But the rallying pressure of the Western powers forced her to end the struggle on rather favorable terms for the Sultan. Peace of Kuchuk-Kaynarji 1774 failed to achieve the main goal required for the security of the Russian borders in the south. The predatory was not attached to Russia Crimean Khanate, whose raids over the previous few centuries cost the southern Russian regions 4-5 million exterminated and driven into slavery of the population.

As a result of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Crimea did not become part of Russia, but received complete independence from the Sultan. Among the Crimean Tatar Murzas, a fierce struggle between the “Russian” and “Turkish” parties immediately opened. In a matter of years, several khans were overthrown in the Crimea. In order to prevent violations of the terms of the Kuchuk-Kaynarji Treaty and prevent the return of the Khanate to Turkish rule, Russian troops were brought to the peninsula several times. Continuous unrest in the Crimea eventually led to the fact that after the deposition in July 1782 of the Russian-friendly Khan Shagin Giray, the Turks occupied Taman and threatened to invade the Crimea from there.

Then Potemkin, who commanded the Russian troops in the south, instructed his cousin P. S. Potemkin to push the Turks beyond the Kuban, Suvorov - to pacify the Nogai and Budzhak Tatars, and Count de Balmain to enter the Crimea and restore calm there. Shagin-Giray Potemkin convinced him to give up power, transferring it into the hands of the Russian Empress. Russian troops were concentrated on the Turkish borders, the navy appeared on the Black Sea. On April 8, 1783, a manifesto was issued on the inclusion of Crimea, Taman and the Kuban Tatars into Russia. Turkey had to come to terms with this. In December 1783, Sultan Abdul-Hamid I formally recognized the annexation of the Crimea, Taman and Kuban to Russia.

Public opinion Turkey was opposed to this act and Russia. A murmur arose against Sultan Abdul-Hamid. The Turkish government began to look for reasons for a break with Russia and a new war with it. The Georgian king Erekle II also preferred to go under Russian rule. In response to this, the pasha of the neighboring Turkish Akhaltsikhe began to raid the lands of the Georgians. Until the end of 1786, Russia limited itself to only written statements on this subject, which the Turks left unanswered. But at the end of 1786 Empress Catherine II decided to act more firmly. Potemkin received the main command over the troops gathered in the south. The Russian envoy in Constantinople, Bulgakov, was instructed to demand that the Turks stop their attacks on Georgia and pacify the Kuban Tatars who were making incursions through Russian lines.

Russian- Turkish war 1787-1791. Map

Bulgakov's demands were rejected. Turkey itself made claims that the Russian tsarina should renounce Georgia, cede 39 salt lakes near Kinburn to the Sultan, and give the Turks the right to have their own consuls in Russian cities, especially in the Crimea. The Sultan insisted that Turkish merchants pay no more than 3% duties in Russia, and Russian merchants should not export Turkish goods to their homeland and should not have Turkish sailors on their ships. The Istanbul sofa also demanded an urgent response to its note until August 20, 1787. Without waiting for him from Bulgakov, Turkey presented a new demand to the Russians - to return the Crimea and destroy all the agreements concluded about it. Bulgakov decisively rejected this claim and was imprisoned in the Seven-Tower Castle. Catherine II recognized this violent act as a sufficient reason for the war. It began in the same 1787 and ran until 1791.

Perevezentsev S. V., Volkov V. A.

After the end of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774. the confrontation between Turkey and Russia did not stop, but moved to the diplomatic front. The skillful efforts of Russian diplomats led to the fact that in 1783 the Crimean Khan Shagin-Girey abdicated and handed over the Crimea under the hand of the Russian Empress. This news was met with indignation in Turkey, which began to prepare for a new war. The Turks, using the help of Western European instructors, significantly increased the power of the main fortresses, recreated a strong fleet, reorganized and re-trained the army.

Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791 was unleashed by Turkey in order to return the Crimea. Relying on the diplomatic and military support of France, England and Sweden, the Turkish Sultan Selim III began to demand the return of the Crimea, the recognition of Georgia as his vassal, and the inspection of Russian merchant ships passing through the Black Sea straits. Having been refused, on August 13, 1787, he declared war on Russia. On August 21, 1787, even before the news of the declaration of war was received in St. Petersburg, the Turkish fleet attacked Russian patrol ships off Kinburn. On October 1, 1787, the Turkish landing force landed on the Kinburn Spit, but was attacked and destroyed by the corps of A.V. Suvorov.

Russian troops acted as part of two armies, united under the general command of Field Marshal G.A. Potemkin. Victory General-in-Chief A.V. Suvorov near Kinburn (1787), Focsani and on the Rymnik River (1789), the capture of the fortress of Izmail (1790), as well as the naval victories of Rear Admiral F.F. Ushakov in the battle of Kerch and near the island of Tendra (1790) weakened the Turkish army and navy. Defeats in the battle of Machinsk and in the naval battle of Kaliakria in 1791 forced Turkey to make peace. He confirmed the annexation of Crimea to Russia, established a new Russian-Turkish border - along the Dniester River, and in the Caucasus - along the Kuban River.

Siege of Ochakov

On May 24-25, 1788, the Russian Yekaterinoslav army of General Field Marshal G.A. Potemkina moved to the strategically important Turkish fortress Achi-Kale (Russian name Ochakov), located on the northwestern shore of the Dnieper-Bug estuary. Even before her arrival at this fortress on June 7 and June 16-17, 1788, the Russian rowing flotilla under the command of Admiral K.G. Nassau-Siegena inflicted two heavy defeats on the Turkish fleet in the estuary, covering Achi-Kale from the sea. Having lost 7 battleships, 2 frigates and several auxiliary vessels, the enemy no longer tried to impede the actions of the Russian fleet and troops near Ochakovo.

On July 1, 1788, the main forces of the Yekaterinoslav army approached the Turkish fortress and, having camped 3.5 km from Achi-Kale, on the banks of the Dnieper, began to install siege batteries. The bombardment of the fortress began on July 18, 1788 and continued until the assault in December of this year. Twice, on August 18 and on the night of September 5, 1788, the besieged Turkish garrison made sorties out of the city, but was repulsed and with losses retreated back to the fortress (during a sortie on July 18, 1788, Major General M.I. Kutuzov was wounded ). More successful was the sortie on November 12, 1788, during which the Turks tried to destroy the breached battery on the left flank. The Russians suffered heavy losses, among the dead was Major General S.P. Maksimovich. After this sabotage, which demonstrated the readiness of the besieged to fight to the end, G.A. Potemkin ordered to begin preparations for the assault on the fortress. It was somewhat delayed due to a snow storm that began on November 14 and lasted until November 28, 1788. Only on December 1, 1788 at 7 o'clock in the morning, with a 23-degree frost, Russian troops launched an assault. It lasted only 1 hour 45 minutes, despite the fierce resistance of the enemy. Of the 13 thousand Turkish garrison surrendered only 4 thousand people. led by the commandant of the three-bunch pasha Hussein (among the prisoners there were three two-bunch pashas and 448 officers). During the assault, 8700 Turks died, incl. 283 officers. Another 1140 people. from the Ochakov garrison, taken prisoner by the wounded, died in hospitals and infirmaries. Among the trophies were 323 guns and 180 banners. The Russians lost 1 general (Major General S.A. Volkonsky), 1 brigadier (I.P. Gorich), 3 headquarters officers, 25 chief officers, 936 soldiers killed. About 5 thousand people were wounded.

As a reward for the capture of Ochakov G.A. Potemkin received the Order of St. George of the 1st class, a sword strewn with diamonds, and 60,000 rubles. The officers of his army were awarded gold medals, the soldiers who participated in the capture of the Turkish fortress received silver medals on the St. George ribbon for wearing in their buttonholes.

Battle on the Rymnik River

Rymnik is a river in Wallachia (on the territory of modern Romania), on the right bank of which a battle took place between the Russian-Austrian and Turkish troops.

In early September 1789, the Turkish army under the command of the Grand Vizier Yusuf Pasha (about 100 thousand people, with 80 guns) launched an offensive against the Austrian corps of Prince F.I. Saxe-Coburg (18 thousand people, with 43 guns), located in the Fokshan area. Upon learning of the Turkish offensive, General-in-Chief A.V. Suvorov with a detachment of 7 thousand people made a quick march and, having covered 100 km in 2.5 days, joined with the allies on the eve of the approach of Turkish troops. At dawn on September 11, 1789, the Russian-Austrian army attacked the Turks, who many times outnumbered the enemy and were in four camps. The Turkish troops did not expect such a bold and quick offensive of the allied Russian-Austrian troops and were not ready for battle. First, the Russian troops, advancing on the right flank, captured the Turkish camp of Tyrgo-Kukli in a fierce battle. The Russians then moved towards Yusuf Pasha's main camp. At this time, the Austrian troops, advancing to the left, repulsed the attack of the cavalry detachment of the Turks. Taking a few more Turkish attacks, Russians and Austrians united to storm the main Turkish camp, located near the Kryngu-Meylor forest. Having assessed the disposition and fortifications of the Turks, Suvorov decided to attack the camp with cavalry supported by infantry. The cavalry broke through the Turkish defenses, and the infantry put the Janissaries to flight with a bayonet.

In the battle of Rymnik, Turkish troops lost about 15-20 thousand people. (10 thousand people killed), all artillery and convoy. Russian and Austrian troops lost about 700 people.

Assault on Ishmael

Located on the left bank of the Kiliya branch of the river. Danube Turkish fortress Izmail (Turkish name Ordukalesi - "army fortress") to the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787–1791. was reconstructed by European military engineers De Lafitte-Clavé and Richter. The line of fortifications built by them stretched for 6 km and included a shaft 6–8 m high, a ditch 6–10 m deep and 12 m wide, 7 earthen and stone bastions. The inner space of the fortress was planned taking into account the long-term defense of each stone building. The Turkish garrison numbered 35 thousand people, with 265 guns. They were commanded by the seraskir Aydos Mehmet Pasha.

In November 1790, Izmail was besieged by Russian troops under the command of Lieutenant General I.V. Gudovich (31 thousand people, over 500 guns). But the siege was unsuccessful. At the military council convened on November 26, 1790 by Lieutenant General A.N. Samoilov, who replaced Gudovich, decided to lift the siege and retreat to winter quarters. Even before this decision, on November 25, 1790, the commander-in-chief of the united Southern Army G.A. Potemkin ordered General-in-Chief Suvorov, who was near Galati, to immediately leave for Izmail and take command of the troops stationed there.

December 2, 1790 Suvorov arrived at the troops and began active preparations for the assault. On December 7, they sent an official letter to the command of the Turkish garrison demanding to surrender. Suvorov's handwritten note was attached to the letter: “To Seraskir, to the foremen and to the whole society: I arrived here with the troops. 24 hours for reflection for surrender and will; my first shots are already bondage, the assault is death, which I leave for your consideration. The Russian officer who delivered these proposals was given the answer of Aidos Mehmet Pasha: “Rather the Danube will stop in its course and the sky will fall to the ground than Ishmael will surrender.”

At the military council on December 9, 1790, Suvorov appointed an assault on December 11, dividing his troops into 3 detachments of 3 columns each. Detachment of General P.S. Potemkin was supposed to storm the western front of the fortress, a detachment of General A.N. Samoilov - the eastern front, and the detachment of General O.M. Deribas, landed from the ships of the Diman military flotilla, are the southern fortifications that covered the city from the Danube. On the same day, a two-day bombardment of Ishmael began. December 11, 1790 at 5:30 am Russian troops stormed the fortress.

At 6 o'clock in the morning, the rangers from the 2-1 column of General Lassi were the first to climb onto the ramparts of the fortress. Following the grenadiers of the 1st column of General Lvov, they captured the Khotyn Gate and opened it for the cavalry. The 3rd column of General Meknob stormed part of the northern bastion, but the depth of the ditch and the height of the shaft were so great that the prepared eleven-meter ladders had to be tied up under enemy fire in two pieces. The 6th column of General M.I. also entered into a heavy battle. Kutuzov, which was counterattacked by the Turks. However, Kutuzov personally led his infantry into the attack and managed to capture the Izmail fortifications.

The fortifications of the fortress fell by 8 o'clock in the morning, but the fighting in the city continued until 16 o'clock in the afternoon. Inside Izmail there were many stone buildings, each of which was a mini-fortress. The Turks defended themselves desperately, and Suvorov had to throw all the reserves into battle outside the city, as well as 20 light guns, in order to clear the streets of the defenders with grapeshot.

During the assault and in street battles, the Turks lost 26 thousand people killed and 9 thousand prisoners, the Russians - 4 thousand people. killed and 6 thousand people. wounded. Major General M.I. was appointed the first Russian commandant of Izmail. Kutuzov.

In honor of the victory, a special gold cross “For excellent courage” was issued for the officers participating in the assault, and the lower ranks received a special silver medal “For excellent courage in the capture of Ishmael”.

Naval battle off Tendra Island

August 25, 1790 The Black Sea Fleet (37 ships, frigates and other vessels) under the command of Rear Admiral F.F. Ushakov went to sea to search for the enemy. Three days later, on August 28, on the way to the Dnieper-Bug Estuary, Turkish ships were found anchored between Tendra Island and Gadzhibey. The enemy consisted of 14 battleships, 8 frigates and 23 heterogeneous ships. Seeing the Russians, the Turkish ships, despite their superiority in strength, began to hastily cut the ropes and retreat in disorder to the Danube.

Admiral Ushakov immediately, without changing the marching formation of his fleet, attacked the enemy, and in linear construction built ships only on the way to the Turks. At the same time, he withdrew three frigates from the line to provide a maneuverable reserve in case of a change in the wind and a possible enemy attack from two sides. The battle lasted several hours, and under heavy fire from Russian ships, the Turkish fleet fell into disarray. The enemy ships took to flight. And the Russian fleet pursued the Turks until late in the evening, until darkness and increased wind forced them to stop chasing and anchor.

At dawn on August 29, it suddenly turned out that the Turkish ships were in close proximity to the Russians. F.F. Ushakov gave the command to pursue the enemy. The Turkish 66-gun ship of the line "Meleki Bahri" ("Lord of the Seas"), having lost its commander, surrendered without a fight. Then, the 74-gun flagship Kapudaniya was hit and blown up by the fire of Russian ship's cannons. Together with Kapudaniya, about 700 crew members and the treasury of the Turkish fleet went to the bottom. The fire and explosion of a huge admiral's ship, the death of hundreds of people in front of everyone made an amazing impression and finally broke the Turks. And only the intensified gusty wind, which also changed direction, did not allow the Russians to finally destroy the enemy. But as a result of the victory at Tendra, the dominant position of the Russian fleet in the northeastern part of the Black Sea was secured.

Naval battle at Cape Kaliakria

July 31, 1791 The Black Sea Fleet under the command of Rear Admiral F.F. Ushakov, consisting of 16 battleships, 2 frigates, 2 bombardment ships, 17 cruising ships, 1 fireship and a rehearsal ship (980 guns in total), on the approach to Cape Kaliakria (the Black Sea coast of Bulgaria), discovered Turkish ships anchored. The Turkish fleet under the leadership of Kapudan Pasha Hussein consisted of 18 battleships, 17 frigates and 43 smaller ships (1800 guns in total).

F.F. Ushakov decided to give a general naval battle, cutting off Turkish ships from covering them coastal batteries and pushing the Turks out to sea. Despite the powerful fire from the coastal batteries, the Russian ships passed between the coast and the Turkish ships, and then attacked the enemy from a short distance. The Turks desperately resisted, but could not withstand the fire of the Russians and began a disorderly flight. The entire Turkish fleet was scattered across the sea, and as a result, 28 ships perished, including 1 battleship, 4 frigates, 3 brigantines and 21 gunboats. All survivors battleships and the frigates were seriously damaged. There is no information about the losses of Turkish sailors in this battle. On the Russian side, 17 sailors were killed, 3 officers and 25 sailors were wounded.

As a result of the victory at Kaliakria, the Russian fleet gained complete dominance in the Black Sea, and Russia finally established itself as an influential Black Sea power. The defeat of the Turkish fleet in the battle at Cape Kaliakria largely contributed to the final defeat of Turkey in the war with Russia. On December 29, 1791, a peace treaty was signed in Iasi, according to which Russia secured the Crimea, the entire northern coast of the Black Sea and freedom of passage through the Black Sea straits.

Great Catherine. Born to rule Sorotokina Nina Matveevna

Second Turkish War (1787–1791)

As early as 1780, Elizabeth changed the course of foreign policy. Previously, Prussia was an ally of Russia, now it has begun to focus on Austria. Each of these states claimed new lands and did not want to strengthen allies, as well as opponents. These are the laws of diplomacy.

In 1779 Catherine's second grandson Konstantin was born. I repeat, he had a Greek nurse, even boys from the Greeks were selected for him for children's games - play, and at the same time learn the language. According to the plan of Catherine, Constantine was to finish the work of Peter the Great - to establish dominance in the Black Sea, and also to carry out the plans of the Great Grandmother - to free the Christians suffering from the oppression of the Turks. True, the grandmother will also liberate, she will also create a new state of Dacia on the liberated lands, which will include Moldavia, Volakhia and Bessarabia. And there, look, and Constantinople will be taken, and a new sovereign will be placed on the throne - Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich. The Turks have owned Constantinople for almost 350 years, they have owned it illegally, and it's time to stop this disgrace. These plans were quite serious. Not without reason, during a trip with Catherine in 1787, the Austrian emperor Joseph II opened his mouth in amazement when he saw an inscription over an arch somewhere in the Crimea: “Forward to Byzantium.”

The intrigue for the implementation of this plan began to be tied back in 1781, when Catherine concluded a secret agreement with Joseph II. Bezborodko, it was at this time that his brilliant career began, he wrote memos, Potemkin threw up new ideas. And now two emperors, Catherine and Joseph, share the skin of an unkilled bear. The Austrian emperor demanded a lot of lands, he wanted to “round off his empire”, and for this it was not enough for him to have Belgrade, Khotyn, solid lands belonging to Venice, etc., he also wanted to pinch off a mighty piece from Dacia that existed only on paper. Against this background, Catherine looked almost disinterested, she claimed only Ochakov and one or two islands in the Greek archipelago for the safety of our trade, but considered the whole and indivisible Dacia to be the main task.

In general, until they agreed, the offended Joseph wrote to Catherine that, perhaps, it is too early to fight with Turkey, while it is necessary to resolve all controversial issues peacefully. Ekaterina has not yet found an ally in this huge enterprise and decided to complete the work already begun - to resolve the issue with the Crimea. As already mentioned, Crimea became a province of Russia. Because of this, the 2nd war with the Turks began.

The Ottoman Empire did not like Russia's demonstration of its strength - we are talking about the journey of the Empress to the Novorossiysk Territory. All of Europe was talking about it. In Istanbul, everything started according to a predetermined template. The Russian envoy Bulgakov was invited to the Divan for a meeting. The first time they just talked, and the second time they put forward demands: to return the Crimea to Turkey and abandon the terms of the Kyuchuk-Kaynarji peace.

The Turks did not wait for a response from Russia to their request, and on August 13, 1787, Porta declared war on Russia. Bulgakov was sent into custody in the Seven-Tower Castle and immediately the Turkish fleet, stationed at Ochakov, attacked our fortress of Kinburg. A.V. arrived at the fortress. Suvorov. The next day, the Turks resumed their artillery bombardment, after which they landed 5,000 selected Janissaries on the shore. Suvorov led his detachment into battle. He managed to defeat the Janissaries, few of the attackers reached the ships. Suvorov was wounded, but did not leave the battlefield.

The Empress was very nervous, Potemkin remained in Novorossia, she believed that she had no one to consult with. On September 12, 1787, she signed the War Manifesto. Khrapovitsky in his diary outlined the mood of the Empress that day with a short word: “We cried.”

Joseph II, after some hesitation, joined in Russia. The Greek project had not yet disappeared from the head of the Austrian emperor, and he hoped, together with Catherine, for the division of Turkey. Neither Russia nor Turkey were ready for war, so the first year they fought little, more preparing for future battles. Potemkin was appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army, and combat general Rumyantsev already played an auxiliary role in the war.

D.F. Maslovsky, a recognized authority in matters of military strategy, wrote about Potemkin: “Commanding the troops of the entire southern border area, the military settlements he created, commanding his own revived region, in charge of irregular troops and, finally, managing the affairs of the Military Collegium for almost 14 years, Potemkin is the commander-in-chief rightfully, undoubtedly indispensable under the then circumstances and fully responsible before history for the consequences of his special military and administrative activities in the period from the end of the 1st to the beginning of the 2nd Turkish war. So it is, but initial period military operations, our affairs went from bad to worse. N.I. Pavlovsky is not a military strategist, he is a brilliant historian, but he is very accurate in his assessment: “It seems that Potyomkin Tauride was least of all famous as a commander ... If he were not surrounded by brilliant commanders, among whom A.S. Suvorov and P.A. Rumyantsev, if the Empress had not supported and inspired the Prince of Taurida when he was at a loss, then the course of hostilities could have taken a completely different turn.

After the victory of Suvorov, Kinburn began to fail. Potemkin had high hopes for the Russian fleet. He sent him to reconnaissance and search for Turkish ships, but there was a storm that battered our ships very much. One frigate was missing, the other with masts torn off was carried to the Turkish borders and captured by the enemy. The rest of the ships with torn sails with difficulty returned to the Sevastopol bay.

Whether the failure of the first expedition or chronic illness was to blame, Potemkin fell into a terrible depression. In letters, he complained to Catherine that "spasms tormented", that he was "great in weakness", immediately reported that there was practically no fleet, and added philosophically: "God beats, not the Turks." The answer of the empress: “I pray to God to give you strength and health and calm hypochondria. Damned defensive state. I do not like him. Try to turn it into an offensive as soon as possible: then it will be easier for you, and for all of us.” Potemkin did not heed the advice, he saw everything in a black light and even offered to leave the Crimean peninsula, that is, withdraw our troops from there "to concentrate forces."

Catherine could no longer accept this, in her letters she is firm, self-confident: “... you are impatient, like a five-year-old child, while the things entrusted to you at this time require unshakable patience.” And what to do with the Sevastopol fleet? The Empress is surprised. "I ask you to take courage and think that a cheerful spirit can cover failure." But the “cheerful spirit” clearly left Potemkin; sometimes there was no news from him for weeks. Then he gathered his courage for the next message: "I want to end my life in solitude and uncertainty, which, I think, will not last." The prince asked for the resignation and transfer of powers to Rumyantsev. But Rumyantsev's army in Bessarabia was also in a deplorable state. What was Catherine to do? She did not resign Potemkin and continued cheerful admonitions: “... You can’t do anything worse than depriving me and the empire by deposing your dignity as a self-needed, capable, faithful, and, moreover, best friend.”

She persuaded Potemkin, and then the disease receded somewhat. The prince decided to take possession of Ochakov, and a long, exhausting siege began. Potemkin was cautious, dragged things out, kept waiting for particularly favorable conditions. He himself climbed into the thick of it and more than once put his life in danger. But for the commander in chief, personal courage is not at all the main thing. Potemkin appeared near Ochakov in September 1788, Catherine expected that the fortress would be taken by November, but the end of the siege was not in sight.

Echoes of the Greek project prevented the empress from sleeping. How was it thought? Now is the time to raise the Orthodox world of the Mediterranean against Turkey, it did not work before, now it will. Only it is necessary to help them repeat the victory of the Russian fleet in the Battle of Chesma. For this, the smallest thing was needed - to send the Baltic fleet to the Mediterranean Sea, but this fantastic idea was not given to come true. The Baltic Fleet was needed directly on the spot, Sweden declared war on Russia.

Now Russia was waging a war on two fronts. In December 1788, Ochakov was taken with very heavy losses. The victory, according to the general opinion, was provided by Suvorov, but he was wounded in battle and did not participate in the last assault. All the glory went to Potemkin. Catherine was delighted. In honor of the victory at Ochakovo, a medal was knocked out, she granted Potemkin a field marshal's baton strewn with diamonds, awarded him the Order of St. George of the 1st degree, there were also cash gifts - you can’t count everything. Catherine expected that her “heart friend” would immediately rush to St. Petersburg, but Potemkin did not go to the capital, but went to Iasi, then to Bendery. There the prince arranged a luxurious life for himself. "Winter apartments" were also prepared for the army.

To the surprise of the Empress, Potemkin again asked for his resignation, referring to the fact that "it's time to calm the spirit." He was not afraid of work - "watching on several thousand miles of borders", was not afraid of the enemy, but was wary of his internal enemies. “The villains whom I despise, but fear their designs; this gang of ungrateful people, not thinking, except for their own benefits and peace, about nothing, armed with deceit, they do dirty tricks to me with images. There is no slander that they do not build on me. Potemkin is clearly not self-critical. Describe the "villain" one day the Prince of Taurida in Iasi or Bendery, that's slander for you. The Empress did not give Potemkin a resignation this time either.

The war with Sweden ended in victory for the Russians. On the southern front, they fought as usual. The second Turkish war is firmly connected with the name of the great commander A. V. Suvorov (1729–1800). He began his service as a corporal in Seven Years' War and rose to the rank of Generalissimo. Suvorov brilliant strategist and author of works on military theory: "Regimental Institutions" and "The Science of Victory". Suvorov had his own tactics of warfare - offensive, his own view on the education of soldiers. Suvorov was not only ahead of his time, many of his military commandments have survived to this day. In all his life, Suvorov did not lose a single battle. At court, he was a harmful, caustic person, but Catherine II forgave him any eccentricities.

Even before the conclusion of peace with the Swedes in September 1789, Suvorov won a victory at Rymnik. Austrian troops also participated in the battle, but the entire battle plan was developed by Suvorov. Relations between Potemkin and Suvorov can generally be called good. Everything happens at the front, especially with the eccentricity of the characters of these two heroes, but Potemkin greatly appreciated the military and human qualities of our great commander. It was he who ensured that the empress added Rymninsky to the surname Suvorov and granted him the title of count. Catherine wrote to Potemkin: “Although a whole cartload of diamonds has already been laid on Count Suvorov, I am sending the cavalry of Yegory Grand Cross at your request: he is worthy of it.”

In the same 1789, Potemkin took Ankerman and Bendery without a fight. “There is no affection, my friend, which I would not like to tell you,” writes Ekaterina. “You are adorable for taking the Benders without losing one man.” During the war, the tone of the letters of the Empress to Potemkin is very warm; love relationship. In all matters relating to military operations, Catherine always took the side of Potemkin. She believed him boundlessly, fulfilling not only his desires, but also his whims. She did not give him a resignation, because the prince was really sick, in addition, the empress knew better than Potemkin himself what he needed. Obeying his demand, she nevertheless agreed to the unification of the Ukrainian army, commanded by Rumyantsev, with Potemkin's Yekaterinoslav army, placing the latter at the head of the combined forces. Rumyantsev found himself out of work. One can imagine the resentment and indignation of the honored commander, who could give a competent assessment of our failures in the Turkish war. Of course, he blamed Potemkin for everything, often unfairly, but the prince did not want to hear any criticism. He frankly called it slander and sincerely believed it himself. How often people do not see themselves from the outside and cannot evaluate themselves fairly and impartially. What was left for Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky to do? He wrote plaintive letters to the Empress, asking for her resignation, and Catherine brushed him off like a pesky fly.

And Potemkin led a carefree and cheerful life in Bendery. Who stuck to him this concept - a harem? Apparently life itself. Here is the story of the young Richelieu, later named Emmanuil Osipovich. We are talking about Duke Richelieu, the founder of Odessa, who left France before the Great Revolution, wanting to serve in the Russian troops. To take part in the assault on Ishmael in 1790, Richelieu had to obtain Potemkin's permission. The headquarters was then in Bendery. Potemkin received Richelieu in a huge, candle-lit room. It was full of officers, and six beautiful ladies were sitting on a sofa under a huge canopy. Next, of course, Potemkin in a dressing gown.

And here is a description of the same hall in Bendery of Prince Langeron: “During my absence, the prince ordered to destroy one of the halls of the house where he lived, and built a kiosk in that place where the riches of the two parts of the world were squandered in order to seduce the beauty he wanted to conquer . Gold and silver glittered everywhere you looked. On a sofa, upholstered in pink and silver, framed with silver fringe and adorned with ribbons and flowers, the prince sat in an exquisite home toilet next to the object of his worship, among several women who seemed even more beautiful from their dresses. And in front of him perfumes were smoking in golden censers. The middle of the room was occupied by supper served on golden dishes. But let's leave this topic, one can talk endlessly about the insane luxury of Potemkin and his irrepressible love for the weaker sex.

After the capture of Bendery, the path to Constantinople was opened, but Catherine decided it was time to make peace. Prussia threatened Russia with war, a loyal ally Joseph II was ill (he died on February 9, 1790). "Try, my friend, to make useful world with the Turks,” the Empress writes to Potemkin, “then many troubles will disappear, and we will be respectful: after your current company, we can expect.”

In February 1791 Potemkin went to Petersburg. This was his last visit to the capital. He no longer had the strength to fight, to prove, to intrigue. He was ill and spoke seriously about the monastery. The last grand gesture, a generous gift to Catherine, was the April ball arranged by him in the newly rebuilt Tauride Palace. Everything that could inspire the prince with his exotic fantasy, love for luxury and window dressing, was set in motion for the organization of this holiday. Petersburgers could not forget about him for many years and retold the details of this ball to each other. During the feast, Potemkin himself stood behind the empress's chair and served her, emphasizing that he was the empress's servant for all eternity, but it was more like a commemoration of the past.

July 24, 1791 Potemkin went to the army. On the way, he felt very bad, with difficulty he reached Yass. Doctors called his illness intermittent fever. There was a high temperature, a complete breakdown, sometimes the patient lost consciousness and was delirious. He ordered to conduct himself in the city of Nikolaev, he considered it a "healthy place." Potemkin was transferred to the "bed" stroller. They drove slowly, but the very next day the prince suddenly ordered to take him out into the air, "so that they would not let him end his life in a carriage." They took him out and put him on the ground. Here in the steppe Potemkin died. It happened on October 5, 1791. The courier brought the sad news to the palace only on October 12. The Empress became so ill that the doctors were forced to bleed.

The year 1790 was marked by the victory of Admiral Ushakov at sea and the capture of the Izmail fortress. The siege of Ishmael began in September. The fortress was superbly defended by artillery, and the garrison was huge - about 35 thousand people. On December 10, the Izmail fortress was taken by Russian troops.

On December 29, 1791, in Iasi (two and a half months after the death of Potemkin), peace was concluded with the Turks. The Russian side was represented by Bezborodko. The Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace was confirmed, the annexation of the Crimea was recognized, Russia acquired the territory between the Bug and the Dnieper, where the wonderful city of Odessa was built over time.

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Chapter IX The Second Russo-Turkish War (1787-1793)

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RUSSIAN-TURKISH WARS (1769-1774, 1787-1791) INCLUSION OF THE CRIMEA INTO RUSSIA Russia continued the struggle for access to the Black Sea and the acquisition of new lands in the south during the reign of Catherine II. In the war with Turkey 1769-1774. The Russian government decided to act

Russian-Turkish war of 1768-174
1. Reasons:

Russia sought to reach the Black Sea, and Turkey's desire to expand its possessions in the Northern Black Sea region at the expense of Russia

Russia's goal is to gain access to the Black Sea
-Turkey's desire to expand the territory in the Black Sea region; capture Astrakhan in the Caucasus

2.Allies of Russia: supported by Great Britain.

3. Allies of Turkey: supported by France, as well as the Polish rebels, with whom Turkey made an alliance

4. Reason: the Baltic incident served (by the name of the place Baltu, where the Turks staged a pogrom of the Orthodox population, which turned to the Russian troops for help)

5. Course of hostilities on land + 6. Course of hostilities at sea:
With great difficulty in September 1769, the Russian army took Khotyn, and thus prevented the threat of Turkish troops joining the Polish rebels from the Bar Confederation.

The decisive events that determined the outcome of the war took place in 1770, when the army of P.A. Rumyantseva defeated the superior enemy forces at the beginning near the river. Larga, and then on the banks of the river. Cahul.Ottoman troops left a number of fortresses on the Danube. The victories on land were reinforced by the destruction of the Turkish fleet in the Chesme Bay by the squadron of Admiral G.A. Spiridov. In 1771, Russian troops broke into the Crimea. Supported by European states, Turkey still resisted, but, in the end, was forced to sign a peace treaty. Russia also needed peace, because. Pugachev's uprising broke out within the country.

7.Results:
In 1774, in the Bulgarian town of Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhi, the two parties signed an agreement according to which:

Russia received the right to possess a military fleet on the Black Sea and to pass its merchant fleet through the Bosporus and Dardanelles.

The lands between the Dnieper and the Southern Bug with the fortress of Kinburn, the fortresses of Kerch and Yenikale in the Crimea and Kabarda in the Caucasus passed to Russia.

The Crimean Khanate was turning from a vassal of Turkey into an independent state.

Turkey paid a large indemnity.

Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791

1. Reasons: In the 80s. relations between Russia and Turkey deteriorated

As a result of the actions of Russia, which in 1783 captured the Crimea and signed the Treaty of Georgievsk with Eastern Georgia on the establishment of its own protectorate there and

Influenced by the revanchist sentiments of the Turkish ruling circles, fueled by Western diplomacy

2. Russia's allies: 3. Turkey's allies:

war between Russia and Austria, on the one hand, and the Ottoman Empire, on the other.

Turkey was pushed to war by England, France and Prussia.

Austria, which at the very beginning of the war took the side of Russia, withdrew from the war in 1790.

4. Reason: the events in the Crimea served as a coup in favor of the open rival of Turkey and the enemy of Russia. In response, Catherine 2 issued a manifesto on the cessation of the existence of the Crimean Khanate and the annexation of its lands to Russia.

5. Course of hostilities on land + 6. Course of hostilities at sea:

In 1787, the Turkish landing attempted to take Kinburn, but was destroyed by the garrison under the command of A.V. Suvorov. The situation for Russia became more complicated in 1788 in connection with the attack on her by Sweden and the need to wage war on two fronts. However, in 1789 Russia achieved decisive victories - A.V. Suvorov defeated the Turkish troops at Focsani and on the river. Rymnik.

After the capture of the strategically important fortress of Izmail in 1790 and the successful operations of the Russian Black Sea Fleet under the command of F.F. Ushakov, who defeated the Turkish fleet at Cape Kaliakria in 1791, the outcome of the war became obvious. The signing of peace was also accelerated by Russia's successes in the war with Sweden. In addition, Turkey could not count on serious support from European countries that were drawn into the struggle against revolutionary France.

7.Results: In 1791, the Iasi peace treaty was signed, which included the following provisions:

The lands between the Southern Bug and the Dniester were transferred to Russia.

Turkey confirmed the rights of Russia under the Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhy Treaty, and also recognized the annexation of Crimea and the establishment of a protectorate over Eastern Georgia.

Russia undertook to return to Turkey Bessarabia, Wallachia and Moldavia, captured by Russian troops during the war.

Russia's successes in the war, its costs and losses significantly exceeded the final gains, which was caused by the opposition of Western countries that did not want to strengthen it, as well as the fears of the tsarist government to be isolated in conditions when European monarchs, under the influence of events in France, expected internal upheavals in their states and hurried to unite to fight the revolutionary contagion.

Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire

Ottoman Empire

Commanders Losses Audio, photo, video  at Wikimedia Commons

Russo-Turkish War(1787-1791) - war between the Russian Empire and the Holy Roman Empire, on the one hand, and the Ottoman Empire, on the other. The illustrious Porte planned in this war to regain the lands that had gone to Russian Empire during the Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774, as well as the Crimea annexed to the Russian Empire in 1783. The war ended with the victory of the Russian Empire and the conclusion of the Peace of Jassy. In pre-revolutionary historiography, this war was called the Potemkin war: in honor of the commander-in-chief of the Russian troops.

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End of the Crimean Khanate

Eastern Georgia Protectorate

Campaign of 1788

Siege of Khotyn

Naval siege of Ochakov

Main article: Sea siege Ochakov *

Assault on Ochakov

Meanwhile, Potemkin moved forward extremely slowly, and only around August 20 he approached Bendery, where he also attracted a significant part of the Russian troops stationed in Moldavia.

Then the vizier again went on the offensive, thinking to take advantage of the weakening of the Russian forces in the principality. Having gathered up to 100 thousand troops, at the end of August he crossed the Danube and moved to the Rymnik River, but here on September 11 he suffered a complete defeat from the troops of Suvorov and Prince of Coburg. Earlier, on September 7, another Turkish detachment was defeated on the Salcha River by Prince Repnin. The Rymnik victory was so decisive that the allies could easily cross the Danube; but Potemkin, satisfied with her, continued to stand at Bendery and only ordered Gudovich to take possession of the fortifications of Khadzhibey and Akkerman. When this was done, then on November 3, Bendery finally surrendered, and the campaign was over.

On the part of the Austrians, the main army did nothing during the summer, and only on September 1st crossed the Danube and laid siege to Belgrade, which