A romantic trip to Europe brought us to San Marino. What a pity that we only had 1 day to stroll through the cozy streets and enjoy the wonderful scenery from the high cliffs. But even this time was enough to fall in love with San Marino.
Where is San Marino
Republic of San Marino takes only 60.57 square kilometers in the center Apennine Peninsula- the famous boot of Europe. San Marino is located inside Italy and has no borders with other countries. And the republic has no borders as such - no one checks passports upon entry.
Capital of San Marino is located Monte Titano 738 meters high above the sea, from where you can observe 360 degrees green plains of Italy and the endless blue surface Adriatic Sea . Very often the mountain is shrouded in clouds, and the city.
To get to, you must first be in Italy. Your airport the republic does not have one, and the closest one is in a popular tourist Italian city Rimini 22 kilometers away. From Rimini you can take a bus or taxi. The distance from Rome is 350 kilometers, and from Venice - 280. Do not be afraid of long distances - the roads in Italy are toll and very good.
The total population in San Marino is 33 thousand people who communicate in Italian and visit Catholic churches.
To San Marino fresh air- there are no large factories here, but food industry well developed. Many residents work in wineries, flour mills and bakeries. are highly valued and ceramic products, produced in San Marino.
Sights of San Marino
San Marino, although not large in area, has a lot to see. Among the attractions you will be interested in:
- Church of St. Francis;
- Central square of the city;
- Basilica;
- Ancient fortress;
- People's Palace.
San Marino is very popular among tourists, because the republic is duty free zone. The narrow streets are lined with shops of world brands and local craftsmen. Most sellers understand English and Russian speech, you can negotiate with them discounts.
After the excursion and successful shopping, we took a ride on funicular from a bird's eye view, drank a cup of coffee and already dreamed of returning to San Marino again .
The peculiarity of the landscape of San Marino determines the types of plants and animals that grow and live on its territory.
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The peculiarities of a country's landscape determine the types of plants growing on its territory. Vineyards, lemons, pomegranates, olives, myrtle, magnolia, laurel, cypress, and Aleppo pine grow to heights not exceeding 600 meters above sea level. There are also groves of cork and holm oak. The fauna of San Marino is represented by such species as wild boars, rabbits, badgers, martens, roe deer, chamois, hares, rats and field mice.
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Useful information for tourists about San Marino, cities and resorts of the country. As well as information about the population, currency of San Marino, cuisine, features of visa and customs restrictions of San Marino.
Geography of San Marino
The Republic of San Marino is one of the smallest states on Earth, located in Southern Europe, surrounded on all sides by the territory of Italy.
The country's terrain is low-mountain. The highest point is Mount Titano (755 m). The country's territory is characterized by terraces and small ravines with steep overhanging edges.
State
State structure
San Marino is an independent country with a republican form of government. The heads of state are two captain-regents appointed by the Great General Council. The Captain Regent serves as the head of state and exercises executive power. The Great General Council serves as the country's parliament.
Language
Official language: Italian
The population speaks the Romance dialect of Italian.
Religion
93% of the population belongs to the Roman Catholic Church.
Currency
International name: EUR
1 euro is equal to 100 cents. In circulation are banknotes in denominations of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200 and 500 euros, as well as coins of 1 and 2 euros and 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 cents.
Foreign currency can be exchanged at banks, exchange offices, post offices and at the airport. When exchanging money, a commission is charged. Credit cards and travel checks are widely used in San Marino.
San Marino Map
Popular attractions
Tourism in San Marino
Popular hotels
Excursions and attractions in San Marino
San Marino is the oldest state in Europe, bordering on all sides with Italy, and also one of the smallest countries in the world. The rich cultural and historical heritage of the state, picturesque natural landscapes, a lot of interesting sights, a unique atmosphere and medieval flavor attract a huge number of tourists from all over the world.
Of course, the heart of this tiny country is its capital of the same name - San Marino, where most of all the attractions are concentrated. This is a beautiful cozy city with narrow medieval streets and many interesting places. Business card, and the main attraction of San Marino (both the city and the whole country) is the magnificent medieval complex “The Three Towers of San Marino” - the fortress towers of Guaita, Cesta and Montale, located on the three peaks of Monte Titano. The capital is also worth a visit main temple cities - the Basilica of San Marino, Palazzo Publico (Government Palace) and Liberty Square, the Church of St. Francis, the Church of St. Quirin, the Shrine of the Immaculate Heart of Mary and the Montalbo Cemetery. The numerous museums of San Marino are also interesting - State Museum, Museum of Curiosities, Museum of Torture, Wax Museum, Gallery contemporary art, Pinakothek, Museum modern weapons, Museum of Philately and Numismatics, Museum of Reptiles (Aquarium), Ferrari and Abarth museums. In the city you will find many excellent restaurants and cafes, as well as a variety of shops and souvenir shops (exquisite local embroidery and unique postage stamps are especially popular).
In Borgo Maggiore, it is worth visiting the ancient fortress dating back to the 12th century, the Church of San Antimo and the Natural History Museum. No less interesting are the Church of St. Andrew in Serravaglia, the Church of San Michele Arcangelo and the ancient fortress in Domagnano, the Church of St. Andrew and the Castle of Monteserreto in Acquaviva, as well as the Church of St. Paul in Faetano and the Chapel of San Marino in Baldacerrone. The magnificent Aviation Museum located near the border is also worth a visit.
Despite its tiny size, San Marino is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe.
Tips
It is customary to tip 10-15% of the order amount, sometimes it is already included in the bill. Tipping is not accepted when serving at the counter. In hotels, it is allowed to leave up to 1 euro per piece of luggage for the doorman, and up to 10 euros per room for the maid.
Visa
Office hours
Banks are open from Monday to Friday from 8.30 to 13.30 and from 15.00 to 16.00. Exchange offices most often work from 9.00 to 13.00 and from 14.00 to 16.00-17.00.
In the period from 14.00 to 15.30-16.00, almost all shops are closed for siesta. And in the first half of August, when the hottest days arrive, many work on a shorter schedule.
Purchases
Value added tax (IVA) ranges from 9-13% (in hotels and services, usually added as a separate item to the bill, but often not allocated) to 12-19% on clothing and luxury goods (usually already included in the price of the goods ). A VAT refund is possible for purchases in one store for an amount exceeding 155 euros (this means the amount before tax, while the amount plus tax is indicated on the issued receipts). When purchasing, you must present your passport and write down the purchase individually on the receipt, indicating the price and tax amount. Receipts are attached to goods at customs upon departure, after which stamped receipts must be mailed to the store to receive a receipt for the tax amount. A number of stores participate in the tax-free sales system. In such stores you need to obtain a special check, which can be cashed at a separate office at the airport or at another border crossing point.
Safety
On the streets there are pickpockets who come here from neighboring Italy and petty thieves. It is better not to display large sums of money, jewelry and valuables in public places.
Emergency numbers
Ambulance - 113.
Fire service - 116.
Police - 112.
SAN MARINO...2
Introduction. 3
HISTORY… 4
STATE STRUCTURE… 12
ARENGO… 12
GREAT GENERAL COUNCIL. 12
CAPTAIN REGENTS… 13
COUNCIL XII 13
STATE CONGRESS… 14
LOCKS CONTROLS… 14
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS… 14
ATTRACTIONS… 16
GOVERNMENT PALACE… 16
FORTRESS WALLS… 17
FORTRESSES… 18
THE FIRST FORTRESS OF GUAITA... 18
THE SECOND FORTRESS OF HONOR... 19
THIRD FORTRESS OF MONTALE. 20
ENTRY RULES… 21
CUSTOMS RULES… 21
HELP PHONE… 21
Literature… 22
SAN MARINO
Repubblica di San Marino
Captain Regent: | Antonello Baciocchi and Rosa Zafferani (1999) |
60 km2 (23.4 mil2) |
|
Population: | 25,061(1999) |
San Marino 2,397 |
|
Currency unit: | Italian lira. |
Italian |
|
Roman Catholics |
|
Literacy: | |
Economy: | GDP: $500 million (1997) |
Industry: | tourism, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wines, olive oil. |
building stone, lime, chestnut, wheat, hides, conservation. |
|
industrial goods, food. |
Introduction
The Republic of San Marino is the smallest and oldest independent state in the world. The country's territory has the shape of an irregular quadrangle and covers an area of 60.57 sq. km.
Above the hilly terrain rises the harsh calcareous relief of the Monte Titano hill (750 meters above sea level), on the southwestern slope of which the city of San Marino, the capital of the republic, is located. Scattered in the countryside at the foot of Titano are eight estates of the famous SANMARI CASTLES, with an administrative control of eight Councils called the "Castle Board", the President of which is entitled to the title of "Castle Captain". The entire territory is divided into nine administrative districts: San Marino, Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino and Serravalle.
The Republic of San Marino is located in the central part of Italy between the regions of Marco and Romagna, several tens of kilometers from the Apennine Mountains and only 22 kilometers from the resort town of Rimini, with which it is connected by a modern motorway of the highest category.
The population (1998 estimate) is about 24,900 people, with an average population density of about 408 people per km2. Ethnic groups: Sanmarinians 80%, Italians 18%. Average duration life (as of 1998): 77 years - men, 85 years - women. The birth rate (per 1000 people) is 10.5. The mortality rate (per 1000 people) is 8.1. The official language is Italian, the religion is Catholic, the currency is the Sanmarine lira, equivalent to the Italian one.
Territory crossed by two large rivers Auza and San Marino, covered with green forests and parks, which are the pride of every Sanmariner. The climate is mild and healing, thanks to the proximity of the Adriatic Sea.
STORY
According to legend, in the 4th century AD. one stonemason, a Christian named MARINO, who came from Arbe, an island in Dalmatia, to participate in the construction of the port in Rimini, hid on Mount Titano from the persecution of Christians by the edicts of the pagan emperor Diocletian.
In a short time, the fame of the Holy Man spread (Marino was canonized during his lifetime - hence the prefix “san”), other believers joined him, and the first Christian community was born on Mount Titano.
Bishop Gaudenzio of Rimini ordained MARINO to the rank of deacon, and the Roman patrician Donna Felicissima, a convert to the Christian faith, gave him Mount Titano as a gift.
After MARINO’s death, the community created around him did not disintegrate, but continued to build its life, not forgetting the last words of the saint: I LEAVE YOU FREE FROM OTHER PEOPLE (Relinquo vos liberos ab utroque homine).
As the most ancient evidence of the existence of this community, we can mention the monk Eugipius, who lived between the 5th and 6th centuries, who narrates the life of a certain Basilicia, a monk from Mount Titano.
Subsequent documents, such as the “Feretrano Judicial Letter” of 885, kept in the State Archives, are clear evidence of the organization of civil life in the spirit of independence, which does not give anyone the right to claim in relation to the people living on Mount Titano.
The community's policy over the centuries, which can be expressed in the saying “What is known to us is unknown to others,” led to a sharp increase in raids on the Sanmarinians, and in the 10th century fortifications and fortress walls began to be built to protect against attacks.
The existence of a fortified city is confirmed by the “Diplo Berengarius” of 951 and the “Bulla of Honorius III” of 1126. Cardinal Anglico wrote in 1371 that the city was located "on a high cliff with three impregnable fortresses"
Until this time, the life of the population was based on the laws they created, then on the laws of the Longobards. Subsequently, state institutions were gradually transformed, defensive fortifications were strengthened, and circumferential walls were built connecting three fortifications. Water supply was provided from capacious tanks for collecting rainwater. The first tanks, the so-called “fossi”, were located in the first belt of defensive structures, next to the 1st fortress. The remaining cisterns, including larger ones (still existing today), are located under the square in front of the Government Palace and were built in the period 1471-1478.
The formation of the Commune in San Marino, which had a Statute and its own consuls, dates back to the 11th century. Population growth led to the need to expand the territory, and this led to the acquisition of the Castles of Pennarossa and Casole. Documents on monetary settlements date back to 1200 and are stored in the State Archives.
The oldest manuscript of the Statute dates from 1295. Subsequently, six more Statutes were issued. The last one, dated September 21, 1600, consists of six volumes containing 314 articles.
While in Italy the population suffered from the cruel tyranny of several powerful families, the people of San Marino maintained a free way of life, for the protection of which armed militias were created, subordinate to the CAPTAIN REGENTS, in whose hands was the executive power. The people created new laws and changed them through a council of all heads of families, called ARENGO (an important state body that has survived to this day).
With the growth of church power on the territory of the peninsula, civil strife between the Ghibellines and Guelphs became increasingly bloody. The people of Sanmarino, who, unfortunately, have been influenced by events in Italy for centuries, did not remain aloof from this struggle. Thus, for the first time on Mount Titano, disagreements arose between civilian population; and the supporters of the Ghibellines (adherents of the emperor) sent into exile the supporters of the Guelphs (adherents of the pope). It is likely that a consciousness close to the ideas of the Ghibellines matured in the inhabitants of San Marino in the centuries-long struggle to defend themselves against claims to jurisdiction and taxation by neighboring bishops.
A great friend of the inhabitants of Mount Titano was Bishop Feretrano UGOLINO of the Feltria family, who, despite his rank, was an incorrigible Ghibelline. This cost Bishop Ugolino and the Sanmarinians excommunication by Pope Innocent IV. Two years later, in 1249, the anathema was lifted from them in Perugia.
But neither excommunication nor subsequent forgiveness led to peace and harmony.
Having sided with the Ghibelline Guido da Montefeltro and, subsequently, his son Federico, the Sanmarines continued to fight against Guelfo from Rimini, where power belonged to the Malatesta family of tyrants.
This continued until the peace of Romagna was concluded in 1299. The first attempt to bring San Marino under the authority of the pope was the arrival in 1291 of a certain canon Theodoric, who called on the inhabitants to pay tribute to the high priest and recognize themselves as his subjects.
The Sanmarinos refused, defending their noble origin and their independence. To resolve the controversial issue, judge PALAMED from Rimini, one of the most authoritative experts in law of that time, was invited, his maxim was favorable to the residents of San Marino.
Soon, in 1296, the Sanmarines had to withstand a new onslaught: this time from the Feretrano fathers, who, under the same pretext, tried to establish their influence on Mount Titano, and perhaps they would have succeeded, but the Sanmarines brought this matter to the attention of the pope Boniface VIII, whose legates confirmed the decision of Judge Palameda and recognized the complete freedom and independence of San Marino.
But the peaceful existence did not last long.
The church authorities of the nearby regions tried by any means to subjugate the Sanmarinians, but they always responded with dignity blow for blow.
In 1303, ambassadors from the Feretrano Church who arrived in San Marino were taken into custody, and hostilities began again, which ended successfully for the Sanmarinos, whose brave militia forced Bishop Uberto to sign peace in 1320.
In 1322, the signoria of Count Federico of Montefeltro, an ally of the Sanmarines, fell out of favor. Bishop Benvenuto and the Malatesta family from Rimini tried to attract the Sanmarinos to their side with the help of gifts and grants such as forgiveness of the church, exemption from taxes on the property of Sanmarinos outside the country, the right to free trade, and the ability to transfer rent from investments to San Marino. In exchange, it was requested to consider Urbino, who at that time took refuge in San Marino, as enemies.
The price of treason was too high, and the Sanmarines decided to refuse and continued the fight against Malatesta until 1366.
For a long time, Malatesta worried the Sanmarinians with his attacks, but the arrogance of the signor from Rimini turned against him, as his relations with Pope Pio II and his ally Alfonso of Aragon, the king of Naples, deteriorated, from whom Malatesta fraudulently took a large sum of money.
In this situation, on September 21, 1461, the Sanmarines signed a treaty of alliance with the Church of Rome and again began a war that ended in 1463 with the conquest of the castles of Fiorentino, Montegiardino and Serravalle, which belonged to the Malatesta family, and the castle of Faetano voluntarily joined the Republic.
This was the last war of the Sanmarinians, after which the borders of the country’s territory no longer underwent changes.
The country enjoyed peace for several decades, but then in 1503 Cesare Borgia, Duke of Valentino, son of Pope Alexander VI, took over the Republic. Fortunately, the Sanmarines did not have to endure tyranny for long; after a few months, taking advantage of the fact that an uprising arose in the Duchy of Urbino, the Sanmarines rose up to fight against the troops of Valentina and, thanks to brave warriors and good weapons, defeated the enemy.
Almost 40 years later, or rather during the papacy of Paul III, on the night of June 4, 1542, FABIAN DA MONTE SANSOVINO tried to conquer San Marino, having 500 soldiers, a lot of cavalry and everything necessary to storm the fortress walls. But due to thick fog, enemy troops were unable to approach the city before sunrise, and the plan to surprise and destroy the Sanmarines failed. Fabiano da Monte Sansovino returned to his original positions, and from that time on it was not possible to accurately identify those responsible for this criminal action, but the ambassador of Emperor Charles V in Rome offered the Sanmarines imperial privileges and recommended not to trust the papal ministers in Romagna.
Subsequently, in 1631, after the death of the last Duke of Urbino, the rule of the duchy was transferred to the Holy See. In the same year, the treaty of protection signed between San Marino and the Holy See back in 1602 came into force.
At that time, the Republic was experiencing a deep crisis in social and economic life: lack of interest in state affairs and indifference of the Sanmarinians, whose level of culture was falling lower and lower. This process was facilitated by the extinction of some noble families who took the defense of freedom to heart, and the emigration abroad in search of work and honors of the best representatives of society (in modern parlance - “brains”).
This negative period lasted until 1739, when the Republic experienced the most serious attack on the country's freedom and independence in its entire centuries-old history. Under the pretext of the arrest of two Sanmarinist conspirators, which took place in a church, CARDINAL ALBERTONI, papal legate in the province of Romagna, entered San Marino with his troops on October 17, 1739.
The invasion was preceded by a number of dishonest undertakings, such as the arrest of Sanmarinos in the Italian territory of Romagna or the blockade of borders, preventing the supply of necessary food to San Marino. Cardinal Alberoni failed to break the Sanmarines, and he decided to resort to force and occupied the territory.
The houses of noble and respected citizens were robbed because their owners refused to swear an oath of allegiance to the pope, the captain-regents were abolished and replaced by Gonfaloniere and two guardians of order.
The Sanmarinians, not wanting to submit to tyranny, sent secret messages of protest to the Pope, asking him to save them from unheard-of and criminal lawlessness.
Cardinal Enrico Enriquez arrived from Rome to Mount Titano, sent here to examine the situation in San Marino. After his investigation, the Pope removed Cardinal Alberoni from the borders of San Marino, and on February 5, 1740, freedom and sovereignty were restored to the Republic. This event had a beneficial effect on the Republic, which woke up from the apathy and indifference of previous years. The spirit of defense was revived, and citizens, feeling a surge of love for the Motherland, again felt republican pride.
The episode with Cardinal Albertoni was superbly described by the poet CARDUCCI in 1894 in his famous speech on “eternal freedom.”
The future also held bright moments in the lives of the Sanmarinians. During the Italian campaign, NAPOLEON BONAPARTE passed near the borders of the tiny Republic.
Admiring the pride of this small people and its traditions of freedom, Napoleon declared: “SAN MARINO SHOULD BE PRESERVED AS AN EXAMPLE OF LIBERTY,” and sent Monge, his ambassador and eminent mathematician, to Mount Titano, instructing him to express his friendly disposition to the Sanmarinians. Such high recognition of the traditions of freedom and independence has never before been addressed to the Republic of San Marino. Warm relations with France continued in 1805.
Bonaparte greeted with all honors ANTONIO ONOFRI, the envoy of the Republic, who came to Milan to expand Trade agreement, already concluded between San Marino and the Cisalpine Republic. After Napoleon Bonaparte, the independence of San Marino was recognized and confirmed by the participants of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, who included its name with the corresponding sovereign characteristics in the number European countries.
The Republic of San Marino did not remain aloof from the struggle for Italian national unity and provided temporary shelter and protection to patriots and refugees who knocked on its door. Many famous figures took refuge here in anticipation of the resumption of the struggle. The Sanmarinians are especially proud of one outstanding event. After the fall of the Roman Republic, Garibaldi, not surrendering to the enemy, stopped with his volunteers at the borders of the Republic.
Pursued by the Austrians, he entered San Marino and asked for refuge for himself and his 2,000 soldiers. The soldiers received shelter, provisions, and the wounded received medical care. The government of the Republic asked in exchange to protect the country from the misfortunes and destruction of war. General Garibaldi gave his consent, made a speech from the top of the main staircase of the Capuchin Convention, addressing the troops, about the dissolution of the first Roman Legion.
That same night, while the Austro-Papal troops were encircling the Republic, Garibaldi and his 250 loyal comrades, with the help of the San Marino NICOLAS ZANI, escaped from San Marino 15 minutes before the final encirclement.
The papal authorities were unhappy that Garibaldi was given assistance and tried to take revenge for this. A serious danger for the Republic came in 1854, when the Papal authorities proposed to the Duke of Tuscany to seize San Marino, the “nest of liberals,” by military means. The intervention of France, which sent its ambassador to San Marino to offer the protection of Emperor Napoleon III, prevented the danger.
Sanmarine volunteers took part in all Italian battles for independence, including the war of 1915-1918, and a MILITARY FIELD HOSPITAL with Sanmarine personnel operated at the fronts.
During the outbreak of the Second World War, the Republic scrupulously observed traditional neutrality, and the unfortunate Italian brothers were given asylum in the country; more than one hundred thousand refugees (eight times the then population) found shelter here.
STATE STRUCTURE
ARENGO
The Arengo, or assembly of heads of families, was the supreme body in ancient times. Subsequently, due to the difficulty of passing laws by such a large assembly, its legislative power passed to the Great General Council.
However, the arengo retained the right to modify the Statutes of the Republic and the “right of petition.” This last right is still exercised at the present day, and captains-regents receive numerous petitions from the citizens on the first Sunday after the 1st of April and after the 1st of October.
Thus, an important instrument of democracy remains in the hands of the people, allowing them to have direct connections with the highest government bodies. Submitted applications must be reviewed within 6 months.
At the beginning of 1600, the Council, despite recognizing Arengo’s sovereign prerogatives in documents, practically deprived him of his powers, and the assembly was not convened for about three centuries. On March 25, 1906, the popular assembly of heads of families (arengo), meeting in the main temple of San Marino, restored its ancient rights. It was decided to elect the members of the Great General Council by universal suffrage, thus abolishing re-election entirely by co-optation, as had been done before.
The Grand General Council is the parliament of the Republic; it consists of 60 deputies elected by universal suffrage using a system of proportional representation for a term of 5 years.
The Great General Council has legislative, legal and administrative powers. The competence of the Great General Council is also the publication of laws and decrees, the ratification of treaties and agreements, and the appointment of diplomatic and consular representatives.
The Council has the power to declare pardons, amnesties and rehabilitation and to appoint magistrates and public authorities.
The Council elects two captain-regents, the State Congress, Council XII, government auditors and commissioners of the regency.
CAPTAIN-REGENTS
Captain Regents are elected for a term of 6 months, from 1 April to 1 October and from 1 October to 1 April each year. They perform the functions of the head of state and exercise executive power. Captain-regents have the right to the title "Your Excellency", they preside over meetings of the Great General Council, Council XII, State Congress. The Captain Regents act jointly and every decision must be made by mutual consent, otherwise they have veto power over each other.
They can be re-elected to this post no earlier than three years from the end of their mandate, at the end of which the captain-regents may be called upon to report on their activities before a special court of “regency commissioners”, which must evaluate their activities, taking into account the complaints presented and everything that was done and not done during their mandate.
Council XII, according to the provisions of the Statute, revised by law in 1923, is the highest judicial body and performs functions relating to civil, criminal and administrative matters. The XII Council has special competence in the field of administrative court in the sense that every citizen or organization who considers their rights to be violated in any decision or resolution of an administrative nature can apply to the XII Council in order to obtain a review or annulment of the decision.
Council XII also functions as a “third instance” to achieve “double compliance” in the event that the verdict of the first instance court differs (even partially) from the verdict of the appellate court.
In addition, Council XII gives permission for the acquisition of real estate of citizens, recognizes the creation of organizations that do not pursue profit-making purposes, and gives permission to the latter to carry out property transactions.
Council XII also deals with the protection of the property of widows and orphans.
STATE CONGRESS
The State Congress, usually consisting of 10 members under the authority of the Regency, was created in 1945 by the merger of two organizations: the Economic Congregation and the Congress of Foreign Affairs. Based on the law of May 15, 1945, the State Congress exercises executive power together with the regents and, in practice, is the government of the country. It is divided into ten departments, each of which is headed by one member of Congress entitled to the title of Deputy, and the heads of the Departments of Foreign Affairs, Interior and Finance bear the title of Secretary of State.
LOCKS BOARDS
Administratively, the territory of the Republic of San Marino is divided into nine districts, or “castles” as they are called here, governed by the Council, i.e. The “Castle Board”, headed by the “Captain”, elected from among the board members on Wed. two years, which can be extended. Castle council elections, usually held every four years, involve all voters who are residents of the respective districts.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS
The main strength of the Republic is the high civic spirit of the inhabitants of San Marino, which is manifested in the main directions of the country's international policy, according to which the Sanmarinos have established cooperation with a number of important international organizations. San Marino is a member state of the Universal Postal Union, the International Committee of the Red Cross, the League of Societies of the International Red Cross, the International Chamber of Justice, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the International Institute of Economic Sciences, the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law, the World Tourism Organization, International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property, International Union of Salvation, International Telecommunications Union, UNESCO, World Health Organization, International Labor Organization, etc....
San Marino is a full member of the European Council and an observer country at the UN in New York.
San Marino has diplomatic missions and consulates in many countries, which, in turn, accredit their ambassadors and consuls to Mount Titano.
ATTRACTIONS
GOVERNMENT PALACE
The government palace, built by local stonemasons, was built according to the design of the Roman architect Francesco Azzurri on the site of an old palace from the 16th century.
Construction, which began in 1884, lasted 10 years, with the grand opening taking place on September 30, 1894. The outstanding orator Giosue Carducci delivered his famous speech “on eternal freedom” during the opening ceremony.
The facade of the palace is richly decorated with the coats of arms of the castles of the Republic. In its lower part there are porticoes with three lancet vaults, on the middle floor you can see a framed memorial inscription, and the second floor is decorated with three large single-leaf windows with lancet arches. The second floor has small windows. The upper part of the palace is crowned with a row of Guelph battlements. On the left is a bell tower with a clock, also decorated with battlements; above them is a figure of St. Marino standing between St. Agatha and St. Leo.
In the right corner of the palace, at the level of the middle floor, there is a bronze statue of San Marino on a pedestal, and under the porticoes, on the right, there is a marble bust of the architect Francesco Azzurri by Giulio Tadolini. The interior of the church is made in a medieval style, strict and solemn. The tour begins in the atrium, richly decorated with coats of arms, plaques and a bronze bust of Giosuè Carducci by Tullio Golfarelli. Climbing the magnificent staircase to the first floor, one can enter the Assembly and Audience Hall and the Council Chamber with 60 wingback chairs for Councilors; in the hall there is a monumental fireplace, decorated with the coats of arms of Sanmarinsky castles. From here you can get to the Voting Hall and, through a spiral staircase, to the flat roof and to the tower, from the height of which a magnificent panorama opens.
In front of the Government Palace is Liberty Square, or, as it is also called, Pianello, in the center of which stands the Statue of Liberty by the sculptor Galetti, donated to San Marino by the Berlin Countess Otilie Geyroth Wagener in 1876.
Behind the statue, right in the stone covering of the square, there is a marble slab with the directions of the four cardinal directions carved on it.
Under the square there are capacious tanks for collecting rainwater, which in past centuries served to provide water to the Sanmarinians.
Opposite the Government Palace is the former Post Office building, rebuilt in the style of the 14th century on the site of the “small building” of the commune. On the right side of the facade of this building there is a stone slab on which ancient measures of length are carved, which were in use until 1907; subsequently the decimal metric system was adopted. The beautiful panorama from the square allows you to see the Montalbo cemetery, another important monumental work of the Azzurri architect, at the foot of the city.
FORTRESS WALLS
The city of San Marino was fortified and protected by three belts of fortress walls erected in different times. The first belt (around the Guaita fortification) included the outer walls of the fortress and stretched to the crest of the rock on which the ancient Pieve rose. Within this belt there were ancient cisterns, the so-called “fossi”, which served for water supply.
The second belt was already in operation at the beginning of the 14th century, but was built in parts: its oldest part, dating back to the 13th century, surrounded the city, including the area of the Government Palace. Capacity tanks were also installed within its boundaries to collect rainwater.
The construction of the third and last belt, designed by the architect Giovan Battista Belluzzi, was completed in 1549.
With the growth and expansion of the city, most of the ancient walls were destroyed, but you can admire part of the wall (third belt) connecting the Porta della Rupe with the Porta San Francesco and with the Torrione Tower of the Teatro Titano.
Of the second belt, a beautiful part has been preserved, restored in 1921, leading from the second Fratta tower to the Cava Antica parking lot.
The walls connecting the fortresses of Fratta and Montale (3rd tower) were built during the construction of the third and final belt.
FORTRESSES
At the top of Mount Titano rise three fortresses, or, as they are also called, towers - Guaita, Chesta and Montale, which in past centuries have become a formidable defense of the freedom and independence of the Sanmarinians. No one managed to break their fortitude and conquer these fortifications; the main enemy, which led to their almost complete destruction, was the careless attitude of the Sanmarinians towards these sights. Even the surrounding defensive walls were looted for stones, which were used to pave roads and build residential buildings. Only at the beginning of this century, with the revival of national consciousness, restoration work began, ending by the end of the twenties.
Currently, these buildings, visible from the sea coast, fill the hearts of the residents of San Marino with pride and attract millions of tourists every year from all over the world.
FIRST FORTRESS OF GUAITA
It is impossible to determine exactly when the Sanmarinians began the construction of the first defensive fortifications. The date of the founding of the city is lost in legends, although it would be legitimate to assume that the construction of Guaita began around the 10th century. Already in 1371, Cardinal Anglico wrote: “... on the top of a high cliff, on which rise three impregnable fortifications...”.
The first fortress, called Guaita, consists of two fortification belts, one of which, the inner one, has retained all the characteristics of forts of the feudal era.
The entrance gate was located at a height of several meters, and entry through it was possible only with the help of a drawbridge, now destroyed. The fortress was repeatedly subjected to restoration work: in 1416, 1479, 1479, 1482, 1549 and 1615.
The fortress houses some examples of artillery pieces, gifts from the kings of Italy Vittorio Emmanuele II and Vittorio Emmanuele III, which are still operational and fire blank charges during national holidays.
Until the end of the sixties, the fortress had a sad purpose, serving as a prison; it currently houses an exhibition on the origins and reconstruction of the fortifications.
SECOND FORTRESS OF HONOR
Cesta, sometimes called Fratta, is the second fortification of the city. The fortress was built in the first half of 1200 and was subsequently restored many times. The last, most significant work, which returned the ancient, primitive beauty to the entire complex, was carried out in 1925.
The fortress of Chesta (Fratta), like Guaita, was built on the edge of an abyss, on the highest peak of Mount Titano, and its whole appearance speaks of the invincible spirit and perseverance of the ancient inhabitants of San Marino.
There is a museum in the Chest fortification ancient weapons, whose exhibits date from the Middle Ages to the early 1900s.
THE THIRD FORTRESS OF MONTALET
The year of construction of Montale is unknown, which is a single tower with a pentagonal base and an entrance gate located at a height of several meters from the ground. The tower was restored in 1743.
Perhaps the Sanmarinians intended to complete the construction of the fortress, turning it into one of the important fortifications, but, with the change in the situation in the country, this need disappeared. The tower served as an observation and sentry tower, as well as to protect Cesta's left flank from surprise attacks by Malatesta troops from nearby Fiorentino.
ENTRY RULES
The country is part of the Schengen zone; to enter you must have a passport and a visa, which is issued free of charge. Registration of citizens arriving in the country for a short time is not carried out. Each tourist is required to carry $50 per day for the first 10 days of stay and $25 per day for the subsequent period. The presence of money can be proven by attaching copies to the application: either a certificate of purchase of currency, or traveler's checks, or credit card with an account statement. An interesting detail: the originals of the listed documents must be presented at the time of application.
CUSTOMS REGULATIONS
There is no special inspection, no special declaration is required either at entry or exit. There are no restrictions on the import of liras and other currencies. You can freely export up to 20 million liras or an equivalent amount in other currencies. The export of large amounts must be authorized by customs authorities. For import hunting weapons a permit issued by an Italian consulate is required. It is endorsed at the border upon entry. The transit of historical valuables and documents is prohibited without accompanying permits from the relevant authorities. Pets may be imported with a veterinarian's certificate and valid rabies vaccinations.
HELP PHONE
(06)100. Carabinieri (military police) - 112. Police - 113. Fire department - 115. Italian Automobile Club - 116.
Literature
1. Pechnikov B.A. The numbers on the map indicate... M., 1986
2. Dakhin V.N. Republic of San Marino. M., 1989
3. Encyclopedia “Around the World” - (http://www.krugosvet.ru/articles/37/1003767/1003767a1.htm)
4. Website “San Marino” - (http://sanmarino.narod.ru/index.htm)
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St. Petersburg State Budgetary
Professional educational institution
"Higher Banking School"
Abstract on the discipline geography
on the theme "San Marino"
Performed by a student of group 94-14
Shadukaeva Maryam
Checked by the teacher
Motovilina A.V.
St. Petersburg 2015
Abstract plan
1. National flag and coat of arms of the country
2. Geographical location of countries
3. Characteristics of the population by number and national composition, religious affiliation
5. Flora
6. Animal world
7. Government structure, political parties
8. Industrial development over the past ten years
9. Development Agriculture over the past ten years
10. Development of transport. Characteristics of transport communications
11. Interaction with other states, participation in international economic relations
12. Sights of the country. Traditions, customs, national characteristics countries
13. Participation in the work of international organizations
List of used literature or sites
1. Sovereignnational flag and coat of arms of San Marino
Flag of San Marino is a rectangular panel with an aspect ratio of 3:4, consisting of two horizontal equal stripes: the upper one is white and the lower one is light blue. In the center of the flag is an image of the coat of arms of San Marino - a shield with the image of three towers, surrounded by oak and laurel branches. The shield is crowned with a crown, and below is a ribbon with the motto of San Marino - “Libertas” (Freedom).
The civil flag differs from the official one in that it does not contain a coat of arms in the center. The civil flag became especially widespread after the passage of a controversial law that prohibited the use state emblem civilians. Subsequent resolutions made it clear that the national flag could be used by anyone. San Marino population climate
Coat of arms of San Marino appeared in the 14th century. It is a symbol of freedom and sovereignty of the oldest republic in the world.
Consists of the following parts:
· The blue shield depicts three green mountains, on each of them there is a silver tower decorated with an ostrich-emper. The towers mean the three fortresses of San Marino - Guaita, Cestai Montale, and the mountains - the three peaks of Monte Titano.
· The motto is “LIBERTAS” (Latin freedom). It expresses the amazing preservation of the independence of this small country surrounded by large states. This is also related to last words founder of San Marino: " I leave you free»
· Oak and laurel branches surrounding the coat of arms signify stability and protection of freedom.
· The crown on top signifies sovereignty.
The coat of arms of San Marino decorates the national flags of the emblem of the football team FSGC
2. Geographical location of the country
The area of the state is only 60.57 sq. km. . The country is located on the southwestern slope of the three-domed Monte Titano mountain range (738 m above sea level), rising above the hilly plain of the Apennine foothills.
Rocky massifs occupy almost 80% of the country's territory, arable land accounts for 16.6% of the area. At the foot of Monte Titano there are several castles and villages lying in an area of elevated plains.
3. Characteristics of the population by number and national composition, religious affiliationresponsibilities
Population
The population of the state is 32,499 people (October 2013) and about 13 thousand citizens live abroad. Among the country's population, 50.8% are men (16,514) and 49.2% are women (15,985).
The capital of the country is the city of San Marino (4.1 thousand inhabitants). The population density of the country, given its small area (only 61 sq. km), is quite high and amounts to 530 people per 1 sq. km.
The largest city-commune in San Marino is Serravalle, located in the north of the country. The population is about 10.5 thousand people. Population growth in 2011 was 7.7%, in 2012.
9.36%, over the last 12 months (from October 2012 to October 2013) - 2.94%.
According to 2012 data, 15.4% of the country's population is under 15 years of age (52.3% are men, 47.7% are women), 66.4% are from 15 to 64 years old (49.6% are men, 50, 4% - women), 18.2% - 65 years and older (44.8% - men, 55.2% - women)
The average age of the Republic's residents is 42.3 years.
Population growth in 2012 was almost 0.9%, the birth rate was 8.99 per 1000 people, the mortality rate was 7.3 per 1000 people, and the infant mortality rate was 0 per 1000 births.
Average life expectancy 86.97 years
Religion
(Image No. 1) Basilica Church
Religion in San Marino is a fairly important part of the life of all its residents, who, by the way, profess, for the most part, Roman Catholicism. The percentage of followers of this faith is almost ninety-five, however, there are no official statistics on this issue; this is, in fact, just an assumption based on the number of churches of this type. Besides Roman Catholicism, a small percentage of San Marino residents profess Judaism as well as Protestantism. In addition, in religious terms, this state also has followers of some alternative faiths, in particular, Jehovah's Witnesses, private religious schools, and a very small percentage of followers of Muslim teachings. As for religious education, all schools of this type are fully funded by the state, since at the moment there is not a single church school in San Marino that is private.
There are several churches in San Marino, the main one of which is the famous Basilica (image no. 1), where the main religious and other ceremonies of the country take place. Previously, there was quite a noticeable conflict in this state over which religion would be recognized as the main one, but Roman Catholicism found the largest number of followers. Religion in the state of San Marino is completely uncontrolled from a political point of view, so it is impossible to talk about the presence of any state religion in it. This is also the reason for the fact that churches in this country receive absolutely no funding from the state, so most of them exist on voluntary donations provided by representatives of one or another religious belief.
4. Climate
The climate is subtropical, Mediterranean. The average temperature in summer is +24°C, in winter about +4°C. Moreover, due to the elevated position of the country, even in extreme heat it is cool here, but at night in winter the temperature can drop to -6 °C. Precipitation falls 800-900 mm per year, mainly in the autumn-winter period. In winter, snow occasionally falls, but it does not last long.
5. Vegetable world
The vegetation cover has been greatly modified by humans. Ancient oak and chestnut forests have been cut down almost entirely; hard-leaved evergreen trees and shrubs (holm and cork oaks, maquis and garigue thickets) have been preserved image no. 2.), seaside pine. The altitudinal zonation of vegetation is characteristic. On the lower parts of the slopes and in the foothills, cultural landscapes predominate (olive plantations image No. 3, fields, vineyards, gardens), which in the north in some places up to a height of 500-600 m are combined with preserved groves of holm and cork oak, Aleppo pine, pine (image no. 5) and bushes (image no. 4).At an altitude of more than 500 m, forests of oak and chestnut begin with an admixture of maple, elm and ash.
(Image No. 2) Gariga thickets(Image No. 3) Olive plantations
(Image No. 4) Shrubs
(Image No. 5) Pinias
6. Animal world
Among the animals preserved in San Marino are rodents (squirrels, dormice image No. 6, field mice image No. 7 and rats), chamois, roe deer image No. 8, badger, marten and weasel. There are wild boars, hares, rabbits and foxes. Lots of cicadas. The rivers and streams are home to pike, tench, chub, trout and grayling.
(Image No. 6.) Sonya(Image No. 7) Field mouse
(Image No. 8) Roe deer
7. Statedevice, political parties
State structure
San Marino--democratic republic with a parliamentary form of government. The heads of state are the captain regents. There are political parties in the country. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is exercised by both the government and the General Council. The judicial branch is independent from the legislative and executive branches. From its founding until 1243, San Marino was ruled by the arengo, an assembly composed of the heads of the so-called Great Families. San Marino had no formal head of state, and the arengo was often incapacitated by infighting among its members. In 1243, the General Council appointed two captain regents for the first time. This government system is still in effect today.
The Legislative Assembly of the Republic of San Marino is General Council(image no. 9).It is a unicameral parliament, the 60 members of which are elected every five years by proportional representation in all nine administrative regions corresponding to the old church parishes. Citizens of the republic aged 18 years and older vote. In addition to legislative matters, the General Council approves the state budget and elects the captains-regents, the State Congress, the Council of the Twelve, the Advisory Commissions and the Government Unions. The Council also ratifies foreign policy treaties. The Council is divided into five Advisory Commissions. Each of them consists of 15 councilors who study, propose and discuss new laws before they are introduced to the Council.
(Image No. 9) Palazzo Publico
Residence of the General Council.
Every six months, the Council of State elects two Captain Regents, who are the heads of state. Regents are chosen from opposing political parties to maintain the balance of power. Their term of office begins on April 1 and October 1 of each year and lasts six months. Within three days after the end of the term of captain-regents, citizens of the republic can send complaints about their activities. If necessary, prosecution of the captains-regents may be initiated. The practice of frequent election of captain-regents and the fact of the coexistence of two heads of state historically stems from the institution of Roman consuls. The Council of State is analogous to the Senate.
Political parties
The political life of San Marino takes place under the sign of multi-party system and pluralism. The following parties are the most noticeable in the political arena. Among them there is even a place for the neo-Nazi party.
The Christian Democratic Party is the largest in San Marino. In many ways it adopted the features, values and program of the Italian party of the same name. Among its priorities it proclaims the values of democracy, freedom, pluralism and solidarity.
The Sanmarino Socialist Party is the oldest political party; the date of its formation is 1892. The program is based on the principles of international socialism, the desire to modernize the country's political system and improve the socio-economic living conditions of the citizens of San Marino. The party is guided by the values of representative democracy, freedom and human rights, social justice and equal opportunities for all citizens of the country, especially for the older generation.
The Democratic Party is a young party formed in the early 2000s. By and large, it is a modernized Progressive Democratic Party, which, in turn, in the early 90s. appeared as a result of the reorganization of the Sanmarinsky Communist Party. The values it proclaims of freedom, solidarity, equality and peace and inspired by the “culture of European democratic reformism” should lead to an “open and responsible society” and the modernization of the country.
The People's Alliance of San Marino Democrats is a centrist party founded in the early 90s. 20th century. Party leaders advocate reform of state institutions with a clearer separation of powers, expansion of the practice of referendums, etc.
Sanmarino Communist Revival is a left-wing political party, the date of its formation also dates back to the early 90s. 20th century and also has communist roots - it was organized from the left wing of the former Sanmarinsky Communist Party. The ideology and political line are similar to the Italian Communist Renaissance Party.
8. Industrial development forlast ten years
The industry of San Marino is represented by the mining, food, ceramics and textile industries. There are also small cement and leather factories. Limestone has been mined in quarries on the slopes of Titano for 16 centuries.
All buildings in the republic are built from this durable stone; it is also exported to Italy.
Recently, new quarries have not been opened due to increasing population density and lack of suitable land for housing. Near the city of Faetano, sulfur is mined (500-600 tons per year) and entirely exported to chemical plants in Bologna, Cezena and other Italian cities.
The food industry of the republic is represented by wine-making, flour-grinding, bakery and oil-processing enterprises. San Marino is famous for its culinary, and especially confectionery, products. In the post-war years, several small cotton factories appeared, processing imported raw materials. A silk-winding factory has been preserved from the last century.
9. Rural developmentfarms over the past ten years
Agriculture It is carried out mostly using outdated methods, its development is hampered by the fragmentation of land ownership, the persistence of medieval sharecropping and the difficulties of cultivating agricultural crops on lands dissected by ravines and gorges, often karst and affected by erosion. The basis of agriculture is intensive farming. Grapes, wheat, corn, and fruits are cultivated. Plantings of these crops occupy more than 60% of the entire territory of the country. Wheat and corn fields are usually lined with fruit trees and olive trees, with grape vines climbing through them. One of the most valuable crops is the olive. The entire olive harvest is processed into oil. Peaches, figs, pears, plums, apple trees, apricots, walnuts, and almonds are grown in the gardens of San Marino. Large areas of vegetable gardens are occupied by green onions, which are exported.
Sanmarinians have developed new Muscat grape varieties, characterized by high quality and productivity. Grape (image No. 10) processed locally in an artisanal manner and in state-owned wineries in Borgo Maggiore and Serra Valle. San Marino wines are very high quality.
An intensive and highly developed branch of the country's agriculture is livestock farming. Cattle have been bred for a long time (image no. 11) and sheep; pig farming developed somewhat later. Cattle are grazed not only on the territory of the republic, but also - by agreement - in neighboring mountainous areas Italy. Sericulture has been practiced in San Marino since the Middle Ages.
(Image No. 11) Cattle(Image No. 10) Vineyards
10. Transport development. CharactersSticks of transport communications
The total length of San Marino highways is 220 km. The republic's vehicles have distinctive license plates. They are white with blue figures and a crest, usually a letter followed by four numbers. Many vehicles also carry an international code (in black on a white oval sticker). San Marino has neither an airport nor a river port. There is only an international heliport located in Borgo Maggiore. Although most tourists use the international airport. Federico Fellini, located in the Italian city of Rimini, and then arrive by bus to San Marino.
Public transport. There is a regular bus service between San Marino and Rimini (image no. 12), popular both among tourists and among tourism workers. This route covers 20 stops, including Rimini railway station. The republican taxi fleet has a limited license, having seven taxis in stock. In addition, there are taxis from Italian taxi companies.
There is a cable car in San Marino (image no. 13) 1.5 km long. It connects the capital of the republic with the towns of Borgo Maggiorei Monte Titano. The cable car cars are referred to as gondolas and are numbered “1” and “2”. They go every fifteen minutes all day.
(Image No. 12) Bus
(Image No. 13) Cable car
Railway connection. There is currently no train service in San Marino. Although before World War II there was a narrow gauge railway line for a short period of time. It connected the republic with the Italian network in Rimini. The road was opened on June 12, 1932. The rolling stock was represented by electric trains. As a result of World War II Railway was destroyed, but a trace of it remained: bridges, tunnels and stations.
11. Interaction with other states, participation in internationalnative economic relations
Integration processes in the world economy are usually called the processes of interweaving national economies and pursuing coordinated interstate economic policies both between the countries themselves and in relation to third countries. To regulate the economies of participating countries integration processes Various interstate, regional and interregional organizations are being created.
Since 1992, the country joined the UN. Today San Marino is a full member of the United Nations, the International Court of Justice, UNESCO, the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Council of Europe, the International Organization of the Red Cross, and some others. The country also cooperates with UNICEF and the UN High Commission for Refugees, and has official relations with the European Union. From 10 May to 6 November 1990, San Marino held a 6-month presidency of the European Council of Ministers. San Marino maintains the closest economic ties with Italy, because 85% of the republic’s exports go there.
The United States and San Marino have friendly diplomatic relations. The United States includes San Marino within the Florence consular district, and officials of the United States Consulate General in Italy regularly visit San Marino.
San Marino has diplomatic relations with Russian Federation(established in full on September 30, 1993). In particular, San Marino actively cooperates with the Republic of Tatarstan. Between these two economic entities, an Agreement on Economic Cooperation was signed between the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Republic of San Marino dated June 3, 1996 (without specifying the validity period).
San Marino is not a member of the IMF, but is among candidates for membership, along with Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Ukraine. This is due to the fact that the San Marino authorities consider some of the conditions put forward for joining the IMF to be unfavorable for their economy, and are in no hurry to fulfill them. In general, this small country is admired for its independence: it is not a member of either the EU or NATO. She (however, like the rest of the European “dwarfs”) refuses to submit to the current economic strategy of the European Union in relation to Russia - to introduce various kinds of sanctions against Russian goods and companies. By the way, San Marino cooperates with both Belarus and Yugoslavia.
San Marino understands that following the prohibitions and orders of European economic and political “monsters” will mean the loss of national independence, and most importantly, identity. This is probably why San Marino refused to support Italy in World War II.
By the way, the surge of separatism in the EU region is not least due to the very fact of the existence of “Eurodwarfs”. For example, adherents of the “Republic of Padania” - the separation of Northern Italy from Rome - appeal to the independence of San Marino.
Since 1991, San Marino has been advocating for the declaration of the Adriatic basin as a neutral zone free of weapons of mass destruction. San Marino and Liechtenstein were not afraid to close their communications to NATO troops rushing into the former Yugoslavia. San Marino is the only one European country, which did not sign the so-called “European Energy Charter”, considering it detrimental to national sovereignty. By the way, only dwarf San Marino did not sign the latest Brussels Protocol, once again considering this document to be detrimental to state sovereignty and national foreign economic policy.
San Marino to this day offers negotiations on NATO expansion with the participation of neutral European countries - in fact, Russia's allies in this matter.
Recently, Russia has been actively seeking to obtain the status of an associate member of the European Union or achieve a closer partnership with the EU in the trade sphere. But even during the recent conference in Helsinki at the level of heads of government, these goals were not achieved. Most likely, one should not be deluded by statements by European officials about their interest in expanding cooperation with Russia. Maybe it’s worth adopting the experience of San Marino, a country that is a member of the Free Trade Association and has independently achieved favorable conditions trade with the EU?
February 18, 2004 Gabriele Gatti, Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs of the Republic of San Marino, arrived on Monday evening in Moscow on a working visit. This was the first visit of a San Marino representative of this level to Russia. Gabriele Gatti met with the then Russian Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov. The parties agreed on mutual support in matters of European cooperation and interaction between Russia and San Marino at the UN and other international organizations.
The ministers also substantively examined the prospects for the further development of bilateral relations, including in the field of culture, tourism, as well as economic cooperation, especially in the field of small and medium-sized businesses. San Marino has vast experience in this area. With limited sources of income, mainly from tourism and financial transactions, this country, according to experts, remains the “financial paradise” of Europe.
The San Marinos themselves explained the reasons for their success by a number of factors, including political stability, a reasonable fiscal regime that promotes the growth of investment in productive sectors, a highly qualified workforce - all that Russia has been lacking in recent years.
12. Sights of the country. Traditions, customs,national characteristics of the country
Attractions
(Image No. 14) Castle town of Borgo Maggiore
(Image No. 15) Mount Titano
(Image No. 16) Observation deck
(Image No. 17) Guaita Fortress
(Image No. 18) Museum of Torture
Traditions
Sanmarinians are careful about their traditions: in their opinion, they are the descendants of the ancient Romans. This is explained by the fact that the country is governed by 2 captain-regents, and in Ancient Rome 2 consuls coped with this task. Sanmarinians like to spend their leisure time actively - they roller skate, play tennis, basketball, do gymnastics, swimming, and clay pigeon shooting , go hunting and fishing.
In San Marino, an interesting event takes place in the State Palace, located in Piazza della Liberta - from May to September, here every hour everyone can watch the spectacular changing of the guard.
Sanmarinians love to have fun: their favorite festival is Giornate Medievali (July 26-29). It represents a colorful and noisy carnival.
The locals are friendly and sociable (though, unlike the Italians, they are not so impetuous and expansive): if a tourist needs help, they will always help. In addition, Sanmarinos are very tactful, so they resolve all conflicts through negotiations.
13. Participation in the work of international organizations
The Republic of San Marino has diplomatic and consular relations with more than one hundred European and non-European countries. The Republic is a member of a huge number of International Organizations, such as the UN and many programs and funds, such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Bank (WB), International Labor Organization (ILO), World organization Health (WHO), World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), World Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), etc.
The Republic has had official relations with the European Union since 1991; the heads of the Republic take part in the Inter-Parliamentary Union, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and the Security Council of Europe.
List of used literature or sites
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9C%D0%B0% D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9C%D0%B0% D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%E0%ED-%CC%E0%F0%E8%ED%EE#.D0.93.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.83.D0 .B4.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.B9_.D1.84.D0.BB .D0.B0.D0.B3
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0 %A1%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE
http://turmag.com.ua/219-srochnie-vizi/4306-religiya-v-san-marino.html
http://tourout.ru/travels/2389/images/18.html
http://news-of-travel.ru/strany/evropa/san-marino
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0 %B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B0 %D0%BD-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE
http://pandia.org/371976/
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%F0%E0%ED%F1%EF%EE%F0%F2_%E2_%D1%E0%ED-%CC%E0%F0%E8%ED% E.E.
http://catalog.fmb.ru/san-marino12.shtml
http://www.rutraveller.ru/place/45006
http://parapsicholog.livejournal.com/30919.html
http://www.rutraveller.ru/country/San_Marino/places?_p=2
http://www.votpusk.ru/story/article.asp?ID=8780
http://www.turexpress.ru/san-marino
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Geographical position of the Czech Republic - landscape, climate, vegetation and wildlife. The state structure of the country: political parties and trade unions. Legal system, administrative division, economy, population composition, religion and culture of the state.
presentation, added 02/23/2015
Data about Bulgaria and its capital. Geographical location, administrative division, government structure, holidays, flora and fauna, water resources, minerals, climate, population, historical sights of the country.
presentation, added 10/17/2013
Geographical location of Bulgaria. Government structure, population, religion, language. Climate, relief and natural conditions. Flora and fauna. Cultural monuments and main cities. Industry, transport and international relations.
presentation, added 10/27/2016
Geographical location and nature, population, climate, flora and fauna, government structure, economic development trends, industry, social security system of Great Britain, France, Germany, Belgium and Austria.
course work, added 07/10/2015
Economic-geographical and political-geographical position of Slovenia. Characteristics of the country's economy. Reasons influencing the pace of agricultural development. State of the transport complex. State structure. Main political parties.
presentation, added 04/20/2011
Geographical location, natural conditions, climate and resources of Kenya, its flora and fauna. Sights of the country and features of tourism development. The composition of the population and government structure of Kenya, the state of industry and agriculture.
abstract, added 09/16/2012
The position of the state of Singapore, the area of its territory, population and proximity to the seas. Natural resources, features of the relief and climate of a given country. Flora and fauna, recreational resources and attractions of Singapore.
presentation, added 04/24/2014
Geographical location, relief, water resources and climatic features of the United States. The country's mineral resources, its flora and fauna. Government structure and administrative division of the United States of America, its economic development.
presentation, added 10/15/2012
Economic and geographical position of Belgium. General information about the state, its climate, assessment natural conditions and resources, flora and fauna. Size and national composition of the population. The most important economic sectors and industrial development.
