Serving to describe a property (or feature, as it is called in grammar) of an object, action, or other property (that is, a feature).
Peculiarities
If an adverb is adjacent to a verb or a gerund, it describes the property of the action. If it is used together with an adjective or participle, then it characterizes the property of the attribute, and if the adverb is combined with a noun, then it denotes the property of the object.
“How, when, where and why? Where and where? Why, how much and how much? - these are the questions that the adverb answers.
It does not have the ability to change the grammatical form, so it is interpreted as an invariable part of speech. The adverb has two morphological features - it forms groups associated with different meanings, and in some cases it has
Value Groups
There are six main semantic groups of adverbs.
Degrees of comparison
Adverbs can be formed from different parts of speech. Those of them that are formed from qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison.
- The comparative degree, in turn, is simple when its form is formed and compound, when the adverb in the comparative degree is formed using the words "less" or "more". Here are some examples:
Simple shape: slow - slower, bright - brighter, thin - thinner, etc.;
- composite form: sonorous - more sonorous, solemn - less solemn.
- The superlative degree of qualitative adverbs is formed by adding the lexemes "most" and "least" to the neutral word, for example: "This speech most successfully demonstrates my oratory skills."
- In some cases, the superlative degree is obtained by combining the comparative degree with the pronouns "everyone", "everything", for example: "I jumped higher than everyone." "Most of all he liked the music of Beethoven."
- Some adverbs of superlative and comparative degree have a different root: much - more - more than anyone; bad - worst - worst, etc.
Syntactic role
- "Anna walked up the steps (how?) solemnly." In this sentence, the adverb is the circumstance.
- “We were served eggs (what?) soft-boiled and meat (what?) in French.” In this case, adverbs fulfill the mission
- "Your gift (what did you do?) came in handy." In this case, the adverb is the nominal part of the compound predicate. A verb without it cannot be perceived here as a full-fledged predicate.
Spelling of adverbs
What letter should the adverb end with? How not to make a mistake with her choice? There is an algorithm.
However, it is necessary to remember that if the adverb comes from a noun or adjective that already has this prefix in it, then at the end of the adverb we will write the letter about. Example: pass the exam ahead of schedule (adverb from the adjective ahead of schedule).
At the end, after hissing in the dialect, we will write completely covered with clouds; ran galloping; go away. We find exceptions only in the word "unbearable" and in the word "married" - here the hissing ones remain without a soft sign.
Hyphen and adverb
What will help determine whether or not to write a word with a hyphen? Remember the following rule: through a hyphen we write words that
- Derived from pronouns and adjectives with the participation of the prefix on- and suffixes - him, -th, -and.Examples: will be in my opinion; disperse kindly; talk in your own way.
- Derived from numerals with the participation of the prefix in- (in-) and suffixes th, -them: firstly, thirdly.
- Arose through the participation of the prefix something or suffixes something, something, something. Examples: There is something for you; someone asked you; someday you will remember; if there is a fire anywhere.
- By adding words that are close in meaning or repeated words: happened a long time ago; barely move.
Finally
The Russian language is colorful and expressive. The adverb plays one of the main roles in this, supplying our speech with expressive and rich details. The dialect holds many secrets and, according to linguists, is still in development.
Adverb- this is an independent part of speech, denoting a sign of an action, a sign, rarely - an object. Adverbs are invariable (with the exception of qualitative adverbs in -o 1st) and adjoin a verb, adjective, another adverb (run fast, very fast, veryfast). In a sentence, an adverb is usually an adverb.
In rare cases, an adverb can adjoin a noun: race run(noun has the meaning of action), fluffy eggweaving, coffee in Warsaw. In these cases, the adverb acts as an inconsistent definition.
Classification of adverbs is carried out on two grounds - by function and by meaning.
Classification of adverbs by function
By function, two categories of pronouns are distinguished - significant and pronominal.
Significant adverbs name signs of actions or other signs, pronominal- point to them, cf .: on right- where, atleft- somewhere, stupid- why the hell- then, yesterday- always.
As already mentioned, in complex 2, pronominal adverbs are not a category of adverbs, but a category of pronouns (see p. 349).
Pronominal adverbs can be subdivided into classes according to the classification of pronouns, for example: there, there, thenwhere- index, where, where, why- interrogative-relative, everywhere, everywhere- defining, etc.
Classification of adverbs by meaning
There are two categories of adverbs by meaning - attributive and adverbial.
Determinants adverbs characterize the action itself, the sign itself - the way the action is performed or the quantitative characteristic of the sign (beautiful, fun, in my opinion, on foot, very)- and are divided into the following categories:
qualitative, or mode of action(how? in what way?): wouldstro, so, together, "
quantitative, or measures and degrees(to what extent? to what extent?):very, not at all, three times.
circumstantial adverbs name circumstances external to the action and are divided into the following categories:
places(where? where? from where?): on the right, there, above;
time(when? how long?): yesterday, then, spring, when",
causes(why?): rashly, why, because
goals(why? for what?): out of spite, why, then.
Grammatical signs of adverbs
The main morphological property of adverbs is their immutability - this is their constant morphological feature.
However, qualitative adverbs in -o/-e, formed from qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison.
By virtue of its immutability, an adverb is associated with other words in a sentence by adjunction. In a sentence, it is usually a circumstance.
Some adverbs can act as a nominal part of predicates. Most often these are predicates of impersonal sentences. (It's quiet on the sea) however, some adverbs can also serve as predicates of two-part sentences (The conversation will be frank, She is married).
Adverbs that act as part of predicate impersonal sentences are sometimes distinguished into an independent part of speech or into an independent category within an adverb and are called state category words (state words, predicative adverbs) (see pp. 357-358).
Degrees of comparison of qualitative adverbs in-about I -e
The degrees of comparison of adverbs, as well as the degrees of comparison of adjectives, denote a greater / lesser or greater / lesser degree of manifestation of a feature. The device of degrees of comparison of adverbs and adjectives is similar.
Comparative adverbs indicate a greater or lesser degree of manifestation of a trait:
for one action of the subject in comparison with another action of the same subject: Petya runs better than he jumps;
the action of one subject in comparison with the same action of another subject: Petya runs faster than Vasya;
the action of the subject in comparison with the same action of this subject at another time: Petya runs faster than before;
for an action of one subject compared to another action of another subject: A child runs slower than an adult walks.
Like an adjective, the comparative degree of an adverb can be simple and compound.
Simple comparative degree adverbs are formed by adding a positive degree to the stem without -about(and without segments cook) formative suffixes -her(s), -e, -she/-same: warm-her, louder,
earlier, deeper.
From the simple comparative degree of an adjective, the simple comparative degree of an adverb differs in its syntactic function: an adverb is a circumstance in a sentence (He jumped higher than his father) or part of a predicate impersonal sentence (it got warmer) and the adjective acts as part of the predicate of the two-part sentence (He is taller than his father) or as a definition (Give me a smaller plate.)
Composite comparative degree adverbs have the following structure: elements more / less+ positive degree (He jumpedzero is higher than the father).
Superlatives denotes the greatest / least degree of manifestation of the trait.
Unlike adjectives, adverbs do not have a simple superlative degree. The remains of a simple comparative degree are presented only in phraseologized turns most humbly blsago-I give, I bow down.
Compound Superlative Comparative adverbs are formed in two ways:
1) most / least + positive degree (He jumpedthe highest);
2) simple comparative degree + all / all (He jumped higherall); the difference from the superlative degree of comparison of adjectives is that the compound superlative degree of comparison of an adverb acts in the syntactic function of the circumstance, and not the nominal tas-ti of the predicate of the two-part sentence.
Some qualitative adverbs, like some qualitative adjectives, do not change in degrees of comparison, for example, the adverb especially.
Invariable words that act as predicates of non-lg-ich sentences are called the words of the category of state(predicative adverbs, impersonal predicative words).
The words of the category of state denote the state of nature (Beshocold), person (at in my heartjoyfully. to mehot), evaluation of actions (You can go to the cinema).
State category words with suffix -about, formed from adjectives can have degrees of comparison (C become every dayelk allcolder / colder).
In linguistics, indeed, sometimes these words are distinguished into a significant part of speech, called the category of state. The words of this group are divided into words that can be used in other taxic positions (cf .: The sea is quiet(adj.) - He sat quietly(adv.) - Quiet in the classroom(cat. comp.)), and words that can only be used in the function of the nominal part of the predicate impersonal sentence: maybeimpossible, fearful, ashamed, ashamed, it's time, sorry etc. A distinctive feature of these words is that they do not combine with the subject and lose the ability to designate a sign of action (funny) or subject (laziness). However, there is also a widespread point of view in linguistics, according to which words of the category of state are considered a subgroup of na-speech. With such a description, the adverb as a part of speech includes words that are interchangeable (or having only degrees of comparison) words that can only act as a circumstance (walk, right,where), in the function of circumstance and impersonal predicate proposed
(okay, cold) or only in the function of a predicate impersonal sentence (ashamed, sorry, not allowed). "
Educational complexes have the following features in the study of the adverb as a part of speech.
In complexes 1 and 3, the adverb is studied in grade 7, this is the last independent part of speech, after studying which students move on to the service parts of speech.
In complex 2, the adverb is studied in grade 6 before the pronoun. This is due to the fact that, as already mentioned when describing the pronoun as a part of speech, complex 3 includes pronominal adverbs as pronouns, not adverbs.
Complexes 1 and 3, speaking about the classification of adverbs, do not pay special attention to the differentiation of adverbs into significant and pronominal. Complex 3 at the same time simply brings significant and pronominal adverbs in one row. So, as examples of adverbs with the meaning of place, the words in the distance, somewhere, somewhere, nearby. Complex 1 basically illustrates all theoretical positions with significant adverbs, but it is separately stated that among the adverbs there are demonstrative (here, there, here, there) uncertain (somewhere, somewhere, somewhere) interrogative (where, where, why), negative (nowhere, nowhere, nowhere). As can be seen from the examples, the selection of these groups is possible only among the pronominal adverbs.
The question of the ranks of adverbs by meaning is solved in complexes as follows.
Complex 1 proposes to distinguish between circumstantial and attributive adverbs, while it is said that adverbs denote the mode of action, time, place, reason, purpose (to go on foot / in the evening / there), and determinatives denote the measure and degree, quality, mode of action (doubling / slightly, barely). This classification is puzzling. It is not clear how "mode of action" as a subcategory of circumstantial and "mode of action" as a subcategory of determinants are distinguished. The adverb in the example walk, certainly describes the way in which an action is performed and should be classified as attributive, not adverbial.
Complex 2 does not divide adverbs into attributive and adverbial adverbs and immediately distinguishes 6 groups of adverbs by meaning: mode of action, measure and degree, place, time, reason, purpose.
Complex 3 classifies adverbs in the same way as complex 2.
All three complexes describe the degrees of comparison of adverbs in -o/-e.
At the same time, complex 1 in describing the degrees of comparison of adverbs, as well as
when describing the degrees of comparison of adjectives, highlights only
means of expressing a greater degree of manifestation of a sign: external shtel-
her, more attentively, more attentively than all. Complexes 2 and 3 also indicate a lesser degree of manifestation of the feature formed by the compound of the component less with a positive degree. Of the ways of expressing the superlative degree of comparison, all three complexes mention only the combination of the comparative with the elements total (all): did the best.
The description of composite degrees of comparison is not uniform in complexes. Complexes 1 and 3 speak of compound forms as a combination of two words, which is not true: the two components of a compound form are one word in its analytic form; this is important to understand for the morphological analysis of the adverb. Complex 2, speaking of the composite comparative degree, names the elements more and less particles, but describes as a compound superlative as a combination of two words, which is inconsistent.
All three complexes, when considering the degrees of comparison of an adverb, as well as in an adjective, speak of a comparative and superlative degree, and a positive degree of comparison is not distinguished by them and is considered “none”.
When studying the degrees of comparison, special attention should be paid to the criteria for distinguishing between the simple comparative and compound superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs. This distinction is made according to their syntactic relations and syntactic functions: an adjective explains a word with a subject meaning and can be a predicate of a two-part sentence (He is taller than the other students / taller than everyone inclass), and the adverb explains the verb and acts as a circumstance (He jumped higher than others / higher than everyone in the class) or it is used independently and acts as a predicate of an impersonal sentence (It's getting warmer outside.) To help students distinguish between adjective and adverb, students can also replace the degrees of comparison with a positive one: He is taller than others in the class can be replaced by He is tall, a He jumped higher than others on the He jumped high.
Particular attention should be paid to the question of the words of the category of state.
All word complexes of the state category are marked as a special category of words. In complex 1, in its latest editions, these words are separated into an independent part of speech - the category of state. In complex 2, these words are called “status words” and are described in the section on adverbs. Complex 3 mentions this linguistic phenomenon in the heading “Take note”, where it is noted that “among adverbs, a group of words stands out that denote the state of a person or the environment” and that these words have their own characteristics: they are predicates of impersonal sentences and are used with a bunch, which is uncharacteristic for an adverb. Nevertheless, the words of the category co-
the standings in complex 3 are no longer mentioned and must be considered in a number of other adverbs.
Most of the time when studying the topic "Adverb" is devoted to spelling, which is caused by the objective difficulty of spelling adverbs.
Adverb- an invariable independent part of speech denoting a sign of an action, object or other sign and answers questions as? where? where? where? when? why? from what? for what purpose? to what extent? and etc.
syntax function
: in a sentence is usually circumstance
, less often definition.
He came home dark
(when? - circumstance of time). Someone's voice came from afar
(from where? - circumstance of place). Walk (how about me?) on foot cheered me up
(definition- the adverb depends on the noun and denotes the attribute of the subject)
Morphological features adverbs: 1) immutability, 2) category by value, 3) degree of comparison.
The adverb means:
- sign of action, if referring to a verb, participle, or gerund ( meet (when?) in the evening, going down (where?) down, going (how?) quickly).
- object attribute, if it refers to a noun ( roast (what?) in Russian, egg (what?) soft-boiled).
- sign of another sign, if it refers to an adjective, participle or other adverb ( important (to what extent? ) extremely, jumped (how? ) far, far (how? ) very).
Classes of adverbs:
A special group is made up of adverbs that do not name signs of action , but only point to them , namely:
- index (here, there, here, then, etc.);
- indefinite (somewhere, someplace, somewhere, somewhere, etc.);
- interrogative (where, where, how, why, when, why);
- negative (nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, never).
They, in addition to the main purpose, are used to link sentences in the text: The traveler saw an abandoned lodge in the forest. There he spent the night .
Degrees of comparison of adverbs
Adverbs for about (e) formed from quality adjectives , can form degrees of comparison - comparative and excellent.
Need to remember!
The formation of degrees of comparison in adjectives and adverbs largely coincides, therefore, homonymous forms of two different parts of speech arise: This task is easier. -I was able to solve the problem easier ; The blue dress is more beautiful. - It sits better on you.
To distinguish between two parts of speech, you need to find out: what determines the comparative degree and what member of the sentence is. The comparative degree of the adjective refers to a noun , answers the question what?(what? what? what?) is predicate. The comparative degree of the adverb refers to the verb , answers the question as? and is circumstance . Compare: the task (what?) is easier - adjective, was able to solve (how?) easier - adverb.
It should be distinguished in the composition of adverbs, in the composition of words of the category of state (SCS) and in the composition of adjectives. For example:
- in my soul calmly (state category);
- The river flows calmly (adverb);
- Child calmly (adjective).
note : some adverbs form a comparative form from another root: good - better , bad - worse .
Adverb (part of speech)
Adverb- This is an independent part of speech that does not decline, does not conjugate. Denotes a sign of action (drive fast, slowly turning), a sign of a state (very painful), a sign of another sign (extremely cold), rarely a sign of an object (soft-boiled eggs). In a sentence, adverbs are usually adverbs and answer the questions how? how? in what degree? to what extent? where? where? where? when? why? why? or an agreed definition. Adverbs are organized into phrases according to the type of connection - adjunction. Characterizing adverbs from the point of view of morphology, it is necessary to indicate the absence of the paradigm of conjugation and declension. But it would be inconsistent to talk about the complete immutability of the adverb: adverbs formed from adjectives in many cases retain the ability to form forms of comparison and forms of subjective quality assessment. So adverbs can have three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, superlative. Comparative and superlative are formed either synthetically or analytically.
In russian language
Classification by lexical meaning
- circumstantial:
characterize spatial, temporal, causal and target relationships.
- time- indicate the time of the action ( yesterday, today, tomorrow, morning, afternoon, evening, night, spring, sometimes, now, later, later)
- places- indicate the place of the action ( far, near, far, near, here, there, right, left, back, away, towards, sideways)
- causes- indicate the reason for the action ( blindly, rashly, foolishly, drunkenly, reluctantly, not without reason)
- goals- indicate the purpose of the action ( on purpose, on purpose, in spite of, in defiance of, in jest, intentionally, unintentionally, inadvertently)
- Determinants:
- quality- express a characteristic or assessment of an action or feature ( cold, brutal, sad, strange, monstrous, scary, fast, right.)
- quantitative- determine the measure or degree of manifestation of an action or feature ( a lot, a little, a little, doubly, triple, twice, thrice, two, three, six, very, very, completely, absolutely)
1) measures and degrees; 2) a certain amount; 3) an indefinite amount.
- manner and mode of action- indicates how the action is to be performed run, gallop, step, swim, mix, idle, back, for sure)
- comparisons and assimilations - (in a woman's way, in a bearish way, in an old way, in our way, in a friendly way, as before, a crochet nose, upright, squiggle, on end, a hedgehog, a pillar)
- totality or jointness - (two, three, nationwide, together)
Qualitative adverbs formed from qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison
- the comparative degree is expressed:
- synthetically: with the help of suffixes -ee(s), -she, -e - more interesting, longer, stronger, louder. Some adverbs form a comparative degree suppletive, that is, changing the stem - good - better, much - more, little - less
- analytically: with the help of an auxiliary word more in combination with the original form of the adverb - more strongly, more interesting, more sad, etc. * superlative degree
- superlatives are expressed as:
- synthetically (gr. sophos - sophotata): wise - the wisest; with the help of suffixes -eysh-, -aysh- - ( I humbly ask, I bow down). Very rarely used in modern Russian.
- analytically: by combining the word most with the original form of the adverb - ( the most interesting, the most vivid, the most offensive, etc.) It has a bookish tone and is used mostly in the scientific style of speech and journalism.
- complex form: a combination of words everyone, everything with a synthetic form of the comparative degree - the best, the best, the most
There are adverbs significant, if they are formed from significant words, that is, if adverbs call some sign directly ( quiet, loud, evening).
There are also adverbs pronominal, that is, if the adverb does not name a sign, but only indicates it, that is, the manner of action ( So), places of action ( there, here, here, there), time of action ( then, then), reason ( therefore, therefore), goal ( then).
Significant adverbs predominate in Russian.
Classification by method of education
- suffix: fast - quickly, creative - creatively;
- prefixed-suffixal: dry - dry, inside out - inside out;
- prefix: good - not good, where - nowhere;
- addition of different types:
- addition of words: barely, barely - barely;
- addition with the first element semi-: reclining;
- addition with the addition of a suffix or prefix and suffix: walk past - in passing; gender, strength - at half strength.
Exceptions and fallacies
- SUBSEQUENTLY - Later, after some time, after, once upon a time. after.
Subsequently, it is an exception and, contrary to popular erroneous opinion, it is written only together, in contrast to similar adverbs with prepositions (during, as a result / and, in mind, etc.)
Adverbs in other languages
Literature
- "Modern Russian language", ed. D. E. Rosenthal
Lectures by Inga Slavkina
Media:Example.ogg
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010 .
See what "Adverb (part of speech)" is in other dictionaries:
ADVERB, a part of speech, a class of full-meaning words, unchanged or changed only by degrees of comparison. Designates a sign of action (state) or quality. In a sentence, it usually acts as a circumstance ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Adverb (tracing paper of the Latin term adverbium; Latin ad to, with, on and verbum speech), part of speech, a class of full-meaning words that are unchanged or change only in degrees of comparison (and these are opposed to other full-meaning words), as a rule, ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
This term has other meanings, see Part of speech (meanings). This article needs to be completely rewritten. There may be explanations on the talk page ... Wikipedia
Part of speech- ▲ kind of word parts of speech grammatical kinds of words. substitute words of a part of a sentence. important parts of speech. names verb adverb. adverbial. adverbialization. service words. service parts of speech. union. concessive union. ... ... Ideographic Dictionary of the Russian Language
This term has other meanings, see Particle. A particle is a service part of speech that introduces various meanings, shades into a sentence or serves to form word forms. Contents 1 General properties of particles 2 Discharges of particles ... Wikipedia
Participle is an independent part of speech or a special form of a verb. There are participles, for example, in Russian and Hungarian, as well as in many of the Eskimo languages ( Sirenixia). Communion is an independent part of speech that has both signs ... Wikipedia
This term has other meanings, see Union. The union is a service part of speech, with the help of which parts of a complex sentence, or homogeneous members of a sentence, are connected together. Classification by structure is simple (as, as if) ... ... Wikipedia
Adverb (part of speech) Adverb (dialect) List of meanings of a word or phrase with links to relevant articles. If you got here from ... Wikipedia
Part of speech, a class of fully-meaning words that are unchanged or change only in degrees of comparison. Designates a sign of action (state) or quality. In a sentence, it usually acts as a circumstance ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
This is a part of speech denoting a sign of an action or a sign of a sign. Contents 1 Adverb groups 2 Degrees of comparison ... Wikipedia
Books
- Practical grammar in the lessons of the Russian language In 4 parts. Part 3, Zikeev A.G. , The four editions of the manual included exercises aimed at developing the lexical, word-formation, morphological, syntactic, phraseological and stylistic aspects of students' speech. ... Category: Society and social studies Series: Correctional Pedagogy. Book on demand Publisher: Vlados,
- Practical grammar in the lessons of the Russian language. In 4 parts. Part 3. General participle. Numeral. Adverb. Grif of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, Zikeev Anatoly Georgievich, Four editions of the manual included exercises aimed at developing the lexical, word-formation, morphological, syntactic, phraseological and stylistic sides of students' speech. ... Category:
For interpersonal communication in the process of speaking people, various speech parts are used. The most significant of them is adverb. It endows a specific action with a certain attribute, or a certain attribute with a specific attribute. An adverb can be attached to almost all speech parts. It all depends on the speech part, which is in commonwealth with the adverb, it has different designations:
1. If the adverb is attached to the verb (germs), it denotes a sign of a certain action (for example, tasty cooking - attachment to the verb, tasty cooking - to the gerund);
2. If the adverb is attached directly to the noun, then in this case it denotes a sign of a particular object (for example, far from the stop);
3. If the adverb is attached to an adjective, another adverb or participle, then it denotes a sign of a sign (for example, very boring - to an adjective, extremely long - to an adverb, deliciously baked - to a participle).
What questions does the adverb answer?
I would like to note the fact that adverbs belong to the indeclinable speech part. In sentences, as a rule, adverbs have the function of circumstance. Adverbs in Russian can answer many questions, depending on this, they are also divided into groups:
1. Adverbs of place - answer the questions - “From where?”, “Where?”, “Where?” (there, near, from afar);
2. Adverbs of time - “How long?”, “When?”, “Until when?”, “Since when?” (Very long, yesterday, today, until tomorrow);
3. Adverbs of purpose answer the question "Why?" (specially);
4. Adverbs of manner can be identified by asking the question "In what way?" or how?" (slowly, badly);
5. Adverbs that answer the questions "How much?", "To what extent?", "How much?", "How much?", "To what extent?" are adverbs of measure and degree (very shrill, much, for a long time);
6. Adverbs of reason answer the question "Why?" (involuntarily).
Morphological analysis of the adverb. Example.
For a more detailed study of the adverb, there is such a thing as morphological analysis. It is used to highlight two constant features, because the adverb has no non-permanent features. Below is a parsing diagram with an example of the word "Low":
1. Part of speech - Low - adverb, because it denotes a sign of a certain action.
2. Morphological features:
category by value - definitive;
if available, then the degree of comparison is lower;
immutable word - the word is immutable.
3. Syntactic function - The switch in the apartment was so low that Alexei had to bend down to turn on the light. The adverb "low" is an adverb describing the manner of action.
Adverb suffixes.
In order not to make mistakes in the spelling of adverbs, it is necessary to remember that:
Adverbs with prefixes -do, -s, -iz will have a suffix -a (again, long time ago);
Adverbs that begin with prefixes -in, -on, -za - have the suffix -o (left, right).
