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History of the Black Sea Each sea, like each person, has its own image, character, habits, and finally, history. The Black Sea has much to be proud of. Over millions of years, it has repeatedly changed its appearance: it became either a lake or a sea. And it all started like this ... *
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History of the Black Sea Tens of millions of years ago, in the area of the modern seas of the Mediterranean, Marmara, Black, Azov, Caspian and Aral, the bay of the ancient huge Tetis Sea stretched. *
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History of the Black Sea The bay consisted of two parts, western and eastern. The western part was salty, and the eastern part was desalinated, since many rivers flowed into it. Terrible, monstrous prehistoric fish and lizards reigned in its depths. *
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The history of the Black Sea in diagrams * As a result of the formation of giant mountain ranges, the Tethys Ocean broke up. On the site of the current Black Sea, a closed, freshwater Sarmatian Sea-lake was formed, and it was during this period that freshwater flora and fauna formed in it, the remains of which have survived to this day. Crimea and the Caucasus were islands in the Sarmatian Sea. Later, a connection with the ocean reappeared, the salty Meotic Sea formed, it was inhabited by marine animals and plants; at that time there were even huge whales here - now paleontologists dig up their skeletons, etc.
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History of the Black Sea The last change in the sea occurred about 8 thousand years ago and was catastrophic. The strongest earthquake split the land. The modern Bosphorus arose. *
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History of the Black Sea Huge masses of salty Mediterranean water rushed into the Black Sea basin, causing the death of a huge number of freshwater inhabitants. So many of them died that the decomposition of the remains of their organisms in the depths of the sea, devoid of oxygen, created the initial supply of hydrogen sulfide, which continues to exist to this day. The Black Sea became the "Sea of the Dead Depths". * Map of the Black Sea 1590
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The history of the Black Sea Historians believe that this whole cataclysm took place before the eyes of a person who lived here. Are not these events the worldwide flood? After all, as you know, Noah moored his ark to Caucasian mountain Ararat, which then could well look like an island in a raging stream at the confluence of two seas. *
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recent history Black Sea * Now nature has taken a time out. There is only a very slow uplift of the mountains surrounding the sea - a few centimeters per century. The mountains are growing, but the sea is advancing. Moreover, it comes faster than mountains rise - 20-25 centimeters per century. It would seem a little, but the ancient cities of Taman have already disappeared at the bottom of the sea.
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Short story Peoples of the Black Sea * The emerald waters of the Black Sea keep the memory of great peoples and great achievements. In ancient times, the legendary Argonauts sailed the Black Sea in search of the Golden Fleece.
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Why is the sea called Black? * There are a number of hypotheses regarding the reasons for the emergence of such a name: Turks and other conquerors who tried to conquer the population of the sea coast met a fierce rebuff from the Circassians, Adyghes and other tribes, for which they called the Karadengiz sea - Black, inhospitable.
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Why is the sea called Black? * Another reason, according to some researchers, may be the fact that during storms the water in the sea becomes very dark. However, storms in the Black Sea are not very frequent, and the water darkens during storms in all the seas of the earth.
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Why is the sea called Black? * Another hypothesis of the origin of the name is based on the fact that metal objects (for example, anchors), lowered into the sea water deeper than 150 meters for a long time, were covered with a black coating due to the action of hydrogen sulfide.
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Why is the sea called Black? * One of the most common hypotheses is the assumption that the name is associated with memories of the breakthrough of the Bosphorus 7500-5000 years ago, which resulted in a catastrophic rise in sea level by almost 100 meters, which in turn led to the flooding of a vast shelf zone and the formation Sea of Azov.
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Why is the sea called Black? * There is a Turkish legend according to which a heroic sword rests in the waters of the Black Sea, which was thrown there at the request of the dying wizard Ali. Because of this, the sea is worried, trying to throw out deadly weapons from its depths, and is painted black.
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Flora and fauna of the Black Sea * Vegetable world The Black Sea includes 270 species of multicellular green, brown, red bottom algae.
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Flora and fauna of the Black Sea Far East. Numerous crabs live in the crevices of the coastal rocks and among the stones, there are shrimps, various types of jellyfish are found (cornerot and aurelia are the most common), sea anemones, and sponges.
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Location of the Black Sea
- The Black Sea is an inland sea of the Atlantic Ocean basin.
- The Bosphorus connects with the Sea of Marmara, then, through the Dardanelles, with the Aegean and mediterranean seas. The Kerch Strait connects with the Sea of Azov.
- From the north, the Crimean peninsula cuts deep into the sea.
- The water boundary between Europe and Asia Minor runs along the surface of the Black Sea.
- The sea is - inland
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Area, depth and length of the Black Sea coastline
- The area of the Black Sea is 422,000 km² (according to other sources - 436,400 km²). The outlines of the Black Sea resemble an oval with the largest axis about 1150 km. The greatest length of the sea from north to south is 580 km. The greatest depth is 2210 m, the average is 1240 m. The volume of water in the sea is 555 thousand km3
- The area of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov is 38 thousand km 2, maximum depth- 14 m, average - 8 m.
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Black Sea
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Salinity of the Black Sea
- The salinity of the Black Sea is not high compared to other seas and oceans. In the surface layer, there are only 18 grams of salts per 1 thousand grams of water. For comparison, in the Atlantic Ocean it is 35 grams of salt, and in the Red Sea - 39 grams of salt.
- In the north-west of the Black Sea, the salinity is even lower, only 13 grams of salt per 1 thousand grams of sea water.
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Depths
- Maximum depth: 2210 m
- Average depth: 1240 m
- In the depths of the Black Sea, below 200 meters, there is no oxygen at all, and only anaerobic saprotrophic bacteria live there, continuing the decomposition of the remains of the living, sinking from the upper layer of the sea.
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Black Sea
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Flora and fauna of the Black Sea
In total, there are more than 660 species of plants and 2000 species of representatives of the animal world in the Black Sea. The resources of the Black Sea, namely anchovy, horse mackerel, sprat, mullet, flounder, mackerel, etc., algae and invertebrates (mussels, shrimps, oysters) are of industrial importance. The sea produces up to 300 thousand tons annually biological resources. Industrial reserves of combustible gas and oil have been explored here.
Presentation on the topic "Black Sea" in geography in powerpoint format. In this presentation for schoolchildren, the most important issues related to the study of the Black Sea are considered: its origin, nature, significance for human activities and ecology. Presentation author: Kuskova Anastasia.
Fragments from the presentation
Location
The Black Sea is the warmest and friendliest of our seas, the inland sea of the Atlantic Ocean basin in southern Russia. The surface of the Black Sea is the water border between Europe and Asia.
Origin of the Black Sea name
There are several versions about the name of the sea Black. According to one of them, the sea is so named as a result of its storminess - and storms here are severe up to 8 points. During such a storm, the color of the water away from the coast turns black, and the destructive force of the waves fully justifies its name. According to another theory, the sea is so named because metal objects lowered to a great depth and then raised to the surface become black, for example, anchors. There is also a mythological theory. It is related to the presentation Eastern peoples about the color of the cardinal points. According to these ideas, everything that is in the south is white and red, and in the north - black. This theory is also confirmed at the present time - the Turks still call the Black Sea Kara Deniz - the Black Sea, and the Mediterranean Sea, the color of the water of which is much darker than the Black Sea - Ak Deniz - the White Sea, only because it is located to the south. There is no single scientific theory on this issue.
Origin of the Black Sea Basin
Geologically, the Black Sea is young. The origin of the basin is attributed to the end of the Quaternary period, when the mountains of the Crimea, the Caucasus and Asia Minor were formed. Along the edges of the depression, the movement of the earth's crust is now continuing, accompanied by earthquakes.
Nature of the Black Sea
- The climate is mild Mediterranean subtropical.
- Flora - green, brown and red algae, phytoplankton
- Only hydrogen sulfide bacteria live in the deep layers.
- There are a lot of fish in the upper layer of the Black Sea.
Importance of the Black Sea
The significance of the Black Sea is great: fishing, shipping, strategic and military value. Novorossiysk is the largest port in Russia, and the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus is the most important recreational area in southern Russia.
Ecology
- Over the past 15 years ecological situation worsened in the Black Sea.
- The main type of Black Sea pollution is oil products.
- The construction of new oil terminals, the operation of the Blue Stream gas pipeline, the construction of an ammonia pipeline, roads and facilities for the Olympic Games in Sochi are causing concern.
The Black Sea is frozen
- The northwestern Black Sea near Odessa froze for the first time in 30 years as a result of anomalous cold weather established in the region. The thickness of the ice on the beaches, according to the ScanEx engineering and technology center, already exceeds 40 centimeters.
- According to satellite data, as of February 7, the northwestern part of the Black Sea is covered with ice for 13 kilometers from the coast, and small "icebergs" can be observed 100 meters from the coast. Rescuers from Romania, Bulgaria and Ukraine announced yellow and orange danger levels on the coasts, urging the population not to go out on the ice. The work of Ukrainian seaports has been suspended until February 15.
- The ice miracle, formed during severe frosts in Odessa, never ceases to amaze. The crust of ice on the sea extends for hundreds of meters. Mini-icebergs formed off the coast. They rub against each other and against the piers and emit a frightening creak. It is also interesting to watch how the sea "breathes" - waves still try to break through under the ice. Then the ice crust begins to move, as if something is melting under it.
BLACK SEA Presentation by a student of 9 "A" class MOU secondary school No. 18 Alena Gnuskina Basic data on the geography and hydrology of the Black Sea The greatest depth of the Black Sea The greatest distance from coast to coast 2212 m Length coastline 4340 km Volume of the Black Sea 550,000 km3 Sea surface area 423,000 km2 Drainage basin area Salinity of surface waters Sea depth temperature (deeper than 150 m) Oxygen-free zone boundary 2,300,000 km2 17‰ 9oC 140-200 m 1200 km There are few islands in the Black Sea. The largest island is Dzharylgach, its area is 62 km². The highest point is 2 m. The rest of the islands are much smaller, the largest are Berezan and Serpentine (both with an area of less than 1 km²). The shores of the Black Sea are scarcely indented and mainly in its northern part. The only large Crimean peninsula. The following flows into the Black Sea major rivers: Danube, Dnieper, Dniester, as well as smaller Mzymta, Psou, Bzyb, Rioni, Kodori (Kodor), Inguri (in the east of the sea), Chorokh, Kyzyl-Irmak, Ashli-Irmak, Sakarya (in the south), Southern Bug ( in the north). In the Black Sea, due to its desalination by rivers, there are two masses, two layers of water, which weakly mix with each other. The mountain river The Main Black Sea Current is directed counterclockwise along the entire perimeter of the sea, forming two noticeable rings (“Knipovich glasses”, named after one of the hydrologists who described these currents). The climate of the Black Sea, due to its mid-continental position, is mainly continental. Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and South coast The Crimean mountains are protected from cold northern winds and therefore have a mild Mediterranean subtropical climate. The waters of the Black Sea are not subject to freezing. The water temperature does not drop below +8 °C The Black Sea is an important transportation area, as well as one of the largest resort regions in Eurasia. The largest port cities on the Black Sea: Novorossiysk, Sochi, Tuapse (Russia) Burgas, Varna (Bulgaria) Batum, Poti (Georgia) Sukhum (Abkhazia / Georgia) Constanta (Romania) Samsun, Trabzon (Turkey) Odessa, Evpatoria, Ilyichevsk , Yuzhny, Kerch, Sevastopol, Yalta (Ukraine) A characteristic feature of the Black Sea is the complete absence of life at depths of more than 150-200 m due to the saturation of the deep layers of water with hydrogen sulfide. Dense thickets of brown algae cystoseira begin right from the water's edge. Red algae Laurencia Red algae Callitamnion corymbose Enteromorpha Flora of the sea includes 270 species of multicellular green, brown, red bottom algae Ceramium ciliary Algae Ulva Brown algae Scytosiphon Cladostephus and corallina 160 species of vertebrates - fish and mammals, 500 species of crustaceans, 200 species of mollusks, the rest - invertebrates of various species). Bottlenose dolphin Marble crab Glossa plaice Palemon shrimp cold water the presence of hydrogen sulfide at great depths. Dolphins are the only whales that are found in the Black Sea Amphipod crustaceans Spirorbis Greenfinch Rulena Barnacle - sphinx Troeper Mullet golden mullet Black Sea seahorse Stone crab Black Sea shells mollusks of solid soils of the Black Sea Dangerous animals of the Black Sea dragon The history of the Black Sea shows that man is much more dangerous for the sea and its inhabitants than they are for him. Children often ask - do crabs bite? They do not bite, but pinch - not with teeth, which they do not have, but with pincers. And only when we ourselves try to grab them. Large marble crab or stone crab can pinch your finger very painfully; if he nevertheless grabbed you, do not pull him - you will tear off the claw. Crabs release their legs and claws, just like lizards release their tail. Better to just leave him alone, he will unhook himself. Every year in all countries of the Black Sea region the International Black Sea Day is celebrated. MATERIALS FROM THE INTERNET WERE USED IN THE PRESENTATION crimea-map.ru / http://foto.mail.ru / http://aboutvarna.ru/ http://www.rybalka.com/forum/ http://moemore.ru/pictures/
Black Sea
Presentation of a student of 9 "A" class MOU secondary school No. 18 Alena Gnuskina
The Black Sea is an inland sea of the Atlantic Ocean basin. The Bosporus connects with the Sea of Marmara, then, through the Dardanelles - with the Aegean and Mediterranean Seas. The Kerch Strait connects with the Sea of Azov. The water boundary between Europe and Asia Minor runs along the surface of the Black Sea. There are few islands in the Black Sea. The largest island is Dzharylgach, its area is 62 km². The highest point is 2 m. The rest of the islands are much smaller, the largest are Berezan and Serpentine (both with an area of less than 1 km²).The shores of the Black Sea are scarcely indented and,
mostly in the northern part.
The only large peninsula is the Crimean.
The following major rivers flow into the Black Sea: Danube, Dnieper, Dniester, as well as smaller Mzymta, Psou, swell, Rioni, Kodori(Kodor), Enguri(in the east of the sea), Chorokh, Kyzyl-Irmak, Ashley-Irmak, Sakarya(on South), Southern Bug(in the north).
In the Black Sea, due to its desalination by rivers, there are two masses, two layers of water, which weakly mix with each other.
mountain river
The main Black Sea Current is directed counterclockwise along the entire perimeter of the sea, forming two noticeable rings (“Knipovich glasses”,
named after one of the hydrologists who described these currents).
The climate of the Black Sea, due to its mid-continental position, is mainly continental.
Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and the southern coast of Crimea are protected by mountains from cold northern winds and, as a result, have a mild mediterranean subtropical climate.
The waters of the Black Sea are not subject to freezing.
The water temperature does not drop below +8 °C
The Black Sea is an important transportation area, as well as
one of the largest resorts
regions of Eurasia.
The largest port cities on the Black Sea:
Novorossiysk, Sochi, Tuapse (Russia)
Burgas, Varna (Bulgaria)
Batum, Poti (Georgia)
Sukhum (Abkhazia / Georgia)
Constanta (Romania)
Samsun, Trabzon (Turkey)
Odessa, Evpatoria, Ilyichevsk, Yuzhny, Kerch, Sevastopol, Yalta (Ukraine)
A characteristic feature of the Black Sea is the complete absence of life.
at depths over 150-200 m due to the saturation of deep water layers with hydrogen sulfide
The flora of the sea includes 270 species of multicellular green,
brown, red bottom algae
Directly from the water's edge, dense thickets of brown algae cystoseira begin.
Cladostephus and corallina
Seaweed Ulva
Enteromorpha
Brown algae scytosiphon
Red algae callitamnion corymbose
Red seaweed Laurencia
Ceramium ciliated
2.5 thousand species of animals live in the Black Sea
(of which 500 species unicellular, 160 kinds vertebrates- fish and mammals, 500 species crustaceans, 200 kinds shellfish, the rest - invertebrates different types).
Among the main reasons for the relative poverty of the animal world of the sea:
- wide range of water salinity
- moderately cold water
- the presence of hydrogen sulfide at great depths.
flounder-glossa
bottlenose dolphin
Palemon shrimp
marble crab
Dolphins are the only whales found in the Black Sea
Greenfinch
Black Sea seahorse
stone crab
mullet singil
Sea dog - sphinx
spirorbis
amphipods
Black Sea shells - molluscs of solid soils of the Black Sea
Stingray - stingray
sea dragon
Scorpion conspicuous
aurelia jellyfish
Medusa Cornerot
Black Sea scorpionfish
dangerous animals
Black Sea
History of the Black Sea
shows that the person
much more dangerous for the sea and its
inhabitants than they are for him.
Children often ask - do crabs bite? They do not bite, but pinch - not with teeth, which they do not have, but with pincers. And only when we ourselves try to grab them. Large marble crab or stone crab can pinch your finger very painfully; if he nevertheless grabbed you, do not pull him - you will tear off the claw. Crabs release their legs and claws, just like lizards release their tail. Better to just leave him alone, he will unhook himself.
Annually October 31 all countries of the Black Sea region celebrate the International Day of the Black Sea.
The presentation used materials from the Internet
- http://fotki.yandex.ru/
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
- http://blacksea-education.ru/
- http://crimea-map.ru /
- http://foto.mail.ru/
- http://aboutvarna.ru/
- http://www.rybalka.com/forum/
- http://moemore.ru/pictures/
