Danube glaciation III - 680 thousand years ago.
During the Holocene epoch, there were four glaciations on Earth, named after valleys.
Swiss rivers, where they were first studied. The most ancient is the Gyunts glaciation (in North America - Nebraska) 600 - 530 thousand years ago. Gunz I reached its maximum 590 thousand years ago, Gunz II peaked 550 thousand years ago. Glaciation Mindel (Kansasian) 490 - 410 thousand years ago. Mindel I reached its maximum 480 thousand years ago, the peak of Mindel II was 430 thousand years ago. Then came the Great Interglacial, which lasted 170 thousand years. During this period, the Mesozoic warm climate seemed to return, and the ice age ended forever. But he returned.
The Riss glaciation (Illinois, Zaalsk, Dnieper) began 240 - 180 thousand years ago, the most powerful of all four. Riess I reached its maximum 230 thousand years ago, the peak of Riess II was 190 thousand years ago. The thickness of the glacier in the Hudson Bay reached 3.5 kilometers, the edge of the glacier in the mountains of the North. America reached almost to Mexico, on the plain filled the basins of the Great Lakes and reached the river. Ohio, went south along the Appalachians and went to the ocean in the southern part of about. Long Island. In Europe, the glacier filled all of Ireland, Bristol Bay, the English Channel at 49 degrees. with. sh., North Sea at 52 degrees. with. sh., passed through Holland, southern Germany, occupied all of Poland to the Carpathians, Northern Ukraine, descended in tongues along the Dnieper to the rapids, along the Don, along the Volga to Akhtuba, along the Ural Mountains and then went along Siberia to Chukotka.
Then came a new interglacial period, which lasted more than 60 thousand years. Its maximum fell on 125 thousand years ago. In Central Europe at that time there were subtropics, moist deciduous forests grew. Subsequently, they were replaced by coniferous forests and dry prairies.
115 thousand years ago, the last historical glaciation of Würm (Wisconsin, Moscow) began. It ended about 10 thousand years ago. The early Würm peaked ca. 110 thousand years ago and ended approx. 100 thousand years ago. The largest glaciers covered Greenland, Svalbard, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. 100 - 70 thousand years ago interglacial reigned on Earth. Middle Würm - c. 70 - 60 thousand years ago, was much weaker than the Early, and even more so the Late. The last ice age - Late Wurm was 30 - 10 thousand years ago. The maximum glaciation occurred in the period 25 - 18 thousand years ago.
The stage of the greatest glaciation in Europe is called Egga I - 21-17 thousand years ago. Due to the accumulation of water in glaciers, the level of the World Ocean has dropped by 120 - 100 meters below the current one. 5% of all water on Earth was in glaciers. About 18 thousand years ago, a glacier in the North. America reached 40 degrees. with. sh. and Long Island. In Europe, the glacier reached the line: about. Iceland - about. Ireland - Bristol Bay - Norfolk - Schleswig - Pomerania - Northern Belarus - suburbs of Moscow - Komi - Middle Urals at 60 degrees. with. sh. - Taimyr - Putorana Plateau - Chersky Ridge - Chukotka. Due to the lowering of the sea level, the land in Asia was located north of the Novosibirsk Islands and in the northern part of the Bering Sea - "Beringia". The Isthmus of Panama connected both Americas, blocking the communication of the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean, as a result of which a powerful Gulf Stream was formed. There were many islands in the middle part of the Atlantic Ocean from America to Africa, and the largest among them was the island of Atlantis. The northern tip of this island was at the latitude of the city of Cadiz (37 degrees N). The archipelagos of Azores, Canaries, Madeira, Cape Verde are the flooded peaks of the outlying ranges. Ice and polar fronts from the north and south came as close as possible to the equator. The water in the Mediterranean Sea was 4 degrees. With colder modern. The Gulf Stream, rounding Atlantis, ended off the coast of Portugal. The temperature gradient was larger, the winds and currents were stronger. In addition, there were extensive mountain glaciations in the Alps, in Tropical Africa, the mountains of Asia, in Argentina and Tropical South America, New Guinea, Hawaii, Tasmania, New Zealand, and even in the Pyrenees and the mountains of north-west. Spain. The climate in Europe was polar and temperate, vegetation - tundra, forest-tundra, cold steppes, taiga.
The Egg II stage was 16 - 14 thousand years ago. The glacier began to slowly retreat. At the same time, a system of glacier-dammed lakes formed near its edge. Glaciers with a thickness of up to 2 - 3 kilometers with their mass pressed down and lowered the continents into magma and thereby raised the ocean floor, mid-ocean ridges were formed.
About 15 - 12 thousand years ago, the civilization of the "Atlanteans" arose on an island heated by the Gulf Stream. "Atlantes" created a state, an army, had possessions in North Africa to Egypt.
Early Dryas (Luga) stage 13.3 - 12.4 thousand years ago. The slow retreat of the glaciers continued. About 13 thousand years ago, a glacier in Ireland melted.
Tromso-Lyngen stage (Ra; Bölling) 12.3 - 10.2 thousand years ago. About 11 thousand years ago
the glacier melted on the Shetland Islands (the last in Great Britain), in Nova Scotia and on about. Newfoundland (Canada). 11 - 9 thousand years ago, a sharp rise in the level of the World Ocean began. When the glacier was released from the load, the land began to rise and the ocean floor to sink, tectonic changes in the earth's crust, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and floods. Atlantis also perished from these cataclysms around 9570 BC. The main centers of civilization, cities, the majority of the population perished. The remaining "Atlanteans" partly degraded and ran wild, partly died out. Possible descendants of the "Atlanteans" were the "Guanches" tribe in the Canary Islands. Information about Atlantis was preserved by the Egyptian priests and told about it to the Greek aristocrat and legislator Solon c. 570 BC Solon's narrative was rewritten and brought to posterity by the philosopher Plato c. 350 BC
Preboreal stage 10.1 - 8.5 thousand years ago. Global warming has begun. In the Azov-Black Sea region, there was a regression of the sea (a decrease in area) and water desalination. 9.3 - 8.8 thousand years ago the glacier melted in the White Sea and Karelia. About 9 - 8 thousand years ago, the fjords of Baffin Island, Greenland, Norway were freed from ice, the glacier on the island of Iceland retreated 2 - 7 kilometers from the coast. 8.5 - 7.5 thousand years ago, the glacier melted on the Kola and Scandinavian peninsulas. But the warming was uneven, in the Late Holocene there were 5 cooling periods. The first - 10.5 thousand years ago, the second - 8 thousand years ago.
7 - 6 thousand years ago, glaciers in the polar regions and mountains assumed, in the main, their modern outlines. 7 thousand years ago there was a climatic optimum on Earth (the highest average temperature). The current average global temperature is 2 degrees C lower, and if it drops another 6 degrees C, a new ice age will begin.
About 6.5 thousand years ago, a glacier was localized on the Labrador Peninsula in the Torngat Mountains. Approximately 6 thousand years ago, Beringia finally sank and the land "bridge" between Chukotka and Alaska disappeared. The third cooling in the Holocene happened 5.3 thousand years ago.
About 5,000 years ago, civilizations formed in the valleys of the Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Indus rivers and the modern historical period began on planet Earth. 4000 - 3500 years ago, the level of the World Ocean became equal to the current level. The fourth cooling in the Holocene was about 2800 years ago. Fifth - "Little Ice Age" in 1450 - 1850. with a minimum of approx. 1700 The global mean temperature was 1 degree C lower than today. There were harsh winters, cold summers in Europe, Sev. America. Frozen bay in New York. Mountain glaciers have greatly increased in the Alps, the Caucasus, Alaska, New Zealand, Lapland and even the Ethiopian highlands.
Currently, the interglacial period continues on Earth, but the planet continues its space journey and global changes and climate transformations are inevitable.
