The Republic of Macedonia gained independence in September 1991. Its economy was the least developed compared to other former Yugoslav republics. In 1990-1993, a privatization program was carried out in Macedonia. In subsequent years, the Government of Macedonia carried out a number of reforms in the financial sector. The Republic of Macedonia maintains macroeconomic stability amid low inflation, but lags behind in terms of attracting foreign investment and job creation.
A number of factors (impossibility to conduct free trade with the former Yugoslav republics; embargo imposed by Greece; UN sanctions against Yugoslavia; lack of infrastructure) hindered the economic growth of Macedonia until 1996. Economic growth began in Macedonia in 1996. GDP growth was observed until 2000.
In 2001, due to the interethnic conflict that occurred in Macedonia, economic growth fell to 4.5%. The recession in the economy was due to periodic border closures, a decrease in trade relations with other countries, an increase in state budget spending on state security, and the refusal of investors to invest in a country with an unstable political situation. In 2002 there was the economic growth at the level of 0.3%, and in 2003 - 2.8%. For the period from 2003 to 2006, the average economic growth rate was 4%, for 2007-2008 - 5%.
In 2009, the country's GDP was estimated at $9.238 billion, and economic growth fell to -1.8%. Gross domestic product by sector amounted to: Agriculture- 12.1% of GDP, industry - 21.5%, services - 58.4%.
State budget revenues in 2009 amounted to $2.914 billion, expenditures - $3.161 billion. The state debt of Macedonia increased in 2009 compared to 2008 by 3.7% and amounted to 32.4% of GDP. As of September 31, 2009, the country's external debt reached $5.458 billion, which is $0.8 billion more than last year.
Macedonian industry
The growth of industrial production in Macedonia in 2009 fell sharply to -7.7%. The following leading industries are distinguished in the country: tobacco, wine-making, textile. In addition, there is a mining industry, metallurgical industry, chemical industry, metalworking, electrical equipment, machine tools are produced.
The country has insignificant reserves of ore and non-metallic minerals: iron, lead-zinc, nickel, copper and manganese ore, chromites, magnesite, antimony, arsenic, sulfur, gold, brown coal, feldspar, dolomite, gypsum.
Metallurgical industry. Iron and steel production accounts for 7% of GDP. Main products: cold and hot rolled steel, aluminum profiles and strip, alloy steel, pipes, ferronickel, zinc, copper, gold and silver.
Metalworking and electrical equipment. Represented by a variety of products: electrical appliances, transformers, batteries. Equipment for the processing of metals, wood and plastic is produced.
Chemical industry. It accounts for 10% of the total industrial production. Capacities are available for basic chemical production, synthetic fiber, PVC, solvents, detergents, fertilizers, etc. The pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries are also developed. The chemical industry in Macedonia is based mainly on imported raw materials. A large chemical plant is located in Skopje. The development of the chemical industry is facilitated by foreign investments (the United States - in the pharmaceutical industry, Turkey - in the production of fuels and lubricants and plastics, Italy - in the production of technical glass). There is a pulp and paper industry.
Textile industry. It employs 27% of the working population. Main production: cotton fiber and fabrics, woolen yarn and finished woolen products. Most enterprises carry out orders for tailoring of ready-made clothes for the USA and European countries. In the last 3 years alone, 425 new small and medium-sized enterprises have opened in the sector. The main centers of the textile industry are Tetovo (production of woolen fabrics), Shtip (cotton mill), Veles (silk weaving mill). They mainly produce ready-made, including knitted, clothes, bedspreads, bed linen, artificial fur, blankets, cotton threads, wool yarn, fabrics, and carpets. The leather and leather-footwear industry works mainly on imported raw materials and is largely developed thanks to the investments of Italian and Italian-American companies.
Construction and Construction Materials. This sector works on domestic raw materials and produces ceramics, asbestos, cement, gypsum and gypsum products. The country has a well-developed construction industry. The construction services of Macedonian workers are widely used in Germany, Eastern Europe and the Middle East. Enterprises of the industry "Concrete", "Mavrovo", "Pelagonia" are widely known in Russia and the republics former USSR. The annual volume in construction is 400 million dollars, including 40-50 million dollars from the implementation of projects abroad.
Food and beverage industry. Well-developed industries producing canned food, wine and beer. The annual production of grapes reaches 200-300 thousand tons. The country has 16 wine factories with a total volume of 220 million liters of wine per year.
Agriculture in Macedonia
Good climatic conditions make it possible to grow grain crops (wheat, corn, rice), industrial crops (tobacco, sunflower, cotton, poppy), vegetables and fruits in the country. Viticulture and winemaking are developed in Macedonia.
Pasture animal husbandry is developed in the mountainous regions. The population breeds sheep, goats, large cattle, pigs. The country also has poultry and beekeeping. The inhabitants of the lake districts are engaged in fishing. The leading sectors in the agriculture of the Republic of Macedonia are: tobacco growing, vegetable growing, fruit growing, sheep breeding.
The share of agriculture in GDP is 20%. Agricultural land is 1.3 million hectares, of which 43% is arable land, 4% is under vineyards and vegetable crops. The remaining 53% of the lands are pastures and meadows. About 80% of the land is privately owned. Climatic conditions allow growing grapes, early vegetables, fruits, as well as developing animal husbandry. There are a large number of food and beverage industries. The total export potential of agriculture reaches 180-230 million dollars per year, which is 20% of Macedonia's exports.
Foreign trade of Macedonia
The volume of exports in 2009 was estimated at 2.687 billion US dollars. The country exports food, tobacco products, textiles, various industrial products, iron and steel. Main export partners: Germany, Italy, Bulgaria, Croatia and Greece.
The volume of imports in 2009 reached 4.844 billion US dollars. Macedonia imports machinery and equipment, chemical products, fuel and foodstuffs. Main import partners: Greece, Germany, Bulgaria, Slovenia, Italy, Turkey, Hungary.
Transport and energy in Macedonia
As you know, Macedonia has a sufficient network of highways and a certain number of railways. The length of railways is 699 km (234 km are electrified), the length of roads is 4,723 km (including 4,113 km with hard surface). The country has 14 airports (including 10 paved), including international airports in Skopje and Ohrid.
The main highway is laid in parallel with the North-South railway connecting Serbia and Montenegro with Greece, the so-called. "Corridor 10". Construction is underway on Corridor 8, a highway that will connect Macedonia with Albania in the west and Bulgaria in the east. The length of the railway network is 900 km. The main north-south direction from Belgrade to the port of Thessaloniki (Greece) passes through Skopje. There are two international airfields in Macedonia - in Skopje and Ohrid.
Telecommunications are also well developed in Macedonia. The country has a stable connection via optical cable with the main cities of Europe. The Macedonian Telecommunications enterprise was privatized by the Hungarian Matav - 51% of the shares. There are two mobile networks, which are used by 9% of the population.
Macedonia can achieve self-sufficiency in the electricity sector as well. Currently, the country meets its needs by 80%. The installed capacity is 1443.8 MW, of which 1010 MW are thermal power plants and 443.8 MW are hydroelectric power plants. Most of the energy facilities were created with the assistance of the former USSR.
Joint-Stock Company "Electric Economy of Macedonia" is a state-owned enterprise for the production, transmission and distribution of electricity. It includes 3 TPPs, 7 HPPs, 22 small HPPs. The largest thermal power plant "Bitola" produces 70% of all heat and electricity in the country. TPP "Negotino" is in good condition. It runs on fuel oil, therefore it is a reserve power due to the high cost of energy production. The government plans to privatize Macedonian Electricity by the end of 2006. The necessary documents are being prepared.
The Skopje-Thessaloniki oil pipeline operates in the country. Its throughput capacity is up to 2.5 million tons of oil per year. Just such productive capacity Skopsky oil refinery "OKTA", built with the assistance of the USSR (currently privatized by the Greek company "Helenik Petroleum").
A gas pipeline is under expansion, through which Russian oil is supplied to Macedonia through Bulgaria. natural gas. The design capacity of the gas transmission system is 800 million cubic meters. Only 10% used. Subject to the implementation of the project for the development of the gas transmission network of Macedonia and neighboring countries, gas could be supplied to Albania, the southern regions of Serbia, including Kosovo, and also to northern Greece.
Source - http://www.makedonya.ru/
http://ru.wikipedia.org/
Teger also develops this point of view on the role of the personality of the Macedonian king in the fate of the Greek-Macedonian world.59) He considers Philip to be one of the "most prominent in world history." He justifies his promiscuity in means, because only with the help of it he managed to establish order in the conquered countries.60) Cunning, deceit, the implementation of subtle plans against a weak enemy and a lightning attack on him - the means taken by Philip - are erected on the pedestal of virtue worthy of emulation.
As for Demosthenes, he is given tribute as an orator, but his anti-Macedonian activities directed against the aggressive policy of Macedonia are completely rejected.
In the post-war bourgeois historical literature, the modernization and falsification of the past continue to be reflected in scientific research and writings on the history of Macedonia. In this regard, the work of the Italian scientist R. Paribeni, published in Milan in 1947, is typical. It is dedicated to the history of Macedonia before the era of Alexander.62) In it, Paribeni analyzes a number of important issues of Macedonian history, speaks of the geographical position of Macedonia, population, the history of the Macedonian kings, Greek-Macedonian relations. However, many issues have not been properly resolved, both due to the superficial use of sources, and due to the depravity of the author's methodological attitudes.
Paribeni nowhere points to the socio-economic development of the Macedonian tribes, to the results of inter-tribal struggle. Following the views that have long been outdated, the author believes that originally Macedonia, due to the topographical features of the area, consisted of separate principalities. Then one of these "principalities", the most powerful, subjugated the other principalities, which became its client states (Stati clienti). The struggle itself and various clashes between these “principalities” are explained, as already mentioned, not by the socio-economic conditions of their life, but by geographical factors.63) Without distinguishing between the fundamental features of the two periods: the primitive communal system and class society, the author considers the democracy in Macedonia by a monarchy, and tribal leaders by sovereigns.
Paribeni has a special sympathy for Philip, in the assessment of whose activities Paribeni's own political views are clearly visible. The author considers the conquests of Philip without connection with the birth of the Macedonian statehood, does not reveal the fact that these conquests were the result of the consolidation of the forces of the young slave state, which collided with Greece, which was then experiencing a socio-economic crisis. Precisely because the historian did not find the main reasons that caused the Macedonian conquests, he explains them only on the basis of the personality of Philip himself, to whom he treats with obvious sympathy.
Unable to give a correct assessment of the actions of the Greeks against the Macedonian invasion, Paribeni resorted to a tried and tested method - modernization. Ironically calling Demosthenes “poor Demosthenes” (Povero Demostene!), he compares the anti-Macedonian aspirations of his party with the activities of Garibaldi, to whom he also has a negative attitude, and the disagreements among the Greeks are compared with the disagreements of the allies at the Versailles Conference of 1919, when with the Italian minister Solino Allies treated like an enemy.
Paribeni's work does not introduce anything new into the problem under study. The author was unable to establish the qualitative differences between the individual stages of development ancient history Macedonia, the time of the birth and death of certain indigenous social phenomena, as well as the causes and consequences of these changes. Paribeni mixes eras and concepts, allows for modernization in explaining historical facts, and thus gives an incorrect, biased interpretation. historical events Greek-Macedonian relations in the ancient period.
So, summing up, it should be said that bourgeois historiography of Greek-Macedonian relations as a whole failed to give a correct, exhaustive analysis of this problem. It was usually resolved without taking into account the socio-economic changes that occurred in Macedonian society as a result of the collapse of tribal ties and the formation of Macedonian statehood. The Macedonian conquests in Greece were considered out of touch with the birth of the Macedonian state. Bourgeois scholars tried to explain every historical event in the life of Macedonia and Greece on the basis of the activity of the individual, and not on the basis of the specific socio-economic situation that brought this personality forward. Bourgeois historiography has allowed and continues to allow many distortions and perversions in solving the problem of Athenian democracy and the activities of its leaders. Throughout the 19th century, there were two points of view on Athenian democracy among bourgeois historians. Some of them diligently idealized Greek democracy, while completely ignoring its class essence and class limitations; the other part sharply attacked Athenian democracy, denying its progressive significance and contrasting it with the paramilitary system of aristocratic Sparta.
The desire of many bourgeois researchers to modernize, their denial of the laws of historical development, and, finally, the lack of a common view of the history of Macedonia as a whole left their negative imprint, to one degree or another, on all the work of bourgeois scholars on Greek-Macedonian history.
The history of the Greco-Macedonian world is being developed more intensively in the Balkan countries: in Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Greece. This is because the history of Macedonia is to a certain extent part of their own history.
Bulgarian antiques have long been interested in questions of Macedonian history and the development of Thracian culture, without studying which it is impossible to create the history of ancient Bulgaria.
The world-renowned Bulgarian scientist G. I. Katsarov occupies the first place in ancient Balkan studies.65) For more than half a century, he systematized and interpreted a huge and heterogeneous factual material on the history of life, culture, religion of the ancient Thracians and neighboring tribes and nationalities.66 ) He studied in detail the sources and monuments of the material culture of the Bulgarian and North Balkan lands.
In 1922, G. Katsarov published a monograph on Philip of Macedon, which, both in terms of the depth of the study of sources and the strength of its evidence, left Western European scientists far behind.
An excellent knowledge of the material, a deep analysis of the facts, and a great interest in Macedonian history make Katsarov's work especially valuable at the present time.
In subsequent years, prof. Katsarov continued his research on the history of Macedonia, developing some of its problems in connection with the history of Bulgaria. Simultaneously with the study of Macedonian history, they paid great attention to the Thracian problem.
In 1932, a work by V. Beshevliev was published, devoted to the complex issue of the origin of the ancient Macedonians.70) Subjecting to a historical and philological analysis of the ancient information about the Macedonian language and Macedonian customs, the author comes to the conclusion that the Macedonians are not Greeks.
The primary attention of the Bulgarian antiquities is given to the issues of Thracian history.
The studies of the most intricate and complex issues of the Thracian problem by Bulgarian antiquities made it possible to more clearly imagine the environment in which the Macedonians were, especially on the eve and during the formation of Macedonian statehood.
A special merit belongs to Bulgarian scientists in collecting and systematizing ancient sources on the history and geography of Thrace and Macedonia. The result of a lot of painstaking work was the reprinting in 1949 by the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences of Capital Labor "Collection of sources on ancient history and Geography of Thrace and Macedonia.
However, it should be noted that the Bulgarian works were written before the victory of the Marxist-Leninist worldview in the Bulgarian historical science.
The presence of numerous monuments of archeology and epigraphy on the territory of Vardar Macedonia, which in ancient times was one of the centers of interaction between the cultures of the Illyrians, Thracians and Macedonians, was a favorable condition for successful work on Macedonian history in Yugoslavia. The efforts of Yugoslav scholars are mainly focused on the publication of new epigraphic and archaeological monuments. In addition, they try to use these materials in their historical and philological studies.
Most important place in the study of ancient Macedonia in the first half of the 20th century. undoubtedly belongs to academician N. Vulich, who from year to year collected a lot of material about [ancient monuments, systematized it and compiled an archaeological map. Much studied the material culture of ancient Macedonia and neighboring areas, especially the history of the Ionian colony of Vinci, acad. M. Vasich.74) The history of the Vinci colony is also dealt with by prof. R. Marich.) Prof. University of Belgrade FK Papazoglu is working on the history of Macedonian cities. Although her interests lie in the study of Macedonian history during the era of Roman domination, in her works she provides important information from the life of the Macedonian cities of an earlier period. In this regard, Papazoglu's article "Eion - Amphipolis - Chrysopolis" is interesting, in which the history of Amphipolis is the subject of a dispute between the Athenians, Peloponnesians and Macedonians at the end of the 5th and the first half of the 4th century. BC e. -- is presented together with the history of neighboring cities and towns.76) Papazoglu's study on the history of Heraclea and Pelagonia, which she completed in 1954, is more detailed.77) Fully armed with epigraphic data and ancient sources, the author opposes the traditional opinion of most researchers about the identity Heraclea linkesti with Pelagonia.
In 1957, F.K. Papazoglu's major work on the history of Macedonian cities in Roman times was published. This work, representing a doctoral dissertation defended in 1955 at the Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade, is a detailed study of the problem of the emergence, duration of existence and the administrative position of the Macedonian cities in the era of Roman domination. It refers mainly to Macedonian historical geography and topography and has long and important insights into the earlier history of Macedonia.78) FK Papazoglu did a lot in the field of Macedonian epigraphy. She continues to work in this direction even now.79) MD Petrushevsky and B. Iosifovskaya are also engaged in Macedonian epigraphy.
The problems of ancient Macedonia, in addition to the University of Belgrade, are also dealt with by the Serbian Academy of Sciences. Her archaeological institute published a number of articles on Macedonian archeology in its organ Starinar.
At the Macedonian University (Skople) at the Faculty of Philosophy, under the guidance of Professor M. D. Petrushevsky, there is a seminar on classical philology. At the same time, the journal Zhiva Antika is published, which is the main organ of philologists and antiquities in Yugoslavia. Macedonian Research Institute national history many sources on the history of Macedonia are published; in 1953 a bibliography on Macedonian archeology was published.
Over the past ten years, a number of works on Macedonia have been published in Greece, among them the studies of D. Kanatsulis and J. Kalleris should be noted.
In 1948 Kanatsulis published an interesting work on Archelaus and his reforms. The author collected in it all the material available in the sources, on the basis of which he covered in some detail the external and internal situation of Macedonia in the last 15 years of the 5th century. BC e. But not all conclusions of the author can be agreed. Especially it is impossible to accept the idealization in the characterization of Archelaus and his activities.
Not without interest is the work of Kanatsulis in the field of studying the cities of ancient Macedonia. The author's conclusions give grounds for revising the traditional view of underdevelopment city life in this country.
In 1954, Jean Calleris, doctor of the University of Athens, published The Ancient Macedonians (Linguistic and Historical Study, Volume 1). In this work, he set the task of “stating without prejudice the controversial issue” about the ethnicity of the Macedonians, which for more than a century has not ceased to cause disputes among specialists and, alas, often among non-specialists. construction, but contains many controversial and sometimes incorrect provisions. Having paid main attention to the question of the nationality of the ancient Macedonians, the Athenian scholar promised in his work “to dispel any misunderstanding and any confusion, to put things in the place that science has established for them.” 85) However, he does not always succeed in fulfilling this promise. One cannot but agree with the instructions of Calleris directed against the modernizers of ancient history. “To reproach the Athenians,” he says, “with a narrow political mind or lack of patriotism, is to forget the political and social conditions of Greece at that time and demand from them that they have our psyche and our modern concepts about national unity".86) But Calleris himself did not escape the modernization and idealization of the historical events of antiquity. ancient greece and Macedonia he finds feudalism; He calls the Illyrians and Thracians national Macedonian enemies, exaggerates the role of the Macedonian monarchy. He connects the entire Macedonian history with the history of its Argead kings, who “played the role of the unifier of Greece, which submitted to their hegemony.” 87) Philip, in his opinion, is the real founder of the Macedonian state. He remains "for non-Party history a great tsar and a man of genius, who still has not found his worthy biographer."88)
When studying the problem of the ethnicity of the Macedonians, Kalleris especially sharply opposes the Bulgarian historians Katsarov, Beshevliev and Tsenov, accusing them of inconsistency and tendentiousness of scientific conclusions. According to Kalleris, guided by personal interests, Bulgarian scientists, supported by other foreign researchers, tried at all costs to prove that the Macedonians were not Greeks. Calleris himself, in the heat of the controversy, forgot his promise to present history objectively and fell into the other extreme. In contrast to the Bulgarian scholars, he tendentiously makes every effort to prove the Greek origin of the Macedonians.90) The broadly conceived work of Calleris has not yet been completed, and therefore it is too early to judge the final conclusions of his concept.91)
In Soviet science, the history of Macedonia and the Greek-Macedonian relations of the pre-Hellenistic period were far from developed enough. With the exception of some interesting statements in the educational literature and works of a general nature, we can name only a few studies directly related to this problem. Among them, first of all, we should mention the monograph on Demosthenes, published by S. A. Zhebelev in 1922, and the article by S. I. Kovalev on the Macedonian opposition, published in 1930.92) This article contains detailed excursion in the history of ancient Macedonia. Of particular interest to us is the author's formulation of the problems of tribal relations in Macedonia before the era of Philip, the political centralization of the country, achieved in the middle of the 4th century, the social composition of the Macedonian army, the social struggle in the era of the emerging and then established Macedonian state.
In 1954, translated by prof. S. I. Radtsig published Demosthenes' speeches, provided with a good historical and philological commentary and an article about the Athenian orator and politician. “His whole life and activity,” writes S. I. Radtsig, “full of stubborn struggle for the salvation and freedom of the motherland, has a deep historical interest, as living evidence of the crisis that later led to the death of the ancient slave system.”94)
You can also point to the article by T. V. Prushakevich “Treaty of the Macedonian king Amyntas with the cities of the Chalcis Union”, which discusses some issues of the socio-economic situation of Macedonia in the first half of the 4th century BC. e.95)
In the great literature on ancient Macedonia there is not a single work that would specifically set itself the goal of tracing the development of the Macedonian tribes from the primitive community to the formation of the Macedonian statehood on the basis of concrete material from Macedonian history. Solving this problem requires clarifying the process of social differentiation of the Macedonian tribes, their mutual relations and determining the level of their productive forces, which ultimately led to class formation and the emergence of the state. The emergence of the state in Macedonia is associated with the era of Philip and with all the activities of this time aimed at strengthening the forces of the young state, as well as for the fulfillment by this state of its external function.
The exercise by the Macedonian state of its external function brings us to the question of Macedonia's relations with its neighbors and its clash with Greece. In this regard, the Macedonian conquests of Greece must be studied on the basis of the socio-economic changes that took place in Macedonia itself, as well as on the basis of the socio-economic crisis of the Greek states themselves.
Numerous studies on individual issues of Macedonian history do not touch upon the main problems associated with the transition from the primitive communal system to the state period, do not show the role that this social leap played in the fate of the Greek world.
LITERATURE
History of the Macedonian people. Translation from Macedonian. Skopje, 1986
Vyazemskaya E.K., Danchenko S.I. Russia and the Balkans, late 18th century - 1918 (Soviet post-war historiography). M., 1990
Grachev V.P. Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries: internal situation, prerequisites for national liberation. M., 1990
The Balkans at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century: Essays on the formation of nation-states and political structure in South-Eastern Europe. M., 1991
Early feudal states and peoples. (Southern and Western Slavs, VI-XII centuries). M., 1991
International relations and the countries of Central and South-Eastern Europe during the period of fascist aggression in the Balkans and the preparation of an attack on the USSR (September 1940 - June 1941). M., 1992
National revival of the Balkan peoples in the first half of the 19th century and Russia, parts 1-2. M., 1992
Centers of anxiety in Eastern Europe (Drama of national contradictions). M., 1995
The National Question in Eastern Europe: Past and Present. M., 1995
Macedonia: The Path to Independence. Documentation. M., 1997
Macedonia: problems of history and culture. M., 1999
Countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the European part post-Soviet space in 1999. M., 2000
Central European countries at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. Aspects of socio-political development (Handbook). M., 2003
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It occupies an area of more than 25 thousand square meters. km. The monetary unit is the Macedonian dinar. The geography of Macedonia is of genuine interest, since Macedonia is a young country formed after the collapse of Yugoslavia.
Convenient geography of Macedonia
Despite being landlocked, geography of Macedonia is distinguished by its advantageous position in the south-east of Europe between Serbia, Montenegro, Greece, Bulgaria and Albania.
Macedonia time
Macedonians live according to European time. So Macedonia time ahead of time in Moscow by 2 hours. As in most European countries, there is a transition to summer and winter time.
Climate of Macedonia
Most of the territory is under the influence of temperate continental air. The south of the country is dominated by a Mediterranean type of climate. Climate of Macedonia characterized by dry hot summers and mild snowy winters, which contributes to comfortable conditions for living and recreation.
Macedonia weather
Summer in the intermountain basins is hot and rainless. The temperature is kept in the range from +18 to +22 degrees. In the mountains Macedonia weather more changeable. The temperature can drop to +15 degrees, sudden short-term precipitation in the form of rain is possible. In winter, the temperature rarely drops below -3 degrees. About 300 mm of precipitation falls in the mountain basins, and in the mountains their amount is about 1700 mm per year. From late November to mid-March, there is snow cover in the mountains.
