Modern battle tanks of Russia and the world photos, videos, pictures to watch online. This article gives an idea of the modern tank fleet. It is based on the classification principle used in the most authoritative reference book to date, but in a slightly modified and improved form. And if the latter in its original form can still be found in the armies of a number of countries, then others have already become a museum exhibit. And all for 10 years! To follow in the footsteps of the Jane's guide and not consider this combat vehicle (quite by the way, curious in design and fiercely discussed at the time), which formed the basis of the tank fleet of the last quarter of the 20th century, the authors considered it unfair.
Films about tanks where there is still no alternative to this type of armament of the ground forces. The tank was and probably will remain a modern weapon for a long time due to the ability to combine such seemingly contradictory qualities as high mobility, powerful weapons and reliable crew protection. These unique qualities of tanks continue to be constantly improved, and the experience and technologies accumulated over decades predetermine new frontiers of combat properties and military-technical achievements. In the age-old confrontation "projectile - armor", as practice shows, protection from a projectile is being improved more and more, acquiring new qualities: activity, multi-layeredness, self-defense. At the same time, the projectile becomes more accurate and powerful.
Russian tanks are specific in that they allow you to destroy the enemy from a safe distance, have the ability to perform quick maneuvers on impassable roads, contaminated terrain, can “walk” through the territory occupied by the enemy, seize a decisive bridgehead, induce panic in the rear and suppress the enemy with fire and caterpillars . The war of 1939-1945 became the most difficult test for all mankind, since almost all countries of the world were involved in it. It was the battle of the titans - the most unique period that theorists argued about in the early 1930s and during which tanks were used in large numbers by almost all the warring parties. At this time, a "check for lice" and a deep reform of the first theories of the use of tank troops took place. And it is the Soviet tank troops that are most affected by all this.
Tanks in battle that became a symbol of the past war, the backbone of the Soviet armored forces? Who created them and under what conditions? How did the USSR, having lost most of its European territories and having difficulty recruiting tanks for the defense of Moscow, be able to launch powerful tank formations on the battlefield already in 1943? This book, which tells about the development of Soviet tanks "in the days of testing ", from 1937 to the beginning of 1943. When writing the book, materials from the archives of Russia and private collections of tank builders were used. There was a period in our history that was deposited in my memory with some depressing feeling. It began with the return of our first military advisers from Spain, and stopped only at the beginning of forty-third, - said the former general designer of self-propelled guns L. Gorlitsky, - there was some kind of pre-stormy state.
Tanks of the Second World War, it was M. Koshkin, almost underground (but, of course, with the support of "the wisest of the wise leader of all peoples"), who was able to create that tank that, a few years later, would shock German tank generals. And what’s more, he didn’t just create it, the designer managed to prove to these stupid military men that it was his T-34 that they needed, and not just another wheeled-tracked “highway”. The author is in slightly different positions that he formed after meeting with the pre-war documents of the RGVA and RGAE. Therefore, working on this segment of the history of the Soviet tank, the author will inevitably contradict something "generally accepted". This work describes the history of Soviet tank building in the most difficult years - from the beginning of a radical restructuring of all the activities of design bureaus and people's commissariats in general, during a frantic race to equip new tank formations of the Red Army, the transfer of industry to wartime rails and evacuation.
Tanks Wikipedia the author wants to express his special gratitude for the help in the selection and processing of materials to M. Kolomiyets, and also to thank A. Solyankin, I. Zheltov and M. Pavlov, the authors of the reference publication "Domestic armored vehicles. XX century. 1905 - 1941" because this book helped to understand the fate of some projects, unclear before. I would also like to recall with gratitude those conversations with Lev Izraelevich Gorlitsky, the former Chief Designer of UZTM, which helped to take a fresh look at the entire history of the Soviet tank during the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. Today, for some reason, it is customary to talk about 1937-1938 in our country. only from the point of view of repressions, but few people remember that it was during this period that those tanks were born that became legends of the wartime ... "From the memoirs of L.I. Gorlinkogo.
Soviet tanks, a detailed assessment of them at that time sounded from many lips. Many old people recalled that it was from the events in Spain that it became clear to everyone that the war was getting closer to the threshold and it was Hitler who would have to fight. In 1937, mass purges and repressions began in the USSR, and against the backdrop of these difficult events, the Soviet tank began to turn from a "mechanized cavalry" (in which one of its combat qualities protruded by reducing others) into a balanced combat vehicle, which simultaneously had powerful weapons, sufficient to suppress most targets, good cross-country ability and mobility with armor protection, capable of maintaining its combat capability when shelling a potential enemy with the most massive anti-tank weapons.
It was recommended that large tanks be introduced into the composition in addition only special tanks - floating, chemical. The brigade now had 4 separate battalions of 54 tanks each and was reinforced by the transition from three-tank platoons to five-tank ones. In addition, D. Pavlov justified the refusal to form in 1938 to the four existing mechanized corps three more, believing that these formations are immobile and difficult to control, and most importantly, they require a different rear organization. The tactical and technical requirements for promising tanks, as expected, have been adjusted. In particular, in a letter dated December 23 to the head of the design bureau of plant No. 185 named after. CM. Kirov, the new chief demanded to strengthen the armor of new tanks so that at a distance of 600-800 meters (effective range).
The latest tanks in the world when designing new tanks, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of increasing the level of armor protection during modernization by at least one step ... "This problem could be solved in two ways: First, by increasing the thickness of the armor plates and, secondly," by using increased armor resistance". It is easy to guess that the second way was considered more promising, since the use of specially hardened armor plates, or even two-layer armor, could, while maintaining the same thickness (and the mass of the tank as a whole), increase its resistance by 1.2-1.5 It was this path (the use of specially hardened armor) that was chosen at that moment to create new types of tanks.
Tanks of the USSR at the dawn of tank production, armor was most massively used, the properties of which were identical in all directions. Such armor was called homogeneous (homogeneous), and from the very beginning of the armor business, the craftsmen strove to create just such armor, because uniformity ensured stability of characteristics and simplified processing. However, at the end of the 19th century, it was noticed that when the surface of the armor plate was saturated (to a depth of several tenths to several millimeters) with carbon and silicon, its surface strength increased sharply, while the rest of the plate remained viscous. So heterogeneous (heterogeneous) armor came into use.
In military tanks, the use of heterogeneous armor was very important, since an increase in the hardness of the entire thickness of the armor plate led to a decrease in its elasticity and (as a result) to an increase in brittleness. Thus, the most durable armor, other things being equal, turned out to be very fragile and often pricked even from bursts of high-explosive fragmentation shells. Therefore, at the dawn of armor production in the manufacture of homogeneous sheets, the task of the metallurgist was to achieve the highest possible hardness of the armor, but at the same time not to lose its elasticity. Surface-hardened by saturation with carbon and silicon armor was called cemented (cemented) and was considered at that time a panacea for many ills. But cementation is a complex, harmful process (for example, processing a hot plate with a jet of lighting gas) and relatively expensive, and therefore its development in a series required high costs and an increase in production culture.
Tank of the war years, even in operation, these hulls were less successful than homogeneous ones, since for no apparent reason cracks formed in them (mainly in loaded seams), and it was very difficult to put patches on holes in cemented slabs during repairs. But it was still expected that a tank protected by 15-20 mm cemented armor would be equivalent in terms of protection to the same, but covered with 22-30 mm sheets, without a significant increase in mass.
Also, by the mid-1930s, in tank building, they learned how to harden the surface of relatively thin armor plates by uneven hardening, known since the end of the 19th century in shipbuilding as the "Krupp method". Surface hardening led to a significant increase in the hardness of the front side of the sheet, leaving the main thickness of the armor viscous.
How tanks shoot videos up to half the thickness of the slab, which was, of course, worse than carburizing, since despite the fact that the hardness of the surface layer was higher than during carburizing, the elasticity of the hull sheets was significantly reduced. So the "Krupp method" in tank building made it possible to increase the strength of armor even somewhat more than carburizing. But the hardening technology that was used for sea armor of large thicknesses was no longer suitable for relatively thin tank armor. Before the war, this method was almost never used in our serial tank building due to technological difficulties and relatively high cost.
Combat use of tanks The most developed for tanks was the 45-mm tank gun mod 1932/34. (20K), and before the event in Spain, it was believed that its power was enough to perform most tank tasks. But the battles in Spain showed that the 45-mm gun could only satisfy the task of fighting enemy tanks, since even the shelling of manpower in the mountains and forests turned out to be ineffective, and it was possible to disable a dug-in enemy firing point only in the event of a direct hit . Shooting at shelters and bunkers was ineffective due to the small high-explosive action of a projectile weighing only about two kg.
Types of tanks photo so that even one hit of a projectile reliably disables an anti-tank gun or machine gun; and thirdly, in order to increase the penetrating effect of a tank gun on the armor of a potential enemy, since, using the example of French tanks (already having an armor thickness of the order of 40-42 mm), it became clear that the armor protection of foreign combat vehicles tends to be significantly increased. There was a right way to do this - increasing the caliber of tank guns and simultaneously increasing the length of their barrel, since a long gun of a larger caliber fires heavier projectiles at a higher muzzle velocity over a greater distance without correcting the pickup.
The best tanks in the world had a large caliber gun, also had a large breech, significantly more weight and increased recoil reaction. And this required an increase in the mass of the entire tank as a whole. In addition, the placement of large shots in the closed volume of the tank led to a decrease in the ammunition load.
The situation was aggravated by the fact that at the beginning of 1938 it suddenly turned out that there was simply no one to give an order for the design of a new, more powerful tank gun. P. Syachintov and his entire design team were repressed, as well as the core of the Bolshevik Design Bureau under the leadership of G. Magdesiev. Only the group of S. Makhanov remained at liberty, who from the beginning of 1935 tried to bring his new 76.2-mm semi-automatic single gun L-10, and the team of plant No. 8 slowly brought the "forty-five".
Photos of tanks with names The number of developments is large, but in mass production in the period 1933-1937. not a single one was accepted ... "In fact, none of the five air-cooled tank diesel engines, which were worked on in 1933-1937 in the engine department of plant No. 185, was brought to the series. Moreover, despite the decisions on the highest levels of the transition in tank building exclusively to diesel engines, this process was held back by a number of factors.Of course, diesel had significant efficiency.It consumed less fuel per unit of power per hour.Diesel fuel is less prone to ignition, since the flash point of its vapors was very high.
Even the most advanced of them, the MT-5 tank engine, required reorganization of engine production for serial production, which was expressed in the construction of new workshops, the supply of advanced foreign equipment (there were no machine tools of the required accuracy yet), financial investments and strengthening personnel. It was planned that in 1939 this diesel engine with a capacity of 180 hp. will go to mass-produced tanks and artillery tractors, but due to investigative work to find out the causes of tank engine accidents, which lasted from April to November 1938, these plans were not fulfilled. The development of a slightly increased six-cylinder gasoline engine No. 745 with a power of 130-150 hp was also started.
Brands of tanks with specific indicators that suited the tank builders quite well. Tank tests were carried out according to a new methodology, specially developed at the insistence of the new head of the ABTU D. Pavlov in relation to combat service in wartime. The basis of the tests was a run of 3-4 days (at least 10-12 hours of daily non-stop traffic) with a one-day break for technical inspection and restoration work. Moreover, repairs were allowed to be carried out only by field workshops without the involvement of factory specialists. This was followed by a "platform" with obstacles, "bathing" in the water with an additional load, simulating an infantry landing, after which the tank was sent for examination.
Super tanks online after the improvement work seemed to remove all claims from the tanks. And the general course of the tests confirmed the fundamental correctness of the main design changes - an increase in displacement by 450-600 kg, the use of the GAZ-M1 engine, as well as the Komsomolets transmission and suspension. But during the tests, numerous minor defects again appeared in the tanks. The chief designer N. Astrov was suspended from work and was under arrest and investigation for several months. In addition, the tank received a new improved protection turret. The modified layout made it possible to place on the tank a larger ammunition load for a machine gun and two small fire extinguishers (before there were no fire extinguishers on small tanks of the Red Army).
US tanks as part of modernization work, on one serial model of the tank in 1938-1939. the torsion bar suspension developed by the designer of the Design Bureau of Plant No. 185 V. Kulikov was tested. It was distinguished by the design of a composite short coaxial torsion bar (long monotorsion bars could not be used coaxially). However, such a short torsion bar did not show good enough results in tests, and therefore the torsion bar suspension did not immediately pave its way in the course of further work. Obstacles to be overcome: rises not less than 40 degrees, vertical wall 0.7 m, overlapping ditch 2-2.5 m.
YouTube about tanks work on the production of prototypes of D-180 and D-200 engines for reconnaissance tanks is not being carried out, jeopardizing the production of prototypes. "Justifying his choice, N. Astrov said that a wheeled-tracked non-floating reconnaissance aircraft (factory designation 101 10-1), as well as the amphibious tank version (factory designation 102 or 10-2), are a compromise solution, since it is not possible to fully meet the requirements of the ABTU.Variant 101 was a tank weighing 7.5 tons with a hull according to the type of hull, but with vertical side sheets of case-hardened armor 10-13 mm thick, because: "Sloped sides, causing serious weighting of the suspension and hull, require a significant (up to 300 mm) broadening of the hull, not to mention the complication of the tank.
Video reviews of tanks in which the power unit of the tank was planned to be based on the 250-horsepower MG-31F aircraft engine, which was mastered by the industry for agricultural aircraft and gyroplanes. Gasoline of the 1st grade was placed in a tank under the floor of the fighting compartment and in additional onboard gas tanks. The armament fully met the task and consisted of coaxial machine guns DK caliber 12.7 mm and DT (in the second version of the project even ShKAS appears) caliber 7.62 mm. The combat weight of a tank with a torsion bar suspension was 5.2 tons, with a spring suspension - 5.26 tons. The tests were carried out from July 9 to August 21 according to the methodology approved in 1938, with special attention paid to tanks.
Reading the title of the article, the question involuntarily arises - why is such a steel giant needed? Does weight determine the need to create the heaviest tank in the world so that it leads the ratings by a margin, praising the designers of the miracle weapon, the country that is able to organize its production, investing in it colossal funds, thoughts, labor of thousands of people. Of course it isn't. In fact, the weight is only a side, even excess, of an ideal weapon for a land theater of operations.
Already the first armored vehicles that appeared on the fronts of the First World War amazed, even terrified with their huge dimensions and weight. As a result, they were clumsy, had low cross-country ability, speed, maneuverability, which sharply reduced their undoubted advantages:
- Protection against small arms, shell fragments.
- The ability to break through the enemy defenses, passing through wire fences, overcoming trenches, trenches.
- Strong psychological pressure on the soldiers of the enemy, losing self-control, falling into a panic at the sight of man-made iron monsters.
Most of them, based on the colossal weight of cast iron and steel used for their manufacture, may well claim the title of the heaviest tank. But due to the often grotesque appearance, real military-technical characteristics, non-participation in hostilities, non-serial, often experimental production, it is hardly worth considering them in this capacity.
Years passed, and by the beginning of the next war for the redivision of the world and even more during the hostilities, the designers of the leading countries, taking into account the mistakes, the accumulated experience in using tanks, changed the priorities for their creation. Now they are:
The increase in armor thickness, new powerful engines, side armament with a considerable amount of ammunition inevitably increased the weight of the heavy tanks being created. But to have such mobile armored forts in the troops, capable of literally breaking open the enemy’s defenses, opening the way for infantry, was worth a lot in the literal and figurative sense. Therefore, Germany, the USSR and the countries of the anti-Hitler coalition that joined it did a lot in this field.
Armored giants
The Soviet Union, the only one of the countries participating in the war, by 1940 was armed with a heavy assault tank KV - "Kliment Voroshilov" with a combat weight of 52 tons. This is not surprising if you look at its characteristics:
A total of 204 such heavy tanks were produced, almost all of them were lost in the battles of 1941 during the containment of the Nazi blitzkrieg.
Created in 1943, the IS-2 with a mass of 46 tons, which did not claim to be the heaviest, was later deservedly called the "Victory tank". Its long-barreled 122 mm cannon, reliable armor - 90 - 120 mm, high maneuverability surpassed the best examples of German weapons, among which were:
The super-heavy tank TOG II, created in France, weighing 82.3 tons, was not mass-produced before the start of the war. Great Britain also made a small contribution to the design of such armored vehicles. Only in 1944, an order was placed for the production of 25 copies of the A-39 tank with a mass of up to 89 tons, but as a result, only 5 vehicles were manufactured, and those after the end of the war.
I must say that the French and American super-heavy tanks, in fact, according to the international classification, were assault self-propelled artillery mounts - breakthrough self-propelled guns, since they did not have a rotating turret.
The heaviest tank in the world, created during the Second World War, is the Pz.Kpfw VIII Maus with a mass of 188 tons. This armored monster did not participate in battles, by 1945 two vehicles were made. An exhibition copy assembled from them can be seen in Kubinka in the Military History Museum of Armored Vehicles. Today, this principle of creating tanks, as well as the concept itself, have gone down in history. A modern tank takes not by weight, but by a unique combination of the latest technological developments - materials and systems.
Tank T-90 - Design description
The main tank T-90 was put into service in 1993. Rocket and gun tanks T-90 - which includes original design developments and the best layout and design solutions for the T-72 and T-80 tanks. The T-90S tank was created on the basis of a thorough study and understanding of the tactics and strategy of using tanks in real conditions of modern combat, taking into account many years of experience in military operation of T-72 tanks in various countries of the world, as well as the results of many years of intensive testing in the most severe conditions.
The T-90S tank retains the peculiarity of domestic tank building - the classic layout scheme, in which the main armament is located in a rotating turret, the power plant and transmission are in the rear of the hull, and the crew is separate: the tank commander and gunner in the fighting compartment, the driver - in management department. Almost every unit or system of the T-90S tank has a new quality.
The automated fire control system is designed to conduct effective long-range aimed fire with artillery shells and a guided projectile from a tank gun on the move and from a standstill at moving and stationary targets by the gunner and commander, day and night, as well as from a coaxial machine gun. Provides an increase in the range of effective fire and an increase in the range of vision at night, including due to the installation of a television sight in the tank. A guided weapon system with a laser-beam control channel allows firing a guided missile through the gun barrel from a standstill and on the move at stationary and moving targets at a distance of 100 to 5000 m.
The optoelectronic suppression system provides tank protection against being hit by anti-tank guided projectiles with semi-automatic guidance systems with tracer feedback. The system of automatic all-round visibility, detection and protection of the tank from anti-tank projectiles with semi-automatic laser homing heads provides interference to anti-tank weapon control systems with laser rangefinders and target designators. The closed anti-aircraft installation allows the commander to conduct aimed fire using remote control drives at air targets, and in a stabilized mode at ground targets, while remaining under reliable armor protection. Built-in dynamic protection is effective against armor-piercing sub-caliber and cumulative projectiles. The combination of built-in dynamic protection and multi-layered armor gives the tank additional options for surviving in extreme combat conditions.
The main armament of the T-90S is a 125 mm smoothbore gun with increased accuracy and high ballistics. The use of an automatic loader made it possible to achieve a high rate of fire (up to 7-8 rounds per minute), which distinguishes the T-90S tank from most foreign tanks. The capabilities of the tank gun to combat ground armored and low-flying air targets have been expanded through the use of a guided weapon system, which allows you to destroy any of the most modern tanks before it approaches effective firing distance from its gun.
The tank is traditionally equipped with a diesel engine, the main advantage of which compared to a gas turbine engine, especially in hot climates and sandy soils, are:
Slight drop in power at high ambient temperatures;
High reliability in dusty conditions;
Less fuel consumption by 1.8-2 times.
The T-90S tank can overcome water obstacles up to 5 m deep along the bottom with non-stop combat missions after overcoming the water barrier. The machine has built-in equipment for self-digging, a device for mounting mine trawls and can be transported by all means of transport.
Tank T-90 - performance characteristics (TTX)
| general information | |
| Year of adoption | 1993 |
| Combat weight, t | 46,5 |
| Crew, pers. | 3 |
| Length with gun forward, mm | 9530 |
| Case length, mm | 6860 |
| Overall width, mm | 3780 |
| Track width, mm | 3370 |
| Tower roof height, mm | 2230 |
| Reserved volume of the tank, m3 | 11,04 |
| Booked hull volume, m3 | 9,19 |
| Booked volume of the tower, m3 | 1,85 |
| Landing hatch in the bottom of the hull | there is |
| Armament | |
| Gun brand | 2A46M |
| Gun caliber, mm | 125 |
| gun type | smoothbore, launcher |
| Barrel tube length, mm (calibers) | 51 |
| shutter type | horizontal wedge |
| Rollback length, mm | 300 |
| Location of chocks devices | symmetrical |
| Barrel purge, type | ejection |
| The maximum allowable for the trunk powder gas pressure, kgf/cm2 | 5 200 |
| Heat shield | there is |
| Combat rate of fire, rds / min | 8 |
| Loading type | machine |
| Ammunition, shots (including in the machine loading) | 43 (22) |
| Ammunition types | BPS, BCS, OFS, SGPE, UR |
| Shot type | separate-sleeve |
| Initial speed of BPS, m/s | 1715 |
| Shot weight with BPS, kg | 20,2 |
| BPS weight, kg | 5,9 |
| Initial speed of BCS, m/s | 905 |
| Shot weight with BKS, kg | 29 |
| Weight of BCS, kg | 19 |
| Stabilizer type | electromachine according to horizontal electro-hydraulic vertical |
| Twin weapons, type (brand) | machine gun (PKT) |
| Caliber, mm | 7,62 |
| Ammunition, pcs. | 2000 |
| Anti-aircraft weapons, type (brand) | machine gun (NSVT-12.7) |
| Caliber, mm | 12,7 |
| Ammunition, pcs. | 300 |
| Remote control | there is |
| guided weapons | 9K119 |
| Guided missile | 9M119 |
| missile guidance system | by laser beam |
| Maximum firing range, m | 5000 |
| fire control system | |
| The maximum rotation speed of the tower, deg/s | 24 |
| The maximum elevation angle of the gun, deg. | 20 |
| Maximum gun descent angle, deg. | 7 |
| Duplicated fire control | there is |
| Rangefinder, type | laser |
| Ranging range, m | 500-5000 |
| Ballistic computer, type | electronic digital |
| Gunner's main sight, type | periscopic, combined with LD and thermal imager |
| Magnification, multiplicity | 2,7-12 |
| Field of view angle, deg. | 20-4,5 |
| Stabilization of the field of view of the sight | independent on HV and GN |
| Auxiliary gunner's sight | No |
| Gunner's night sight | thermal imaging |
| Vision range at night, m | 2600 |
| Commander's main instrument | periscopic |
| Magnification, multiplicity | 7.5 (days); 5.1 (n) |
| Field of view angle, hail | 7 |
| Anti-aircraft sight | there is |
| Commander's Night Sight | thermal imaging video inspection device |
| Vision range at night | 2600 |
| Tank information and control system | No |
| Security | |
| Armor protection, type | combined |
| Angle of inclination of the upper frontal part buildings, deg. | 68 |
| Anti-cumulative side screens | there is |
| TDA system | there is |
| Smoke grenade launchers, pcs. | 12 |
| Complex of optoelectronic suppression | there is |
| Dynamic protection, type | built-in |
| System of collective protection against weapons of mass destruction, type | general exchange |
| Fast acting PPO system | there is |
| Mobility and permeability | |
| Maximum speed, km/h | 60 |
| Specific power, hp/t | 18,1 |
| Range on the highway, km | 500 |
| Fuel tank capacity, l | 1200+400 |
| Average specific pressure of caterpillars on soil, kgf/cm2 | 0,91 |
| Clearance, mm | 492 |
| Overcome obstacles: Vertical wall, m Maximum elevation angle, deg. | |
| The depth of the overcome water barriers with OPVT, m | 5 |
| Power point | |
| Engine brand | V-84MS |
| engine's type | Diesel multi-fuel |
| Maximum power, kW (hp) | 618 (840) |
| Maximum torque, kgf m | 340 |
| Number of cylinders | 12 |
| Cylinder arrangement | V-arr. 60° |
| Timing | 4 |
| Cooling type | liquid |
| Overall power, hp/m3 | 700 |
| Engine weight, kg | 1020 |
| Compression ratio | 14 |
| Piston stroke, mm | 180/186,7 |
| Cylinder diameter, mm | 150 |
| Working volume, l | 38,88 |
| Specific fuel consumption, g/hp h | 180 |
| Auxiliary engine | No |
| Transmission | |
| Transmission type | mechanical planetary |
| Gearbox, type | two onboard planetary |
| Number of forward/reverse gears | 7/1 |
| Gear ratios for gears | I - 8.713 II - 4.40 III - 3.485 IV - 2.787 V - 2.027 VI - 1.467 VII - 1.0 z.x. - 14.3 |
| Swing mechanism, type | non-differential |
| Minimum design turning radius, m | 2,79 |
| Main brake type | disk, running in oil |
| Transmission weight, kg | 1870 |
| Final drive, type | planetary |
| Motion control system, type | hydraulic |
| Chassis | |
| Suspension type | torsion |
| Dynamic course of the rink, mm | 320 |
| Shock absorbers, type, number | hydraulic bladed, 6 |
| Caterpillar, track connection type | sequential |
| Track joint type | RMSH or OMSH |
| Track width, mm | 2790 |
| The length of the bearing surface of the caterpillar, mm | 4270 |
| Track width, mm | 580 |
| Number of tracks | 97 |
| Mass of one caterpillar, kg | 1723 |
| Number of road wheels on board | 6 |
| Track roller diameter, mm | 750 |
| Type of cushioning of track rollers | outdoor |
| Number of carrier rollers on board | 3 |
| Tension mechanism, type | worm |
| Chassis weight, kg | 8570 |
Why?
Each tank was created by the manufacturer's country, taking into account the defense of this particular country. When creating tanks, climate, terrain, the level of crew training, the availability of electronic systems, satellite support, spare parts, and this is just a small list are taken into account.
For example, what will happen to the crew that spends in a tank in the desert in the heat, say 3 days, if this tank does not have air conditioning?
Such a crew will think about how to survive in a tank in general - not to lose consciousness.
For mountainous areas, the specific power of the engines is important, otherwise overheating is inevitable. Can a tank run on low-quality fuel? If yes, how long.
There are more questions than answers.
Engineers take into account all these data and problems due to technological capabilities, but here the cost of manufacturing a tank comes into force. The cost is not only how much it can be sold, but also the number of people and resources that are involved in production. But will the country's economy survive, or will it be able to produce 5-10 tanks a year, no more.
The rating published below is conditional, you should not absolutely take into account that the tank at number 5 is much better than the tank at number 7.
TOP10 most modern tanks:
In 2010, at the Eurosatory 2010 exhibition, the Germans showed a new modification of their main tank Leopard 2. The peculiarity of this tank is that. That he is positioned as a tank adapted for operations in the city. Modernization touched on almost everything: the tank hull, engine, transmission, mass alignment, weapons, fire control and crew life support systems.
When fighting in the city, additional protection against HEAT shells is hung on the tank.
The tank is designed to conduct combat for 24 hours a day. The driver received an all-round view of the area around the tank, like all crew members, and everything is visible at night due to thermal imagers.
Technical characteristics of the tank Leopard 2A7 +:
Armament:
120 mm L55 smoothbore gun
12.7 mm machine gun
40 mm grenade launcher
7.62 mm machine gun
Country of manufacture: Germany
Crew: 4 people
Tank weight: 67,500 kg
Power reserve: 450 km
Speed: 72 km/h
At the moment there are no other data.
The tank entered service in 1980 when it was called the M1 and replaced the M60 main battle tank. Since 1994, a modification of the M1A2 has been produced - different from the previous guidance, surveillance and booking systems.
What makes this tank fundamentally different from the rest? It is first and foremost the most powerful engine in the world. From the very beginning of production, a turbine engine is installed on the tank, with a capacity of 3500 hp, although all official documents indicate a power of 1500 hp. The tank even has a power and speed limiter installed, since the full power of the engine simply tears the tracks.
Since 1990, the tank has been equipped with an additional power plant to provide the tank with electricity in parking lots, so as not to start the main engine and not use batteries.
The tank also has disadvantages, since the loading of ammunition into the gun receiver is carried out manually.
Due to the large mass of the tank and the high engine power, the caterpillar resource is about 1100-1200 km.
At present, this is a fairly massive tank, so in 2012 more than 9,000 tanks were produced. Decommissioned tanks are not destroyed, but dismantled, and suitable parts of the hull are reused in new tanks.
Technical characteristics of the tank M1A2
Tank weight: 61.4 tons
Length with gun: 9.77 m
Hull length: 7.93 m
Width: 3.66 m
Height: 2.44 m
Crew: 4 (commander, gunner, loader, driver)
Armor Chobham, steel using depleted uranium
Armament:
105 mm rifled gun M68 (mounted on M1)
120 mm M256 smoothbore gun (mounted on M1A1, M1A2, M1A2SEP)
12.7 mm machine gun
2x 7.62mm M240 machine guns
Engine AGT-1500C multi-fuel gas turbine engine
1500 hp (according to other sources, engine power without power limiter 3500 hp)
Power ratio 24.5 hp / t
Ground clearance 0.48 m (M1, M1A1)
0.43 m (M1A2)
Power reserve: 465 km
Highway speed: 67.72 km/h
Ground speed: 48.3 km / h
This tank deserves an honorable 3rd place after combat trials in Iraq. Only 1 tank was destroyed during the war in Iraq by enemy fire. In June 1991, the British government ordered the first 127 tanks for the Royal Army.
A feature of the tank can be considered that at the moment it is produced mainly for export and is adapted for operation at high temperatures.
The tank is equipped with the most modern aiming and visual observation system, including at night.
In terms of armor protection and resistance to cumulative projectiles, the tank can be called the most protected tank in the world in this regard.
The tank is equipped with a 12-cylinder diesel engine with a capacity of 1200 horsepower.
The disadvantage of the tank is the high cost of production, so about 400 of these tanks were produced.
Technical characteristics of the tank Challenger 2
Engine power: 1200 HP
Highway speed: 59 km/h
Tank weight: 62.5 tons
Crew: 4 people
Power reserve: 450 km
Armament:
120 mm L30 smoothbore gun
2 machine guns of 7.62 mm caliber
10 L8 grenade launchers
The Merkava Mark IV is the main battle tank of the Israeli army. The tank is quite modern, since it was put into service in 2004. Among the plans to modernize the tank is the installation of an active protection system against anti-tank grenade launchers on the tank. At the moment, Israel is looking for a financial partner to finalize this system.
The tank has a very original design, for example, the tank engine is located not at the rear, but at the front, which creates additional protection for the crew from enemy frontal fire. Behind the tank there are hatches for the tank crew, which allows the crew to leave the tank under enemy fire, or replenish ammunition. In the back of the tank there is a place for landing or additional ammunition.
The tank is equipped with an American-made diesel engine with a capacity of 1500 hp.
Technical characteristics of the tank Merkava Mark IV:
Tank weight: 65 tons
Length: 9.04 m with cannon
Length: 7.60 m without gun
Width 3.72 m
Height: 2.66 m
Crew: 4 (commander, driver, gunner, loader)
Armament:
armament 120 mm MG253 smoothbore gun
1 x 12.7mm machine gun
2 × 7.62 mm machine guns
1 × 60 mm grenade launcher
12 smoke grenades
Engine 1500 hp turbocharged diesel engine
Specific power: 23 hp / t
Ground clearance: 0.45 m
Fuel tank capacity 1400 liters
Power reserve: 500 km
Speed 64 km / h on the highway
5. Tank T-90MS "Tagil"
This is a modern, but not yet a serial tank of the Russian army. The tank was created on the basis of the T-90 tank, which in turn is a deep modernization of the T-72 tank. Why 5th place and not first? Russian tanks have a number of shortcomings, first of all, an eternal problem - a low-power engine, there were attempts to put a turbine on the T-80, but this tank was unsuccessful and did not go into production. Engine power is only 1000 hp. and relatively small resources. The second disease that was cured on the T-90MS "Tagil" tank was the weakness of the armament. The gun should penetrate the frontal armor of any NATO tank from the first shot from a range of 1500 meters. And the last - electronics and fire guidance systems. So, even on the T-90MS "Tagil" tank, the mechanic - the driver does not have an all-round view, he was limited to installing a rear-view video camera. So far, apparently, the means do not allow creating a fundamentally new tank, a tank of a new generation, everything has to be crammed into the profile of the outdated T-72 hull.
A positive distinguishing feature is the automatic gun loading system, we recall that the Americans do this by hand.
Tank T-90MS "Tagil" was shown to V.V. Putin on December 7, 2009. What's new? A new gun sight and, in fact, a new fire guidance system. New modular packages for protection against enemy cumulative fire. A machine gun was installed above the tower with remote control.
Significantly enhanced armor protection, including the upper part of the tank. A new V-92S2 engine has been installed, but it is too early to say that it significantly outperforms foreign competitors.
So, the main difference between the T-90MS "Tagil" and its predecessors is the fire control system, which can already compete with Western models.
The performance characteristics of the T-90MS "Tagil"
Tank weight: 48 tons.
Crew: 3 people
Length with gun: 9530 mm
Case length: 6860 mm
Width: 3460 mm
Armament:
Gun 125 mm 2A46M-5
Ammunition: 40 rounds
Guided weapons: 9K119M "Reflex-M"
Coaxial machine gun: 7.62 mm 6P7K (2000 rounds)
Anti-aircraft machine gun 7.62 mm 6P7K S UDP (T05BV-1) (800 rounds)
V-92S2F2 engine: 1130 hp with.
Fuel tank capacity: 1200+400 l
Specific power,: 24 l. s./t
Maximum highway speed: 60 km/h
Highway range: 500 km
Specific ground pressure: 0.98 kg/cm
6. Oplot-M
This tank is a big step towards improving self-propelled weapons, but still in many respects this tank is inferior to the best NATO tanks. The tank was introduced in 2009. Attention!
Do not confuse the tank "Oplot-M" and the tank T-84 "Oplot"
These are completely different tanks, they differ even in appearance, not to mention equipment. The Oplot-M tank was created at the Kharkov Design Bureau. What's new? The ability to quickly replace the gun without dismantling the turret, that is, the gun can be replaced in the field. 1200 horsepower diesel. surpasses many other NATO tanks, but again the lack of an engine, oil consumption is on average about 10 liters per 100 km, but it can run on gasoline, diesel and kerosene. electricity without starting the main engine.
A new fire guidance system that can already compete with Western models. New armor protection that can withstand hits from HEAT rounds.
It is planned to supply tanks to Thailand, according to the director of the plant, them. Malyshev, Nikolai Belov, the contract is currently being implemented in full (2012). If the contract is fulfilled, then another model of a modern tank will appear in the world.
One of the drawbacks of this tank is the weak test history. About 10 tanks have been built at the moment.
Technical characteristics of the tank "Oplot - M"
Tank weight: 51 tons.
Crew: 3 people
Specific power: 24.7 hp/ton
Power: 1200 HP
Power reserve: 450 km.
Highway speed: 70 km/h
Armament:
125 mm KBAZ smoothbore gun (46 rounds)
7.62 mm machine gun (1250 rounds)
12.7 mm machine gun (450 rounds)
CI Ariete - is the main battle tank of the Italian army. At the moment, the Italian army is armed with 200 CI Ariete tanks. The tank was designed and manufactured by Iveco - Fiat and Oto Melara. The tank has a modern digital guidance and fire control system, which allows firing on the move day and night. The tank was put into service in 1995, and is currently produced in single copies.
Among the shortcomings of the tank of the first releases is the insufficient power density of the engine. During its history of modifications, it was possible to somewhat reduce the total weight of the tank, so that it would weigh less than 60 tons, the tank received a new, more powerful engine - 1600 hp.
Technical characteristics of the tank CI Ariete
Start of production: 1995
Tank weight: 54 tons
Length: 9.67 m with cannon
Length 7.59 m without gun
Width: 3.42 m
Height: 2.5 m
Crew: 4 people
Armament:
120 mm cannon (42 rounds)
2x7.62 mm machine guns (2500 rounds)
Engine power: 1300 hp (in latest version)
Power reserve: 550 km
Speed: 65 km/h
8. Leclerc (France)
AMX-56 Leclerc is the main battle tank of the French army. The Leclrc was designed to replace the obsolete AMX 30 tank. The tank entered service in 1992. Currently, the production of tanks is stopped. It will be replaced by a new battle tank, but which one has not yet been announced. When developing the tank, special attention was paid to active protection against HEAT projectiles. A fire control system was developed for the tank, and in particular a friend-foe recognition system. Until 2001, Leclerc was inferior to NATO tanks in terms of the level of armor and armor quality in general, but in 2001 the same armor was already used on the tank as on the Challenger 2 and on the German Leopard. Diesel engine V8X-1500 with a capacity of 1500 liters. c. Allows the tank to reach speeds over 70 km/h. The exhaust is cooled by a special device. There is also an original innovation - in the event of a projectile attacking a tank from the front, the engine is equipped with a hydrokinetic brake, braking is so sharp that the crew in the tank is fastened with seat belts. In addition to France, the tank is in service with the UAE army.
Specifications of the Leclerc tank
Tank weight: 54.5 tons
Length: 9.87 m without gun
Width: 3.71 m
Height: 2.53 m
Crew: 3 people
Armament:
120 mm cannon (40 rounds)
12.7 mm machine gun (1100 rounds)
7.62 mm machine gun (3000 rounds)
Specific power: 27.52 hp/ton
Power reserve: 550 km
Speed: 72 km/h
9. K2 Black Panther (Republic of Korea)
K2 Black Panther is the most modern tank in the Republic of Korea. To date (2012), several prototypes of the tank have been produced, full-scale production of the tank should begin in the second half of 2014. What else is remarkable about the tank? He got into the Guinness Book of Records as the most expensive tank in the world, its cost is $ 8,500,000. In 1995, the Korean government set the task of developing a tank capable of withstanding North Korean tanks (mainly T-55).
In 2006, after 11 years of development, the tank project was ready.
The tank is equipped with a modern fire control system that is capable of detecting targets with a thermal imager at a distance of 9.7 km. The tank is capable of destroying low-flying aircraft.
A feature of the tank is the suspension, which is variable in terms of clearance, and each wheel is regulated separately.
At the moment, there are some problems with the reliable operation of the engine and suspension, which served as a delay in the mass production of tanks.
Technical characteristics of the tank K2 Black Panther
Tank weight: 55 tons.
Length with gun: 10.8 meters
Length without gun: 7.5 meters
Width: 3.6 meters
Height: 2.4 meters
Crew: 3 people
Armament:
120 mm cannon (40 rounds)
12.7 mm machine gun (3200 rounds)
7.62 mm machine gun (12,000 rounds)
Engine power: 1500 HP
Specific power: 27.2 hp
Power reserve: 450 km
Speed: 70 km/h
10. Type 90 (Japan)
Type 90 - is the main tank of the Japanese army. The tank was designed and commissioned by Mitsubishi. The tank, quite expensive for 2008, had a cost of $7,500,000. The task was set such that the finished tank would successfully fight with real and promising tanks of the USSR. The tank was adopted by the Japanese army in 1990. A German L44 gun is mounted on the tank. The tank has an automatic shell loader. The tank uses modular ceramics as armor, and composite armor made of high-quality steel.
The tank is not shipped abroad and has never seen actual combat.
Technical characteristics of the tank Type 90
Tank weight: 50.2 tons
Number of produced tanks: 333
Tank length: 9.755 m
Tank width: 3.33 m
Tank height: 2.33 m
Crew: 3 people
Armament:
120 mm smoothbore gun (35 rounds)
12.7 mm machine gun (1500 rounds)
7.62 mm machine gun (2000 rounds)
Engine power: 1500 HP
Specific power: 30 hp/ton
Power reserve: 350 km
Speed: 70 km/h
At the time of the collapse of the USSR, the Russian military was not a priority and fell under the reduction of income. Many promising projects have been either postponed indefinitely or canceled altogether. During the Cold War, the Soviet Army enjoyed the prospect of two MBTs at once, starting with the introduction of the T-64 in 1963, which was later supplemented by the T-72 in 1971. Both projects had an automatic loader and a large-caliber smoothbore main gun. The T-64 was designed to be a vehicle with a lot of new technology, and therefore was a very expensive and difficult to manufacture, main tank of the Soviet Army, while the T-72 was created as a cheaper one, intended mainly for export to friendly countries. This eventually led to the T-72 gaining worldwide fame and many modifications due to it, while the T-64 was restricted to the Soviet Army due to its "state secret" status.
Therefore, the creation of a machine began that combines the strengths of the T-64 and T-72, which was the new MBT under the designation T-80, which entered service in 1976 and became the main tank of the Soviet Army until the collapse of the USSR. It was notable for its gas turbine engine, which produced very high power, exceeding that of traditional diesels. However, reliability was far from perfect, fuel consumption was excessively high, and it was too complicated to manufacture.
Realizing the instability and low budget of their new country, the Russian authorities began to decide on the merits and demerits of existing MBTs in order to start production of the most successful solution, since it was irrational to produce and maintain all available models. There was an idea to modernize the T-72, taking the most successful key qualities from the T-80 in order to get a modern and truly formidable tank.
Evolution
The fire control system from the T-80, the hull from the T-72, the retained automatic loader, which proved its effectiveness in numerous armed conflicts, as well as the time-tested and battle-tested smoothbore 125 mm gun. This symbiosis of the most powerful and proven solutions of domestic tank building became a prototype called the T-88. After testing and deciding to install a reliable, unpretentious and economical diesel engine with a capacity of 830 hp, the T-90 was born, which absorbed all the best from its predecessors and is their evolution.
Small-scale production began in 1993, it gradually increased until 1995, when full-scale production was launched at Uralvagonzavod in Nizhny Tagil. Since then, about 1670 units have been produced for Russia and some countries of the world.
Device in general
Like its predecessors, the T-90 has a very low profile, thanks to a two-man turret that houses the commander on the right and the gunner on the left. The carousel automatic loader has been improved over the decades, is located in a tower on the floor of the hull and allows you to have a rate of fire of up to 8 rounds per minute. Like previous Soviet MBTs, the T-90 can fire missiles from the barrel of its main gun, which makes it possible to deal with air and any ground targets. The driver is located in front, in the center of the hull, immediately behind him is the tower. The engine is placed in the rear compartment and separated from the crew. The chassis is traditional, with a torsion bar suspension, six road wheels with external rubber coating and three support rollers with internal shock absorption, a rear drive wheel.
armored corps
The upper frontal part is located low and strongly sloped for additional protection from enemy fire. Likewise, the turret has a very squat shape with strong angles of inclination, providing powerful protection against shells that hit the tank. The commander has his own turret with all-round visibility, while the gunner controls the turret and has his own entry / exit hatch. The armor consists of a mixture of steel and composite materials, it has a built-in dynamic protection "Contact-5", which protects against damage by cumulative and sub-caliber projectiles. Its blocks are attached to the front and sides of the hull, as well as to the tower. Side screens are standard for all modifications.
Equipment
Armor, fire control system and anti-missile protection remained from the T-80. Equipment with night vision systems and nuclear, biological and chemical protection has become the standard. Anti-missile set of countermeasures "Shtora-1" is an additional option that is almost always installed and can counteract laser-guided systems. The fully digital fire control system is capable of being guided both by a thermal imager and a laser rangefinder. All this allows you to shoot on the go, even in conditions of limited visibility. A bucket knife is hidden under the nose of the hull, which can be used to overcome various obstacles, and a mine trawl can also be attached to the tank.
Armament
The gun, which came to the T-90 from its predecessors, uses various types of projectiles. The ammunition load consists of separate loading shots of the following types: armor-piercing sub-caliber, armor-piercing cumulative, armor-piercing high-explosive and guided missile. A total of 42 shells. Auxiliary armament includes a 7.62 coaxial machine gun with 2,000 rounds of ammunition and an anti-aircraft gun with circular fire and 300 rounds of ammunition. Two blocks of geared rocket launchers allow you to place your own smoke screen for hiding. In addition, diesel fuel can be injected into the exhaust for an alternative or thicker smoke screen, a hallmark of many Soviet tanks.
Mobility
Initially, the power plant for the T-90 was represented by the V-12 V-84 with an HP 840 power. Later, the tank was upgraded and received a V-92 diesel engine with an HP 950 power. The latest versions use the 1250 hp B-96 engine. A seven-speed gearbox and torsion bar suspension are designed to provide good mobility and maneuverability in all conditions.
The maximum speed is up to 60-65 km / h on the highway. Power reserve 550 km, 700 km. with external tanks. Off-road - 350 and 520 respectively. Combat weight 46-50 tons. Thrust-to-weight ratio 21.5 l / s t.
Modifications
In the original, the tank had the designation T-90. Its export versions were marked as T-90E, and the export versions of the command version were known as T-90K. The first modification, which received a V-92 diesel engine, a welded turret and a TPV "Essa" night complex, became the T-90A and was offered for export under the designation T-90S and, in the commander's version, T-90SK.
The T-90 was modernized in 1996 and received the Relikt modular dynamic protection system with a modified composite armor scheme, becoming the T-90M. A new V-96 engine with a power of 1250 hp was installed, a gun, a turret mount and a TPV. GPS navigation has become the standard. After its adoption, it was named T-90MS.
Several different vehicles were created based on the T-90, namely BMR-3M, BREM-1M, TOS-1A Solntsepek, IMR-3M, MTU-90, Frame and E300.
Combat use
There is controversial information that the T-90 was probably fire tested during the Second Chechen War in August 1999. During the conflict, the T-80 showed the limited capabilities of urban combat, in which Chechen partisans, using short strike tactics with ATGMs, disabled about 200 tanks in just one month. The T-80 was designed for aggressive combat on level ground, so careful combat in tight streets was not its forte. In addition, Russian tankers were poorly trained and did not have effective support.
On August 7, 1999, the Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade, which included al-Qaeda fighters, invaded the Russian Republic of Dagestan to start the Second Chechen War. The Russian army, taking into account its mistakes of the first war in time, sent tanks as part of the troops providing mutual cover and support. There is practically no data on participation in these hostilities, except for a couple of documents containing recommendations on how to eliminate the shortcomings of the T-90 following the results of hostilities.
Several videos appeared on the network, for example, a TOW hit on a T-90, during which the armor of a Russian vehicle withstood the impact and saved the life of the crew.
Another video has also become known, which depicts a burning T-90. Most likely, the fire was caused by the ignition of the dynamic protection unit, which spread to the overhead, due to which the machine gun cartridges became hot and began to detonate. This version is the most likely, since there is no usual filming of the launch of an ATGM, there is no video of the tank being hit, the fire itself escapes from only one hatch.
Epilogue
Now the tank continues to serve faithfully and receives modifications, for example, the T-90SM, which is in a sense a transitional step to the latest T-14 Armata, and is equal to the best examples of Western armored vehicles.
The T-90 is exported to India, where it is in great demand, as well as to Algeria, Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan.
Of course, it also has disadvantages, but most of them are caused by the classic layout and are inherent in most MBTs of this time.
Only a fundamentally new tank, like the already mentioned T-14 Armata, can finally eliminate them, but so far the T-90 is successfully fulfilling all the tasks assigned to it.
