Coursework: Alcohols
Introduction ................................................ ................................................. .............. 2
Chapter I. Properties of alcohols .............................................. ........................... 5
1.1. Physical properties of alcohols ............................................................... ...................... 5
1.2. Chemical properties of alcohols ............................................................... ................... 6
1.2.1. Interaction of alcohols with alkali metals.7
1.2.2. Substitution of the hydroxyl group of an alcohol with a halogen.8
1.2.3. Dehydration of alcohols (cleavage of water) ............... 9
1.2.4. Formation of esters of alcohols .............................. 10
1.2.5. Dehydrogenation of alcohols and oxidation .......... 10
Chapter 2. Methods for obtaining alcohols .............................................. .. 12
2.1. Production of ethyl alcohol .............................................................. ................ 12
2.2. The process of obtaining methyl alcohol .............................................................. ... fourteen
2.3. Methods for obtaining other alcohols .............................................................. ............. fifteen
Chapter 3. The use of alcohols .............................................. ................... sixteen
Conclusion................................................. ................................................. .... nineteen
Bibliography................................................ ..................................... 20
Alcohols are called organic matter, the molecules of which contain one or more functional hydroxyl groups connected to a hydrocarbon radical.
They can therefore be considered as derivatives of hydrocarbons, in the molecules of which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by hydroxyl groups.
According to the position of the hydroxyl group, alcohols are divided into: primary - with a hydroxyl group at the end link of the chain of carbon atoms, which, in addition, has two hydrogen atoms (R-CH 2 -OH); secondary, in which the hydroxyl is attached to a carbon atom connected, in addition to the OH group, with one hydrogen atom, and tertiary, in which the hydroxyl is connected to a carbon that does not contain hydrogen atoms [(R)C-OH] (R-radical: CH 3, C 2 H 5, etc.)
Depending on the nature of the hydrocarbon radical, alcohols are divided into aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic. Unlike halogen derivatives, aromatic alcohols do not have the hydroxyl group directly bonded to the carbon atom of the aromatic ring.
According to the substitution nomenclature, the names of alcohols are made up of the name of the parent hydrocarbon with the addition of the suffix –ol. If there are several hydroxyl groups in the molecule, then a multiplying prefix is used: di-(ethanediol-1,2), three-(propanetriol-1,2,3), etc. The numbering of the main chain starts from the end closest to which the hydroxyl group is located. According to the radical-functional nomenclature, the name is derived from the name of the hydrocarbon radical associated with the hydroxyl group, with the addition of the word alcohol .
The structural isomerism of alcohols is determined by the isomerism of the carbon skeleton and the isomerism of the position of the hydroxyl group.
Consider isomerism using the example of butyl alcohols.
Depending on the structure of the carbon skeleton, two alcohols will be isomers - derivatives of butane and isobutane:
CH 3 - CH 2 - CH 2 -CH 2 - OH CH 3 - CH - CH 2 - OHDepending on the position of the hydroxyl group on either carbon skeleton, two more isomeric alcohols are possible:
CH 3 - CH - CH 2 -CH 3 H 3 C - C - CH 3The number of structural isomers in the homologous series of alcohols is rapidly increasing. For example, on the basis of butane, there are 4 isomers, pentane - 8, and decane - already 567.
The physical properties of alcohols significantly depend on the structure of the hydrocarbon radical and the position of the hydroxyl group. The first representatives of the homologous series of alcohols are liquids, higher alcohols are solids.
Methanol, ethanol and propanol are miscible with water in all proportions. With an increase in molecular weight, the solubility of alcohols in water drops sharply, so, starting from hexyl, monohydric alcohols are practically insoluble. Higher alcohols are insoluble in water. The solubility of alcohols with a branched structure is higher than that of alcohols with an unbranched, normal structure. The lower alcohols have a characteristic alcoholic odor, the odor of the middle homologues is strong and often unpleasant. Higher alcohols are practically odorless. Tertiary alcohols have a particular characteristic musty smell.
Lower glycols are viscous, colorless, odorless liquids; highly soluble in water and ethanol, have a sweet taste.
With the introduction of a second hydroxyl group into the molecule, an increase in the relative density and boiling point of alcohols occurs. For example, the density of ethylene glycol at 0 ° C is 1.13, and ethyl alcohol is 0.81.
Alcohols have abnormally high boiling points compared to many classes of organic compounds and what would be expected based on their molecular weights (Table 1).
Table 1.
Physical properties of alcohols.
| Individual representatives | Physical properties | ||
| title | structural formula | mp, °С | bp, °C |
| monatomic | |||
| Methanol (methyl) | CH 3 OH | -97 | 64,5 |
| Ethanol (ethyl) | CH 3 CH 2 OH | -115 | 78 |
| Propanol-1 | CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 OH | -127 | 97 |
| Propanol-2 | CH 3 CH (OH) CH 3 | -86 | 82,5 |
| Butanol-1 | CH 3 (CH 2) 2 CH 2 OH | -80 | 118 |
| 2-Methylpropanol-1 | (CH 3) 2 CHCH 2 OH | -108 | 108 |
| Butanol-2 | CH 3 CH(OH)CH 2 CH 3 | -114 | 99,5 |
| diatomic | |||
| Ethandiol-1,2 (ethylene glycol) | HOSN 2 CH 2 OH | -17 | 199 |
| Triatomic | |||
| Propantriol-1,2,3 (glycerin) | HOSN 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH | 20 | 290 |
This is due to the structural features of alcohols - with the formation of intermolecular hydrogen bonds according to the scheme:
Branched alcohols boil lower than normal alcohols of the same molecular weight; primary alcohols boil above their secondary and tertiary isomers.
As with all oxygen-containing compounds, Chemical properties
alcohols are determined primarily by functional groups and, in
to a certain extent, the structure of the radical.
A characteristic feature of the hydroxyl group of alcohols is the mobility of the hydrogen atom, which is explained by the electronic structure of the hydroxyl group. Hence the ability of alcohols to some substitution reactions, for example, with alkali metals. On the other hand, the nature of the bond between carbon and oxygen also matters. Due to the high electronegativity of oxygen compared to carbon, the carbon-oxygen bond is also somewhat polarized, with a partial positive charge at the carbon atom and a negative charge at the oxygen. However, this polarization does not lead to dissociation into ions, alcohols are not electrolytes, but are neutral compounds that do not change the color of the indicators, but they have a certain electric moment of the dipole.
Alcohols are amphoteric compounds, that is, they can exhibit both the properties of acids and the properties of bases.
1.2.1. Interaction of alcohols with alkali metals.
Alcohols as acids interact with active metals (K, Na, Ca). When the hydrogen atom of the hydroxyl group is replaced by a metal, compounds are formed called alcoholates (from the name of alcohols - alcohols):
2R - OH + 2Na 2R - ONa + H 2
The names of alcoholates are derived from the names of the corresponding alcohols, for example,
2C 2 H 5 OH + 2Na 2C 2 H 5 - ONa + H 2
Lower alcohols react violently with sodium. With the weakening of acidic properties in medium homologues, the reaction slows down. Higher alcohols form alcoholates only when heated.
Alcoholates are readily hydrolyzed by water:
C 2 H 5 - ONa + HOH C 2 H 5 - OH + NaOH
Unlike alcohols, alcoholates are solids that are highly soluble in the corresponding alcohols.
Alcoholates of other metals, except for alkali metals, are also known, but they are formed in indirect ways. So, alkaline earth metals do not react directly with alcohols. But alcoholates of alkaline earth metals, as well as Mg, Zn, Cd, Al and other metals that form reactive organometallic compounds, can be obtained by the action of alcohol on such organometallic compounds.
1.2.2. Substitution of the hydroxyl group of an alcohol with a halogen.
The hydroxyl group of alcohols can be replaced by a halogen by the action of hydrohalic acids, halogen compounds of phosphorus or thionyl chloride, for example,
R – OH + HCl RCl + HOH
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The most convenient way to replace the hydroxyl group is to use thionyl chloride; the use of halogen phosphorus compounds is complicated by the formation of by-products. The water formed during this reaction decomposes haloalkyl into alcohol and hydrogen halide, so the reaction is reversible. For its successful implementation, it is necessary that the initial products contain a minimum amount of water. Zinc chloride, calcium chloride, sulfuric acid are used as water-removing agents.
This reaction proceeds with the splitting of the covalent bond, which can be represented by the equality
The rate of this reaction increases from primary to tertiary alcohols, and it also depends on the halogen: it is the highest for iodine, the lowest for chlorine.
1.2.3. Dehydration of alcohols (cleavage of water).
Depending on the dehydration conditions, olefins or ethers are formed.
Olefins (ethylene hydrocarbons) are formed by heating alcohol (except methyl alcohol) with an excess of concentrated sulfuric acid, as well as by passing alcohol vapor over aluminum oxide at 350 ° - 450 °. In this case, intramolecular elimination of water occurs, that is, H + and OH - are taken away from the same alcohol molecule, for example:
CH 2 - CH 2 CH 2 \u003d CH 2 + H 2 O or C 2 H 5 OH + CH 3 COOH C 2 H 5 COOSH 3 + H 2 O |
ROH + SO 2 SO 2 + H 2 O
This kind of interaction of alcohol with acids is called an esterification reaction. The rate of esterification depends on the strength of the acid and the nature of the alcohol: with an increase in the strength of the acid, it increases, primary alcohols react faster than secondary ones, and secondary alcohols react faster than tertiary ones. The esterification of alcohols with carboxylic acids is accelerated by the addition of strong mineral acids. The reaction is reversible, the reverse reaction is called hydrolysis. Esters are also obtained by the action of acid halides and anhydrides on alcohols.
1.2.5. Dehydrogenation of alcohols and oxidation.
The formation of different products in dehydrogenation and oxidation reactions is the most important property that makes it possible to distinguish between primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols.
When passing vapors of primary or secondary, but not tertiary alcohol over metallic copper at an elevated temperature, two hydrogen atoms are released and the primary alcohol turns into an aldehyde, while secondary alcohols give ketones under these conditions.
CH 3 CH 2 OH ® CH 3 CHO + H 2; CH 3 CH (OH) CH 3 ® CH 3 COCH 3 + H 2;tertiary alcohols do not dehydrate under the same conditions.
The same difference is shown by primary and secondary alcohols during oxidation, which can be carried out in a "wet" way, for example, by the action of chromic acid, or catalytically, moreover, with an oxidation catalyst
metallic copper also serves, and oxygen in the air serves as an oxidizing agent:
RCH 2 OH + O ® R-COH + H 2 O
CHOH + O ®C \u003d O + H 2 O
In free form, many alcohols are found in volatile essential oils of plants and, together with other compounds, determine the smell of many flower essences, for example, rose oil, etc. In addition, alcohols are in the form of esters in many natural compounds - in wax, essential and fatty oils, animal fats. The most common and of the alcohols found in natural products is glycerol - an obligatory component all fats, which are still the main source of its production. Among the compounds that are very common in nature are polyhydric aldehyde and keto alcohols, combined under common name sugars. The synthesis of technically important alcohols is discussed below.
Hydration processes are interactions with water. Accession of water in the course of technological processes can be carried out in two ways:
1. The direct method of hydration is carried out with the direct interaction of water and raw materials used for production. This process is carried out in the presence of catalysts. The more carbon atoms in the chain, the faster the hydration process.
2. The indirect method of hydration is carried out by the formation of intermediate reaction products in the presence of sulfuric acid. And then the resulting intermediate products are subjected to hydrolysis reactions.
In the modern production of ethyl alcohol, the method of direct hydration of ethylene is used:
CH 2 \u003d CH 2 + H 2 O "C 2 H 5 OH - Q
Receiving is carried out in contact devices of the shelf type. The alcohol is separated from the reaction by-products in a separator, and rectification is used for final purification.
The reaction begins with a hydrogen ion attacking the carbon atom that is bonded to a large number hydrogen atoms and is therefore more electronegative than the neighboring carbon. After that, water joins the neighboring carbon with the release of H + . Ethyl, sec-propyl and tert-butyl alcohols are prepared by this method on an industrial scale.
To obtain ethyl alcohol, various sugary substances have long been used, for example, grape sugar, or glucose, which, through the "fermentation" caused by the action of enzymes (enzymes) produced by yeast fungi, is converted into ethyl alcohol.
C 6 H 12 O 6 ® 2C 2 H 5 OH + 2CO 2
Free glucose is found, for example, in grape juice, the fermentation of which produces grape wine with an alcohol content of 8 to 16%.
The starting product for the production of alcohol can be the starch polysaccharide contained, for example, in potato tubers, grains of rye, wheat, and corn. For conversion into sugary substances (glucose), starch is first subjected to hydrolysis. To do this, flour or chopped potatoes are brewed hot water and after cooling, malt is added - germinated, and then dried and pounded with water, barley grains. Malt contains diastase (a complex mixture of enzymes), which acts catalytically on the process of starch saccharification. At the end of saccharification, yeast is added to the resulting liquid, under the action of the enzyme of which alcohol is formed. It is distilled off and then purified by repeated distillation.
Currently, another polysaccharide, cellulose (fiber), which forms the main mass of wood, is also subjected to saccharification. To do this, cellulose is subjected to hydrolysis in the presence of acids (for example, sawdust at 150 -170 ° C is treated with 0.1 - 5% sulfuric acid under a pressure of 0.7 - 1.5 MPa). The product thus obtained also contains glucose and is fermented into alcohol by the yeast. From 5500 tons of dry sawdust (waste from a sawmill of average productivity per year), you can get 790 tons of alcohol (counting as 100%). This makes it possible to save about 3,000 tons of grain or 10,000 tons of potatoes.
The most important reaction of this type is the interaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at 400°C under a pressure of 20–30 MPa in the presence of a mixed catalyst consisting of oxides of copper, chromium, aluminum, etc.
CO + 2H 2 "CH 3 OH - Q
The production of methyl alcohol is carried out in shelf-type contact apparatuses. Along with the formation of methyl alcohol, the processes of formation of by-products of the reaction take place, therefore, after the process has been carried out, the reaction products must be separated. To isolate methanol, a refrigerator-condenser is used, and then the purification of alcohol is carried out using multiple rectification.
Practically all methanol (CH 3 OH) is obtained in industry by this method; besides it, under other conditions, mixtures of more complex alcohols can be obtained. Methyl alcohol is also formed during the dry distillation of wood, which is why it is also called wood alcohol.
Hydrolysis of halogen derivatives when heated with water or an aqueous solution of alkali
CH 3 - CHBr - CH 3 + H 2 O ® CH 3 - CH (OH) - CH 3 + HBr
primary and secondary alcohols are obtained, tertiary haloalkyls form olefins during this reaction;
Hydrolysis of esters, mainly natural ones (fats, waxes);
Oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons at 100°-300° and pressure 15-50 atm.
Olefins are converted by oxidation into cyclic oxides, which, when
hydration give glycols, so ethylene glycol is obtained in industry:
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There are methods that have mainly laboratory
application; some of them are practiced in fine industrial synthesis, for example, in the production of small quantities of valuable alcohols used in perfumery. These methods include aldol condensation or the Grignard reaction. So, according to the method of the chemist P.P. Shorygin, phenylethyl alcohol is obtained from ethylene oxide and phenylmagnesium halide - a valuable fragrant substance with the smell of a rose.
Due to the variety of properties of alcohols of various structures, the scope of their application is very extensive. Alcohols - wood, wine and fusel oils - have long served as the main source of raw materials for the production of acyclic (fatty) compounds. Currently, most of the organic raw materials are supplied by the petrochemical industry, in particular in the form of olefins and paraffinic hydrocarbons. The simplest alcohols (methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl) are consumed in large quantities as such, as well as in the form of acetic acid esters, as solvents in paint and varnish production, and higher alcohols, starting with butyl, in the form of phthalic, sebacic and other dibasic esters. acids as plasticizers.
Methanol serves as a raw material for the production of formaldehyde, from which synthetic resins are prepared, which are used in large quantities in the production of phenol-formaldehyde plastic materials, methanol serves as an intermediate for the production of methyl acetate, methyl and dimethylaniline, methylamines and many dyes, pharmaceuticals, fragrances and other substances . Methanol is a good solvent and is widely used in the paint and varnish industry. In the oil refining industry, it is used as an alkali solvent in the purification of gasoline, as well as in the separation of toluene by azeotropic distillation.
Ethanol is used in the composition of ethyl liquid as an additive to fuels for carburetor internal combustion engines. Ethyl alcohol is consumed in large quantities in the production of divinyl, for the production of one of the most important insecticides, DDT. It is widely used as a solvent in the production of pharmaceutical, fragrance, coloring and other substances. Ethyl alcohol is a good antiseptic.
Ethylene glycol is successfully used to prepare antifreeze. It is hygroscopic, therefore it is used in the manufacture of printing inks (textile, printing and stamp). Ethylene glycol nitrate is a strong explosive that replaces nitroglycerin to a certain extent.
Diethylene glycol - used as a solvent and for filling hydraulic brake devices; in the textile industry, it is used for finishing and dyeing fabrics.
Glycerin - is used in large quantities in the chemical, food (for the manufacture of confectionery, liqueurs, soft drinks, etc.), textile and printing industries (added to printing ink to prevent drying), as well as in other industries - the production of plastics and varnishes, explosives and gunpowders, cosmetics and medicines, as well as antifreeze.
Of great practical importance is the reaction of catalytic dehydrogenation and dehydration of wine alcohol, developed by the Russian chemist S.V. Lebedev and flowing according to the scheme:
2C 2 H 5 OH ® 2H 2 O + H 2 + C 4 H 6;
the resulting butadiene CH 2 =CH-CH=CH 2 -1.3 is a raw material for the production of synthetic rubber.
Some aromatic alcohols, having long side chains in the form of their sulfonated derivatives, serve as detergents and emulsifiers. Many alcohols, such as linalool, terpineol, etc., are valuable aromatic substances and are widely used in perfumery. The so-called nitroglycerine and nitroglycols, as well as some other nitric acid esters of di-, tri- and polyhydric alcohols, are used in mining and road construction as explosives. Alcohols are needed in the production of medicines, in the food industry, perfumery, etc.
Alcohols can have negative impact on the body. Methyl alcohol is especially poisonous: 5-10 ml of alcohol cause blindness and severe poisoning of the body, and 30 ml can be fatal.
Ethyl alcohol is a drug. When taken orally, due to its high solubility, it is quickly absorbed into the blood and has a stimulating effect on the body. Under the influence of alcohol, a person’s attention weakens, reaction slows down, coordination is disturbed, swagger appears, rudeness in behavior, etc. All this makes him unpleasant and unacceptable to society. But the consequences of drinking alcohol can be deeper. With frequent consumption, addiction appears, addiction to it and, in the end, a serious illness - alcoholism. Alcohol affects the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, which can lead to gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer. The liver, where the destruction of alcohol should occur, failing to cope with the load, begins to degenerate, resulting in cirrhosis. Penetrating into the brain, alcohol has a toxic effect on nerve cells, which manifests itself in a violation of consciousness, speech, mental abilities, in the appearance of mental disorders and leads to personality degradation.
Alcohol is especially dangerous for young people, since metabolic processes are intense in a growing body, and they are especially sensitive to toxic effects. Therefore, young people can develop alcoholism faster than adults.
1. Glinka N.L. General chemistry. - L.: Chemistry, 1978. - 720 p.
2. Dzhatdoeva M.R. Theoretical basis progressive technologies. Chemical section. - Essentuki: EGIEiM, 1998. - 78 p.
3. Zurabyan S.E., Kolesnik Yu.A., Kost A.A. Organic Chemistry: Textbook. - M.: Medicine, 1989. - 432 p.
4. Metlin Yu.G., Tretyakov Yu.D. Fundamentals of General Chemistry. - M.: Enlightenment, 1980. - 157 p.
5. Nesmeyanov A.N., Nesmeyanov N.A. Beginnings of organic chemistry. - M.: Chemistry, 1974. - 624 p.
Student: Reu D.S. Course: 2 Groups: No. 25
Agro-industrial lyceum №45
G. Velsk: 2011
Introduction
Alcohols are called organic substances, the molecules of which contain one or more functional hydroxyl groups connected to a hydrocarbon radical.
They can therefore be considered as derivatives of hydrocarbons, in the molecules of which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by hydroxyl groups.
Depending on the number of hydroxyl groups, alcohols are divided into one-, two-, three-atomic, etc.
1. History of the discovery of alcohols
Ethyl alcohol, or rather, the intoxicating herbal drink containing it, has been known to mankind since ancient times.
It is believed that at least 8000 years before our era, people were familiar with the effect of fermented fruits, and later, with the help of fermentation, they received intoxicating drinks containing ethanol from fruits and honey. Archaeological finds indicate that winemaking existed in Western Asia as early as 5400-5000 BC. e., and in the territory of modern China, the province of Henan, evidence was found of the production of "wine", or rather fermented mixtures from rice, honey, grapes and, possibly, other fruits, in the early Neolithic era: from 6500 to 7000 years. BC e.
For the first time, Arab chemists obtained alcohol from wine in the 6th-7th centuries, and the first bottle of strong alcohol (the prototype of modern vodka) was made by the Persian alchemist Ar-Razi in 860. In Europe, ethyl alcohol was obtained from fermentation products in the 11th-12th century, in Italy.
Alcohol first came to Russia in 1386, when the Genoese embassy brought it with them under the name "aqua vita" and presented it to the royal court.
In 1660, the English chemist and theologian Robert Boyle first obtained dehydrated ethyl alcohol, and also discovered some of its physical and chemical properties, in particular by discovering the ability of ethanol to act as a high-temperature fuel for burners. Absolute alcohol was obtained in 1796 by the Russian chemist T. E. Lovitz.
In 1842, the German chemist J. G. Schiel discovered that alcohols form a homologous series, differing by some constant value. True, he was mistaken in describing it as C2H2. Two years later, another chemist, Charles Gerard, established the correct homologous ratio of CH2 and predicted the formula and properties of propyl alcohol unknown at that time. In 1850, the English chemist Alexander Williamson, investigating the reaction of alcoholates with ethyl iodide, found that ethyl alcohol is a derivative of water with one substituted hydrogen, experimentally confirming the formula C2H5OH. For the first time, the synthesis of ethanol by the action of sulfuric acid on ethylene was carried out in 1854 by the French chemist Marcelin Berthelot.
The first study of methyl alcohol was made in 1834 by French chemists Jean-Baptiste Dumas and Eugene Peligot; they called it "methyl or wood alcohol" because it was found in the dry distillation of wood. The synthesis of methanol from methyl chloride was carried out by the French chemist Marcelin Berthelot in 1857. He was the first to discover in 1855 isopropyl alcohol by the action of sulfuric acid on propylene.
For the first time, tertiary alcohol (2-methyl-propan-2-ol) was synthesized in 1863 by the famous Russian scientist A. M. Butlerov, initiating a whole series of experiments in this direction.
Dihydric alcohol - ethylene glycol - was first synthesized by the French chemist A. Wurtz in 1856. Trihydric alcohol - glycerin - was discovered in natural fats as early as 1783 by the Swedish chemist Carl Scheele, but its composition was discovered only in 1836, and the synthesis was carried out from acetone in 1873 by Charles Friedel.
2. Being in nature
Alcohols are the most widely distributed in nature, especially in the form of esters, but they can also be found in the free state quite often.
Methyl alcohol is found in small quantities in some plants, for example: hogweed (Heracleum).
Ethyl alcohol is a natural product of alcoholic fermentation of organic products containing carbohydrates, often formed in sour berries and fruits without any human intervention. In addition, ethanol is a natural metabolite and is found in the tissues and blood of animals and humans.
The essential oils of the green parts of many plants contain "leaf alcohol", which gives them a characteristic odor.
Phenylethyl alcohol is a fragrant component of rose essential oil.
Very widely represented in flora terpene alcohols, many of which are fragrances
3. Physical properties
Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) С2Н5ОН is a colorless liquid, easily evaporating (boiling point 64.7 ºС, melting point - 97.8 ºС, optical density 0.7930). Alcohol containing 4-5% water is called rectified, and containing only fractions of a percent of water - absolute alcohol. Such an alcohol is obtained by chemical treatment in the presence of water-removing agents (for example, freshly calcined CaO).
4. Chemical properties
As with all oxygen-containing compounds, the chemical properties of ethyl alcohol are determined primarily by functional groups and, to a certain extent, by the structure of the radical.
A characteristic feature of the hydroxyl group of ethyl alcohol is the mobility of the hydrogen atom, which is explained by the electronic structure of the hydroxyl group. Hence the ability of ethyl alcohol to some substitution reactions, for example, with alkali metals. On the other hand, the nature of the bond between carbon and oxygen also matters. Due to the high electronegativity of oxygen compared to carbon, the carbon-oxygen bond is also somewhat polarized, with a partial positive charge at the carbon atom and a negative charge at the oxygen. However, this polarization does not lead to dissociation into ions, alcohols are not electrolytes, but are neutral compounds that do not change the color of the indicators, but they have a certain electric moment of the dipole.
Alcohols are amphoteric compounds, that is, they can exhibit both the properties of acids and the properties of bases.
The physicochemical properties of alcohols are determined mainly by the structure of the hydrocarbon chain and the −OH functional group, as well as their mutual influence:
1) The larger the substituent, the more it affects the functional group, reducing the polarity O-H connections. Reactions based on breaking this bond proceed more slowly.
2) The hydroxyl group −OH reduces the electron density along adjacent bonds of the carbon chain (negative inductive effect).
All chemical reactions alcohols can be divided into three conditional groups associated with certain reaction centers and chemical bonds:
Break of the O–H bond;
Gap or addition to the C-OH bond;
Breaking the −COH bond.
5. Receipt and production
Until the beginning of the 30s of the 20th century, it was obtained exclusively by fermenting food of carbohydrate-containing raw materials, and by processing grain (rye, barley, corn, oats, millet). In the 30s to 50s, several methods of synthesis from chemical raw materials were developed.
The reaction begins with an attack by a hydrogen ion on that carbon atom that is bonded to a large number of hydrogen atoms and is therefore more electronegative than the neighboring carbon. After that, water joins the neighboring carbon with the release of H +. Ethyl, sec-propyl and tert-butyl alcohols are prepared by this method on an industrial scale.
To obtain ethyl alcohol, various sugary substances have long been used, for example, grape sugar, or glucose, which, through the "fermentation" caused by the action of enzymes (enzymes) produced by yeast fungi, is converted into ethyl alcohol.
Alcohols can be obtained from a wide variety of classes of compounds such as hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, amines, carbonyl compounds, epoxides. There are many methods for obtaining alcohols, among which we highlight the most common:
oxidation reactions - based on the oxidation of hydrocarbons containing multiple or activated C−H bonds;
reduction reactions - reduction of carbonyl compounds: aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and esters;
hydration reactions - acid-catalyzed addition of water to alkenes (hydration);
addition reactions;
substitution reactions (hydrolysis) - nucleophilic substitution reactions, in which the existing functional groups are replaced by a hydroxyl group;
syntheses using organometallic compounds;
6. Application
Ethyl alcohol is widely used in various fields of industry and, above all, in the chemical industry. Synthetic rubber, acetic acid, dyes, essences, film, gunpowder, plastics are obtained from it. Alcohol is a good solvent and antiseptic. Therefore, it finds application in medicine.
The main alcohol used for medical purposes is ethanol. It is used as an external antiseptic and irritant for the preparation of compresses and rubdowns. Ethyl alcohol is even more widely used for the preparation of various tinctures, dilutions, extracts and other dosage forms.
Alcohols are quite widely used as fragrant substances for compositions in the perfumery and cosmetics industry.
In the food industry, the widespread use of alcohols is well known: the basis of all alcoholic beverages is ethanol, which is obtained by fermenting food raw materials - grapes, potatoes, wheat and other starchy or sugar-containing products. In addition, ethyl alcohol is used as a component (solvent) of some food and aromatic essences (flavoring agents) widely used in cooking, baking confectionery, chocolate, sweets, drinks, ice cream, jams, jellies, jams, marmalades, etc.
However, the list of alcohols used in the food industry is not limited to ethyl alcohol. Alcohols can be found among a wide variety of food additives.
Ethyl alcohol is a strong drug. Once in the body, it is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream and leads the body into an excited state, in which it is difficult for a person to control his behavior. Alcohol use is often the leading cause of severe road traffic accidents, industrial accidents and domestic crimes. Alcohol causes severe diseases of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, as well as the gastrointestinal tract.
Alcohol is dangerous in any concentration (vodka, tinctures, wine, beer, etc.). Ethyl alcohol used for technical purposes is specially polluted with foul-smelling substances. Such alcohol is called denatured alcohol (for this, alcohol is tinted to distinguish it from pure alcohol).
Conclusion.
Alcohols can have a negative effect on the body. Methyl alcohol is especially poisonous. 5-10 ml of alcohol cause blindness and severe poisoning of the body, and 30 ml can be fatal.
Ethyl alcohol is a drug. When taken orally, due to its high solubility, it is quickly absorbed into the blood and has a stimulating effect on the body. Under the influence of alcohol, a person’s attention weakens, reaction slows down, coordination is disturbed, swagger appears, rudeness in behavior, etc. All this makes him unpleasant and unacceptable to society. But the consequences of drinking alcohol can be deeper. With frequent consumption, addiction appears, addiction to it and, in the end, a serious illness, alcoholism. Alcohol affects the mucous membranes of the gastrointestinal tract, which can lead to gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer. The liver, where the destruction of alcohol should occur, failing to cope with the load, begins to degenerate, resulting in cirrhosis. Penetrating into the brain, alcohol has a toxic effect on nerve cells, which manifests itself in a violation of consciousness, speech, mental abilities, in the appearance of mental disorders and leads to personality degradation.
Alcohol is especially dangerous for young people, since metabolic processes are intense in a growing body, and they are especially sensitive to toxic effects. Therefore, young people can develop alcoholism faster than adults.
Bibliography
Material from Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohols
Ethyl alcohol (wine alcohol) is produced for medicinal purposes in the form of 95, 90, 70, 40 and 33% aqueous solutions with an unlimited shelf life.
Mechanism of action. The action of ethyl alcohol largely depends on the method, concentration and dose of its application. Alcohol dilates blood vessels, causing reddening of the skin and lowering blood pressure. Creates unfavourable conditions for all microorganisms.
The local effect of alcohol depends on the concentration of the solution, and not on the dose. All of the above concentrations of alcohol have antiseptic properties. Even a single application of alcohol can almost instantly destroy the pathogens of any infection, including AIDS viruses, on the treated surface. That is why ethyl alcohol is used to sterilize medical instruments, the surgeon's hands and the operating field before surgery.
Very concentrated (95 and 90%) alcohol solutions have a powerful tanning effect on any tissue containing proteins. Less concentrated alcohol solutions with a less pronounced tanning effect on fabrics are able to penetrate into the depth of the treated fabrics. Therefore, 70- and 40% alcohol solutions are used to provide an irritating effect (in the form of rubbing or compresses).
The same concentrations of alcohol can be used to sterilize the skin, although this takes longer.
Concentrated solutions of alcohol have a cauterizing effect, are able to clot blood in the past and also “pull out” water from swollen tissues.
Application. A solution of ethyl alcohol 70, 90 and 95% is applied topically to sterilize the surface of the body or instrument.
The most concentrated solution can be used as an emergency decongestant for pulmonary edema and mucus foam filling the airways. Alcohol in this case is used by inhalation. To do this, the inhaled air (or oxygen) is first passed through an alcohol solution.
With swelling and inflammation of the ear (Gum), lubricate or irrigate the surface with alcohol.
A concentrated alcohol solution can be used as a universal solvent for emergency removal of caustic or toxic substances from the surface of the body, as well as paints and medicines.
With a solution of wine alcohol at a concentration of 40% (or vodka), you can rub the body and make compresses during the so-called distraction therapy or for a reflex effect on internal organs.
Vodka and other alcoholic beverages can be taken orally in a variety of pre-shock and shock conditions (for example, with injuries or burns), with hypothermia and frostbite, with stress, with neurosis, with a sense of fear and unrest, with a hypertensive crisis, with radioactive damage, in case of poisoning with brake fluid and other liquids containing ethylene glycol, as well as in the role of a "saving" remedy for a hangover in an alcoholic.
Solutions and alcoholic beverages can be used as antimicrobial agents in the treatment of sepsis, pneumonia, abscess and gangrene of the lung and other diseases, including infectious lesions of the digestive system.
In infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, it is recommended to take ethyl alcohol orally in combination with table or bitter salt (magnesium sulphate).
Doses of oral alcohol solutions are selected individually.
Complications. Topical application of alcohol solutions can cause irritation and tissue burns. When ingested, the general effect of alcohol can be complicated by intoxication, nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, and a decrease in mental and physical performance. With an overdose of alcohol, loss of consciousness and respiratory arrest may occur, and with regular ingestion of alcoholic beverages, alcoholism may develop.
Contraindications. The intake of ethyl alcohol inside is contraindicated for pregnant women.
Ethanol
By the nature of the action on the central nervous system, ethyl alcohol ( ethanol ; C 2 H 5 OH) can be classified as an anesthetic. It acts on the central nervous system similarly to diethyl ether: it causes analgesia, a pronounced stage of excitation, and in large doses - anesthesia and the atonal stage. However, unlike diethyl ether, narcotic latitude in ethyl alcohol is practically absent: in doses that cause anesthesia, ethyl alcohol depresses the center of respiration. Therefore, ethyl alcohol is not suitable for surgical anesthesia.
Ethyl alcohol inhibits the production of antidiuretic hormone and therefore may increase diuresis.
Reduces the secretion of oxytocin and has a direct inhibitory effect on myometrial contractions; therefore, it can delay the onset of labor (tocolytic effect).
Reduces the secretion of testosterone; with systematic use, it can cause atrophy of the testicles, a decrease in spermatogenesis, feminization, gynecomastia.
Expands blood vessels (effect on the central nervous system and direct vasodilating effect).
When ingested, ethyl alcohol is rapidly absorbed (20% in the stomach, 80% in the intestine). Approximately 90% of ethyl alcohol is metabolized in the liver under the influence of alcohol dehydrogenase; about 2% is exposed to the action of microsomal liver enzymes. The formed acetaldehyde is oxidized by aldehyde dehydrogenase; 5-10% of ethyl alcohol is excreted unchanged by the lungs, kidneys, with the secrets of sweat, lacrimal, salivary glands.
In medical practice, stage I of the narcotic effect of ethyl alcohol can be used - stage of analgesia. In particular, ethyl alcohol is used to prevent pain shock in case of injuries, wounds (intravenous administration of 5% ethyl alcohol is possible).
When applied topically, ethyl alcohol has irritating action. At a concentration of 40% (for children 20%), ethyl alcohol is used for compresses for inflammatory diseases of internal organs, muscles, and joints. Alcohol compresses are applied to healthy areas of the skin that have conjugated innervation with the affected organs and tissues. Like other irritants (for example, mustard plasters), such compresses reduce pain and improve the trophism of the affected organs and tissues.
At a concentration of 95%, ethyl alcohol has astringent action, which is related to its ability to denature proteins.
Use for pulmonary edema antifoam action ethyl alcohol vapor. The patient breathes air, which is passed through ethyl alcohol. Vapors of ethyl alcohol reduce the surface tension of the exudate and prevent its foaming.
Especially often in practical medicine, ethyl alcohol is used as an antiseptic (antimicrobial) agent. Antimicrobial action ethyl alcohol is due to its ability to cause denaturation (coagulation) of proteins of microorganisms and increases with increasing concentration. Thus, 95% ethyl alcohol has the highest antimicrobial efficacy. At this concentration, the drug is used to treat surgical instruments, catheters, etc. For processing the hands of the surgeon and the operating field, 70% ethyl alcohol is more often used. In a higher concentration, ethyl alcohol intensively coagulates protein substances and poorly penetrates into the deeper layers of the skin.
Ethyl alcohol is used with methyl alcohol poisoning. Methyl alcohol (methanol), as well as ethyl alcohol, is exposed to the action of alcohol dehydrogenase. Formaldehyde is formed (more toxic than acetaldehyde), which is converted into another toxic product - formic acid. The accumulation of formic acid (not utilized in the tricarboxylic acid cycle) leads to the development of acidosis. When taking methyl alcohol inside, the intoxicating effect is less pronounced than when taking ethyl alcohol. The toxic effect develops gradually over 8-10 hours. Irreversible visual impairment is characteristic. In severe cases, convulsions, coma, respiratory depression develop.
Alcohol dehydrogenase exhibits a significantly greater affinity for ethyl alcohol compared to methyl alcohol. In case of poisoning with methyl alcohol, 200-400 ml of 20% ethyl alcohol is administered orally or 5% ethyl alcohol is administered intravenously in a 5% glucose solution. The metabolism of methyl alcohol slows down, which prevents the development of toxic effects.
With household use of ethyl alcohol in the composition of alcoholic beverages, the stage of excitation (intoxication) quickly develops, which is characterized by a decrease in the critical attitude towards own actions, thinking and memory disorders.
Ethyl alcohol has a pronounced effect on thermoregulation. Due to the expansion of the blood vessels of the skin during intoxication, heat transfer increases (subjectively, this is perceived as a sensation of warmth) and body temperature decreases. Persons who are intoxicated, in conditions of low temperature, freeze faster than sober ones.
With an increase in the dose of ethyl alcohol, the stage of excitation is replaced by the phenomena of CNS depression, impaired coordination of movements, confusion, and then loss of consciousness. There are signs of oppression of the respiratory and vasomotor centers, weakening of breathing and a drop in blood pressure. Severe poisoning with ethyl alcohol can lead to death due to paralysis of vital centers.
Acute poisoning with ethyl alcohol (alcohol) is characterized by signs of deep depression of the functions of the central nervous system. In severe alcohol poisoning, complete loss of consciousness occurs and different types sensitivity, muscle relaxation, inhibition of reflexes. There are symptoms of depression of vital functions - respiration and heart activity, lowering blood pressure.
First aid for acute alcohol poisoning comes down primarily to gastric lavage through a tube to prevent alcohol absorption. To accelerate the inactivation of alcohol, a 20% glucose solution is administered intravenously, and to correct metabolic acidosis, a 4% solution of sodium bicarbonate is administered. With a deep coma, hemodialysis, the method of forced diuresis, is used to accelerate the removal of ethyl alcohol from the body.
Chronic alcohol poisoning (alcoholism) develops with the systematic use of alcoholic beverages. Manifested by various activity disorders CNS, functions of the circulatory, respiratory, and digestive organs. So, with alcoholism, there is a decrease in memory, intelligence, mental and physical performance, mood instability. On the basis of alcoholism, serious mental disorders (alcoholic psychoses) often occur. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can lead to the development of "fetal alcohol syndrome", which is characterized by external manifestations (low forehead, wide-spaced eyes, reduction in the circumference of the skull), and in the future, such children have mental and physical retardation, asocial behavior.
With a sharp cessation of the systematic intake of alcohol, after about 8 hours, withdrawal symptoms develop - tremor, nausea, sweating, and in the future there may be clonic convulsions, hallucinations. In severe cases, a condition develops, denoted by the term delirium tremens ("white tremens"): confusion, agitation, aggressiveness, severe hallucinations. Benzodiazepines (diazepam) are recommended to reduce withdrawal symptoms, and propranolol is recommended to reduce symptoms of sympathetic activation.
Alcoholism, as a rule, leads to the moral and physical degradation of the individual. This is facilitated by lesions of the central nervous system and diseases of internal organs with chronic poisoning alcohol. Myocardial dystrophy, chronic damage to the stomach (gastritis) and intestines (colitis), liver and kidney diseases develop. Alcoholism is often accompanied by a decline in nutrition, exhaustion, a decrease in resistance to infectious diseases. With alcoholism in men and women, the functions of the reproductive system are significantly impaired. A relationship has been established between parental alcoholism and some congenital defects in the mental and physical development of offspring (congenital dementia, growth retardation, etc.).
Patients with alcoholism are treated in specialized narcological departments of medical institutions. Most modern methods of treating alcoholism are aimed at making the patient averse to alcohol. The basis of treatment methods is the development of negative conditioned reflexes to alcohol. For example, they combine taking small amounts of alcohol with the administration of apomorphine (an emetic). As a result, the sight or smell of alcohol alone causes patients to feel sick and vomit.
A similar principle is used in the treatment of alcoholism, using disulfiram(teturam, antabuse). Ethyl alcohol under the influence of alcohol dehydrogenase turns into acetaldehyde, which is much more toxic than ethyl alcohol. Usually, acetaldehyde is rapidly oxidized by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase. Disulfiram inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and delays the oxidation of ethyl alcohol at the stage of acetaldehyde.
In a specialized hospital, patients with alcoholism are systematically prescribed pills disulfiram. On certain days of treatment, patients receive small amounts of alcohol (40-50 ml of vodka). The resulting acetaldehyde causes an "antabuse reaction" - flushing of the face, throbbing headache, arterial hypotension, dizziness, palpitations, shortness of breath, muscle tremors, anxiety, sweating, thirst, nausea, vomiting. In this way, patients gradually develop a negative conditioned reflex (disgust) to alcoholic beverages.
It should be borne in mind that during treatment with disulfiram, intoxication when taking alcohol can be very difficult and be accompanied by vascular collapse, respiratory depression, loss of consciousness, convulsions. Therefore, treatment with disulfiram can only be carried out under strict medical supervision.
A prolonged dosage form of disulfiram in the form of implantable tablets is produced under the name Esperal.
Tablets are sewn into the subcutaneous tissue; their gradual resorption ensures long-term circulation of disulfiram in the blood. Patients are strictly warned about the inadmissibility, the danger of drinking alcohol during the duration of the drug.
Acamprosate- GABA receptor agonist; reduces craving for ethyl alcohol. It is prescribed for a long time after a course of treatment for alcoholism.
Ethanol
Name: Ethyl alcohol (Spiritusaethylicus)
Pharmachologic effect:
According to pharmacological properties, ethyl alcohol refers to narcotic substances. The most sensitive to ethyl alcohol (alcohol) are the cells of the central nervous system, especially the cells of the cerebral cortex, acting on which it causes a characteristic alcoholic excitation associated with a weakening of the processes of inhibition, which is replaced by a weakening of the processes of excitation in the cortex, inhibition of the function of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata with suppression of the activity of the respiratory center. The use of alcohol inside leads to a violation of the basic vital functions of the body.
When applied externally, alcohol has a local irritant, reflex and resorptive (developing due to absorption into the blood) effect. Irritant and antimicrobial effects increase with increasing concentration. Resorptive action affects mainly the central nervous system.
It has a bactericidal (killing bacteria) effect, which increases with increasing temperature, as well as with the addition of sublimate, phenol, lysol to it. 70% alcohol has the highest activity. Sporicidal (destroying spores of microorganisms) does not possess. Alcohol vapors are more active than solutions. It has an astringent, tanning and cauterizing effect. The astringent action helps to limit the inflammatory tissue edema, and the irritant effect increases the blood supply to the vessels.
Alcohol inhibits the synthesis of prostaglandins (biologically active substances), therefore, it inhibits myometrial motility (contractility of the muscular layer of the uterus).
Indications for use:
In medical practice, ethyl alcohol is used mainly as an external antiseptic (disinfectant) and irritant for rubdowns, compresses, etc. Ethyl alcohol is widely used in various dilutions for the manufacture of tinctures, extracts and dosage forms for external use.
It is also used as a defoamer for pulmonary edema and prevention of preterm birth.
Mode of application:
Applied externally in the form of lotions as a means of anti-inflammatory conservative therapy of the initial stages of boils (acute purulent-necrotic inflammation of the hair follicle), felons (acute purulent inflammation of the tissues of the finger), infiltrates (seals), mastitis (inflammation of the milk-carrying ducts of the mammary gland). Lotions are applied 3-5 times a day for 15 minutes. It is used as an antiseptic (disinfectant) for disinfecting the surgeon's hands (methods of Ferbringer, Alfred, etc.), as well as for treating the surgical field, especially in people with hypersensitivity to other antiseptics, in children and during operations on areas with thin skin in adults (neck, face). As an irritant, it is recommended for rubdowns and compresses.
With alveolar pulmonary edema of any origin, inhalation of vapors of 96% ethyl alcohol is prescribed as a defoamer.
Vapors of 70-96% ethyl alcohol are introduced through a nasal catheter (a special hollow tube); in the mask method, 40-50% alcohol is used. Every 30-45 minutes, to prevent intense absorption and the appearance of a stimulating effect of alcohol vapor, oxygen or a 30-50% oxygen-air mixture should be inhaled. The therapeutic effect begins no earlier than after 10-15 minutes of inhalation, the full therapeutic effect occurs on average after 1-1.5 hours.
With a rapid increase in respiratory failure, as well as with a combination of pulmonary edema with shock, inhalation is ineffective. To eliminate alveolar hypoxia in such patients, artificial ventilation of the lungs through an endotracheal tube or tracheostomy with additional resistance to inhalation is recommended. As a result, venous inflow to the right atrium decreases, alveolar pressure (air pressure in the lungs) increases, fluid leakage from the pulmonary capillaries (the smallest vessels) becomes more difficult, diffusion (penetration) of oxygen through the alveolar-capillary membrane (through the tissue that separates the pulmonary capillaries from the air) improves. ), hydrostatic pressure in the small (pulmonary) circulation is normalized. However, emergency therapy using respirators for acute respiratory failure resulting from heart damage is most often ineffective. Absolute contraindications to artificial lung ventilation are the absence of spontaneous respiration or its pathological rhythms against the background of hypoxemia and hypercapnia (low oxygen and high carbon dioxide in the blood - pO2 60 mm Hg. pCO2 60 mm Hg. Art.). Anti-foam therapy is compatible with any other treatment methods. It is impossible to be limited to the use of only defoamers in the fight against pulmonary edema; it must be combined with other therapeutic measures.
To prevent premature birth, 25 ml of 95% ethyl alcohol dissolved in 500 ml of 5% glucose solution is injected intravenously.
Side effects:
Inhalation exposure may cause irritation of the respiratory tract. With repeated use, addiction develops (weakening or lack of effect).
Contraindications:
There are no absolute contraindications to the use of alcohol in pulmonary edema. Relative contraindications are psychomotor agitation and non-stopped (not eliminated) pain syndrome in myocardial infarction. In this case, alcohol inhalations are difficult for patients to tolerate and they are ineffective. Therefore, the use of defoamers in myocardial infarction should be preceded by the introduction of anesthetics, analgesics and antihistamines.
Ethyl alcohol increases the sensitivity of the body to tranquilizers, and neuroleptics increase the intoxication caused by it. When ethyl alcohol is combined with oral antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivatives, hypoglycemic coma develops (loss of consciousness, characterized by a complete lack of body response to external stimuli, due to low blood sugar). Imipramine, MAO inhibitors increase the toxicity of ethyl alcohol, hypnotics contribute to significant respiratory depression, butadion prolongs the effect of alcohol due to a delay in its oxidation. The antabuse effect caused by the inhibition of the activity of acetaldehyderogenase (an enzyme involved in the decomposition of alcohol) can be caused by phenobarbital, phenacytin, amidopyrine, butamide, isoniazid and butadiene. Ethyl alcohol enhances the toxicity (damaging effect) of nitrofurans and contributes to the manifestation of their antabuse-like action, reduces the effectiveness of thiamine. When taken orally, it inactivates (suppresses activity) the action of antibiotics.
Our article will reveal information on the well-known remedy "Ethyl Alcohol". We will reveal all the medical aspects of its use.
- A well-known substance, ethyl alcohol was previously called wine alcohol, since it was obtained from an alcoholic beverage. According to its characteristics, ethanol is classified as a narcotic drug that has the most pronounced effect on the central nervous system. The greatest effect of alcohol is manifested on the cells of the cerebral cortex
- Inhibition processes are inhibited and this is manifested by a high level of excitation. However, the respiratory center is depressed. When using the drug inside, alcohol causes a violation in the work of almost all organs and systems.
- Ethyl alcohol has an antibacterial effect, which potentiates by the action of elevated temperature and when interacting with auxiliary agents. These properties have found application in the external processing method and are used for high-quality antisepsis of the hands of medical personnel.
- To do this, use a 70% concentration of alcohol, it is the most optimal. Since an increase in concentration leads to a tanning effect on the skin, and a decrease causes the procedure to be ineffective
- When using the solution as applications, alcohol produces an irritating and antimicrobial effect.
- Alcohol vapors are highly active and are often used in acute conditions with pulmonary edema as a defoamer. The vapors of the solution have an astringent effect, a tanning effect and a cauterizing effect.
- Ethyl inhibits synthesis prostaglandins and has an inhibitory effect on the muscles
"Ethyl alcohol" release form
The solution is available in vials of various volumes with a percentage of 95% and 70%.
In volume, it can be from a bottle of 50 ml to canisters of 10, 20 and 30 liters.
For external use, these may not be pure alcohol solutions, but with the addition of formic acid or salicylic acid.
"Ethyl alcohol" indications for use
In medicine, alcohol plays the main role as an antiseptic agent for external use:
Treatment of the hands of medical personnel
Treatment of inflammatory skin diseases at an early stage of development
Treatment of the skin in the area of surgical intervention
Other applications:
For inhalation in acute condition of pulmonary edema
As an irritant topical (rubbing)
As a preservative for biological materials for further research
As a solvent for making various tinctures and extracts
"Ethyl alcohol" side effects
With external use of the solution, the following complications may occur:
Redness of the skin
Painful sensations
Skin burn at the site of application of the compress
With frequent use, alcohol can enter the bloodstream and cause systemic toxicity.
When using a solution for inhalation:
Excessive irritant effect on mucous membranes
Allergic reaction to the solution
With frequent use, the development of tolerance to the procedure and the lack of the expected effect
Intravenous administration of the solution:
As a means of preventing preterm labor
Gradual withdrawal of the patient from alcohol intoxication
"Ethyl alcohol" dosage
As lotions, the solution is used externally for the treatment of acute inflammatory and purulent diseases as part of conservative therapy in the initial stages of the disease.
It is recommended to make lotions with 70% ethyl alcohol (possibly with the addition of other antiseptics) for 15 minutes 3-5 times a day. It is also used for rubbing and compresses as a local irritant.
In its pure form, in case of an allergic reaction to other antiseptic agents, alcohol is used to treat the skin before surgery and the skin of the hands of the operating surgeon. 
- For inhalation with pulmonary edema, a procedure with a 96% alcohol solution is prescribed as a defoamer. When inhaling vapors through a mask, a 40-50% solution is prescribed for use; when performing a procedure through a nasal catheter, the percentage can be from 70 to 96%
- At the same time, to prevent symptoms of alcohol poisoning, every 30 minutes it is recommended to take a break and inhale a 40% oxygen mixture. The effect of this procedure is fully manifested after 1.5 hours.
- It should be noted that with the rapid development of pulmonary edema, and if there is a state of shock, then these inhalations will not have the desired effect.
- Ethyl alcohol can also be administered intravenously. To stabilize the condition and prevent premature birth, 95% ethyl alcohol 25 ml is administered intravenously in a dilution in 500 ml of 5% glucose solution. Also, this method is used in the treatment of alcoholism, for the gradual removal of the patient from alcohol intoxication.
"Ethyl alcohol" for children
There are no absolute contraindications to the use of this solution in children. However, be careful, alcohol has a systemic toxic effect, which is especially pronounced in children. Therefore, even when used externally, do not get carried away with rubbing and lotions.
There are some tinctures and preparations based on alcohol, which in some cases are allowed for children to take. Be careful and careful, carefully read the composition of the drug and instructions for use. Pay attention to the condition and behavior of your child. The use of such drugs, and especially in high dosages, can cause serious symptoms of alcohol poisoning in a child.
"Ethyl alcohol" contraindications 
This solution has no categorical contraindications. But there are relative conditions in which it is worth comparing the cost of complications after application with the expected therapeutic effect:
Pain syndrome that is not relieved in acute myocardial infarction (inhalations to prevent pulmonary edema may not be effective)
High psychomotor arousal
Alcohol potentiates action tranquilizers
Inhibits the action of neuroleptics
Potentiates the action of antidiabetic agents and may cause hypoglycemic to whom
Inhibitor drugs MAO increase the toxic effect of alcohol on the body
Ethyl alcohol negates the effect of antibacterial drugs when taken orally
Analogues
Ethol
Antiseptic medical solution
Synthetic ethyl alcohol
Salicylic alcohol
Formic alcohol
Video: GOST "Ethyl Alcohol - ETHANOL - C2H5OH"
