Western European colonization of “new” lands in the 16th-17th centuries. - This is a very important process in the development of the American continent. Europeans moved to uncharted lands in search of better life. At the same time, the colonialists encountered resistance and conflicts with the local residents - the Indians. In this lesson you will learn how the conquest of Mexico and Central America took place, how the civilizations of the Aztecs, Mayans and Incas were destroyed and what were the results of this colonization.

Western European colonization of new lands

Background

The discovery of new lands was associated with the Europeans' search for new sea routes to the East. Habitual trade communications were cut off by the Turks. Europeans needed precious metals and spices. The progress of shipbuilding and navigation allowed them to make long sea voyages. Technological superiority over the inhabitants of other continents (including the possession firearms) allowed the Europeans to make rapid territorial gains. They soon discovered that colonies could be a source of great profit and quick enrichment.

Events

1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas on the division of colonial possessions between Spain and Portugal. The dividing line ran across the Atlantic Ocean from north to south.

1519 - About five hundred conquistadors led by Cortez landed in Mexico.

In 1521, the Aztec capital Tenochtitlan was captured. A new colony was founded on the conquered territory - Mexico. ( about the Aztecs and their ruler Montezuma II).

1532-1535 - Conquistadors led by Pizarro conquer the Inca Empire.

1528 - the beginning of the conquest of the Mayan civilization. Captured in 1697 last city Maya (resistance lasted 169 years).

The penetration of Europeans into America led to massive epidemics and the death of a huge number of people. The Indians had no immunity to Old World diseases.

1600 - the English East India Company was created, which equipped and sent ships to the “spice islands”.

1602 - The Dutch East India Company is created. From the government, the company received the right to seize land and manage the local population.

By 1641, most of Indonesia's fortresses were in Dutch hands.

1607 - The city of Jamestown, the first English settlement in the New World, is founded.

1608 - The French establish the colony of Quebec in Canada.

XVII century - The French colonized the Mississippi River Valley and founded the colony of Louisiana there.

1626 - The Dutch found New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island (future New York).

1619 - English colonists bring the first group of slaves to North America.

1620 - English Puritans found the colony of New Plymouth (north of Jamestown). They are considered the founders of America - the Pilgrim Fathers.

End of the 17th century - There are already 13 English colonies in America, each of which considered itself a small state (state).

Participants

The conquistadors were Spanish conquerors who participated in the conquest of the New World.

Hernan Cortes- Spanish nobleman, conquistador. Led the conquest of the Aztec state.

Francisco Pizarro- conquistador, led the conquest of the Inca state.

Conclusion

In the 16th century, two major colonial empires emerged - Spanish and Portuguese. The dominance of Spain and Portugal in South America was established.

The colony was headed by a viceroy appointed by the king.

In Mexico and Peru, the Spaniards organized gold and silver mining. Trade in colonial goods brought great profits. Merchants sold goods in Europe at 1000 times the price at which they were purchased in the colonies. Europeans became acquainted with corn, potatoes, tobacco, tomatoes, sugar molasses, and cotton.

A single world market gradually emerged. Over time, a slave-owning plantation economy developed in the colonies. The Indians were forced to work on the plantations, and with early XVII V. - slaves from Africa.

Colonies became a source of enrichment for Europeans. This led to competition between European countries for possession of colonies.

In the 17th century, France and Holland ousted the Spaniards and Portuguese in the colonies.

In the XVI-XVIII centuries. England won the battle for the seas. It became the strongest naval and colonial power in the world.

The lesson will focus on Western European colonization of “new” lands in the 16th-17th centuries.

Great geographical discoveries radically changed the vector of development of the American continent. XVI-XVII centuries in the history of the New World is called conquest, or colonization (which means “conquest”).

The aborigines of the American continent were numerous Indian tribes, and in the north - the Aleuts and Eskimos. Many of them are well known today. Thus, in North America lived the Apache tribes (Fig. 1), later popularized in cowboy films. Central America is represented by the Mayan civilization (Fig. 2), and the Aztec state was located on the territory of the modern state of Mexico. Their capital was located on the territory of the modern capital of Mexico - Mexico City - and was then called Tenochtitlan (Fig. 3). In South America, the largest Indian state was the Inca civilization.

Rice. 1. Apache tribes

Rice. 2. Mayan civilization

Rice. 3. The capital of the Aztec civilization - Tenochtitlan

Participants in the colonization of America (conquests) were called conquistadors, and their leaders were called adelantados. The conquistadors were impoverished Spanish knights. The main reason that prompted them to seek happiness in America was the ruin, the end of the Reconquista, as well as the economic and political aspirations of the Spanish crown. The most famous adelantodos were the conqueror of Mexico, who destroyed the Aztec civilization, Hernando Cortez, Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Inca civilization, as well as Hernando de Sota, the first European to discover the Mississippi River. The conquistadors were robbers and invaders. Their main goal was military glory and personal enrichment.

Hernando Cortez is the most famous conquistador, conqueror of Mexico, who destroyed the Aztec empire (Fig. 4). In July 1519, Hernando Cortez and his army landed on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Leaving the garrison, he went deep into the continent. The conquest of Mexico was accompanied by the physical extermination of the local population, the plunder and burning of Indian cities. Cortez had Indian allies. Despite the fact that the Europeans were superior to the Indians in the quality of weapons, their numbers were thousands of times smaller. Cortez concluded an agreement with one of the Indian tribes, which made up most of his army. According to the treaty, after the conquest of Mexico this tribe was to gain independence. However, this agreement was not respected. In November 1519, Cortes and his allies captured the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan. For more than six months, the Spaniards held power in the city. Only on the night of July 1, 1520, the Aztecs managed to expel the invaders from the city. The Spaniards lost all their artillery and the loss of life was great. Soon, having received reinforcements from Cuba, Cortes again captured the Aztec capital. In 1521, the Aztec state fell. Until 1524, Hernando Cortez ruled Mexico alone.

Rice. 4. Hernando Cortez

The Mayan civilization lived south of the Aztecs, in Central America, on the Yucatan Peninsula. In 1528, the Spaniards began conquering Mayan territories. However, the Mayans resisted for more than 169 years, and only in 1697 the Spaniards were able to capture the last city inhabited by the Mayan Indian tribe. Today, about 6 million descendants of the Mayan Indians live in Central America.

A famous Adelantado who conquered the Inca Empire was Francisco Pizarro (Fig. 5). Pizarro's first two expeditions of 1524-1525. and 1526 were unsuccessful. It was not until 1531 that he set out on his third expedition to conquer the Inca Empire. In 1533, Pizarro captured the Inca leader Atahualpa. He managed to obtain a large ransom for the leader, and then Pizarro killed him. In 1533, the Spaniards captured the capital of the Incas, the city of Cusco. In 1535, Pizarro founded the city of Lima. The Spaniards named the captured territory Chile, which means “cold.” The consequences of this expedition were tragic for the Indians. Over half a century, the number of Indians in the conquered territories decreased by more than 5 times. This was due not only to the physical extermination of the local population, but also to diseases that Europeans brought to the continent.

Rice. 5. Francisco Pizarro

In 1531, Hernando de Soto (Fig. 6) took part in Francis Pizarro's campaign against the Incas, and in 1539 he was appointed governor of Cuba and undertook an aggressive campaign in North America. In May 1539, Hernando de Sota landed on the coast of Florida and walked as far as the Alabama River. In May 1541, he reached the coast of the Mississippi River, crossed it and reached the Arkansas River valley. He then fell ill, was forced to turn back, and died in Louisiana in May 1542. His companions returned to Mexico in 1543. Although contemporaries considered de Soto's campaign a failure, its significance was still very great. The aggressive attitude of the conquerors towards the local population led to the outflow of Indian tribes from the territory of the Mississippi River. This facilitated further colonization of these territories.

In the XVI-XVII centuries. Spain captured vast territories on the American continent. Spain held onto these lands for a long time, and the last Spanish colony was recaptured only in 1898 by a new state - the United States of America.

Rice. 6. Hernando de Soto

Not only Spain colonized the lands of the American continent. At the end of the 16th century, England made two unsuccessful attempts to establish colonies in the territory North America. Only in 1605 were there two joint stock companies received a license from King James I to colonize Virginia. At that time, the term Virginia meant the entire territory of North America.

The First London Virginia Company was licensed for the southern part of North America, and the Plymouth Company for the northern part. Officially, both companies set as their goal the spread of Christianity on the continent; the license gave them the right to search and mine gold, silver and other things on the continent by all means. precious metals.

In 1607, the city of Jamestown was founded - the first English settlement in America (Fig. 7). In 1619, two important events occurred. This year, Governor George Yardley transferred some of his powers to a council of burghers, thus establishing the first elected legislature in the New World. In the same year, a group of English colonists acquired Africans of Angolan origin and, despite the fact that they were not yet officially slaves, from that moment the history of slavery in the United States of America began (Fig. 8).

Rice. 7. Jamestown - the first English settlement in America

Rice. 8. Slavery in America

The population of the colony had a difficult relationship with the Indian tribes. The colonists were attacked more than once by them. In December 1620, a ship carrying Calvinist Puritans, the so-called Pilgrim Fathers, arrived on the Atlantic coast of Massachusetts. This event is considered the beginning of active colonization of the American continent by the British. By the end of the 17th century, England had 13 colonies on the American continent. Among them: Virginia (early Virginia), New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Thus, by the end of the 17th century, the British colonized the entire Atlantic coast of the modern United States.

At the end of the 16th century, France began to build its colonial empire, which stretched west from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the so-called Rocky Mountains, and south to the Gulf of Mexico. France colonizes the Antilles and in South America establishes the colony of Guiana, which is still French territory.

The second largest colonizer of Central and South America is Portugal. It captured the territories where the state of Brazil is located today. Gradually, the Portuguese colonial empire in the second half of the 17th century fell into decline and gave way to the Dutch in South America.

Dutch West India Company, founded in 1621, receives a monopoly on trade in South America and West Africa. Gradually, in the 17th century, England and Holland occupied the leading place among the colonial powers (Fig. 9). There is a struggle between them for trade routes.

Rice. 9. Possessions of European countries on the American continent

Summing up the results of Western European colonization in the 16th-17th centuries, we can highlight the following.

Social change

The colonization of America led to the extermination of the local population; the remaining aborigines were driven into reservations and subjected to social discrimination. The conquistadors destroyed the most ancient cultures of the New World. Along with the colonialists, Christianity spread across the American continent.

Economic changes

Colonization led to the shift of the most important trade routes from inland seas to the ocean. Thus, the Mediterranean Sea lost its decisive importance for the European economy. The influx of gold and silver led to a fall in the price of precious metals and a rise in the prices of other goods. Active development trade on a global scale stimulated entrepreneurial activity.

Household changes

The European menu included potatoes, tomatoes, cocoa beans, and chocolate. Europeans brought tobacco from America, and from that moment on, the habit of smoking tobacco spread.

Homework

1. What do you think caused the development of new lands?
2. Tell us about the conquests of the Aztec, Mayan and Incas by the colonists.
3. Which European states were the leading colonial powers at the time?
4. Tell us about the social, economic and everyday changes that occurred as a result of Western European colonization.

1. Godsbay.ru ().
2. Megabook.ru ().
3. worldview.net().
4. Biofile.ru ().

1. Vedyushkin V.A., Burin S.N. Textbook on the history of modern times, grade 7, M., 2013.
2. Verlinden Ch., Mathis G. Conquerors of America. Columbus. Cortes / Trans. with him. HELL. Dera, I.I. Zharova. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1997.
3. Gulyaev V.I. In the footsteps of the conquistadors. - M.: Nauka, 1976.
4. Duverger Christian. Cortes. - M.: Young Guard, 2005.
5. Innes Hammond. Conquistadors. History of the Spanish conquests of the XV-XVI centuries. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2002.
6. Kofman A.F. Conquistadors. Three Chronicles of the Conquest of America. - St. Petersburg: Symposium, 2009.
7. Paul John, Robinson Charles. Aztecs and conquistadors. The death of a great civilization. - M.: Eksmo, 2009.
8. Prescott William Hickling. Conquest of Mexico. Conquest of Peru. - M.: Publishing house “V. Sekachev", 2012.
9. Hemming John. Conquest of the Inca Empire. The Curse of the Vanished Civilization / Trans. from English L.A. Karpova. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2009.
10. Yudovskaya A.Ya. General history. History of modern times. 1500-1800. M.: “Enlightenment”, 2012.

Almost half of the viceroyalty of New Spain they founded was located where the states of Texas, California, New Mexico, etc. are located today. The name of the state of Florida is also of Spanish origin - this is how the Spaniards called the lands known to them in the southeast North America. The colony of New Netherland arose in the Hudson River valley; further south, in the Delaware River Valley, is New Sweden. Louisiana, which occupied vast territories in the basin largest river the continent of Mississippi was the possession of France. In the 18th century Russian industrialists began to develop the northwestern part of the continent, modern Alaska. But the most impressive successes in the colonization of North America were achieved by the British.

For immigrants from the British Isles and other European countries overseas, wide material opportunities opened up; they were attracted here by the hope of free labor and personal enrichment. America also attracted people with its religious freedom. Many Englishmen moved to America during the period of revolutionary upheavals in the mid-17th century. Religious sectarians, ruined peasants, and urban poor left for the colonies. All kinds of adventurers and adventure seekers also rushed overseas; criminals referred. The Irish and Scots fled here when life in their homeland became completely unbearable.

The south of North America is washed by waters Gulf of Mexico. Sailing along it, the Spaniards discovered the peninsula Florida, covered with dense forests and swamps. Now it's famous resort and the launch site of American spacecraft. The Spanish reached the mouth of the largest river in North America - Mississippi, flowing into Gulf of Mexico. In Mississippi Indian - " big river", "father of waters". Its waters were muddy, and uprooted trees floated along the river. To the west of Missi-sipi, wetlands gradually gave way to drier steppes - prairies, through which herds of bison roamed, looking like bulls. The prairies extended all the way to the foot Rocky Mountains, stretching from north to south throughout the North American continent. The Rocky Mountains are part of a huge mountainous country of Cor-diller. The cordillera goes to Pacific Ocean.

On the Pacific coast the Spaniards discovered California peninsula And Gulf of California. It flows into Colorado River- “red”. The depth of its valley in the Cordillera amazed the Spaniards. Under their feet there was a cliff 1800 m deep, at the bottom of which a river flowed as a barely noticeable silver snake. For three days people walked along the edge of the valley Grand Canyon, we looked for a way down and couldn’t find it.

The northern half of North America was developed by the British and French. In the middle of the 16th century, the French pirate Cartier discovered bay And Saint Lawrence River In Canada. The Indian word "Canada" - settlement - became the name of a huge country. Moving up the St. Lawrence River, the French came to Great Lakes. Among them is the world's largest freshwater lake - Upper. On the Niagara River, flowing between the Great Lakes, a very powerful and beautiful Niagara Falls.

Immigrants from the Netherlands founded the city of New Amsterdam. Nowadays it is called NY and is largest city United States of America.

At the beginning of the 17th century, the first English colonies appeared on the Atlantic coast of North America - settlements whose inhabitants grew tobacco in the south and grain and vegetables in the north.

Thirteen (13) colonies

Systematic colonization of North America began after the establishment of the Stuart dynasty on the English throne. The first British colony, Jamestown, was founded in 1607 Virginia.Then, as a result of the mass migration of English Puritans overseas, the development of New England.The first Puritan colony in the modern state Massachusetts appeared in 1620. In subsequent years, settlers from Massachusetts, dissatisfied with the religious intolerance that reigned there, founded colonies Connecticut And Rhode Island. After the Glorious Revolution, a colony separated from Massachusetts New Hampshire.

On the lands north of Virginia, granted by Charles I to Lord Baltimore, a colony was founded in 1632 Maryland Dutch and Swedish colonists were the first to appear in the lands located between Virginia and New England, but in 1664 they were captured by the British. New Netherland was renamed a colony NY, and to the south of it a colony arose New Jersey. In 1681, W. Penn received a royal charter for lands north of Maryland. In honor of his father, the famous admiral, the new colony was named Pennsylvania. Throughout the 18th century. isolated himself from her Delaware. In 1663, settlement of the territory south of Virginia began, where colonies later appeared North Carolina And South Carolina. In 1732, King George II allowed the development of lands between South Carolina and Spanish Florida, which were named in his honor Georgia.

Five more British colonies were founded on the territory of modern Canada.

All colonies had various forms of representative government, but the majority of the population was deprived of the right to vote.

Colonial economy

The colonies varied greatly in the types of economic activity. In the north, where small-scale farming predominated, household crafts associated with it developed, and foreign trade, shipping and maritime trades were widely developed. The south was dominated by large agricultural plantations, where tobacco, cotton, and rice were grown.

Slavery in the colonies

Growing production required workers. The presence of undeveloped territories to the west of the colonial borders doomed any attempt to turn poor whites into a hired labor force, since there was always the possibility for them to leave for free lands. It was impossible to force the Indians to work for white masters. Those of them who were tried to be made slaves quickly died in captivity, and the merciless war waged by the settlers against the Indians led to the mass extermination of the red-skinned natives of America. The labor problem was solved by the massive import of slaves from Africa, who were called blacks in America. The slave trade became the most important factor in the development of the colonies, especially the southern ones. Already by the end of the 17th century. blacks became the predominant labor force and, in fact, the basis of the plantation economy in the south. Material from the site

Europeans were looking for a passage from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Englishman Henry Hudson tried to sail along the northern American coast between the mainland and the islands lying to the north. Canadian Arctic Archipelago. The attempt failed, but Hudson discovered a huge Hudson Bay- a real “bag of ice” on which ice floes float even in the summer.

In the spruce and pine forests of Canada, the French and British hunted fur-bearing animals and traded their skins with the Indians. In the middle of the 17th century, the English Hudson's Bay Company arose, which was engaged in the purchase of furs. The company's agents penetrated deep into the continent, bringing information about new rivers, mountains, and lakes. At the end of the 18th century, Alexander Mackenzie and his companions took a trip along the rivers and lakes of northern Canada in boats made of birch bark. They hoped that the cold river, later named after Mackenzie, will lead to the Pacific Ocean. The traveler himself called it a “river of disappointment,” realizing that it flows into the Arctic Ocean. Mackenzie went home to Scotland, a country in the north of the British Isles, to study geography. Returning, he climbed up the river valleys and crossed the Rocky Mountains. Having passed through the mountain passes of the Cordillera, Mackenzie began to descend along rivers flowing to the west, and in 1793 he was the first to reach the Pacific coast.

America in the modern understanding of the term “United States” began to exist in 1776. Nowadays, the United States is a superpower with great human and intellectual resources and enormous development potential. And this is no coincidence. Over the centuries, theoretical concepts and practical methods of state regulation of economic policy have been formed.

It is generally accepted that the first news of the existence of America was brought to Europe by Christopher Columbus, who, as is known, lost his course and accidentally discovered new lands. This happened in 1492 in the West Indies, and in 1493, making a second trip to these lands, he landed on the territory of the island of Puerto Rico, which today belongs to the United States.

The discoverers of America, according to some sources, were a certain Viking, the trader Bjarni, who, during his journey in 985, from Iceland to Greenland, was carried by waves to the West to a forested country. Fifteen years later, Leif Eirikson and his squad followed the route indicated by Bjarni and went to those very places. He, unlike his predecessor, examined the area and found that it was rocky. In honor of his stay, Eirikson named it Helluland - the Land of Flat Stones. The places where there was a forest were named by him Markland - Forest Country. Thus, part of the indigenous population of America came there from Greenland and existed there until the middle of the fourteenth century. This conclusion can be made based on the testimony of Bishop Ivar Bordson, who in 1350, having landed on the shores of Norman settlements, found there only empty churches, abandoned settlements, and wild animals.

The end of the 15th century can be called decisive in the discovery of America, since from different sides globe new expeditions arrived to hitherto unknown lands, which turned the beginning of the 16th century for Europeans into the era of the “conquest of the New World.” The first in a series of explorers should be called the Spaniards. This is Admiral Christopher Columbus in 1492 with an expedition to San Salvador.

The Spaniard Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated America from the south in 1519-1521. The well-known Florentine, Amerigo Vespucci, in whose honor the continent was renamed in 1507 at the suggestion of the geographer Martin Waldseemüller, went down in history as a discoverer. Following the discovery of the Florida peninsula in 1513, the city of St. Augustine was laid out in 1565, creating the first permanent European Spanish colony.

They were followed by the British, who reached the coast of Canada in 1497-1498. led by Giovanni Cabot.

Colonization of America by the British

In the fifty years since the discovery of America by the Spaniards, they quickly settled in Florida and the southwest of the continent. After the defeat of the Invincible Armada of the Spaniards in a battle with the English fleet in 1588, Spain lost its influence and power. Colonists from England, Holland and France flocked to America. The first colony was founded in 1607 by the British in what is now Virginia. The settlers were attracted by gold. The gold rush drove the poor, young people, and criminals here; people preaching Puritanism were forced to move here by persecution from the authorities. So, in 1620, 102 “wandering pilgrims” landed in the northern part of the mainland, near Cape Cod. The town of New Plymouth was later built on this site.

Gradually, thirteen colonies were formed on the Atlantic coast:

Two main tribes of indigenous Indians lived on the territory of the colonies - the Algonquins and the Iroquois. There were about 200,000 of them. They taught the colonists everything that helped them survive in unfamiliar conditions: clearing territory for crops, growing maize and tobacco, hunting wild animals, baking shellfish. Europeans bought furs from the indigenous inhabitants for pennies, and the island where the central part of New York is located - Manhattan, was bought for a set of knives and beads, costing only... 24 dollars!!!

War for independence

The English colonists tightened the exploitation of the population, introduced decrees limiting the movement of residents to the west, and did not allow the opening of new enterprises. They took all measures to strengthen the king’s power in the colonies. In 1773, residents of Boston attacked British ships in port and threw bales of taxed tea overboard. In 1774, the first meeting of the Continental Congress took place in Philadelphia. Congressmen condemned England's policy, although they did not take decisive action towards a break. Armed action was taken on April 19, 1775. Thus began the American Revolutionary War.

Mexican-American War (1846–1848)

The cause of the war was the forcible annexation by the United States of the free state of Texas, formed by American settlers on the site of a Mexican state, in December 1845. Mexican troops had to leave the occupied territory. In addition, the United States could not manage with simple annexation, and the then US President James Polk offered to buy California and New Mexico from Mexico, but the Mexican government refused to negotiate on this matter. Then in March 1846, American General Zechariah Taylor, elected president at the end of the war, invaded the disputed territories with his army and captured Point Isabel at the mouth of the Rio Grande. Mexican resistance led to the American declaration of war on May 12, 1946. As a result of two years of military action, the cities of Santa Fe, Los Angeles, Veracruz were conquered, and in February 1847, Buena Vista. The majority of the population of California went over to the American side. The Americans stormed the fortified positions at Chapultepec, and then occupied Mexico City on September 14, 1847, without a fight.

On March 10, 1848, a peace treaty was adopted and ratified by the US Senate. California, New Mexico and a number of other border territories were transferred to the United States. Mexico received $15 million as compensation for the ceded territories. As a result of the war with Mexico, the United States increased its holdings in North America.

Slavery in the USA

Most of the slaves consisted of Africans and their descendants who were forcibly removed from their places of residence. Poor settlers, “white slaves,” appeared because they could not pay for the journey, entered into enslaving agreements from 2 to 7 years with merchants and shipowners, who then resold them in America. These people were called "indentured servants." It was difficult to force the Indians to work. Along with “white slaves,” the importation of blacks began in 1619. Slave labor was used especially widely in the fields. Only the strong power of the colonists allowed them to maintain this method of exploitation for two hundred years in the conditions of the simultaneous development of capitalist relations. However, throughout the history of slavery in America, there were more than two hundred attempted conspiracies and rebellions by slaves. In 1860, out of a population of 12 million in the 15 American states where slavery remained, 4 million were slaves. Of the 1.5 million families living in these states, more than 390 thousand families owned slaves.

American Civil War

The American Civil War (North-South War) of 1861-1865 was a war between the states of the North and the eleven slave states of the South to abolish slavery. By 1861, each state had federal laws, that is, interaction between states was minimal. In the North, where there was a rapid development of production, and in the South, where slavery and farming persisted, two different economic systems. Therefore, the Northerners, who carried out reforms and thereby improved the living conditions of citizens, posed a danger to the unconditional power of the Southerners. Start Civil War falls on April 12, 1861, when Fort Sumter was fired upon, ending on May 26, 1865, when the remnants of the Confederate army under General C. Smith finally surrendered. The main goal of the northerners in the war was to proclaim the safety of the Union and the integrity of the country, the southerners - to recognize the independence and sovereignty of the Confederation. About 2,000 battles took place during the war. More US citizens died in this war than in any other war in which the US was involved.

USA in World War I (1914–1918)

America's relations with Western European countries in the military operations of 1914-1918 can be divided into three periods:

1. The period of neutrality (1914-1917), when the United States tried to act as a mediator - a peacemaker between the conflicting parties. As long as England controlled the waters of the World Ocean and allowed neutral countries to carry out trade by blocking only German ports, America remained neutral.
2. Period 1917-1918 After the sinking of the British passenger ship Lusitania in 1915, which carried 100 American citizens, Wilson declared violations of the norms international law. Germany partially stopped the submarine war. But in 1917, after the new sinking of American ships in March, under pressure from Congress, on April 6, 1917, the American Government announced its entry into the war against Germany. To participate in hostilities, it was decided to mobilize one million adults aged 21 to 31 years.
3. The period of completion of hostilities (1918-1921). For America, this was a long period of formal withdrawal from the war. It ended only in 1921, when Congress (already under the Harding administration) finally adopted a joint resolution of both houses, officially announcing the end of hostilities. The League of Nations began its work without the participation of the United States.

The Great Depression

The Great Depression refers to the long-term economic crisis from 1929 to 1940 that began in the United States and left a deep mark on the world economy. Officially ended in 1940, but the US economy really began to recover after World War II.

USA in World War II (1939-1945)

The distance from Europe and, as a result, from the theater of war, gave the United States many advantages, including improving the economy through military orders. But the country still had to participate in World War II. The day the war began is considered to be December 7, 1941, when a squadron of 441 Japanese plane attacked the American military base at Pearl Harbor. The bombings sunk 4 battleships, 2 cruisers and 1 minelayer. Human losses in this battle amounted to 2,403 people. Roosevelt, six hours after this bombing, announced war with Japan on the radio. In November 1942, the Mediterranean theater of operations was added. In June 1944, as allies of the USSR, US troops took part in Western Front in Europe. American troops operated on French territory (in Normandy). And also in Italy, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. Total US casualties in World War II were 418,000. The bloodiest battle for the American army was the Ardennes operation. After it in terms of the number of losses come the Normandy operation, the Battle of Monte Cassino, the Battle of Iwo Jima and the Battle of Okinawa.

USA during the Cold War

The Cold War period is considered to be the period from March 5, 1946 to December 26, 1991. The term "Cold War" was originally used by George Orwell in the Tribune in his article "You and the Atomic Bomb" on October 19, 1945. This name refers to the ideological, geopolitical, economic confrontation between America and its allies and the USSR and its allies.

The main reason for the Cold War was different models of development of countries - capitalism and socialism. In his opinion, possession nuclear weapons made it possible for the “superpowers” ​​to divide the world among themselves. Remaining invincible, on the one hand, thanks to atomic bombs, these countries would be forced to maintain an unspoken agreement never to use atomic bombs against each other, while being in a state of cold war or a world that is not peace by definition.

Recent US history

America entered the 90s under the leadership of President George W. Bush, representing the Republican Party. The events that mark modern history were multidirectional. On the one hand, it was announced that the Cold War with the USSR was ending, on the other hand, in January 1991, America, together with a coalition of Western countries, carried out the Desert Storm air campaign against Iraq, which strengthened the policy of confrontation with the rest of the socialist camp.

In domestic policy positive changes were observed. For example, in 1991, the United States adopted a law on universal literacy, according to which all citizens of the country received the right to secondary education. 1992 brought victory to the Democrats led by Clinton. The fruits of his activities: reforms in the field of education and health care, measures to protect the poor, tax breaks for small businesses. The reforms allowed Clinton to win a large number of supporters and be elected to a second term. 2001 brought victory to George W. Bush. It is also overshadowed by the events of September 11th.

US policy remains today a source of not only political but also economic tension in the world. The strategy of massive influence on everyone is the most important and most characteristic modern US foreign economic policy.

In the first years of the 17th century. The great migration of Europeans to North America began. A weak trickle of several hundred English colonists over the course of just over three centuries turned into a full-flowing stream of millions of immigrants. Due to various circumstances, they left to create a new civilization on a sparsely populated continent.

The first immigrants from England to settle in what is now the United States crossed the Atlantic Ocean long after the prosperous Spanish colonies were established in Mexico, the West Indies, and South America. Like everyone else moving to the New World at that time, they arrived on small, overcrowded ships. The journey took from 6 to 12 weeks, food was scarce, and many settlers died from disease. The ships were often hit by storms and storms, and people died at sea.

Most European immigrants left their homeland for greater economic opportunity, often coupled with a desire for religious freedom or a determination to escape political oppression. In 1620-1635 economic turmoil swept across England. Many people lost their jobs, even skilled artisans struggled to make ends meet. These troubles were aggravated by crop failures. In addition, the clothmaking industry that was developing in England required an increase in the supply of wool, and in order for the weaving looms not to stop, sheep began to be grazed on communal lands taken from the peasants. Dispossessed peasants were forced to seek their fortune overseas.

On the new land, the colonists encountered, first of all, dense forests. Indian tribes lived there, many of which were at enmity with the white newcomers. However, the latter would hardly have been able to survive without the friendly Indians, from whom they learned to grow local varieties of vegetables - pumpkin, zucchini, beans and corn. Virgin forests, stretching for almost 2 thousand km along the eastern coast of the North American continent, provided them with an abundance of game and fuel. They also provided material for building houses, ships, making household utensils, as well as valuable raw materials for export.

The first permanent English settlement in America was the fort and settlement of Jamestown in Virginia, founded in 1607. The area soon became prosperous due to the cultivation of tobacco, which the colonists sold in London. Although the new continent had enormous natural resources, trade with Europe was vital, since the colonists could not yet produce many goods themselves.

Gradually, the colonies became self-sufficient societies with their own access to the sea. Each of them became a separate, independent organism. But, despite this, the problems of trade, navigation, industrial production and finance went beyond the individual colonies and required a joint settlement, which subsequently led to the federal structure of the American state.

Settlement of the colonies in the 17th century. required careful planning and management, and was also very expensive and risky. The settlers had to be transported by sea over a distance of almost 5 thousand km, provided with household items, clothing, seeds, tools, building materials, livestock, weapons and ammunition. Unlike the colonization policies pursued by other states, emigration from England was not carried out by the government, but by private individuals whose main motive was to make a profit.

Two colonies - Virginia and Massachusetts - founded privileged companies: the Massachusetts Bay Company and the London Virginia Company. Their funds, created by investors, were used to supply and transport the colonists. Wealthy immigrants arriving in the New Haven colony (later part of Connecticut) paid their own fare and supported their families and servants. New Hampshire, Maine, Maryland, North and South Carolina, New Jersey and Pennsylvania originally belonged to the owners of the English nobility (gentry), who settled the lands granted to them by the king with tenants and servants.

The first 13 colonies that later became the United States were (from north to south): New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia .

Georgia was founded by a group of individuals led by James Edward Oglethorpe. They planned to send debtors from English prisons to America to create a border colony that would block the path of the Spaniards in the south of the continent. Meanwhile, the colony of New Netherland, founded in 1621 by the Dutch, was transferred to England in 1664 and was renamed New York.

Many moved to America for political reasons. In the 1630s. The despotic rule of Charles I gave impetus to migration to the New World. Then the revolution in England and the victory of the opponents of Charles I, led by Oliver Cromwell, in the 1640s. forced many cavaliers - “the king’s men” - to try their luck in Virginia. The despotism of the petty German princes, especially in matters of faith, and the numerous wars that took place in their possessions contributed to the strengthening of German immigration to America at the end of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Men and women, even those who were not particularly interested in a new life on American soil, often succumbed to the persuasion of recruiters. William Penn disseminated information in the press about the opportunities and benefits awaiting those wishing to move to Pennsylvania. Judges and jailers were persuaded to give prisoners a chance to move to America instead of carrying out their sentences.

Only a few colonists could travel overseas with their families at their own expense to start there new life. Ship captains received large rewards for selling contracts and hiring poor people to work in America. In order to take more passengers on board, they did not disdain anything - from the most extraordinary promises and promises to kidnapping. In other cases, the costs of transporting and maintaining settlers were borne by colonization agencies such as the Virginia Company of London and the Massachusetts Bay Company. Migrants who signed a contract with the company were obliged to work for it as a laborer or contracted servant (servant) for a certain period of time - usually from four to seven years. Upon expiration of the term, the servants could receive a small plot of land. Many of those who arrived in the New World under these conditions soon discovered that remaining servants or tenants did not lead to a better life than in their homeland.

Historians estimate that approximately half of the colonists living south of New England came to America by indenture. Although the majority honestly fulfilled their obligations, some fled from their owners. Many fugitive servants, however, managed to obtain land and acquire a farm - in the colony where they settled or in neighboring ones. Indentured servitude was not considered disgraceful, and the families that began their lives in America from this semi-slave position did not at all tarnish their reputation thereby. Even among the leaders of the colonies there were people who had been servants in the past.

There was, however, a very important exception to this rule - the African slave trade. The first blacks were brought to Virginia in 1619, seven years after the founding of Jamestown. In the beginning, many "black" settlers were considered indentured servants who could "earn" their freedom. However, by the 60s. In the 17th century, when the need for workers on plantations increased, slavery began to strengthen. Blacks began to be brought from Africa in shackles - already as lifelong slaves.

Most of the colonists in the 17th century. were English, but small numbers of Dutch, Swedes and Germans lived in the mid-Atlantic colonies. In South Carolina and other colonies there were French Huguenots, as well as Spaniards, Italians and Portuguese. After 1680 England ceased to be the main source of immigration. Thousands of people fled from war-torn Europe. Many left their homeland to escape poverty caused by pressure from the authorities and large landlords who owned estates. By 1690, the American population reached 1/4 million. Since then it has doubled every 25 years until it exceeded 2.5 million people in 1775.

American settlements were grouped into geographic "sections", depending on natural conditions.

New England on northeast(Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Maine) was a secondary area in agricultural terms: thin soil, poor vegetation, mountainous, uneven terrain, short summers and long winters. Therefore, its inhabitants solved other problems - they used the power of water and built mills and sawmills. The presence of timber contributed to the development of shipbuilding, convenient bays favored trade, and the sea served as a source of enrichment. In Massachusetts, cod fishing alone immediately began to bring high profits. The settlement at Massachusetts Bay played an important role in religious development all of New England. The 25 colonists who founded it had a royal charter and were determined to prosper. During the first 10 years of the colony's existence, 65 Puritan priests arrived there, and as a result of the religious beliefs of the colonists' leaders and with their support, the power of the church strengthened there. Formally, the clergy did not have secular power, but in fact they led the colony.

In the south, with its warm climate and fertile soil, a largely agrarian society developed. IN mid-Atlantic colonies - Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware and New York - the nature was more diverse: forests, valleys suitable for Agriculture, the bays where major port cities such as Philadelphia and New York grew.

In the mid-Atlantic colonies, society was much more diverse and tolerant than in New England. Pennsylvania and Delaware owe their success to the Quakers, who set out to attract settlers of many faiths and nationalities. Quakers predominated in Philadelphia, and there were other sects in other parts of the colony. Immigrants from Germany showed themselves to be the most skilled farmers; they also knew weaving, shoemaking, carpentry and other crafts. The bulk of Scottish and Irish immigrants arrived in the New World through Pennsylvania. The population of the New York colonies was just as mixed, which perfectly demonstrates the multilingualism of America. By 1646 along the river. The Hudson was settled by the Dutch, French, Danes, Norwegians, Swedes, English, Scots, Irish, Germans, Poles, people from Bohemia, Portugal, and Italy. But these are only the forerunners of millions of future immigrants.

Eastern states- Virginia, Maryland, North and South Carolina, Georgia - were very different from New England and the Mid-Atlantic colonies in their predominantly rural character. The first surviving English settlement in the New World was Jamestown, Virginia.

A distinctive feature of the early stages of colonial history was the lack of strict control by the British authorities. While the colonies were being formed, they were essentially left to their own devices. The British government was not directly involved in their founding (with the exception of Georgia), and it began to take political leadership of the colonies gradually and not immediately.

Since 1651, the British government has made regulations from time to time to regulate certain aspects economic life colonies, which in most cases was beneficial only to England, but the colonists simply ignored the laws that harmed them. Sometimes the British administration tried to force their implementation, but these attempts quickly failed.

The relative political independence of the colonies was largely due to their distance from England. They became increasingly “American” rather than “English”. This trend was intensified by the mixing of different national groups and cultures - a process that was going on all the time in America.

General history. History of modern times. 7th grade Burin Sergey Nikolaevich

§ 23. North America in the 17th century

Beginning of the colonial period

After Columbus's discovery of America, the Spanish conquered southern North America, including much of what is now the United States (west of the Mississippi River). The remaining areas of North America until the beginning of the 17th century. inhabited by small Indian tribes. The fact that there were significantly fewer Indians living there than in Latin America, is associated with a more severe northern climate, with less (although quite high) fertility of the lands of North America. For these reasons, the Spaniards were in no hurry to move north: the vast territories captured in Latin America were quite enough for them.

The departure of the Puritans from the Dutch port of Delft on the Mayflower. Artist A. van Bren

Meanwhile, the north Atlantic coast of America attracted the attention of rapidly developing England. After the defeat of the Spanish “Invincible Armada” (1588), England began to feel much more confident in the vastness of the World Ocean than before. The first attempts to establish English settlements in the New World were made at the end of the 16th century, but they all ended in failure.

The colonization of North America by the British began in May 1607. Then, 120 settlers sent by the London Trading Company landed on its Atlantic coast, at the mouth of a river unknown to Europeans. A year earlier, she was granted rights to this territory by King James I (in English - James). In his honor, the settlers named the unfamiliar river James, and the fort they built at its mouth - Jamestown. England's first colony on American soil was named Virginia.

Why did the British choose to develop the “free” spaces of North America rather than oust the Spaniards from the warmer and more fertile southern lands?

Americans call the time between this significant event and the declaration of independence of the United States of America (1776) the colonial period of their history, that is, the period of colonial dependence on England. During these 170 years there has happened unique event in world history: a completely new civilization arose.

New English colonies on American soil. The life of the first settlers in unfamiliar lands turned out to be much harsher than it seemed from distant Europe. In the swampy area, people were decimated by malaria, and the supplies of clothing and food they brought with them were rapidly drying up. Sometimes the settlers were helped by their Indian neighbors with advice and food. But this proximity often led to bloody conflicts.

By the spring of 1610, out of 500 settlers who arrived in Virginia over three years, 60 sick and weakened people remained alive. The rest died of disease or were killed in skirmishes with Indians. And yet the colonization of North America continued. In 1620, members of the Puritan community, who had fled religious oppression from England to Holland 12 years earlier, decided to move to America. They hoped that in Virginia they would be able to freely practice their religion and, as it were, become English again.

The Puritan ship "Mayflower" ("May Flower") moored to the shore north of Virginia, in yet undeveloped lands. This vast territory would later be called New England, and several colonies would emerge on it. And then, while still on board the Mayflower, the Puritans entered into an agreement that provided for the creation of an independent republic on the new land, headed by an elected governor. But the Puritans, who named their colony New Plymouth, did not seek formal independence from England. They wanted only religious freedom and independence in internal affairs colonies.

Puritans who arrived on the Mayflower

10 years later, another colony arose in New England, north of New Plymouth - Massachusetts. A spirit of religious intolerance reigned in this colony, reminiscent of Calvinist Geneva. Many "apostates" had to flee from Massachusetts, just as the Puritans themselves had previously fled from England. Massachusetts claimed to be the “main” colony, and more than once encroached on the territory of neighboring settlements, and sometimes captured them.

In 1632, Charles I granted Lord Baltimore the territory north of Virginia. At the same time, the king granted the lord owner almost unlimited rights. The new colony was called Maryland, and a special type of proprietary colonies originated from it, that is, those that belonged to a specific person or persons.

The number of English colonies in America grew. In addition to the southern colonies (Virginia and Maryland) and northern New England, the so-called middle colonies arose between them. Part of this area back in the 1620s. occupied by the Dutch, who founded the colony of New Netherland there. But during one of the Anglo-Dutch wars, the British recaptured it (1664) and renamed it New York. Main city This colony, named after the same name, eventually turned into one of the largest industrial, commercial and financial centers in the world.

William Penn

In 1682, the son of an English admiral, William Penn, founded another of the middle colonies - Pennsylvania. People from German states preferred to settle there. Favorable conditions were created in the colony for people professing different religions (Penn himself was a Protestant). When Pennsylvania was founded, Penn not only managed to avoid conflict with the Indians, but also concluded a treaty with them on good neighborly relations. And the Indians were even paid for the lands occupied by the colonists (although not too much).

Reception at Penn's house in honor of the signing of the Indian Good Neighbor Treaty

Early American society

Around the middle of the 17th century. in the North American colonies of England, a peculiar society began to take shape with its own social structure, forms of management and economic traditions. The top of this society were relatively large landowners and wealthy merchants, with the former predominant in the south and the latter in New England. “In the middle” there was a rather heterogeneous layer: medium and small traders and farmers, teachers, priests, experienced artisans. At the bottom rungs of the social ladder were poor farmers and artisans, as well as nomadic farmers, tenant farmers and hired rural workers.

The most poor and powerless group of the population were the servants, or white indentured servants (“bondage” in Arabic means “receipt, obligation”). These were immigrants from Europe who, not having the means to move to America, temporarily sold themselves to the captains of the ships going there. And upon arrival in the New World, the captains resold them to local landowners on an auction basis (i.e., to the highest bidder). Servants entered the service of the farmers who paid for them and worked off their “cost” for a specified period (usually 5–7 years). After this, they received from their former owners 50 acres of land (an acre is equal to 4.05 thousand square meters), agricultural implements and became completely free.

The system of bonded service gradually became obsolete. In the South, by the end of the 17th century. it almost disappeared: the servants were replaced by cheaper and more profitable labor - black slaves. The reasons for their enslavement were purely economic. The work of white servants was unproductive. Attempts to enslave the Indians were also unsuccessful: they got sick and died from unusual stress. But the unpretentious and hardy blacks became an almost ideal labor force for the young colonial bourgeoisie.

Why can we call the planters (large landowners) of the South the bourgeoisie? After all, black slaves worked on their tobacco and rice plantations. But only the form of their exploitation was slavish. Slaves served with their labor the capitalist market that developed early in North America. Therefore, the planters themselves acted as capitalist master-producers.

What was unique about early American society (in comparison with contemporary European society)?

Social contradictions and conflicts

Clashes between colonists and Indians, in which at first tens and hundreds of people died on both sides, gradually became increasingly rare. There was no soil left for them: the Indians retreated to the west, and the colonists remained for quite a long time within the territory located along the Atlantic coast.

Capture of blacks in Africa for transport to America and sale into slavery

In the colonies of the South, black slaves from the end of the 17th century. More and more uprisings began. But the number of their participants, as a rule, was insignificant, and the uprisings themselves were spontaneous and unorganized. Therefore, they were quickly and quite easily suppressed by the white colonists. In addition, in the South there were harsh laws against slave protest, and only a few daredevils dared to rebel. In general, in the North American colonies of England there was never such acute social tension as in Europe. In North America, the main European conflict of that time was absent - between feudalism, which was becoming obsolete, and capitalism, which was gaining strength.

However, there were exceptions. So, in 1676, the colonists of Virginia rebelled. They were dissatisfied with the restrictive measures of the British authorities, as a result of which, in particular, tobacco prices fell and many farmers went bankrupt. The local legislature demanded that Virginia Governor Berkeley not infringe on their rights, especially the right to impose taxes. And although Berkeley quickly subjugated the legislative assembly to his will, the conflict spilled beyond its borders.

Tobacco plantation in Virginia

The colonists' revolt was led by planter Nathaniel Bacon. But he soon died of a fever (or was poisoned), and most of his supporters dispersed. Berkeley, who had temporarily fled the colony's capital, Jamestown, regained his power. But the very fact of a rather large uprising became a harbinger of the future struggle of Americans for the expansion of their rights, up to complete independence.

In 1689–1691 An uprising broke out in the colony of New York. It was headed by the merchant Jacob Leisler. The colonists who seized power took advantage of the fact that the local governor fled the colony: he did not want to recognize the victory of the “Glorious Revolution” in England and the power of the new king, William of Orange. In a similar situation, the rebels in Maryland temporarily seized power.

But the success of these uprisings was short-lived. At the beginning of 1691, troops arrived from England. In New York, the uprising was harshly suppressed, and Leisler himself was hanged. In Maryland, things turned out differently: the English king deprived Lord Baltimore of power and sent his governor to the colony. True, at the same time, the land and other property rights of the lord owner were preserved. There were no reprisals against the rebels.

Let's sum it up

In the North American colonies of England already during the 17th century. A unique society of the bourgeois type began to form. The colonists' desire for independence grew stronger, and with it the foundations of their future conflict with England grew stronger.

Unique - unique, unique, rarest.

Social structure - the structure of a particular society, the relationship between all its classes, layers and other groups.

1607, May Founding of Virginia, the first English colony in North America.

1620 Founding of the Colony of New Plymouth by the Puritans.

1676 Rebellion led by Bacon in Virginia.

1682 Founding of Pennsylvania.

“Kings have no rights except those which they have appropriated to themselves by fire and sword, and whoever deprives them of these rights by force of the sword can claim them with the same basis as the king himself.”

(This is what the colonist Arnold, one of the leaders of Bacon’s rebellion in Virginia, said before his execution. 1676)

1. What do you think Europeans meant by the concept of “New World”? Was it just that the American continent was “newer” to them than Europe and Asia?

2. What was the main difference between England's North American colonies and traditional colonies (for example, from the Spanish colonies in Latin America)?

3. Who are servers? Could something like this social group originate anywhere other than North America?

4. Why were social contradictions in North America during the colonial period not as acute as in Europe?

1. The agreement made by the Puritans on board the Mayflower in November 1620, in part, stated: “... we unite in a civil body politic to maintain the best order and security among us... We will make laws so fair and equal for all , Acts, Ordinances, and Administrative Establishments, which shall become most suitable and consistent with the general good of the Colony, and which we promise to follow and obey.” Try to deduce from these words the intentions of the Puritans. What kind of state (society) did they want to create?

2. The law code of the Massachusetts colony, passed in December 1641, stated, among other things: “It is forbidden to compel a man to participate in offensive wars outside the boundaries of the colony ... A man is bound to participate only in wars provoked by the enemy, and defensive wars fought for our own sake and our friends..." Assess this law. Do you think it was realistic to observe it at that time and in those specific conditions?

This text is an introductory fragment. From the book The Bermuda Triangle and other mysteries of the seas and oceans author Konev Victor

North America In 1497, the English expedition of John Cabot became the first in a series of French and English explorations of North America. Spain was very reserved about exploring the northern part of America, since all its resources were concentrated in Central

From the book General History. History of modern times. 7th grade author Burin Sergey Nikolaevich

§ 23. North America in the 17th century Beginning of the colonial periodAfter the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus, the Spaniards conquered the southern part of North America, including a significant part of the current US territory (mainly west of the Mississippi River). Other spaces

From the book 100 Great Mysteries Ancient world author Nepomnyashchiy Nikolai Nikolaevich

From book New story countries of Europe and America XVI-XIX centuries. Part 3: textbook for universities author Team of authors

§ 14 North America in the 17th–18th centuries. European colonization of North America The discovery of North American lands, which resulted in their development by Europeans, occurred at the end of the 15th century. The Spaniards were the first to arrive in America. Until the middle of the 16th century. they were leading in

From the book History of Secret Societies, Unions and Orders author Schuster Georg

From the book Theoretical Geography author Votyakov Anatoly Alexandrovich From the book Book 1. Biblical Rus'. [ Great empire XIV-XVII centuries on the pages of the Bible. Rus'-Horde and Ottomania-Atamania are two wings of a single Empire. Bible fuck author Nosovsky Gleb Vladimirovich

21. The end of the oprichnina and the defeat of the Zakharyins in the 16th century Why the Romanovs distorted Russian history in the 17th century It is known that the oprichnina, during which the Purim terror was launched, ends with the famous Moscow defeat of 1572. At this time, the oprichnina itself is being destroyed. As shown

From the book History of Modern Times. Crib author Alekseev Viktor Sergeevich

42. NORTH AMERICA IN THE 18TH CENTURY In 1607, an English expedition founded the village of Jamestown on the southern part of the North American coast of the Atlantic Ocean, which became the center of the English colony of Virginia. In 1620, a group of English settlers landed significantly

North America in the 18th century The American continent was divided mainly between Spain and Portugal (the latter occupied Brazil). Others European countries(France, Great Britain, the Netherlands) captured several Antilles islands, where, on the basis of the use of labor

From the book Ethnocultural Regions of the World author Lobzhanidze Alexander Alexandrovich

From the book Russian Explorers - the Glory and Pride of Rus' author Glazyrin Maxim Yurievich

Russian North America The Russian Columbuses, despising the gloomy fate, Between the ice, a new path will be opened to the east, And our power will reach America. M.V.

From the book Finding the American Dream - Selected Essays by La Perouse Stephen