Establishment of royal power Ivan IV the Terrible - the first Russian tsar (since 1547). 1533-1584. - the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich IV the Terrible. 1547 - the coronation of Ivan IV in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin. The Moscow principality becomes a kingdom. Title: Tsar and Grand Duke of All Russia. 1547, June -

Royal power cannot be imagined without its symbolic attributes, such as the crown, orb and scepter. These regalia are generally accepted - in addition to the Russian rulers, they were used and used by the kings and emperors of all powers. Each of these items has a special meaning and a unique origin story.

Power apple

It was not for nothing that the state was called an apple, it reminds not only of its roundness - this fruit is an image of the world. In addition, this deeply symbolic object means the feminine.

With its round shape, the power, just like, personifies Earth.

There is also a religious connotation in the image of the state. After all, on some canvases Christ was depicted with her as the Savior of the world or God the Father. The sovereign apple was used here in - the Kingdom of Heaven. And through the rite of chrismation, the powers of Jesus Christ are transferred to the Orthodox tsar - the tsar must lead his people to the last battle with the Antichrist and defeat him.

Scepter

The shepherd's staff is the prototype of the scepter, which later became a sign of pastoral authority among the ministers of the church. The European rulers shortened it, as a result, they received an object that is known from medieval paintings and numerous historical notes. In shape, it resembles a wand made of gold, silver or other precious materials and symbolizes the masculine principle.

Often, Western European rulers had a second wand in addition to the main one; it acted as a symbol of supreme justice. The scepter of justice was adorned with the "hand of justice" - a finger indicating deceit.

When Fyodor Ioanovich was crowned king in 1584, the scepter became a full-fledged sign of autocratic power. A little less than a century later, he and the state began to be depicted on the coat of arms of Russia.

Symbols of royal, royal or imperial power are a number of material signs of the ruler, called regalia. The set of regalia in different states is approximately the same. External symbols of state power have been known since ancient times and were originally called insignia.

Various regalia are usually attributed to the symbols of royal, imperial and royal power. In Russia, they were the state shield and sword, the state and large state seal. In the broad sense of this, the throne and ceremonial robes, such as porphyry, were also symbols.

Scepter

Scepters were considered in antiquity attributes of Zeus (Jupiter) and Hera (Juno)

In Russia, the scepter was first presented to the ruler during the wedding of Theodore Ioannovich to the kingdom. The wand should be held in the right hand, and during large solemn exits it was carried by the solicitors.

Power

In Russia, the state was called the apple of the Tsar's rank, the apple (all) sovereign and the apple of dominion.

Other regalia

During the coronation, the state sword - as well as the banner and the seal - were first used by Elizaveta Petrovna. The shield was carried only at the burial of the king. Russian rulers did not gird themselves with a state sword in the manner of German, Hungarian or Polish kings.

The royal banner first appeared in the Russian Empire under Mikhail Fedorovich, in early XVII centuries. Peter I later installed a black-yellow-white flag in 1742.

Finally, it is worth noting that in Moscow Russia, in addition to the above regalia, the symbols of royal power included barmas - wide mantles, or collars embroidered with gold and gems and decorated with religious images. Barmas were dressed over solemn vestments. They were made from gold plates - zippers - or from brocade.

Brueghel Peter. Misanthrope

→ Ball / Sphere (Armilary) / Board good and bad /

BREF / Royal rank apple

or orb, gold. a ball adorned with jewels. stones and crowned with a cross; one of the states. regalia; first mentioned at the wedding to the kingdom of Vasily Shuisky (1606).

In royal everyday life, the power, which we called in the Commonwealth and the Commonwealth, was introduced by Boris Godunov. “This apple is a sign of your kingdom. As you hold this apple in your hand, so hold the whole kingdom given to you from God, protecting it from enemies unshakably. The orb was handed along with the scepter during the ceremony of crowning the kingdom. Of the many powers of the 16th-19th centuries. the power of the large outfit of Mikhail Romanov stood out in particular. Its upper hemisphere, divided into four parts, bore the image of scenes from the life of King David. They held an apple, as a rule, in the right hand.

kingdom on earth, power over the World (in ancient times, a figure of Nike, the goddess of Victory, was added, in the Christian tradition - a cross).

It was first used as a sign of power by Roman emperors.

The ball is widespread among the personified virtues, the liberal arts, and some deities as a symbol of their universality:

Attribute of Truth, especially from the 17th century.

abundance

Justice, along with the scales and the sword

Philosophy, her foot can stand on the ball.

Fortune, originally indicated its changeability (As opposed to a solid cube, on which Faith and History sometimes stand)

Chance and Nemesis (Both of these allegorical figures are associated with Fortune and can be represented in a similar way)

Apollo

sometimes cupid

The globe (globe) is an attribute:

Laughing philosopher Democritus

one of the elements of still life

The celestial sphere (It may have stars or mythological figures of the constellations, but not necessarily so represented) is an attribute

personalized Astronomy (liberal arts)

Urania (muse of astronomy).

EMBLEM

State on the ground.

I despise earthly things.

Don't get too caught up in the things of this world

It is preferable to turn your attention to higher things.

The human soul was created for

To fly in the sky

Joyful outlet, compared to prison,

In which she is now!

There, freed from the bonds of the earth,

She can fly everywhere.

The symbol of the universe, resting on the back of cancer.

This picture clearly shows

As the world, like a cancer, moves backwards,

Like he's enjoying it a lot.

Movement in the opposite direction.

The laity teach pastors how to pray,

And children run the state

When the masters obey them.

Christianity

The symbol of power, and as such - a frequent attribute of God the Father can keep his foot on the heavenly ball.

The orb in the hands of Christ is a symbol of His sovereignty as the Savior of the World (SALVATOR MUNDI).

In the hands of the man of the monarch is the royal greatness, his power over the world.

Equipped with a cross - one of the insignia of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire and the English kings, starting with Edward the Confessor.

The sphere, surmounted by a cross, symbolized the dominion of Christ, it is the emblem of the rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and - still - the British monarchs. Emperors, kings, and spiritual leaders such as the Pope usually hold the orb in their left hand.

And in the Frankfurt alchemical edition of 1618 (discovered by Silberer) in a book on alchemy published in Frankfurt: below is a globe that has wings, that is, the ball flies through time and space. And in this image you can see the signs of the triad and tetrad - a triangle and a square - they, apparently, denote matter and the life hidden in it, striving upwards.

Scepter- generously decorated with gems and crowned with a symbolic (as a rule, coat of arms: heraldic lily, eagle, etc.) figure, a wand made of precious materials - silver, gold or ivory; along with the crown, one of the oldest insignia of autocratic power. In Russian history, the scepter was the successor to the royal staff - an everyday, and not a ceremonial symbol of the power of kings and grand dukes, who once accepted these regalia from the Crimean Tatars as a sign of their vassal oath. The scepter “from the bone of a unicorn three feet and a half long, lined with expensive stones” (Sir Jerome Horsey, Notes on Muscovy of the 16th century) entered the composition of the royal regalia in 1584 at the wedding of Fyodor Ioanovich to the kingdom. This insignia of power, given in the altar of the temple by the Patriarch of All Russia into the hands of the Anointed of God, entered the royal title at the same time: “God in the Trinity, glorified by the mercy of the scepter-holder of the Russian kingdom.”
AT National emblem The Russian scepter was turned on a century later. He took his traditional place in the right paw of the double-headed eagle on the seal of 1667 of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich.

Power- a symbol of monarchical power (for example, in Russia - a golden ball with a crown or cross). The name comes from the ancient Russian "dzharzha" - power.

Sovereign balls were part of the attributes of the power of the Roman, Byzantine, German emperors. In the Christian era, the power was crowned with a cross.

The orb was also the insignia of the emperors of the Holy Roman Empire and the English kings, starting with Edward the Confessor. Sometimes in fine arts Christ was depicted with a power as the Savior of the World or God the Father; in one of the variations, the power was not in the hands of God, but under his foot, symbolizing the celestial ball. If the scepter served as a symbol of the masculine principle, then the power - the feminine.

Russia borrowed this emblem from Poland. It was first used as a symbol of royal power at the wedding ceremony of False Dmitry I to the kingdom. In Russia, it was originally called the sovereign apple. Starting from the reign of the Russian Emperor Paul I, it was a ball of blue yakhont, sprinkled with diamonds and topped with a cross.

Power is a sphere surmounted by a cross precious metal, the surface of which is decorated with gems and sacred symbols. Powers or sovereign apples (as they were called in Russia) became permanent attributes of the power of a number of Western European monarchs long before the crowning of Boris Godunov (1698), but their introduction into everyday life of Russian tsars should not be considered an unconditional imitation. Only the material part of the ritual could seem borrowed, but not its deep content and the symbolism of the “apple” itself.

The iconographic prototype of the power is the mirrors of the archangels Michael and Gabriel - as a rule, gold disks with the initials of Jesus Christ or a half-length image of Emmanuel (Christ the Child). Such a mirror, followed by a sovereign apple, symbolizes the Kingdom of Heaven, the power over which belongs to Jesus Christ and through the rite of chrismation is partly “delegated” to the Orthodox Tsar. He is obliged to lead his people to the last battle with the Antichrist and defeat his army.

The crown, scepter, orb are regalia, signs of royal, royal and imperial power, generally accepted in all states where such power exists. The regalia owe their origin mainly to the ancient world.

So, the crown originates from the wreath, which in the ancient world was placed on the head of the winner in the competition. Then it turned into a sign of honor given to those who distinguished themselves in the war - to a military leader or official, thus becoming a sign of service distinction (imperial crown). From it, a crown (headdress) was formed, which was widely used in European countries as an attribute of power in the early Middle Ages.

In Russian literature, there has long been a version that one of the oldest medieval crowns belongs to the number of Russian royal regalia, allegedly sent as a gift to the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir Monomakh by the Byzantine emperor Konstantin Monomakh. Along with the "cap of Monomakh" from the Byzantine emperor, a scepter was allegedly sent.

Emblem of Russia. 2nd floor XVII century

The origins of this attribute of power and dignity of European monarchs also lie in antiquity. The scepter was considered a necessary accessory of Zeus (Jupiter) and his wife Hera (Juno). As an indispensable sign of dignity, the scepter was used by ancient rulers and officials (except emperors), for example, Roman consuls. The scepter, as an obligatory regalia of power, was present at the coronation of sovereigns throughout Europe. In the XVI century. he is also mentioned in the ceremony of the wedding of Russian tsars

The story of the Englishman Horsey, an eyewitness to the coronation of Fyodor Ivanovich, the son of Ivan the Terrible, is known: “The tsar had a precious crown on his head, and in his right hand was a royal rod made of the bone of a unicorn, three feet and a half long, lined with expensive stones, which was bought by the former tsar from Augsburg merchants in 1581 for seven thousand pounds. Other sources report that the coronation of Fyodor Ivanovich was in everything similar to the “seat on the table” of Ivan the Terrible, with the only difference that the metropolitan handed the scepter into the hands of the new tsar.

However, the image of the scepter on the seals of this time was not accepted, as well as powers (otherwise - “apple”, “sovereign apple”, “autocratic apple”, “apple of the royal rank”, “power of the Russian kingdom”), although as an attribute of power it was known to Russian sovereigns since the 16th century. During the wedding to the kingdom of Boris Godunov on September 1, 1598, Patriarch Job gave the tsar, along with the usual

leys also the state. At the same time, he said: “Just as we hold this apple in our hands, so keep the whole kingdom given to you from God, keep them from external enemies.”

Cap of Monomakh

The wedding to the kingdom of the ancestor of the Romanov dynasty, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich, took place according to a clearly drawn up “scenario” that did not change until the 18th century: together with the cross, barmas and the royal crown, the metropolitan (or patriarch) passed the scepter to the tsar in the right hand, and the orb to the left . At the wedding ceremony of Mikhail Fedorovich, before handing over the regalia to the metropolitan, the scepter was held by Prince Dmitry Timofeevich Trubetskoy, and the orb - by Prince Dmitry Mikhailovich Pozharsky.

"Big Outfit" by Mikhail Fedorovich (hat, scepter, orb). 1627-1628

The letter of tsar Bohdan Khmelnitsky dated March 27, 1654 was accompanied by a seal of a “new type”: a two-headed eagle with open wings (a horseman slaying a dragon on his chest in a shield), a scepter in the right paw of the eagle, a power orb in the left, above the heads of the eagle - three crowns almost on the same line, the middle one - with a cross. The shape of the crowns is the same, Western European. Under the eagle - a symbolic image of the reunification of Left-bank Ukraine with Russia. A seal with a similar pattern was used in the Little Russian Order.

Seal of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. 1667

After the Andrusovo truce, which ended the Russian-Polish war of 1654-1667 and recognized the annexation of the lands of the Left-Bank Ukraine to Russia, a new large state seal was “inflicted” in the Russian state. It is famous for the fact that its official description, included in the Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire, is also the first decree of Russian legislation on the form and meaning of the State Emblem.

Already on June 4, 1667, in the article of the order given to the translator of the Ambassadorial order Vasily Boush, who was sent with royal letters to the Elector of Brandenburg and the Duke of Courland, it is emphasized: or his neighbors or their bailiffs will learn to say, why now his royal majesty has three corunas with other images in a seal over an eagle? And tell Vasily to them: the double-headed eagle is the coat of arms of the power of our great sovereign, his royal majesty, over which three korunes are depicted, signifying the three great: Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberian glorious kingdoms, submitting to God-protected and his highest royal majesty, our most merciful sovereign power and command ".

Then comes the description, which a few months later was announced not only "to the surrounding states", but also to Russian subjects. On December 14, 1667, in the nominal decree “On the royal title and on the state seal” we read “Description of the seal of the Russian state: “The double-headed eagle is the coat of arms of the sovereign Grand Sovereign, Tsar and Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of All Great and Small and White Russia Autocrat, His Royal Majesty the Russian Kingdom, on which three korunas are depicted, signifying the three great, Kazan, Astrakhan, Siberian, glorious Kingdoms, repenting to the God-preserved and highest of His Royal Majesty, the most merciful Sovereign and command; on the right side of the eagle there are three cities, and according to the description in the title, Great and Small and White Russia, on the left side of the eagle three cities form Eastern and Western and Northern with their writings; under the eagle is the sign of the stepfather and grandfather (father and grandfather. - N. S); on the persekh (on the chest. - N. S.) the image of the heir; in paznokteh (in claws. - N. S.) a scepter and an apple (orb. - N. S.), are the most merciful Sovereign of His Royal Majesty the Autocrat and Possessor.

The most experienced codifier and jurist Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky, the luminary of the Russian bureaucracy, based on the text of the decree, subsequently unambiguously qualified this image as a “state coat of arms”. A similar seal with a corresponding new name was used by the tsars Fedor Alekseevich, Ivan Alekseevich in joint rule with Peter Alekseevich and Peter Alekseevich himself - Peter I.

Circle to the great state seal of Tsars John and Peter Alekseevich.

Master Vasily Kononov. 1683