The most important tactical task of an attack in handball is to overcome the middle field as quickly as possible and transfer the game to the opponent's defense field. At the gate, the opponents' ability to defend is sharply limited: after all, there can be no more than six defense players here.
Going on the offensive is most convenient when repelling an enemy attack, at a time when the defenders manage to suddenly grab the ball from the opponents. This should be the beginning of the counteroffensive. Developing it, it is necessary to achieve numerical superiority at the opponent's goal, destroy his defense and make a throw at the goal from a convenient position.

Five or six players are directly involved in the attack: four attackers and one or two midfield players. When attacked by five players, the defenders are alternately connected to the attack of the goal. The rest of the players support the attackers by advancing to the opponent's defense field. If the attack is carried out by six players, midfielders and defenders are connected to it.

Such an organization of the offensive is associated with some risk, but this risk is minimized if all the players on the team are versatile and able to switch flexibly from attack to defense.

When making a breakthrough, the ball must first be passed to the players who support the attack, and then without delay to the players heading to the first line, in the direction where the attack develops more successfully. In the final stage of the attack, the ball is passed to the player who is free in front of the goal. This player makes the final throw.

For passage to the gate, it is advisable to use the so-called corridor (p and p. I). This corridor is formed by the tactical movements of the attackers, dragging the opponents with them. Five attackers move forward. During the attack, players 8 and 9 move to the right, players 7, 10 and 11 move to the left half of the goal area, with a triple exchange of places. A gap is formed between players 9 and 10 - the same corridor into which player 5 passes. Having received the ball, this player can successfully attack the goal.

Organizing a breakthrough (after the transition from defense to attack), it is necessary, without wasting time, to pass the ball more often, without abusing it. Any delay of the ball is in the hands of the opponents. The players of the team that lost the ball have time to return to the rear and eliminate the threat to the goal.

How to act when approaching the enemy's goal, if he has a numerical superiority in this part of the field? Big effect gives cross movement of players on the flank. On fig. 2. shows how it's done. Player 10 moves forward-left. At this time, player 11 moves quickly along the left edge, and then changes direction and rushes sharply towards the center of the goal area. Having received the 7th ball from the player, he throws it into the goal.

In order to prevent opponents from counteracting the attacker (or at least limit their capabilities), attacking teams often use so-called barriers. There are several options for such barriers. Let's talk about two typical options.
First option. Players 10 and 11 run level in the direction of the opponent's goal (p and p. 3). As they run, they pass the ball to each other. Then attacker 10 heads towards the defender 3 covering him, and player 11 pins down his "guard" 2. Player 11 covers close, and his partner 10 - from afar. Two meters from his "guard *" attacker 10 makes a distracting movement to the right. Player 11 also moves in this direction, bumping into defender 3 and dragging defender 2 along with him. Player 10 immediately rushes to the left, receives the ball from partner 11 and without much interference enters a convenient position for a shot on goal.Both defenders at this moment find themselves blocked by player 11 .
Second option. The attack proceeds in the same way as in the first variant, with the only difference that player 10 receives the ball at the moment when he, being against his opponent 3, makes a distracting movement. In this case, the barrier is used by player 11, and attacker 10 runs behind him and freely enters the position for a shot on goal.

A few words about the tactical features of an offensive against an organized defense.
If the players of the defending team managed to return to their goal in time and the breakthrough failed, the attackers have to fight against the organized defense. In this case, the team should try to create an advantageous position for one of the attackers to shoot at the goal with friendly tactical actions.
For better coordination of actions against organized defense, three attack systems are most often used: 4 + 2, 5 + 1 and 4 + 1.
Characteristic of these three systems is the location of the attacking players in a wide front covering the entire field adjacent to the penalty area.

Attacking in a 4 + 2 system, four players (p and p. 4) are closer to the goal area, and their two partners are somewhat behind. The active actions of the four players of the first line, who are supported by the players of the second line, must destroy the defense of the enemy. At the same time, the sudden exit of the players of the second line forward, to the gate, for the final attack throw is not ruled out.
This system of attack is used most often when the enemy uses personal defense or when the opponent's players are able to quickly switch from defense to offense.

5 + 1 attack system shown in figure 5. Five players (forwards and midfielder) are in the first line - at the goal area, and one - a little further. First line players are actively involved in the attack. They are supported by the second line player. He plays the role of a kind of liaison between the left or right flank of the attack, and at the right moment he suddenly comes forward for the final shot on goal. His partner - one of the players in the first line - immediately retreats back to the defense. When the ball is lost, the player of the second line immediately retreats to protect his goal.

This the attacking system is used in the fight against the zone defense, as well as if the opponents do not have superiority in running speed.
Other tactical actions are also suitable for destroying the enemy's defense and completing the attack. They are very varied. Here and the exits of the attackers from under the guardianship of the enemy to a free place, and the exchange of places with partners, and exits into the corridors, throws from closed positions, barriers and much more.

Any tactic is good as long as it is applied rationally.- at the most favorable moment, with a sober consideration of the current game situation. Take, for example, such a tactic as the exchange of places. As a rule, players should strictly adhere to their places in the attack, not to be placed close to each other, to clear the way for a partner moving towards the goal. But when in the course of the game it becomes profitable for the team to exchange places, it is best to change places to neighboring players or through one.

It is highly expedient to combine the exchange of places with the use of barriers. How it's done? The player, while dribbling, draws the guarding opponent to him (p and p. 6). By his actions, he creates the impression that he is attacking the gate, thereby dragging his “watchman *” with him. Then he suddenly uses a fence against another defender guarding a partner and passes the ball to the latter. The player released from custody goes to the gate and makes the final throw.

If the players in the first line of attack have not been able to break through the defense and succeed, then they should try to bring in the players of the second line in the attack. To do this, they form a corridor into which their partner from the second line suddenly enters and makes a throw at the goal (p and p. 7).

You can also create an advantageous position for one of the attackers for the final shot at the goal with such a tactic as a stroke. However, breaking through with a defender's dribble is most effectively done in close cooperation with all the players on the team. For example, one of the attackers circles the opponent. As soon as this attacker gets under close supervision, he will immediately pass the ball to a free partner, who, in turn, will start a rapid advance.

Often during the attack, players throw the ball into the goal from closed positions. This is most often practiced when the opponent switches to zone defense. Shots from closed positions can encourage opponents to move forward from the goal area, and this creates favorable conditions for a breakthrough from the flanks.

About the so-called free throw at the gate. To direct the ball into the goal directly from a free throw should be in the event that the opponent did not have time put up a wall or when there are gaps in it. In all other cases, it is more expedient to use a combined attack. How it's done? Two attackers are located at the line of free throws in three or four meters from each other. One of them has a ball. The third player takes a position between these two attackers, at a distance of one to two meters from the free throw line. The remaining partners are on the left and right along the goal area (six meters from it).

This arrangement allows you to carry out various options for attacking the gate. For example, player 5 passes the ball to partner 10 and moves forward together with attacker 7. Both of them use a fence against the opponents who have formed a "wall" (p and p. 8), in order to prevent them from approaching player 10, who runs the ball into the goal.

Another attack option with the same arrangement. Player 8 passes the ball to striker b and, together with partner 9, moves forward to the goal area line. Here both players take up positions to the left and right of the defenders who form the "wall*" (p and p. 9). At the same time, player 6 moves towards the goal with the ball and, imitating a throw, diverts the attention of the defender. After that, he passes the ball to partner 8 for the final throw.
Third option. Forward 10 passes the ball to partner 7 and, together with player 5, moves forward towards the defenders who have formed a “wall” (p and p. 10). Player 7 with the ball rushes to the goal diagonally to the right. At this point, attacker 9 crosses, receives the ball, moves towards the goal and completes the attack with a throw.

These are some of the tactical features of an attack in handball. Of course, we must not forget that the tactical armament of handball teams is directly dependent on the level of technical and general physical fitness players. Team members are able to successfully carry out this or that tactical combination, if it is within their power. It may be difficult to prepare all the players of the team so that they have the same high technical and physical qualities. However, it is simply necessary to have two or three players in teams who have high speed (running, say, 100 m in 11.0-11.2), as well as throwing the ball well into the goal with their left hand and owning strong throws from 20-25 meters.
Associate Professor E. IVAKHIN, Honored Master of Sports

Leonenko E.V.,

student of the 4th year of the EE “GGU im. F. Skorina”, Gomel, Republic of Belarus

Scientific adviser - Madzharov A.P., lecturer

The tactical skill of a defense player is not only a high-quality tactical and technical execution of actions. The defender's individual tactical skill is valued, first of all, based on the general tasks of tactics, on the expediency of one or another of his actions at certain moments of the game or in predetermined standard situations. In other words, the assessment of tactical skill takes into account the level of development of the game thinking of defenders.

It is very important that handball players and their coach consider each tactical action of a defender, the formation of a certain skill, not as something standard, but with a wide measure of selectivity, variability. It is this approach that makes it possible to form a deeply creative attitude of a defender to his game activity, creates reliable prerequisites for a highly developed game thinking. Even in one series of multiple repetitions of an exercise, it is necessary to change the conditions more often, each time to require the athlete to take these changes into account (i.e., treat what is happening consciously). Such an attitude of the defender to the preparation process, to the improvement of tactical skills will contribute to its faster and better growth, will help to extract the maximum benefit from the recommended exercise.

Training in individual tactical actions begins with the study of defensive techniques. Moreover, when explaining Special attention one must pay attention to the choice of place relative to the attacker, the moment the action begins. Training should always take place in single combat with an attacker who is given certain tasks.

For example, when teaching the use of blocking, two main tasks must be solved: 1) determine the direction of the ball's flight and 2) determine the options for blocking (moving or stationary).

To solve the first problem, it is necessary to select exercises in which the defender must respond to throws different ways(blocking from above, from the side at different levels), from different distances to the defender, using different swings. First, the choice of the direction of flight is limited to a certain task for the attacker, and then the defender has to apply the blocking of the ball after arbitrary throws by the attacker.

To solve the second task, the defender must acquire some knowledge about the enemy, show observation and ingenuity. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the individual characteristics of the defender himself. For the application of mobile blocking, i.e. straightening his arms after the direction of the ball is determined, the defender must have extraordinary speed and reaction. To apply fixed blocking, i.e. blocking some space (usually from above) before determining the direction of the ball flight, the defender does not have to be very fast, but he is required to know what space to block from this or that attacker, and a certain teamwork with the goalkeeper.

Training in group tactical actions of defense begins together with the study of group actions of attack. All training is based on countering attackers. Each group tactical action forces the defenders to use a specific counter. To learn, for example, switching, attackers can perform screening, cross external interaction; for safety net, parallel actions are needed; for slippage - personal guardianship, etc. Begin training with the joint action of two players, and then three or more.

Teaching team actions begins with familiarization with the arrangement of players on the court and the main tasks of players of various roles in various defense systems. The improvement of team defensive actions must be carried out in accordance with the rules that are acceptable for all types and methods of defense: creating a numerical advantage, crossing the pass and the rule of countermovement. The teamwork of defense, its aggressiveness will depend on how competently handball players will be able to comply with these rules in a specific fight with the enemy. Guided by them, it is possible to evaluate the correctness of the defender's actions in a given situation, analyzing the choice of position by him. This facilitates the task of correcting errors, identifying weaknesses in the defense.

Improving game thinking is a long and complex process. Its origins are fundamental work to achieve a high level of development of general and special physical qualities of a handball player, reliable mastery of a complex of various tactical actions, development and improvement of technical skills as the basis of game tactical thinking.

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on the topic: "Handball: the basics of technology, tactics, teaching methods"

1 . Briefinformation aboutbthe history of the emergence and development of the game

The emergence of the game of handball has a rich historical past. Even in ancient times, there were ball games in which elements of modern handball were present, but the date of birth of the game, registered in the international sports classification, is considered to be 1898. The creator of the game is the teacher of the female gymnasium of the Danish city of Ordrup Holger Nielsen.

He also developed and published in 1906 the first rules of the game. Initially, the game had several varieties according to the number of players, namely 7: 7; 11:11, the rules differed accordingly. Hence another, now obsolete, its name - "handball".

The International Amateur Handball Federation (IAHF) was founded in 1928. Initially, it united the national federations of 11 countries, and after 2 years it included 20. The first official international handball rules were approved at the congress of the federation in 1930. During the Second World War, the IAHF broke up. However, immediately after its completion in 1946, the International Handball Federation (IHF) was created by the efforts of eight national federations, which still functions to this day. Now its members are more than 150 countries from all five continents. The IHF has four commissions: promotion of the game, refereeing, competitions and coaching. handball rule tactical training

In December 1991, the EHF, the European Handball Federation, was created, through whose efforts the European Championships have been held since 1994. The first champions of the continent were the national teams of Sweden (men) and Denmark (women). The same teams are the current European champions, having won this title again in 2002.

The Olympic debut of handball took place in 1936 at the XI Games in Berlin. Here, for the first and only time in the program of the Olympics, handball 11: 11 was presented. Only men's teams competed, and the first Olympic champion in handball was the German team (Table 1)

Tab. 1 Olympic handball tournament winners

Olympics	Holding	Winning team
		Germany Berlin	Germany
		Germany, Munich	Yugoslavia
		Canada, Montreal
		USSR, Moscow
		USA, Los Angeles	Yugoslavia	Yugoslavia
		South Korea, Seoul		South Korea
		Spain, Barcelona		South Korea
		USA, Atlanta	Croatia
		Australia, Sydney

Like most sports games, handball was brought to Russia from abroad by a gymnastics teacher of the Sokol society in 1909. However, he did not receive due popularity. In 1922, a second, more successful attempt was made to introduce handball into the system of physical education in Russia. It was a variant of the game 11:11. The first matches were held in Moscow at the experimental site of Vsevobuch. And already in 1928, handball was included in the program of the 1st All-Union Spartakiad. This year was adopted by the Russian Handball Union as the official date of birth of Russian handball.

From the mid-30s to the early 50s, handball in the USSR was again almost completely forgotten. Only in 1954, the organizational meeting of the All-Union section of handball players took place in Moscow. And only in 1956 the first championships of Russia and the USSR in handball 11:11 were held.

In 1957, the All-Union Handball Section, which included Russia, was admitted to the IHF. Two years later, in 1959, it was renamed the All-Union Handball Federation. In connection with the collapse of the USSR in 1990, the Union of Handball Players of Russia (SGR) was formed.

In the period from 1959 to 1961, competitions were held in the country both in 11: 11 handball and 7: 7 handball. Only since 1962, by the decision of the Presidium of the All-Union Federation, all official competitions have been held in 7: 7 handball.

Until 1992, the Russian handball championships were held without the club teams of Moscow and St. Petersburg. During this period, more than 20 times, handball players from Krasnodar became the champions of Russia, and the Rostselmash team occupied the leading position among women.

Since 1992, all teams of the republic have taken part in the Russian handball championships. The first winners of the combined championship were the handball players of the St. Petersburg "Neva", and among women the handball players of the Volgograd "Rotor" became the champions.

At present, the national teams of Russia are among the strongest in the world, being winners and prize-winners of many major international competitions. And Russian club teams quite successfully participate in European cup tournaments.

Rostov handball club "Rostselmash", founded in 1965, is the oldest and most titled in Russia. The handball players of "Rostselmash" became champions of the USSR in 1990-1991, silver medalists in 1979-1982, 1989, bronze medalists in 1976, 1988, participants in the finals of European cup tournaments, champions of Russia - 9 times. In the championships of the renewed Russia, Rostselmash became the champion once, twice silver and three times bronze medalist.

From 1992 to 2001, on the basis of the Rostov JSC "Vodokanal", the men's and women's handball teams "Istochnik" were created, which, in a short period of training, took leading positions in Russian handball. Handball players became champions of Russia in 1996, and in 1997 won the Cup Winners' Cup European countries. But in 2002, it was decided to merge the two teams into one, which was called Rostov-Don. The new team is the bronze medalist of the Russian Championship 2002-2004. Among the pupils of the Rostov handball there are 9 ZMS, 23 MSMK and 73 MS of the USSR and Russia. The team achieved the most significant success under the guidance of the honored coaches of the USSR and the RSFSR Leomark Nevyadomskov, Alexander Panov and Igor Yeskov.

1.1 Game Feature

Handball is a team sport game. It belongs to contact sports. This means that the athletes on the court constantly engage in martial arts, in close contact and exert not only mental, but also physical pressure on each other. All players of the team are united by a common goal: to throw as many balls into the opposing team's goal and not let them into their own. To achieve this success, coordinated actions of all team players who are subordinated to the implementation of a common task are necessary. The actions of each player have a clear specific focus, according to which handball players are distinguished by the functions they perform during the game: field players (central, welterweight, extreme, line) and goalkeeper.

Each of the players performs a different job and carries a different specific load. The motor activity of each player is not just the sum of individual defense and attack techniques, but is a set of actions that are united by a common goal into a single dynamic system. The success of motor activity depends on the persistence and variability of skills, the level of development of motor capabilities and the intelligence of each player. Modern handball is an athletic game both in defense and attack, which places high demands on the functionality of the players. Success is achieved by the team whose players are able to control their actions well, take into account the location of partners, rivals, and not let the ball out of sight all the time. Based on the current game situation, make a timely decision to complete the required task.

During the game, a handball player needs to pay great attention to the ability to stop abruptly, change the direction of running, use a variety of jumps, accurately pass and throw the ball into the goal, giving it the necessary speed and direction depending on the game situation. Handball is characterized by various and unexpected ball passes from different positions for the opponent: with one or two hands, from above, from the side. Taking part in the game, an athlete, in order to reach the gates of the opposing team, each time overcomes a distance of up to 30m, and in order to get ahead of the players of the opposing team, it is necessary not only to run fast, but also to combine running with the performance of such techniques as passing, dribbling and throwing the ball. To throw the ball into the goal, you must have a certain strength training, which develops in the process of both the game itself and the exercises performed in training and training sessions.

During the match, a field player overcomes a distance of 6000 meters using various methods of movement and different, including with maximum speed; makes about 30 jumps; engages in active combat with opponent players at least 40 times.

The intensity of the playing activity of handball players is constantly changing. The main zone of heart rate fluctuation is 156-162 beats/min. Pulse sum for 60 minutes. the game reaches 10,000 strokes, energy consumption is 1200 kcal; and weight loss is 2-4 kg.

The motor activity of a handball goalkeeper has significant features. The main components of his game are moving, lunging, swinging arms and legs, passing the ball. Active phases The goalkeeper's activities last as long as the ball is in possession of the opponent. After a missed or reflected shot, the goalkeeper passes the ball to his teammates and a relatively passive phase of his game begins. The alternation of phases in the game of the goalkeeper occurs mainly every 10-50 s. The heart rate of a handball goalkeeper during a match ranges from 120 to 175 bpm. The total amount of heart beats per game reaches 8000-9000 beats.

1.2 Basic rules of the game

Rice. 1. Playground

1. A playground (Fig. 1) of a rectangular shape, 40 meters long and 20 meters wide. consists of a playing area and two goalkeeper's areas. The longitudinal lines of the site are called side lines, and the transverse lines are called front lines.

2. The goal (Fig. 2) is in the center of the end line. They must be firmly attached to the site, and have internal dimensions: height 2m. width 3m. the goal must have a net that is suspended in such a way that the ball thrown into the goal cannot immediately jump out of it.

3. The goalkeeper's area is located as follows: in front of the goal at a distance of 6m. parallel to the goal line, a line 3m long is drawn, to which two quarters of a circle with a radius of 6m adjoin on both sides, drawn from the inner edge of the goalposts. The line that defines the goalkeeper's area is called the goalkeeper's area line.

4. The free-throw line - the nine-meter line - is at a distance of 3m. parallel to the line of the goalkeeper's area.

5. The 7m free throw line is a 1m long mark drawn at a distance of 7m. from the rear border of the goal line, in front of their center (middle), parallel to the end line.

6. At a distance of 4m. from the rear border of the goal line, in front of their center, there is a restriction line when breaking through a free throw, 15 cm long, parallel to the front line.

7. The middle line of the field connects the middle of the side lines.

8. At a distance of 4.5m. from the middle line on both sides of it, there are two lines 15 cm long. (perpendicular to the touchline) directed towards the inside of the playing court. They limit the replacement lines.

9. The circumference of a women's handball is 54-56 cm, men's 58-60 cm.

The task of each team is to throw as many balls as possible to the opponent and not concede into their own net. The total composition of the team at the competition is 12-14 people. The team that is directly involved in the game includes a goalkeeper and six field players, who alternately are either forwards or defenders.

You must participate in competitions in the form prescribed by the rules. Field players must wear sports shoes, jerseys with numbers on the back and on the chest, and shorts with numbers. The goalkeeper may play in both short and long pants. Only the goalkeeper's jersey must necessarily differ in color from the form of field players. Each player needs to get his game number.

The referee must have his own uniform, different from the clothes of the players. He must have a whistle and a stopwatch to control the time of the game, a yellow and a red card to warn and penalize the players, to record these penalties and the number of goals scored. The duties of a judge are varied. He gives a signal with a whistle to start and end the game, to score a goal and fixes a violation of the rules of the game.

In handball, there are three clear rules that largely determine the course of the game and that you need to learn right away.

The first is the three second rule. Without performing any action, the player has the right to hold the ball in his hands for no more than 3 seconds.

The second is the rule of three steps. With the ball in hand, you can take no more than 3 steps.

The third is the rule of three meters. If a player puts the ball into play, players of the opposing team must be at least 3 meters away from him.

During the game, you can throw, catch, hit, push, stop the ball in any way, touching it with any part of the body, excluding the legs below the knee. It is allowed to play the ball while kneeling, sitting or lying down.

After catching, taking no more than three steps with the ball in your hands, you can hit it on the ground, then dribble the ball with one hand or alternately with one or the other hand, but as soon as the ball is caught, after 3 steps or after 3 seconds it must be passed partner or throw at the opponent's goal. Passing or throwing can also be done after the first and second step.

A step is considered taken if the leg is lifted from the support and placed again. If more than three steps are taken with the ball in hand, then there will be a run, for which the ball is passed to the opponents. After dribbling and catching, you cannot dribble again. Such a violation is called a double dribble and is also punished with a free throw by the opponent.

You cannot dribble with both hands at the same time, hit the ball with your fist, pass the ball from hand to hand, perform a second dribble, fall on the ball. You can not lean on the player, pushing him to another place to create an advantageous position for himself even after returning the ball, and, moreover, from acceleration to run into the player or jump on him.

Only the goalkeeper is allowed in the goal area to stop the ball with his feet, but on condition that the ball goes into the goal. Handball is played with the hands, and if you touch the ball with your foot, the referee will take the ball away and give it to the opposing team. And in case of deliberate kicking, the judge will remove from the site for unsportsmanlike behavior.

Field players must not step on the line of the goalkeeper's area, enter this area, touch any part of the body when the ball is in hand. You cannot throw the ball into your goalkeeper's area. In this case, if the ball goes into the goal and is stopped by the goalkeeper, the referee will award a free throw. The ball must not be picked up if it lies motionless or rolls across the goalkeeper's area.

The main goal of the game is the ball (goal) thrown into the goal. It is counted if the ball completely crosses the goal line.

The defender can take or intercept the ball if the opponent does not firmly own it (leads, passes the ball, etc.). It is allowed to stand in the way of the enemy's movement, to block him with the body. In the fight for the ball, it is forbidden to snatch and knock the ball from the opponent when he firmly holds it with one or two hands.

It is forbidden to hold the opponent, wrap around, push or endanger in any other way. For example, puts a tripod. You can not push in the back, hold the attacker by the jersey and underpants, go into the area of ​​​​your goalkeeper in order to protect the gate. Well, the capture of the opponent's hand during a shot on goal is penalized with a seven-meter throw.

No field player is allowed to enter the goalkeeper's area. The owner of the square is the goalkeeper, whose task is not to let the ball into his own net. The goalkeeper can, in his area, hit the balls flying into the goal with his hands, feet, knees, even with his head. If the ball is stopped by the goalkeeper or goes over the goal line after a throw by an attacker, the goalkeeper must pass the ball to his players from anywhere in his area.

The goalkeeper without the ball may leave his area and become an additional field player, and all general rules of the game apply to him. But if a field player - a defender, being in the goalkeeper's area, simply intercepts the ball going into the goal, then he will immediately be punished with a free throw.

The goalkeeper is forbidden to leave his area with the ball, touch the ball, which is behind the line of his area. For this violation, the referee will penalize him with a free throw. And of course, the ball, which is in the field, cannot be brought into its own area. This violation is punished with a free throw.

The goalkeeper can also directly from his area, holding the ball after throwing the attacker, throw it into the opponent's goal. If it hits, the goal is scored.

In total, there are three types of punishment for breaking the rules in handball: free throw, free throw and removal from the field of the player. For minor infractions, regardless of the place of their commission, a free throw is assigned, which is carried out without the whistle of the referee. To do this, the player with the ball stands at the place of the violation and, without taking one foot off the floor, passes the ball to a partner or throws it directly into the goal. If the time of the game is over and a free throw is awarded, it is taken on the whistle. Defenders also stand no closer than 3 meters from the ball carrier and can all put up a wall, since the ball carrier can only shoot at the goal in this case.

If a player grossly violated the rules at the moment when the attacker had real opportunity score a goal, the referee awards a free throw towards the gate of the offender. In many cases, when a rule is broken and rudeness is shown, a double penalty can be applied: sending off a player and awarding a free throw. Here everything is decided by the judge, who determines the degree of guilt of the violator.

The heaviest penalty in handball is the free throw, which is taken one-on-one with an undefended goalkeeper. It can be performed by any player on the team, including the goalkeeper. You need to put your foot to the free-throw line and, without taking your foot off the site, after the referee's whistle, make a throw within three seconds. During the throw, the players of both teams must be behind the free-throw line, no closer than 3 m from the player with the ball.

For violation of the rules of the game, the offender may first be warned by showing a yellow card. For a gross violation - removed from the site for 2 minutes, and the team will play in the minority. If a player was sent off twice in one game for 2 minutes, then the third time he will be disqualified with the loss of the right to enter the court after serving his sentence.

For exceptional rudeness, the referee may disqualify the handball player until the end of the game, but after a 2-minute penalty, another may enter the game instead, and if the referee evaluates the player’s behavior as unsportsmanlike, he will send him from the site without the right to replace.

If the ball goes over the touchline, a throw is awarded from behind the touchline. You need to put your foot on the side line in the place where the ball went beyond the court and, without taking off the supporting leg, pass the ball to any partner.

To conduct active defense, closely guarding the players and not making mistakes, is a difficult matter. The rules prescribe severe punishment for rude people. Introduced the effect of a red card without warning if the violation goes beyond what is permitted. The new paragraphs of the rules provide for an increase in the pace of the game by quickly putting the ball into play after a goal is scored. The time of the match stops only when a free kick is awarded, when a player is injured, when a player is removed from the field. The coach may take two minute breaks per game to talk with the players, one in each half. This increased the duration of the match, but highlighted the net time of the game.

A significant influence on the development of the game is provided by inventory and ground surfaces. The high quality of modern court surfaces, the small size of the ball made it possible to master various methods of throwing and passing, which, in turn, enriched tactics.

2. Playing technique

The competitive activity of handball players implies the possession of a whole system of motor actions (techniques) that ensure the achievement of both private, momentary game goals and the overall sports result. The term "technique" means a system of movements aimed at solving the same type of game problems. The main techniques of handball include: standing, moving, catching, passing, dribbling, knocking out, throwing the ball and blocking. All this totality is united by the concept of "game technique".

The variety of game situations in which this or that technique is used determines the existence of various ways of its implementation. Each of the methods is characterized, first of all, by a relatively stable basis of the motor structure - kinematic, dynamic, rhythmic, anatomical. The kinematic structure reveals the form of movements in space and time. Dynamic - clarifies which forces and how they act at the time of the execution of the technique. The rhythmic structure expresses the dimension of the elements of a technical technique in terms of efforts in time and space. Anatomical structure - determines the nature of the interaction of the muscles involved in the performance of the reception and the mode of their work.

The very concept of "technique for performing a technique" denotes the most rational structure of movements aimed at solving a specific game task.

The classification of handball techniques is their subordinate distribution into sections and groups based on certain principles. The latter include: the affiliation of the reception (competitive activity of a field player or goalkeeper) and its orientation (for attacking or defending the goal). The general scheme for classifying handball techniques can be represented as follows (Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Classification of handball techniques

2.1 Offensive technique of a fielder

Racks It is customary to consider a handball player as rational postures of the players. They serve as a kind of starting position for most of the game actions. From a significant variety of postures taken by athletes during the game, the stands of the attacker and the defender are distinguished.

The attacker's main stance is characterized by legs spaced apart at a distance of 30-40 cm and slightly bent at the knee joints. Moreover, one leg is put forward and its heel is located at the level of the toe behind the standing one. The body is slightly inclined forward. The arms are bent at the elbow joints, the hands are in front of you at the level of the abdomen, palms inward. Head straight. The weight of the body is evenly distributed on the front part of the feet of the forelegs.

Move. to move around the court, the handball player uses walking, running, jumping. With the help of these techniques, the player chooses a place to interact with partners, frees himself from the guardianship of defenders, moves from one half of the field to the other, and prepares for a throw.

walking handball players use the usual and side steps to change positions. In the game, you have to move with your face, back forward and sideways.

Run - main means of transportation. It is necessary to be able to run both on toes and on a full foot. To achieve maximum speed, you need to accelerate on your toes, and to create a stable position for receiving the ball in motion, you need to lower yourself to a full foot. Such a run is necessary both for making a turn in order to change the direction of movement, and for beating the enemy when he gets in the way (Fig. 4).

stop after running can be done by putting one foot forward to brake, or jump up and put both feet out. In both cases, you need to bend your legs to stop the forward movement of the whole body and allow yourself to continue running in any direction.

Rice. 4. Zigzag

jumping a handball player needs both for catching high and far flying balls, and when passing the ball, and when throwing it into the goal. You can push off with one or two legs, depending on the need.

2.2 Possession of the ball

Catching the ball. You can catch the ball with one or two hands. All actions in the game are possible only if you have firmly mastered the ball. Sometimes the efforts of the players of the whole team are wasted when the player did not catch the ball, and he went to the opponent because of this.

Rice. 5. Catching the ball when catching with two hands

Fishing with two hands a ball flying towards at an average level (on the chest) is performed as follows. You need to stretch your arms to the ball, do not strain your hands and slightly turn your palms down, fingers are freely spaced (Fig. 5). As soon as the ball approaches the required distance, the palms must be brought together, grasp the ball with your fingers and pull it to the chest, bending your arms.

When catching a high-flying ball and a ball that has bounced off the platform, the thumbs need to be brought closer together a little more than when catching a straight one. And when catching the ball, flying low and rolling around the court, turn your palms towards the ball so that the little fingers almost touch.

If the ball flies from the side, then you do not need to turn your whole body towards it. It is necessary to stretch your arms in the direction of the flying ball, without turning the pelvis, but only slightly turning the shoulders and head. This will help to maintain the pace of movement, a good view of the court and a quick transfer of the ball to the other side.

For all methods of fishing, observe the following:

2) stretch your arms towards the ball;

3) move towards the ball;

4) keep your hands and fingers relaxed until they touch the ball;

5) grab the ball with your fingers, not your palms;

6) after grabbing the ball, bend your arms to absorb the impact;

7) after catching the ball, be ready to cover it from a close opponent.

Passing the ball - this is the main technique that ensures the interaction of partners. To pass the ball, you need to swing and disperse the ball towards the partner.

Swing is the movement of the hand with the ball up back or sideways back for the subsequent acceleration of the ball forward. In this case, it is important that you hold the ball in one hand with a finger grip or without a grip. If you hold the ball, firmly grasping it with your fingers, you can swing it behind your head, behind your back, in front of you in any direction. And this will increase the choice of the direction of transmission and the duration of the swing.

The degree of rotation of the torso during the backswing depends on how much effort you need to send the ball. For a long distance - a significant turn of the body and the arm is almost straight at the end of the swing; to the nearest - you can do it without turning.

Handball players pass the ball mainly with one hand from a place and from a running start.

If the ball is passed from a place, then the opposite leg should be put forward (if right hand, then left leg) and the transfer will take place in a support on two legs (two support position). You can run up with the ball in your hands, but you are allowed to take no more than three steps. Depending on what steps were in the run-up, the transmission can be in a single-support and two-support position. Detailed description take-off methods are presented in the "Throw" section.

Sometimes the ball is passed in a jump. To do this, at the moment of repulsion, a swing is made, and when the player is in the air, a pass is made.

On the trajectory of the ball, the pass in any way can be straight, hinged and rebound. With a straight trajectory, the ball flies the shortest distance to the partner. The hinged trajectory of the ball can be given by directing it forward - up. For a correct bounce, the ball must be sent into the court so that it bounces at the level of the partner's belt, taking into account his speed of movement. It is best to aim for the ball to hit at a distance of about 1.5 meters from the partner's feet.

Dribbling - This is a technique that allows you to move with the ball around the court in any direction and for any distance. Leading is single-hit and multi-hit.

One hit dribble is performed as follows: after catching the ball, the player can take three steps with it in his hands, then sends it to the surface of the site. Having caught the ball bouncing off the court, the handball player can again take three steps before sending it to a partner or throwing it into the goal.

Multi-hit dribble performed somewhat differently. Having caught the ball, the player takes three steps, then sends it to the surface of the court, but does not catch it, but continues to perform successive pushes of the ball into the court with the fingers of one hand. The push must be done by quickly pressing the ball from above (Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. Multi-hit dribbling

To change the direction of movement, you need to change the place where the ball touches. To send the ball forward, you need to push the ball a little behind. To advance to the left, the fingers must touch the ball on the right, and so on. A player can perform as many such pushes as he likes, but, having caught the ball, he can take only three steps with it in his hands, then pass it to a partner or throw it into the goal.

With all methods of conducting, the following rules must be observed:

1) move on a full foot on slightly bent legs;

2) push the ball with your fingers;

3) do not enslave the hand when in contact with the ball;

4) make a push so that the ball bounces no higher than the waist;

5) control the ball with peripheral vision.

ball throw - This is a technique that allows you to throw the ball into the goal, to achieve the result of the game. All other techniques are necessary to create conditions for a throw. When studying each technique and especially the throw, it is important to consider it in phases. Moreover, the main attention must be concentrated first on the main phase of the movement, and only then on the details and variety of the preparatory phase.

It is customary to allocate throws in a support position, in a jump and in a fall. But in order to master any of the above movements, you need to understand how the ball accelerates.

When swinging, the handball player must take the arm back so that its main muscles are stretched and tense, which increases the traction of the muscles with the next movement of the arm forward. For this, the swing up and back is best suited. With the reverse movement of the hand forward, the ball accelerates.

The arm consists of several links: shoulder, forearm, hand. The sequence in which these links move forward determines the "strength" of the throw, or rather the speed with which the ball flies out of the hand. It is important that the shoulder is first in front (this means that the arm moves forward with the elbow), then the forearm, and at the end the hand. When the mass of the arm decreases (after all, the shoulder and forearm stop sequentially), the speed of movement of the hand with the ball increases many times over.

The ball leaves the arm when it is almost straight up over the head (top throw) or to the side of the body (side throw). The trajectory of the flight of the ball into the goal can be different. You can send the ball directly into the goal, or you can first into the court so that it hits the goal from the rebound.

The ball can be sent directly into the goal along four trajectories: a) hinged, b) descending, c) horizontal, d) ascending.

You can send the ball first into the area in front of the goal so that it bounces off it and flies into the goal. Depending on how it hits the floor, the rebound can be of three types: a) reflected, b) sliding, c) with rotation.

If you hit the ball hard into the court from top to bottom, you get a high rebound (as if reflected). In this case, you need to aim at the site at 1-1.5 meters from the goal line. If you, accelerating the ball from the side, release it at a level below the waist and send it to the court, then the ball will slip past the goalkeeper (sliding rebound). In this case, you need to aim as close to the bar as possible. It is possible to twist the ball at the end of acceleration by penetrating or supening the palm. Then the rebound will turn out with the rotation of the ball, that is, after the rebound it will change direction.

Throw in the pivot position. A throw in a support position in handball can be done from the spot, but more often it is still performed from a running start, which has several varieties and significantly affects the technique for performing this technique. A run is no more than three steps with the ball in hand.

The last step in the run can be normal and stopping.

Rice. 7. Shot with a running start with normal steps when accelerating the ball in a single-support position

In this regard, the throw is performed relying on one (Fig. 7) or both legs (Fig. 8).

Rice. 8. Shot with a run with a cross step with the acceleration of the ball in a two-point position

To throw the ball when overclocking occurs in single position, the run is carried out with normal steps. You need to start the run in three steps from the right foot. Step right, then left, holding the ball in two or one hand, then right again and at this moment you need to swing. With this take-off and swinging the ball back and dispersing the ball forward, it is carried out relying on one right leg. To increase the speed and accuracy of the throw at the end of the acceleration of the ball, you need to sharply bring your left foot forward, as if towards your right hand, in order to use the oncoming pair of forces. Gradually, you need to throw, after catching the ball, take a two-step run, and then just one step.

To shoot when the ball is running in two positions, thanks to the stopping last step in the run-up, you need to firmly lean with both feet on the surface of the site and, which is very important, slow down the forward movement of the body.

Three step run with cross second step starts with the left foot. Then, turning sideways to the direction of movement, step with the right and swing, and then quickly set the left foot and start accelerating the ball forward (Fig. 6). The first step should be done calmly, you can hold the ball in two hands. But the second and third very quickly one after another, almost together, not forgetting to swing. As soon as the left foot is in front and touches the ground (two support position), the ball starts to accelerate and the throw is completed.

When throwing with a stop last step, the following rules must be observed:

1. The movement of the legs in the run-up should be ahead of the movement of the shoulder girdle, it is necessary to slightly tilt the shoulders.

2. It is necessary to choose the optimal take-off speed, and not the maximum one, in order to have time to complete all the necessary preparatory movements to disperse the ball (put your feet firmly, swing wide).

3. It is necessary to observe the rhythm of the run: slow first step and fast second and third steps.

4. It is necessary to sharply and consistently slow down the movements of the legs, pelvis, torso, elbow. This will allow you to consistently transfer the amount of movement accumulated in the run-up from the lower to the upper parts of the body and to the hand with the ball.

5. It is necessary to complete the throw by straightening the left supporting leg when the left leg, torso and hand with the ball come close to the vertical.

Jump shot. The jump shot is used in cases where it is necessary to quickly get away from the guard, to exclude blocking by sending the ball over the hands of the defenders, to reduce the distance to the goal, to increase the angle of the throw in relation to the goal.

A handball player spends less time preparing a jump shot than a throw in a pivot position. The run-ups during this throw are the same, but they have a different task - to increase the height and length of the jump. In flight, you need to perform preparatory movements to maintain an upright position. Otherwise, the throw simply will not take place.

Putting the right foot on the platform, even before repulsion, you need to sharply raise the bent left forward - up (Fig. 9).

Rice. 9. Jump Shot Technique

Starting to accelerate the ball forward, the right fly leg should be lowered down - back, and the supporting left leg should be put forward in order to land on it. First, the efforts of the leg are developed in opposite directions (swing forward, pushing back), then the swing leg (falls down) and the supporting leg (puts forward), and, finally, the counter movement of the throwing arm and the supporting leg, which is put forward for landing. Counter forces are created, which balance the player in an unsupported position. The main thing is to ensure that the main acceleration of the ball falls on the period of completion of the movement with the legs.

Drop shot. This roll is used to instantly evade a defender who is in close proximity. Often the throw is performed without any run-up. Very important here is the fall itself before the player swings (Fig. 10).

Rice. 10. Drop throw technique with landing on hands

This is what the defense is about. After all, the fall can be performed while facing, sideways and even with your back to the gate.

The degree of tilt of the body during the fall before the swing depends entirely on the skill of the player. The swing must be done sharply, with a turn in the direction of the throwing hand, so that, bending over, increase the path of the ball's acceleration, it is better to see and beat the goalkeeper. Basically, the swing is performed up and back, and the ball is thrown from above.

The most important thing in this throw is the ability to land. It can be done in several ways.

1. Landing on hands. Having sent the ball in the right direction, the handball player falls first on the free hand, and then on the thrower. All the weight of the body falls on the hands. Some players, after landing on their hands, bend them, lower them along the body and slide along the platform on the chest. Some, on the contrary, do not bend their arms, but do a somersault - a roll over their shoulder.

2. Landing on the leg and hands. After pushing off, the supporting leg can be brought forward. After the ball is released, the landing first goes to the outside of the foot of the left foot, and then to the hands, which softens the blow with the hands.

3. Landing on the body. It is necessary when falling to the side, when you need to beat the defender. Pushing off with the foot of the same name, first the landing goes to the thigh, then to the side and, finally, to the back.

free throw. This throw is performed only from a place. In this case, one supporting leg must not be torn off before the ball is released. It is possible to perform a throw while remaining upright and followed by a fall.

From a stand with one foot in front or after a step back, you can perform a normal throw from a place, accelerating the ball in two support positions.

From a stand on one left leg, you need to swing with your right hand and at the same time swing your right leg forward, bent at the knee. Accelerating the ball, you need to balance yourself with a swing of your right foot down backwards.

From a stand on one or two feet, you can perform a drop throw, but make sure that the foot leaves the support after the ball is released.

2.3 Field player defense technique

Movement technique. Defending their goal by all permitted means, the defenders must move quickly around the court, suddenly changing pace and direction. To successfully perform the function of a defender, each player must master rack.

Rack needed with a large area of ​​​​support and on slightly bent legs, for quick movement in defense, and looks like this: the forearm of the same-named hand with the front leg is directed forward, the hand is unbent with the palm forward and down. The other hand is also bent at the elbow joint, set aside, the forearm is directed forward and upward, palm forward, fingers slightly apart. The hand is at the level of the head. Depending on the circumstances, fielders use left-handed (left foot forward) or right-handed stances.

Forwards in handball act assertively, go to the gate at high speed. Therefore, defenders have to constantly substitute their body instead of an obstacle. In handball, it is allowed to get in the way of any player, and even rest against him with his hands. Only in this case it is impossible to make an oncoming movement and repel the opponent.

Technique of countering and mastering the ball. blocking player - it is an obstruction to the path of the attacking player. You need to quickly approach him and stand in front of him so that he cannot go to the side. At the same time, you can come into contact with him with your chest, push him back, excluding the possibility of interacting with partners.

If the attacker is with the ball, then you must not only push him back, but also make sure that he does not pass the ball into a convenient position for another attacker. And for this, with your near hand, you must try to block the hand with the ball of the opponent. To do this, you can simply rest against it or against the shoulder, depriving the attacker of the opportunity to pass the ball and even more so to throw it into the goal.

In order for the player to not be able to go past to the side, the other hand can be placed on his chest, on the other shoulder, or simply kept tense to the side. If he moves past, then the exposed hand will be an obstacle. Just don't grab it with your hand. This is already a mistake.

ball blocking- This is an obstruction to the path of the ball. First of all, you need to determine the direction of the ball's flight. Next, you must immediately raise your hand or both hands and put a barrier out of them. It is important that the hands at the moment of contact with the ball are tense, it is necessary to make an oncoming movement with the hands. The hands must be especially tense to withstand the impact of the ball. Fingers must be closed to strengthen the barrier and not get injured.

kicking the ball - not an easy move. The task of the defender is not only to block the path of the ball, but it is equally important to take possession of it. If a player holds the ball in his hands, then it cannot be knocked out. But you can hit the ball when the attacker lowers it into the surface of the court while dribbling. Approaching the distance from which you can reach the ball bouncing off the court, the player must extend his hand and hit the ball with his fingers (Fig. 9). The bat can be played from the front, side or back and is done with an open hand while the ball is between the attacker's hand and the court. It is best to plan in advance where to send the ball. Naturally, where the partner is located.

2.4 Goalkeeper technique

Movement technique . Do not miss the ball into the goal and organize a counterattack - Here are the main tasks of the goalkeeper. His technique is unique, it has absorbed all the possible movements that he is able to use as an obstacle to the ball.

The main movements of the goalkeeper are smooth movements in the goal to select position, fast movements, jumping, jerking and lunging, speeding up, deceiving and holding the ball, swinging arms and legs, catching and passing the ball.

Rack . In the game of the goalkeeper, the stance takes on special significance. After all, protecting the gate, he has to react to a flying ball, having only a fraction of a second left. And for this, he needs to put his legs and arms to the flying ball very quickly. The stand ready helps. Meeting the ball at the center of the gate, the goalkeeper cannot afford to stand on a full foot. He needs to take a position on bent legs at an angle of 160-170 degrees, conveniently spaced 30-40 cm. The weight of the body should be evenly distributed on both legs, relying on the forefoot. Spread your arms slightly bent to the sides, turn your palms forward. This is the position of the goalkeeper when he is in the center of the goal and is preparing to repel the balls thrown from the central positions (Fig. 12).

To deflect balls thrown from extreme positions, you need to take a different stance. Here the goalkeeper, being at the corresponding direction of attack of the attacking bar, can stand on straight legs, the weight of the body is more on the leg closest to the bar, the arm closest to the bar must be raised up, slightly bent, the palm should be placed above the head, the far slightly bent arm should be taken to side (Fig. 13).

The goalkeeper in the field and in the goalkeeper's area moves in the same way as the players in the field. But at the gate his movements are special.

The goalkeeper needs to take such a position in the goal in order to block the spaces as much as possible. To do this, he needs to move with side steps from the bar to the bar along an imaginary arc, which in the center is 1 m away from the goal line.

Ball retention technique . Holding the ball - this is a technique that allows the goalkeeper to change the direction of the ball flying into the goal after the attacker throws.

You can hold the ball with one or two hands, even with one or two legs, with your torso. The ball flying at the level of the knees and below, and sometimes at the level of the waist, the goalkeeper holds with his feet, the upper and side - with his hands, the ball flying directly at the goalkeeper, with his shoulder, torso or both hands.

two feet you can stop the ball flying at your feet. To do this, you need to jump forward on straight legs along the surface of the site for a distance of up to 1 meter, close your feet, put them under the ball and tell it the opposite direction of movement.

Rice. 14. Sweeping the ball

One foot The ball can be held in several ways. If the ball flies at knee level, then a swing or lunge hold should be applied. If he flies very low and close to the bar, then it is quite reasonable to hold him in the split.

holding back the ball stroke, The goalkeeper starts the movement by abducting the hip, the lower leg is slightly behind. Simultaneously pushes off with the other leg in the same direction. It is necessary to calculate the force of the push in such a way that the ball can be received by the inside of the foot, while maintaining the vertical position of the torso. It is better if one or two hands will insure the rebound of the ball from the foot (Fig. 14).

Holding the ball in a lunge produced quite often. To do this, you need to quickly place your foot, blocking the path of the ball, so that the lower leg is almost perpendicular to the surface of the site (Fig. 15). Turn the foot perpendicular to the direction of the ball flight. Take the ball on any part of the foot or lower leg. Depending on the width of the lunge, keep the torso vertical or oblique towards the lunge.

Application twine allows you to stop balls flying into the lower corners of the goal. It is necessary to reflect the ball with an outstretched leg, any part of it. Using a good stretch, you can do a full split, if there is not enough flexibility, you can hold the ball in a "half split" based on one knee (fig. 16).

Rice. 16. Holding the ball in the split

two hands holding the ball can be done by placing hands above and below. Taking the ball at the top, the goalkeeper blocks the ball's path with closed brushes with palms turned forward, and from below the ball is taken on any part of the arms, tensely straightened down.

With one hand the ball can be held from above, from below, from the side, depending on the position of the hand at the time of meeting with the ball. The reception is performed on the spot or with movement, most often with a jump in the direction of the ball's flight. Pushing off with the foot farthest from the ball, the near one swings in the direction of movement, which contributes to the fastest movement.

You can receive the ball with any part of your hand. At the same time, it is very important where you decide to send the ball: leave it in the court or beat it out of the goal. If it is possible to leave the ball near you in the goalkeeper's area, the ball must be directed to the surface of the site by turning the palm down - inward, and if you are not sure that the ball can be kept near you, or it flies high enough, you need to beat it out of the goal.

Sometimes the ball flies into the goal hinged trajectory. To stop such a ball flying behind the goalkeeper, you need to turn about 90 degrees, take a wide step behind the flying ball and hit it with one hand in a jump, best with your fist .

3. Game tactics

Among the leading structural components of the training of handball players is the tactics of the game. Moreover, with the growth of sports qualifications, the importance of tactical literacy for the successful conduct of competitive struggle increases significantly. However, it is this section of handball, due to its particular complexity and versatility, that is considered the least developed up to the present time. First of all, attention is drawn to the numerous existing definitions of the concept itself. tactics and a very wide range of interpretation of its meaning. It seems to us the most rational to consider handball tactics as a section of game theory that characterizes the probability of achieving the desired result with different lines of behavior under specific conditions. Simply put, this is a system of special knowledge about the patterns of wrestling. The content of the laws themselves is causal relationships between the specific characteristics of competitive situations and the possible lines of behavior of the players.

The main practical elements of tactics are:

1. Variants of competitive actions, due to the logic of wrestling;

2. Ways of rational distribution of forces during the match;

3. Methods of psychological influence on the opponent and disguise of true intentions.

In the most tactical action, it is customary to distinguish three phases:

1. Perception and analysis of the game situation;

2. Mental solution of a tactical problem;

3. Motor implementation of the motor solution.

The classification of handball tactics is based on the degree of complexity and scale of game actions, as well as their belonging and target orientation. AT general view it can be represented by the following diagram (Fig. 17). It should be noted that both group and team tactics of both attack and defense are based on the coordinated actions of individual athletes, i.e. contain individual actions that are fundamental.

Rice. 17. General classification scheme of handball tactics

3.1 Offensive tactics of a fielder

Attack is the main and most active type of tactical action. In an attack, the ability to orientate is especially important, because. the player, when in possession of the ball, is constantly opposed by both the defender and the goalkeeper.

individual actions. Field player's individual actions - attackers assume the ability not only to correctly choose the appropriate position on the court, the beginning and direction of the attack, but also the choice of a technique or combination of techniques and their application in a given game situation.

Application of passing the ball . The rules for applying the transfer are to take into account some game situations. Be sure to take into account the position of the partner, the speed and direction of his movement, the proximity of the marking player, atmospheric conditions. At strong wind, for example, do not use long-range gears, when the surface of the platform is wet - rebound gears, etc.

Transfers can be divided into progressive, accompanying and counter. In translational passes, the ball is passed from partner to partner, regardless of whether they are both in place or in parallel motion. With oncoming passes, the ball goes to the partner moving towards the meeting. With accompanying - the ball catches up with the partner.

Application of dribbling . You should use the dribble, without fail setting yourself the specific task of using this technique: circle the defender and attack the goal; using the dribble, get as close as possible to the goalkeeper's area for the final shot; get several defenders to mark themselves, in order to then give the ball to complete the attack to an unmarked partner.

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FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION

SIBERIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORT

DEPARTMENT OF THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF SPORTS GAMES

SUMMARY ON THE TOPIC:

CLASSIFICATION OF HANDBALL TECHNIQUE AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS

Omsk 2009

Equipment classification

Field player technique

Protection technique

Goalkeeper technique

Equipment classification

The technique of playing handball is a system of rational purposeful movements, consisting of separate techniques necessary for playing the game.

The term "reception" is understood as motor actions that are similar in purpose, aimed at solving the same game task (throw to score a goal, detention to protect the goal, etc.).

Game technique is the totality of all the techniques and methods of their implementation.

Reception techniqueis a system of movement elements that allows the most rational solution of a specific motor task.

Classification - this is the distribution of all techniques and methods for their implementation into sections and groups based on similar characteristics.

According to the nature of the game activity, the technique is divided into two large sections: the technique of the field player and the technique of the goalkeeper. According to the direction of activity in each of the sections, subsections can be distinguished: attack technique and defense technique. In attacking technique, groups of movement and possession of the ball are distinguished, and in defense technique - movement and opposition to possession of the ball. Each of the groups includes game techniques, which, in turn, are performed in several ways. The characteristics of the methods of performing the technique include the following features: 1) using one or two limbs by the player when performing the technique; 2) the position of the hand with the ball relative to the shoulder joint (top, side, bottom); 3) a way to disperse the ball (by pushing, whipping, hitting,).

2. Technique of the field player

Attack technique

In the process of playing in the attack, the handball player uses certain techniques. Participation in the game obliges the athlete to be constantly ready to move, to receive the ball. This readiness is reflected in the player's posture, which is commonly called the stance. The main stance of a handball player is a position on slightly bent legs, arms bent at the elbow joints at a right angle to catch the ball, the back is straight, the shoulders are relaxed. This stance is used by players playing the ball. The player's stance at the line of the goalkeeper's zone is distinguished by the fact that the arms are extended towards the ball, the back is round. The player who is at the line of the goalkeeper's zone, as a rule, having received the ball, rushes to attack the goal, making a throw. This forces you to take a stance with significantly bent legs to push off.

Movements

To move around the court, the player uses walking, running, stopping, jumping.

Walking - normal and side steps are used by handball players to change positions. Players move face, back and side forward.

Run - the main means of movement of handball players. Running on toes and on a full foot are used. Running on toes allows you to make a quick dash and achieve maximum movement speed.

Stop - Due to the constantly changing game situation on the court, a handball player has to constantly stop. The ability to quickly extinguish the speed gives great advantages to the player for further actions. The stop is made with one or two feet.

jumping - are used by a handball player when catching high and far flying balls, passing the ball, throwing at the goal. You can jump with one or two feet.

Ball possession

Catching is a technique that provides an opportunity to take possession of the ball and carry out further actions with it. Catching is done with one or two hands. The choice of the method of catching is dictated by the peculiarity of the trajectory of the ball and the position of the player in relation to the ball.

Passing the ball - This is the main technique that ensures the interaction of partners. Without an accurate and fast pass, it is impossible to create the conditions for a successful goal attack. In handball, passes are made mainly with one hand from a place or from a running start. Swing is the abduction of the hand with the ball for the subsequent dispersal of the ball. The swing is up - back and to the side - back. The swing is a carrier of information for the enemy. Therefore, the shorter it is, the less it will give information about the player's actions. The run and swing make up the preparatory phase of the transfer.

In the main phase, the handball player reports the speed and direction of the ball flight (accelerates the ball) in three ways: whip, push and brush.

Dribbling - this is a technique that allows a player to move with the ball around the court in any direction and at any distance, to keep the ball as long as necessary, to beat the defender.

throw - This is a technique that allows you to throw the ball into the goal. With its help, the result of the game is achieved, all other techniques are aimed at creating conditions for a throw.

The throw can be performed in a support position, in a jump, in a fall, from a place and from a run. Depending on the conditions under which the throw is performed, its preparatory phase, which includes the run, jump and swing, is different.

3. Protection technique

The main tasks of the game in defense are: defending one's goal with legal means, disrupting an organized attack by the opponent and taking possession of the ball.

The main stance of the defender is on the legs bent at an angle of 160-170 degrees and spaced at 20-40 cm. The back is not tense, the arms, bent at the elbow joints at a right angle, are in a comfortable position for quick movement in any direction. The weight of the body is distributed on both legs, the gaze is fixed on the opponent, and peripheral vision controls the location of other players and the movement of the ball on the court.

Movements

Walking - Needed by a defender to choose a position when guarding an attacker. The defender uses normal walking and side steps. Walking with a side step, performed in a stance on bent legs, feet turned outward.

jumping - are used when blocking, selecting, intercepting the ball. Reacting to the actions of the attacker, the defender must be able to jump from any starting position. The defender jumps, pushing with one and two legs.

Possession resistance

blocking - this is an obstruction of the path of the ball or an attacking player. Blocking the ball is done with one or two hands from above, from the side, from below. Having determined the direction of the throw, the defender quickly straightens his arm, blocking the path of the ball.

knockout - This is a technique that allows you to interrupt the dribbling; it is performed by hitting the ball with one hand. The defender applies the knockout at the moment when the ball is between the attacker's hand and the surface of the court. Having approached at a distance allowing to reach the ball, the handball player quickly extends his hand and hits the ball with his fingers.

Selection ball during a throw - interruption of the throw at the end of the ball's acceleration. The defender holds his hand to the ball from the direction of the intended throw and, as it were, removes the ball from the attacker's hand.

4. Goalkeeper technique

Do not miss the ball into the goal and organize a counterattack - these are the main tasks of the goalkeeper's gaming activity. All game technique is divided into defense and attack techniques.

Protection technique

Rack the goalkeeper becomes especially important, as it ensures readiness to return the ball. The main goalkeeper's stance is the position on the legs bent at an angle of 160-170 degrees, spaced 20-30 cm apart.

Movements

Walking – the goalkeeper will use a regular walk and a side step to select a position. Walking with a side step is performed in a stance on bent legs. At the same time, a constant state of readiness obliges him not to lose contact with the support.

Jumping - The goalkeeper kicks with one or two feet. Most often, these are jumps to the sides without preparatory movements from the stance, with a push of the leg of the same or opposite direction of movement, more often before the jump, if the situation allows, he takes only one step.

Falls - not the main way to move the goalkeeper, but in difficult game situations, he uses this tool to quickly move to the ball.

Countering and taking possession of the ball

Holding the ball - This is a technique that allows you to change the direction of the ball flying into the goal after the attacker throws it. This technique, depending on the flight of the ball, can be performed with one or two hands, one or two legs, and the torso.

Catching - this is a technique that allows you to block the ball from entering the goal with the obligatory possession of it. Catching is done with two hands only. A ball flying along a hinged trajectory close to the goalkeeper is better to catch. But if the speed of the ball is high, then the goalkeeper must use any other method of protecting the goal.

Goalkeeper attacking technique

The goalkeeper must be able to pass with one and two hands from above and from the side in the support position. Transmissions over medium and long distances are especially important for him. Outside his zone, the goalkeeper has the same game techniques as the field player.

Reference terms:

Technique, goalkeeper, fielder, shot, passing the ball, dribbling, feints, blocking

Bibliography

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M.V. Vidyakin "For a beginner physical education teacher" Volgograd 2002.

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V.Ya.Ignatieva "Handball" "Physical culture and sport".

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Ignatieva V.Ya., Petracheva I.V., Gamaun A., Ivanova S.V.Analysis of the competitive activity of highly qualified men's teams in handball.

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Ignatieva V.Ya., Alizar T.A., Gamaun A.Analysis of the competitive activity of female and male goalkeepers of high qualification. Methodological guide for coaches, athletes and students of educational institutions in physical culture. Moscow, 2008.

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Ignatieva V.Ya., Petracheva I.V. Years of preparation handball players in youth sports schools:Moscow: Soviet Sport, Method. allowance. — 216 ​​p.

Ignatieva V.Ya., Tkhorev V.I., Petracheva I.V.; under total ed.. Ignatieva V.Ya. Training of handball players at the stage of higher sportsmanship: studies. allowance / V.Ya. Ignatieva, V.I. Thorev, I.V. Petracheva; under total ed. V.Ya.Ignatieva. – M.: Physical Culture, 2005. - 276 p. ISBN 5-9746-0004-5.

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Rice. 13 Group action with changing corner players

4. Players are in five columns. Passing the ball on the "asterisk" with two balls:

a) change of players in their columns;

b) in a circle to the left or right;

c) in the direction of passing the ball.

Rice. 14 Passing the ball on the "asterisk" with two balls

Throw application: Throwing tactics are taught in the following sequence:

1) beating the goalkeeper in single combat, where the attacker must use the most vulnerable places in the goalkeeper's defense (over his head, the corners of the goal, at the level of the pelvis) from certain playing positions (from welterweight, from the corner, from the line);

2. Outplaying in single combat with a defender, use various throwing options (with a tilt of the body, from the side, from below) and mask your actions with deceptive movements (show from above - throw from below), etc.

First, throws are made into an empty net with the task of beating the opponent, then throws are made on targets that must be hit by beating the defender.

3. Beating the goalkeeper and defender at the same time. Throws are made by beating the defender into the goal, which is protected by the goalkeeper.

1. The defender is positioned against the attackers. All forwards have possession of the ball. At the signal of the coach, the attackers perform a throw at the goal at a predetermined place. The defender blocks shots.

2. Two defenders are positioned in front of the posts. Forwards in two columns are located at 11-12m. The coach stands in the middle of the court, the balls lie nearby. The attacker performs an oncoming pass on the move, after the transfer they go to the end of the opposite column. The defender must make an exit up to 10m. If the defender does not have time, the attacker makes a shot on goal. In this case, the coach must pass the spare ball to the attacker in time to maintain a high pace of the exercise. The defender, returning to 6m, must run around the post.

Rice. 15 Shots on goal with a defender in a streaming method

The use of feints.

feints - these are deceptive movements, where the first movement is false, the next is true. Feints can be used with or without the ball. Without the ball, the player uses a movement feint to open up to receive the ball. Transfer feints are used with the ball (show the transfer in one direction - give it to the other); throw (showing a throw up - a throw down, etc.); movement (showing in one direction - leaving in the other).

Training in feints is carried out in exercises involving martial arts. First, training goes with beating a passive defender, then you can include an active defender in the exercise so that the choice of the attacker's action is dictated by his behavior. Improvement of feints continues in group interactions. In this case, the exercises must be selected so that the handball player can apply the feint in various situations. For example: 1) the attacker has the ball, using a feint, leaves the defender and makes a throw into the goal. 2) the attacker is not in possession of the ball, having applied a feint, makes an exit, receives the ball and makes a throw.

b) group actions

Exercise for studying parallel interaction: students are located in a column one at a time at a distance of 15-20m from the gate. In front of the right and left are two players at a distance of 2 and 5m from the column. The first in the column alternately passes the ball to those in front, catches and makes a throw, then a passive and then an active defender is introduced, whom he must beat with a feint before he catches the ball. Cross interaction is studied in a flow exercise. Players are built in three columns. Players from the left column receive the ball from the player from the center column and pass to the right column. All players come to the column where they betray the ball.

Figure 16 Cross interaction in triplets

Screening drill:

The coach becomes the center of interaction. He becomes a protector. Players from the left column pass the ball to the right and block the coach. The players of the right column after the feint pass by the screening player and throw at the goal.

Diagram 17 Assisted shots after a screen

c) Team actions in attack.

Team actions are divided into two types: fast break and positional attack.

A fast break is a type of team action against disparate defenders. It is possible when intercepting the ball, quickly throwing the ball in by the goalkeeper, player.

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Rice. nineteen 3:3 game system

Rice. 20 C 4:2 game system

When teaching a positional attack, students learn the concepts of the placement of players on the court, the functions of point guards, linemen, welterweights, and corners. On the basis of group interactions, separate combinations are developed for certain performers. Moreover, at first, handball players are introduced to the entire scheme of combinations, then the individual links are clarified and all the players are brought together again.

When compiling combinations, the coach must rely on knowledge of the principles of team actions: 1) the principle of creating a numerical advantage; 2) the principle of diversity of actions; 3) the principle of observing game discipline; 4) the principle of mutual assistance.

Learning to break fast begins with mastering the break. First, handball players perform exercises without resistance, mastering the interaction with a partner and a goalkeeper. Next, the opponent is introduced into the exercise.

For example: two teams are playing on the same side of the field. The players of the attacking team, at the signal of the coach, give the ball to the goalkeeper and run to the defense. The goalkeeper is looking for partners to pass, running away into the gap. Having received a pass from the goalkeeper, they pass the entire court with passes, trying to score the ball into the goal until the defenders have taken their places. An approximate combination in a positional attack: a player under 7 passes the ball to player 8, who, having mastered the ball, quickly moves diagonally to the right forward towards the goal. At this moment, player 6 moves forward to the left and passes player 8 (cross movement), receives the ball from him and moves towards the goal. Players 7 and 4 cut off the defenders. Player 6, depending on the situation, either hits himself or passes the ball to players 4 and 7.

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Rice. 22 shots on goal after cross interaction

6. Forwards are located in two columns, opposite column II - a defender. Column attackers II pass the ball to column leader I, who quickly moves along the free-throw line. Having received the ball, the player strokes the defender in any direction and throws the ball into the goal. The defender seeks not to miss the player. The exercise is performed to the right and left of the gate (Fig. 23).