Basics of initial selection
1.1. General basics (initial stage of training)
1.2. Fundamentals of technology
1.3. game tactics
2. The effectiveness of initial training in handball technique
2.1. Ensuring detailed visibility of the implementation of techniques3
2.3. Results of testing young handball players
Bibliography
1. Fundamentals of initial selection
Officially, the recruitment of children to handball schools is carried out in September-October of each year. But in Russia with handball schools such a situation has developed that now they take almost all the children, regardless of physical data. So if you brought a child to a handball coach in winter or spring, then he, in spite of everything, will gladly include the baby in the group.
The most popular age to start a handball career is eight to nine years old. You can bring older children, no one will kick them out of school. But the requirements will be somewhat stricter. After all, already at the age of 10-12, the role of an athlete is determined. As a rule, finally and irrevocably.
First of all, the coordination of the child's movements should be assessed. This is exactly the quality that is emphasized in the initial training group. Then the physical data are evaluated. In modern handball, height is very important. For example, in our handball team, which is now playing at the world championships, almost everyone is like a selection - a kind of grenadiers: there are only 5 people in the team below 190 centimeters. Height is important in the first place in order to be able to throw from above and from afar. But there is a place for short boys and girls in handball - on the flanks, where the lack of growth and power can be fully compensated by mobility and jumping ability.
Well, the main handball deficit is left-handers. They take them practically with their eyes closed, and they will be carried around with them like with a hand-written sack.
Usually 15-20 children are recruited into one group. Age groups are formed, boys and girls train separately. The child will be engaged in the initial training group 3 times a week for an hour and a half a day. The initial training phase will last a year or two. Usually after this period, a lot of guys just stop classes or drop out. And only the most gifted go to the training group. Here you will have to engage in a special program.
When sending a child to a sports handball school, parents should understand that handball is a traumatic sport. In the same Russian team at the World Cup, a rather difficult situation developed - during the tournament, two players of the main team were injured at once. But children after injuries recover quite quickly. When the athlete gets older, injuries will annoy more often. Broken fingers, sprains and torn ligaments, and concussions are especially common in handball.
Handball develops the heart system, improves coordination of movements. And the lung capacity of handball players is almost the same as that of swimmers!
Balls. Children play with rubber, teenagers already play with leather, adult size.
Sneakers. They are special in handball: slightly stiff, tight-fitting leg, with a fairly solid low sole, which is more like one big callus.
Velcro. This is an affectionate name for an ointment with a peculiar composition, which allows you to better hold a handball. With it, the ball will not slip out of your hands, and the throw will be stronger. True, only very adult guys use it, professionals are five minutes away (otherwise you won’t put the correct throw technique on the children).
school curriculum for physical culture students are introduced to sports games, such as basketball, volleyball, mini-football, handball. But if the first of the three named games are cultivated to one degree or another in school gyms, then handball or, as it is also called, “handball”, is undeservedly, in my opinion, deprived of both attention and time. Being engaged with students in the practical mastery of handball techniques and tactics, as well as studying the rules of the game, one can not only achieve high sports performance, but also acquire the necessary knowledge, skills and abilities used in many other sports disciplines.
Handball is a universal sports game that has common roots with football and basketball, and is not inferior to rugby in terms of athleticism. The main techniques of handball players are running, accelerating, moving, taking off, jumping on goal, passing and catching the ball in a variety of ways, fighting for the ball and position, etc., as well as playing a handball goalkeeper. All of them are closely related to sports such as athletics, gymnastics, wrestling and acrobatics.
1.1. Initial stage of training
Before you start learning handball in the school hall, you should prepare the hall and purchase the necessary sports equipment.
The standard handball court is a 40x20 m field, but you can conduct classes and teach the game in a 24x12 m hall. You can also use the existing markings for playing basketball or volleyball and, after drawing several lines of a different color, we get a handball court ( Fig. 1).
Rice. 1. Scheme of the gym
We start by building a handball goal. They can be made of metal pipes attached to the wall and sides and equipped with nets. You can use a wooden beam by fixing it directly to the wall with screws and painting the rods with black and white stripes.
The standard size of handball goals is 3x2 m. But since the halls in the school, as a rule, have a size of 24x12 m, the goal should be made smaller, for example, 2x1.5 m; 2.5x1.8m etc.
After the gate is made and fixed, you can start marking the site. Using the line of free throws in basketball (in Fig. line No. 1), fixing the twine at the fulcrum of the bar (No. 4), draw a line (No. 3) of the corresponding radius - R with chalk. Then, painting the line (No. 3) in red, we will get a goalkeeper's zone, and the free-throw line in basketball will also serve as a line for penetrating seven-meter handball penalties.
The line (No. 2) of the three-point shots in basketball (usually white, solid or dotted) should be used as the free throw zone in handball.
The side lines (No. 5) can be ignored when playing handball. A ball that touches the side wall can be considered out of bounds, which will increase the field of play.
By purchasing handball, as well as rubber balls of smaller diameter for training fifth and sixth graders, you can start playing handball both in the classroom and in the school sports section.
Already at the initial training stage, physical, technical and individual training of players can be carried out in parallel. The main, basic exercises will be general physical training exercises, as well as game variants of handball according to simplified rules. It is better to build complex exercises on the basis of combining several tasks or techniques into a single system of actions and, as a task, to transfer to the simplest two-sided game. Depending on the age and readiness of the players, the size of the team should also be determined: for example, 5 field players + goalkeeper; 4 + 1 or 3 + 1.
1.2. Fundamentals of technology
The technique of the game is not just a set of techniques specific to a particular sports game. This is also different ways their implementation. In turn, the technique of performing a technique is a system of movement elements that allows you to most rationally solve a specific motor task.
According to the nature of game activity, handball technique is divided into two large sections: field player technique and goalkeeper technique.
When I start teaching handball, I try to ensure that everyone involved "try on" the role of an attacker, a defender, and a goalkeeper. Children love to play, and hit-and-catch games, in my opinion, are enjoyed by almost everyone. And although the majority seeks to play in the attack and score goals, something else is more important: to let the children feel the features of a particular game at every point on the court. Since handball is a sports tempo game in which it goes on the attack, and when the ball is lost, the whole team defends, then subsections can be distinguished: attack technique and defense technique. Introduce children to the technical elements of the game in the classroom, and extracurricular activities interesting in a variety of ways. The choice of a teacher, for example, determines what students will learn in class: elements of attack or defense techniques? Or perhaps you would prefer to build a lesson in such a way that one half of the class will work out defensive actions, and the other - attacking.
When performing both, it is possible to distinguish groups of exercises for moving players, which, with rare exceptions, are characteristic of both defense and attack. In addition, the ball possession technique in handball is opposed by the counter ball possession technique.
Techniques used by a handball player in the process of playing in the attack are shown in the diagram (Fig. 2).
Rice. 2. Techniques used by a handball player during the game
Participation in the game obliges the player to be constantly ready to move, to receive the ball, pass it to a partner or score a goal. This readiness is reflected in the player's posture, which is called the stance.
The main tasks of the game in defense are: the defense of one's goal with legal means, the destruction of an organized attack by the opponent and the possession of the ball. To solve these problems, the defender needs to be able to quickly move around the court, suddenly change the pace and direction, and have a positional instinct to disrupt the opponent's attack. All these methods are shown in Fig. 3.
Handball techniques and techniques
Using the classification of techniques, the coach will be able to independently develop special preparatory and training exercises, determine the dosage of loads and those techniques that need to be approached with great attention.
The teacher who has chosen handball for physical education lessons, unlike the coach, whose task is to teach only a specific game, has a different goal. From the point of view of professional development of the game, it is minimal: to introduce, show, teach to the extent that children can play on their own. But from the point of view of a physical education teacher with a specialization in handball, I have new opportunities for programmatic training of students in the framework of the subject "physical education". For example, mastering the elements of motor activity with and without an object. Based on the above schemes, you can come up with more than a dozen exercises that allow you to conduct this training in a non-standard and interesting way.
The technique of playing the goalkeeper is also divided into defense and attack techniques.
The goalkeeper can master the implementation of basic techniques in a general group of field players, but special exercises must be worked out individually or with a group of three or four goalkeepers, since the goalkeeper's technique is much more complicated than that of a field player.
But even more complex goalkeeping techniques can be used in the classroom, for example, when studying a gymnastics program. In this case, I mean that in the individual training of goalkeepers, stretching, flexibility, and coordination exercises are obligatory, which is also typical for gymnastics.
1.3. game tactics
Having mastered the techniques, it is equally important to be able to apply them with maximum benefit, and this is already a matter of tactics. It is no coincidence that a sign of high coaching skill is the ability to rebuild the team's game along the way, depending on the situation.
The tactics of the game are in constant development. It depends on changing the rules of the game, improving the physical abilities of the players, the emergence of new techniques in technology. Modern tactics both in attack and defense are built, firstly, on high individual skill, secondly, on coordinated actions between individual players and, thirdly, on the team as a whole. If the basic principle of performing technical elements is what and how to do, then from the tactical side it is important how and when. This applies to the tactics of the game, not only field players, but also the goalkeeper.
If we again proceed from the fact that we include handball training in the variable part of the curriculum, then it is clear that we will have a minimum number of lessons for this. It will be necessary to acquaint the children with tactics in the course of the game moments, choosing from a variety of tactical options only a few, so that students can better master them.
As my practice of working at school shows, handball for children is no less interesting than other team sports. And when, for example, in a credit lesson on athletics one of the guys shows a result in long jumps that he has never achieved before, then he looks at me inquiringly: how can this be, because he hasn’t specially trained in jumping?
But that's the value sports games that they allow our children not only to learn new things, but also to comprehensively develop their physical qualities. And if, at the same time, the game will give pleasure, fill children with positive emotions, relieve stress during study, we can assume that you, as a teacher, completed your main task in the lesson.
2. The effectiveness of initial training in handball technique based on the use of modern information technologies
The most detailed study of the effectiveness of primary education was Kozina Zh.L. (Kharkiv State Pedagogical University named after G.S. Skovoroda). She posed the problem of analyzing recent research and publications. Modern handball requires a high level of mastery of all techniques, so the training process at all stages of preparation should be based on the possibility of a detailed analysis of the individual technique of athletes. For this, it is no longer enough just to visually analyze the technique of each player due to the fact that the high speed of performing technical techniques of a handball player often does not allow one to accurately capture the individual nuances of their individual performance. Modern handball requires a wider use of information technology at all stages of preparation, especially when teaching technique, which determined the purpose of the study.
Based on the data obtained earlier, a methodology was developed for initial training in the technique of basic techniques in handball using modern information technologies and a pedagogical experiment was conducted, in which the players of the Youth Sports School No. 12 athletes control. The experiment was carried out from September 2002 to May 2003.
For the training of young athletes of the experimental group, a technique of technical training was developed with an emphasis on the development of speed-strength qualities. The main features of this technique were as follows. Along with training in technical techniques, emphasis was placed on the development of speed-solo abilities. For this they used:
Special exercises for developing strength and explosive power;
Exercises for the development of speed;
When teaching the technique of performing passes and throws, emphasis was placed on both the accuracy of performing these techniques and the speed-strength aspect of their implementation, while the traditional methodology provides for teaching these techniques without focusing on the speed-strength aspect.
To enhance the learning effect, visual aids were used, similar to those shown in Fig. 1. In addition, at the lessons of computer science, geometry, biology, students watched an educational cartoon in which an analogy was drawn in the rule of adding vectors between the laws of biomechanical addition of forces when passing the ball, the laws of interaction of forces in ants when dragging a burden and the laws of addition of forces for any collective unidirectional action on the example of the fairy tale "Turnip" (Fig. 2).
The control group trained according to the generally accepted method of mastering techniques without an emphasis on the speed-strength aspect and without the use of modern computer technologies.
The experiment lasted 1 year. Pedagogical testing was conducted at the beginning and at the end of the pedagogical experiment.
Let's consider each component of this technique separately.
2.1. Ensuring detailed visibility of the implementation of techniques
Explanation of the throwing technique and showing visual aids made independently with the help of video filming and computer processing of materials (Fig. 1), as well as video cassettes recording the throwing technique by professional handball players (produced by the University of California). The video cassette was viewed twice a month. Visual aids (Fig. 1) were issued to each student for detailed study at home for an unlimited period. When preparing a visual aid, athletes of the highest ranks (not lower than the first) were invited, the most successful materials were selected. Figure 1 shows the performance of a throw by an athlete - a student of KhDPU (KMS).
Rice. 1. A visual aid for learning the technique of throwing from a place
2.2. The method of using educational and methodical cartoon to study the technique of passing the ball
At the lessons of computer science, geometry, biology, students watched an educational cartoon in which an analogy was drawn in the rule of adding vectors between the laws of biomechanical addition of forces when passing the ball, the laws of interaction of forces in ants when dragging a burden, and the laws of addition of forces in any collective unidirectional action using the example of a fairy tale "Turnip".
At the same time, the rule for adding forces along vectors was explained in detail to the students (grades 6-7 secondary school). After that, examples of the addition of forces by vectors were given. Among these examples was a demonstration correct technique passing the ball in handball, in which all muscles should work, and first of all, the legs, since this is the largest vector component in the sum of the acting forces in this movement. Thus, the muscles, correctly included in the movement, create a force that contributes to the accurate and strong sending of the ball to the target (Fig. 2). This force is the result of the addition of all force vectors that provide a given movement. Therefore, when passing the ball, all muscles must work. This is relevant from the point of view that the most common mistake among beginner handball players is standing on straight legs when passing and throwing the ball. In this case, the possibility of not only the speed-strength component of the movement is lost, but also the possibility of a strong and accurate transmission.
As an analogy from wildlife, an example of the joint dragging of burdens by ants was given, when the vectors of the action forces of all ants are added (Fig. 2). Just as ants can quickly drag a burden to the right place only by combining their efforts, so muscles can perform a strong and precise action by working in concert. From this point of view, it is also advisable to bend the legs when passing the ball, since in this case the largest muscles, which are the muscles of the lower extremities, are included in the action, which provides a speed-strength aspect when performing this technique.
As an analogy, an example was also given from the fairy tale "Turnip", in which, when the action vectors of all forces were formed, i.e. "grandfathers", "grandmothers", "granddaughters", etc., "the turnip pulled out." When passing the ball, the muscles of the legs are, as it were, the “grandfather” in the fairy tale “Turnip”, the muscles of the torso, shoulder, forearm are the “grandmother”, “granddaughter”, “Bug”, etc., and the muscles of the hand are the “mouse” ". Therefore, in order for the transfer to be strong and accurate (for the turnip to pull out), all muscles must work in concert.
This material was presented in the form of a cartoon, which combined the material of geometry, physics, biology and physical education, which mutually strengthened its understanding by students, both athletes and non-athletes.
Rice. 2. Fragments of an educational and methodical cartoon for substantiation based on the rules for the addition of forces according to the vectors of the ball passing technique
The results of the pedagogical experiment showed the effectiveness of this technique in primary education handball players. So, in the athletes of the experimental group, according to the results of the control tests, it was significant (at p<0,05; р<0,01) улучшились показатели не только скоростно-силовой подготовленности, но качество выполнения технических приемов (броска и передачи мяча). В то время как в контрольной группе достоверный прирост результатов тестирования наблюдался в трех тестах из пяти с меньшим уровнем значимости по сравнению в экспериментальной группой (р<0,05) (табл. 1, 2).
2.3. The results of testing young handball players in the control group before and after the experiment
Table 1
The data obtained allow us to conclude that it is expedient to use the developed methodology in the initial training of handball players.
table 2
The results of testing young handball players of the experimental group before and after the experiment
Findings. 1. The study showed the feasibility of using the developed methodology for teaching the basic techniques of young handball players with an emphasis on the speed-strength aspect of performing these techniques and using a wide range of visual aids created using modern information technologies.
2. Improvement of test indicators in the experimental group, with a greater significance than in the control group, confirms the effectiveness of this technique.
Further research involves the development of the scientific and methodological direction of the use of information technologies in the educational and training process in sports games.
The most important tactical task of an attack in handball is to overcome the middle field as quickly as possible and transfer the game to the opponent's defense field. At the gate, the opponents' ability to defend is sharply limited: after all, there can be no more than six defense players here.
Going on the offensive is most convenient when repelling an enemy attack, at a time when the defenders manage to suddenly grab the ball from the opponents. This should be the beginning of the counteroffensive. Developing it, it is necessary to achieve numerical superiority at the opponent's goal, destroy his defense and make a throw at the goal from a convenient position.
Five or six players are directly involved in the attack: four attackers and one or two midfield players. When attacked by five players, the defenders are alternately connected to the attack of the goal. The rest of the players support the attackers by advancing to the opponent's defense field. If the attack is carried out by six players, midfielders and defenders are connected to it.
Such an organization of the offensive is associated with some risk, but this risk is minimized if all the players on the team are versatile and able to switch flexibly from attack to defense.
When making a breakthrough, the ball must first be passed to the players who support the attack, and then without delay to the players heading to the first line, in the direction where the attack develops more successfully. In the final stage of the attack, the ball is passed to the player who is free in front of the goal. This player makes the final throw.
For passage to the gate, it is advisable to use the so-called corridor (p and p. I). This corridor is formed by the tactical movements of the attackers, dragging the opponents with them. Five attackers move forward. During the attack, players 8 and 9 move to the right, players 7, 10 and 11 move to the left half of the goal area, with a triple exchange of places. A gap is formed between players 9 and 10 - the same corridor into which player 5 passes. Having received the ball, this player can successfully attack the goal.
Organizing a breakthrough (after the transition from defense to attack), it is necessary, without wasting time, to pass the ball more often, without abusing it. Any delay of the ball is in the hands of the opponents. The players of the team that lost the ball have time to return to the rear and eliminate the threat to the goal.
How to act when approaching the enemy's goal, if he has a numerical superiority in this part of the field? The cross movement of players on the flank has a big effect. On fig. 2. shows how it's done. Player 10 moves forward-left. At this time, player 11 moves quickly along the left edge, and then changes direction and rushes sharply towards the center of the goal area. Having received the 7th ball from the player, he throws it into the goal.
In order to prevent opponents from counteracting the attacker (or at least limit their capabilities), attacking teams often use so-called barriers. There are several options for such barriers. Let's talk about two typical options.
First option. Players 10 and 11 run level in the direction of the opponent's goal (p and p. 3). As they run, they pass the ball to each other. Then attacker 10 heads towards the defender 3 covering him, and player 11 pins down his "guard" 2. Player 11 covers close, and his partner 10 - from afar. Two meters from his "guard *" attacker 10 makes a distracting movement to the right. Player 11 also moves in this direction, bumping into defender 3 and dragging defender 2 along with him. Player 10 immediately rushes to the left, receives the ball from partner 11 and without much interference enters a convenient position for a shot on goal.Both defenders at this moment find themselves blocked by player 11 .
Second option. The attack proceeds in the same way as in the first variant, with the only difference that player 10 receives the ball at the moment when he, being against his opponent 3, makes a distracting movement. In this case, the barrier is used by player 11, and attacker 10 runs behind him and freely enters the position for a shot on goal.
A few words about the tactical features of an offensive against an organized defense.
If the players of the defending team managed to return to their goal in time and the breakthrough failed, the attackers have to fight against the organized defense. In this case, the team should try to create an advantageous position for one of the attackers to shoot at the goal with friendly tactical actions.
For better coordination of actions against organized defense, three attack systems are most often used: 4 + 2, 5 + 1 and 4 + 1.
Characteristic of these three systems is the location of the attacking players in a wide front covering the entire field adjacent to the penalty area.
Attacking in a 4 + 2 system, four players (p and p. 4) are closer to the goal area, and their two partners are somewhat behind. The active actions of the four players of the first line, who are supported by the players of the second line, must destroy the defense of the enemy. At the same time, the sudden exit of the players of the second line forward, to the gate, for the final attack throw is not ruled out.
This system of attack is used most often when the enemy uses personal defense or when the opponent's players are able to quickly switch from defense to offense.
5 + 1 attack system shown in figure 5. Five players (forwards and midfielder) are in the first line - at the goal area, and one - a little further. First line players are actively involved in the attack. They are supported by the second line player. He plays the role of a kind of liaison between the left or right flank of the attack, and at the right moment he suddenly comes forward for the final shot on goal. His partner - one of the players in the first line - immediately retreats back to the defense. When the ball is lost, the player of the second line immediately retreats to protect his goal.
This the attacking system is used in the fight against the zone defense, as well as if the opponents do not have superiority in running speed.
Other tactical actions are also suitable for destroying the enemy's defense and completing the attack. They are very varied. Here and the exits of the attackers from under the guardianship of the enemy to a free place, and the exchange of places with partners, and exits into the corridors, throws from closed positions, barriers and much more.
Any tactic is good as long as it is applied rationally.- at the most favorable moment, with a sober consideration of the current game situation. Take, for example, such a tactic as the exchange of places. As a rule, players should strictly adhere to their places in the attack, not to be placed close to each other, to clear the way for a partner moving towards the goal. But when in the course of the game it becomes profitable for the team to exchange places, it is best to change places to neighboring players or through one.
It is highly expedient to combine the exchange of places with the use of barriers. How it's done? The player, while dribbling, draws the guarding opponent to him (p and p. 6). By his actions, he creates the impression that he is attacking the gate, thereby dragging his “watchman *” with him. Then he suddenly uses a fence against another defender guarding a partner and passes the ball to the latter. The player released from custody goes to the gate and makes the final throw.
If the players in the first line of attack have not been able to break through the defense and succeed, then they should try to bring in the players of the second line in the attack. To do this, they form a corridor into which their partner from the second line suddenly enters and makes a throw at the goal (p and p. 7).
You can also create an advantageous position for one of the attackers for the final shot at the goal with such a tactic as a stroke. However, breaking through with a defender's dribble is most effectively done in close cooperation with all the players on the team. For example, one of the attackers circles the opponent. As soon as this attacker gets under close supervision, he will immediately pass the ball to a free partner, who, in turn, will start a rapid advance.
Often during the attack, players throw the ball into the goal from closed positions. This is most often practiced when the opponent switches to zone defense. Shots from closed positions can encourage opponents to move forward from the goal area, and this creates favorable conditions for a breakthrough from the flanks.
About the so-called free throw at the gate. To direct the ball into the goal directly from a free throw should be in the event that the opponent did not have time put up a wall or when there are gaps in it. In all other cases, it is more expedient to use a combined attack. How it's done? Two attackers are located at the line of free throws in three or four meters from each other. One of them has a ball. The third player takes a position between these two attackers, at a distance of one to two meters from the free throw line. The remaining partners are on the left and right along the goal area (six meters from it).
This arrangement allows you to carry out various options for attacking the gate. For example, player 5 passes the ball to partner 10 and moves forward together with attacker 7. Both of them use a fence against the opponents who have formed a "wall" (p and p. 8), in order to prevent them from approaching player 10, who runs the ball into the goal.
Another attack option with the same arrangement. Player 8 passes the ball to striker b and, together with partner 9, moves forward to the goal area line. Here both players take up positions to the left and right of the defenders who form the "wall*" (p and p. 9). At the same time, player 6 moves towards the goal with the ball and, imitating a throw, diverts the attention of the defender. After that, he passes the ball to partner 8 for the final throw.
Third option. Forward 10 passes the ball to partner 7 and, together with player 5, moves forward towards the defenders who have formed a “wall” (p and p. 10). Player 7 with the ball rushes to the goal diagonally to the right. At this point, attacker 9 crosses, receives the ball, moves towards the goal and completes the attack with a throw.
These are some of the tactical features of an attack in handball. Of course, we must not forget that the tactical armament of handball teams is directly dependent on the level of technical and general physical fitness of the players. Team members are able to successfully carry out this or that tactical combination, if it is within their power. It may be difficult to prepare all the players of the team so that they have the same high technical and physical qualities. However, it is simply necessary to have two or three players in teams who have high speed (running, say, 100 m in 11.0-11.2), as well as throwing the ball well into the goal with their left hand and owning strong throws from 20-25 meters.
Associate Professor E. IVAKHIN, Honored Master of Sports
FEDERAL STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION OF HIGHER PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
SIBERIAN STATE UNIVERSITY OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORT
DEPARTMENT OF THEORY AND METHODOLOGY OF SPORTS GAMES
SUMMARY ON THE TOPIC:
CLASSIFICATION OF HANDBALL TECHNIQUE AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS
Omsk 2009
1.Classification of technology
2. Technique of the field player
3. Protection technique
4. Goalkeeper technique
1.Equipment classification
The technique of playing handball is a system of rational purposeful movements, consisting of separate techniques necessary for playing the game.
The term "reception" is understood as motor actions that are similar in purpose, aimed at solving the same game task (throw to score a goal, detention to protect the goal, etc.).
The technique of the game is the totality of all the techniques and methods of their implementation.
The technique of performing a technique is a system of movement elements that allows you to most rationally solve a specific motor task.
Classification is the distribution of all techniques and methods for their implementation into sections and groups based on similar characteristics.
According to the nature of the game activity, the technique is divided into two large sections: the technique of the field player and the technique of the goalkeeper. According to the direction of activity in each of the sections, subsections can be distinguished: attack technique and defense technique. In attacking technique, groups of movement and possession of the ball are distinguished, and in defense technique - movement and opposition to possession of the ball. Each of the groups includes game techniques, which, in turn, are performed in several ways. The characteristics of the methods of performing the technique include the following features: 1) using one or two limbs by the player when performing the technique; 2) the position of the hand with the ball relative to the shoulder joint (top, side, bottom); 3) a way to disperse the ball (by pushing, whipping, hitting,).
2. Technique of the field player
Attack technique
In the process of playing in the attack, the handball player uses certain techniques. Participation in the game obliges the athlete to be constantly ready to move, to receive the ball. This readiness is reflected in the player's posture, which is commonly called the stance. The main stance of a handball player is a position on slightly bent legs, arms bent at the elbow joints at a right angle to catch the ball, the back is straight, the shoulders are relaxed. This stance is used by players playing the ball. The player's stance at the line of the goalkeeper's zone is distinguished by the fact that the arms are extended towards the ball, the back is round. The player who is at the line of the goalkeeper's zone, as a rule, having received the ball, rushes to attack the goal, making a throw. This forces you to take a stance with significantly bent legs to push off.
Movements
To move around the court, the player uses walking, running, stopping, jumping.
Walking - normal and side steps are used by handball players to change positions. Players move face, back and side forward.
Running is the main means of movement for handball players. Running on toes and on a full foot are used. Running on toes allows you to make a quick dash and achieve maximum movement speed.
Stopping - Due to the constantly changing game situation on the court, the handball player has to constantly stop. The ability to quickly extinguish the speed gives great advantages to the player for further actions. The stop is made with one or two feet.
Jumping - used by a handball player when catching high and far flying balls, passing the ball, throwing into the goal. You can jump with one or two feet.
Ball possession
Catching is a technique that provides an opportunity to take possession of the ball and carry out further actions with it. Catching is done with one or two hands. The choice of the method of catching is dictated by the peculiarity of the trajectory of the ball and the position of the player in relation to the ball.
Passing the ball - This is the main technique that ensures the interaction of partners. Without an accurate and fast pass, it is impossible to create the conditions for a successful goal attack. In handball, passes are made mainly with one hand from a place or from a running start. Swing is the abduction of the hand with the ball for the subsequent dispersal of the ball. The swing is up - back and to the side - back. The swing is a carrier of information for the enemy. Therefore, the shorter it is, the less it will give information about the player's actions. The run and swing make up the preparatory phase of the transfer.
In the main phase, the handball player reports the speed and direction of the ball flight (accelerates the ball) in three ways: whip, push and brush.
Dribbling is a technique that allows a player to move with the ball around the court in any direction and at any distance, to possess the ball for as long as necessary, to beat the defender.
Throw - This is a technique that allows you to throw the ball into the goal. With its help, the result of the game is achieved, all other techniques are aimed at creating conditions for a throw.
The throw can be performed in a support position, in a jump, in a fall, from a place and from a run. Depending on the conditions under which the throw is performed, its preparatory phase, which includes the run, jump and swing, is different.
3. Protection technique
The main tasks of the game in defense are: defending one's goal with legal means, disrupting an organized attack by the opponent and taking possession of the ball.
The main stance of the defender is on the legs bent at an angle of 160-170 degrees and spaced at 20-40 cm. The back is not tense, the arms, bent at the elbow joints at a right angle, are in a comfortable position for quick movement in any direction. The weight of the body is distributed on both legs, the gaze is fixed on the opponent, and peripheral vision controls the location of other players and the movement of the ball on the court.
Movements
Walking - needed by the defender to choose a position when guarding the attacker. The defender uses normal walking and side steps. Walking with a side step, performed in a stance on bent legs, feet turned outward.
Jumps - used when blocking, tackling, intercepting the ball. Reacting to the actions of the attacker, the defender must be able to jump from any starting position. The defender jumps, pushing with one and two legs.
Possession resistance
Blocking is blocking the path of the ball or an offensive player. Blocking the ball is done with one or two hands from above, from the side, from below. Having determined the direction of the throw, the defender quickly straightens his arm, blocking the path of the ball.
Knocking out is a technique that allows you to interrupt the dribbling; it is performed by hitting the ball with one hand. The defender applies the knockout at the moment when the ball is between the attacker's hand and the surface of the court. Having approached at a distance allowing to reach the ball, the handball player quickly extends his hand and hits the ball with his fingers.
Taking the ball at the throw - interruption of the throw at the end of the ball's acceleration. The defender holds his hand to the ball from the direction of the intended throw and, as it were, removes the ball from the attacker's hand.
4. Goalkeeper technique
Do not miss the ball into the goal and organize a counterattack - these are the main tasks of the goalkeeper's gaming activity. All game technique is divided into defense and attack techniques.
Protection technique
The goalkeeper's stance becomes especially important as it ensures readiness to deflect the ball. The main goalkeeper's stance is the position on the legs bent at an angle of 160-170 degrees, spaced 20-30 cm apart.
Movements
Walking – The goaltender will use normal walking and side walking to select position. Walking with a side step is performed in a stance on bent legs. At the same time, a constant state of readiness obliges him not to lose contact with the support.
Jumps - the goalkeeper makes a push with one or two legs. Most often, these are jumps to the sides without preparatory movements from the stance, with a push of the leg of the same or opposite direction of movement, more often before the jump, if the situation allows, he takes only one step.
Falls are not the goalkeeper's main means of movement, but in difficult game situations, he uses this means to quickly move to the ball.
Countering and taking possession of the ball
Holding the ball is a technique that allows you to change the direction of the ball flying into the goal after the attacker throws it. This technique, depending on the flight of the ball, can be performed with one or two hands, one or two legs, and the torso.
Catching is a technique that allows you to block the ball from entering the goal with the obligatory possession of it. Catching is done with two hands only. A ball flying along a hinged trajectory close to the goalkeeper is better to catch. But if the speed of the ball is high, then the goalkeeper must use any other method of protecting the goal.
Goalkeeper attacking technique
The goalkeeper must be able to pass with one and two hands from above and from the side in the support position. Transmissions over medium and long distances are especially important for him. Outside his zone, the goalkeeper has the same game techniques as the field player.
Reference terms:
Technique, goalkeeper, fielder, shot, passing the ball, dribbling, feints, blocking
Bibliography
1. G.V. Bondarenkova, N.I. Kovalenko, A.Yu. Utochkin "Physical culture" Volgograd 2004.
2. M.V. Vidyakin “For a beginner physical education teacher”, Volgograd, 2002.
3. M.V. Vidyakin "Extracurricular activities in physical education" Volgograd 2004.
4. V.Ya.Ignatieva "Handball" "Physical culture and sport".
5. Izaak V.I., Nabiev T.E. "Handball at the university" Tashkent 2005.
6. Ignatieva V.Ya., Petracheva I.V., Gamaun A., Ivanova S.V. Analysis of the competitive activity of highly qualified men's teams in handball.
7. Methodical manual for trainers, athletes and students of educational institutions in physical culture. Moscow, 2008.
8. Ignatieva V.Ya., Ovchinnikova A.Ya., Kotov Yu.N., Minabutdinov R.R., Ivanova S.V. Analysis of the competitive activity of highly qualified women's teams in handball. Methodological guide for coaches, athletes and students of educational institutions in physical culture. Moscow, 2008.
9. Ignatieva V.Ya., Alizar T.A., Gamaun A. Analysis of the competitive activity of highly qualified women's and men's goalkeepers. Methodological guide for coaches, athletes and students of educational institutions in physical culture. Moscow, 2008.
10. Ignatieva V.Ya. The use of complex means for the training of handball players and improving the quality of physical education of students in a general education school. Methodical letter to handball coaches and teachers of secondary schools. Moscow, 2008.
11. Ignatieva V.Ya., Petracheva I.V. Long-term training of handball players in children's and youth sports schools: M .: Soviet sport, Method. allowance. - 216 p.
12. V. Ya. Ignatieva, V. I. Tkhorev, and I. V. Petracheva; under total ed. Ignatieva V.Ya. Training of handball players at the stage of higher sportsmanship: textbook. allowance / V.Ya. Ignatieva, V.I. Thorev, I.V. Petracheva; under total ed. V.Ya.Ignatieva. - M.: Physical culture, 2005. - 276 p. ISBN 5-9746-0004-5.
13. Lebed F. "Formula of the game": General theory of sports games, training and training / F. Lebed; VolSU, Russia, Acad. ped. college them. Kay family, Beersheba, Israel. - Volgograd: VolGU Publishing House, 2005. - 392 p.
14. Maruzalar tuplami Ozb JTI 1996.
15. Naiminova E "Physical culture" Rostov-on-Don 2003
16. Nikolic A., Paranosich V "Selection in basketball" Moscow.
17. Pavlov Sh., Abdurakhmanov F, Akramov Zh. "Handball" Tashkent 2005.
18. Rules of competitions in handball Tashkent 2002.
19. Rules of handball competitions Russia 2006.
Running in a dream, as already mentioned - a dream is frequent, and there can be many reasons for it:
- Very often, running symbolizes a hurry in thoughts; quick decision making. Perhaps you should "slow down" and not chop off your shoulder? Forget the rush.
- You can soon expect events that will soon make you rush and make decisions quickly.
- Running alone in a dream - such a dream may indicate that now a person is in a hurry and in a hurry, in particular in his thoughts; or may speak of the likelihood of future rushes.
- Are you trying to run but not getting anywhere? Most likely, your dream warns of the ineffectiveness of your haste in something important, or you have chosen the wrong approach to solving the problem.
- Did you have a running competition in your dream? Have you been racing? Then you will compete with someone, and the result will depend on the speed of decision-making.
Sometimes, you can find out why you dream of running in a dream based on the decoding of the area in which you ran.
- If you dream that you were running around the house, then you should think about your life. Maybe you will rush into family affairs or do things that concern your loved ones thoughtlessly and quickly.
- If you are running around a familiar area, in your area or yard, then soon you will be thinking about relationships with people around you, friends and family.
- Did you dream that you were running in circles? Perhaps you are fixated on something, thinking about the same thing and do not want to look at this situation from a different perspective. There is an assumption that soon you will feel "like a driven squirrel in a wheel."
Running in a dream: interpreting meanings from various dream books
If you want to know why you dream of running in a dream, then you had a similar dream. By the way, many in a dream “run” or “try to run” - you are not alone in this. To unravel the dream, remember the details and read the interpretations of different dream books.
at the Women's Club!
Any action, no matter what you have to do with a dream, symbolizes the positive thoughts of the sleeping person, speaks of his active life position.
All actions that are performed with special enthusiasm are harbingers of success and happy circumstances.
When a person is doing something through force, this vision indicates that in real life he is opposed by some acquaintance who, with his negative positions, puts pressure on the sleeping person. As the dream book indicates, doing something in a dream is a sign of well-being and the achievement of all life plans.
A vision in which a person is cleaning indicates that the latter has accumulated a sufficient number of unresolved problems. They must be gradually implemented, otherwise the sleeper may become confused in his life aspirations.
Why dream of order after cleaning, which pleases the eye? Such a vision portends the happiness and joy of a person from his actions and aspirations. If you feel your pleasure in a dream, then this state indicates a full awareness of all the virtues of life.
She dreams about how cleaning is done for a long time and measuredly - it promises that a person will have to work hard and make a lot of his own efforts in reality in order to reach the desired heights.
Cleaning through force and without desire - the spiritual contradictions of the sleeper often prevent him from achieving his goals. A person lacks the determination or support of comrades to translate everything conceived into reality.
- If a young woman dreams of doing wet cleaning, then this indicates her desire to procreate, but at the moment something is preventing her from realizing her plan.
- Wet cleaning with a dirty rag portends health problems that need to be resolved in a timely manner.
- Cleaning, which is done with a washing vacuum cleaner, directly indicates that the problems are hidden in the relationship with the spouse.
- If after cleaning you dream of cleanliness and comfort in the house, then for a woman this is a sign of the fulfillment of her conceived desires and an imminent addition to the family.
Clean up in a dream in a closet. For a woman, this vision indicates her natural attractiveness. Such a dream portends to her the imminent elimination of all pressing problems and a happy combination of life circumstances.
The same vision for a man is a harbinger of his male power. He enjoys the attention of the entire female sex, which he is proud of and very pleased with.
In a dream, doing any sport is much easier and easier, while a person does not feel real fatigue. If sports bring joy and a sense of inner comfort, then this indicates that a person in real life has reached great heights and fully enjoys his current position, and any changes are unpleasant for him.
When you dream that playing sports gives a feeling of fatigue even in a dream, this is a harbinger of a decline in vitality. The sleeper needs to relax and take a little break from an active lifestyle.
Going in for sports that are unusual for a person and become a novelty for him is a symbol of the fact that in reality a person often has to solve ambiguous tasks that cause bewilderment in others.
- Why dream of doing sports in the fresh air? Such a vision is very favorable for a person. Even a simple warm-up in the fresh air indicates financial wealth and complete satisfaction from life.
- Why dream of doing sports in the gym? An enclosed space symbolizes small problems associated with colleagues or with a family partner.
- If there is cleanliness and complete comfort in the hall, then the dream indicates a positive resolution of all problems that arise.
- Dirty floors and shabby walls in the gym portend health problems.
Strength exercises predict that a person should try a little to get the cherished achievement.
When, after sports activities, the sleeper feels an increase in vitality, then in real life this indicates his high achievements. He follows the right path, only faithful people are surrounded, the person is completely happy and satisfied with his fate.
All sports activities that are associated with running personify the desire of the sleeper for something. The interpretation of the dream depends on what achievement the exercise ends with.
Why do you see running alone? Such a dream indicates that a person relies only on his personal strength and does not trust others, and only he solves all problems.
- If running exercises deliver a comfortable feeling, then the sleeper is completely satisfied with his position in life.
- In the event that the run is made in intermittent movements and the sleeper gets tired of this sport, it means that in reality he lacks moral support from faithful comrades and sincere friends.
- Jogging with someone or with a group of strangers is a harbinger of joyful events in life.
- Receiving an award for running competitions is a symbol of excellent mood and the fulfillment of conceived desires.
Running competitions personify the degree of superiority of the sleeper over other people. If he wins competitions in a dream, then joy and success await him. Failure in competition predicts self-doubt, which the sleeper can handle.
Running a race with a person who is in reality an opponent and an opponent portends a complete victory:
- If a dream is seen by a man in love, then for him this vision is a sign of romantic victories.
- Careerists can interpret such a vision as achieving heights in the labor sphere of life.
- Women see such a dream when they achieve a certain success in reality.
Running along a long and even path is a sign of a long life path and health. If the path is crooked and the runner stumbles, then the waking sleeper will have to find the right path in life from several options, which will be successful and positive.
Dream Interpretation: do sports in a dream
In a dream, doing sports is easier than in reality. No fatigue, no injury. You can become a champion in any sport, the most unexpected. Moreover, thanks to such a dream, find out what is to be experienced in the near future. If this dream is correctly interpreted.
Why dream about playing sports is not so easy to explain. The explanation of a dream depends on many factors: what kind of sport, where you are, who surrounds you, training or competition. The plot of the dream is of great importance.
It is very important, did you have to deal with the dream view or do you have nothing to do with it? If sports activities concerned the past, the interpretation of sleep is one. At present, you have a relationship with her - another.
You can start explaining sports dreams by taking that dream book and engaging in any sport in which it has a general interpretation, regardless of the storylines. If you had a dream on a weekday, it will mean that others neglect the opinions, absolutely do not take into account desires, and constantly subjugate. A sports dream tries to open the eyes of the one who dreams about his position among those around him.
For those who have never come close to the gym and neglect physical exercise, such a dream is trying to hint: it's time to increase physical activity. Otherwise, an unhealthy lifestyle will affect your health.
I dreamed that you were at sports competitions as spectators. For those who are die-hard fans, sleep means absolutely nothing. The rest of such a dream should be perceived as a hint of inertia. Both in life position, and in work, in love relationships. It's time to take your own life into your own hands and make your own decisions.
Why did you dream about doing a barbell in a dream? Do not be so arrogant, it will not lead to good. A girl in a dream participates in a swimming competition. Soon she will meet a new love, and the old one will be forgotten with ease, without mental anguish.
At hand, a dream book compiled for housewives. In a dream, they will have to deal with ... fencing. Explain the dream depending on the storyline.
Being a beginner on the track - you need to prepare for good news. Sitting on the podium among the fans, applauding your athlete who wins - to have reliable support in life. To win a difficult battle yourself - you can start a new business, it will be profitable. Win a serious tournament in this form - in a couple of weeks there will definitely be a patron who will ensure success in business for a long time for someone from the family. Such a dream is especially good for the wives of trade workers.
The next dream book. He offers older people to go in for sports in a dream. Such a plot guarantees people over older age a long life, if they were sick - a speedy recovery and successful rehabilitation.
It is best to remember what you did specifically in a dream. Group sport - others will help you survive. The sport is purely personal and takes place outdoors - you will need to make your own efforts to achieve progress.
If you dream that you participate in a sport where you swim in a canoe, a yacht and other devices, then the explanations of sleep do not depend on the sport specifically, but on the weather. Calm water - a dream promises success, well-being in life. Storm - you need to wait for trouble in life. The boat capsized - you have to "go to the bottom" in real life. Not alone in the boat - to a profitable offer at work.
What portends?
I had to go in for sports in a dream on a tennis court. The owner of sleep in real life has nothing to do with tennis.
The court is open, the opponent is strong. Soon a patron will appear on the path of life. The game takes place in the hall - a close friend will soon move up the career ladder. Others are playing - they dream that they need to serve rolled balls. In the near future, there will be a change of environment, and new friends will be better than old ones. To applaud in the crowd of admirers an idol who has just defeated a serious opponent. In real life, you need to prepare to receive an award.
In any sport in a dream, they turned out to be the winner of the Olympics - it's time to run to buy a lottery ticket. The win will be big.
What to expect if you dreamed that you were doing sports, but the view was a pair?
Badminton. To see a dream about doubles badminton for parents of small children is happiness. This suggests that kids will grow up to be successful individuals.
But the dream - throwing a shuttlecock on a racket alone - for those who saw him, is unfavorable. The second half will constantly change, and you will have to endure it.
I dreamed of boxing - with any plot development, the dream is bad. You can expect loss, misfortune, any blow.
Any gymnastics: sports, artistic, morning - an unfavorable dream. To losses or minor troubles.
Dreams in which you are engaged in wrestling are interpreted differently by dream books. And as a future success in life, and vice versa, a warning that they will be “thrown” in the near future.
In a dream, I had to run. In a group of other athletes - such a dream suggests that they will be invited to a fun event, or they will give something big. Do you wind circles in your sleep alone? In real life, you will achieve great success, take a high position.
Why dream of playing sports if you are a professional athlete in life? In the case when a football player dreams of gymnastics, it is worth considering why such a dream. If the occupation in a dream coincides with the real one, the dream is empty. And you don’t need to think about what he dreamed about.
at the Women's Club!
What do popular dream books say about running in a dream?
You can find out the meaning of sleep by studying the interpretation of "tested" dream books. Let's find out the frequent decoding of running in a dream.
Miller's dream book
If you dreamed that you were running not alone, but in the company of several people, then this is a sign that an event awaits you and soon you will find out that your well-being will increase and all your affairs will “go uphill”.
If you run alone, then in life you will overtake your friends in obtaining wealth and a fairly high place will await you on the social ladder.
If during the "jog" you fell or stumbled, then in real life you can lose your reputation or go broke.
If you are trying to run away from danger, then expect loss in life. According to the interpretation of sleep, you will have to desperately fight the current situation.
If in your dream someone is running away from someone, then you will be upset by the failures that will befall your friends.
In a dream, you ran after your spouse or wife - an annoying society will burden you.
Wangi's Dream Interpretation
In Vanga's dream book, you can find different interpretations of this dream. You can consider sleep as a signal of impending poverty, illness, loss, if the run was slow. Fast running in a dream can lead to unexpected happiness in reality, the appearance of pleasant surprises. If you run barefoot - you will lose money, be attentive to work and business.
Important is the goal for which you ran in a dream. If you chase a simple person, then he becomes a symbol of financial loss. If you are chasing game, expect joy, especially when you reach your goal.
If you are chasing your spouse, then you should think about diversity in family life.
Dream Interpretation of Medea
If you are running away from a wild animal, forget about rash acts. When you run away, you save yourself from a fire - you have to take measures and you definitely need to check your health. Escaping from an attack - listen to your feelings.
If you are trying to run to the bus or the plane, then make your plan come true today. And if you are chasing a person, the daily race will be very tiring for you.
Freud's dream book
According to Freud's dream book, running in a dream means a symbol of sexual intimacy. If running in a dream brings joy, then you are in good physical and sexual shape.
If you are tired of running or you need to run in bad weather, you do not like sex with your soul mate. At first, you may not realize it, but you are already thinking about finding a new partner.
Dream Interpretation of Solomon
According to this dream book, running means poverty and loss.
Dream Interpretation of the Wanderer
Running in a dream signals stagnation in your activities, as well as the appearance of internal problems, such as numbness in the legs, etc.
Women's dream book
According to the women's dream book, running after other people means that you are in a hurry somewhere. The dream book also believes that soon you will have to participate in some interesting event.
Perhaps you will find significant success in business. And much depends on the atmosphere of sleep. For example, if you fell while running, expect financial problems. If you run alone, then you will be able to take an advantageous place in life. If you run away from danger, you will lose hope of solving problems in the usual way. If not you, but someone is running away from danger, then warn the children of possible danger.
Finally
Try not to take the meaning of sleep to heart, perhaps "running in a dream" does not prepare something bad for you and a dream is just a dream. To find out whether this is true or not, carefully study the popular dream books, which are still in great demand, and follow the further recommendations.
ESSENCE OF THE GAME. SUMMARY OF ITS DEVELOPMENT
At the turn of the 20th century, various games with running and throwing the ball began to be cultivated in a number of countries. One of these games - "hand-boold" - appeared in Denmark. Its rules were compiled by X. Nielsen.
The first official competitions were held in 1898. This year is considered the birth year of handball.
The new game began to spread rapidly. Soon she had "relatives" - the Czech "gazena" and the German "handball". In 1926, the International Amateur Sports Federation was forced to organize a special commission, which became in charge of the development of handball. This commission was transformed into the International Federation.
In 1936, handball was included in the program of the Olympic Games, and two years later the first world championship was organized, which marked the beginning of the regular holding of these competitions for men's and women's teams.
Initially, the game developed in two versions: handball 11X11 and 7x7. In the summer, football fields hosted "big" handball competitions, and in the winter, indoors - "small" ones. But gradually 7X7 handball, as more versatile and spectacular, supplanted its older brother and practically became the only kind of this game. In 1946, eight countries decided to create a separate 7x7 handball federation. Now about 60 countries are part of the International Handball Federation (IHF).
In our country, the first handball competitions were organized in 1913. However, the game began to develop only during the years of Soviet power. In 1928, handball was included in the program of the 1st All-Russian Spartakiad. Especially rapidly handball began to develop in the 50s. In 1955, the All-Union Handball Section was created, later transformed into a federation, which in 1958 became part of the IHF.
Since 1962, championships of the USSR have been regularly held, championships among school, student, and army teams have been organized. Our strongest teams enter the international arena and become winners of major competitions. They repeatedly win the European Champions Cup, win various international tournaments. The men's national team in 1972, participating in the Olympic Games for the first time, entered the top five strongest in the world. In 1975, the USSR women's team became the silver medalist of the world championship. In 1976, Soviet handball players won the title of Olympic champions.
Handball rules provide for the possibility of holding competitions in halls and outdoor areas. Field dimensions - 20x40. The game is played by two teams consisting of six field players and a goalkeeper. The game is played with a small ball, the weight and circumference of which are different for men's and women's teams. Ball for men's game
teams and junior teams must have a circumference of 58-60 cm and a weight of 425-475 g before the start of the game, for the game of women's teams - a circumference of 54-56 cm and a weight of 325-400 g. The players try to throw the ball into the goal (2x3). The game of men's teams lasts 60 minutes, women's - 50 minutes.
All actions with the ball are performed only with the hands. In the fight for the ball, the use of brute force in relation to the opponent is not allowed.
Nowadays, handball has taken one of the main places among the sports games included in the physical education program at school. From the 4th to the 10th grade, students can practice handball directly in physical education lessons. A simplified version of the game - mini-handball - is available to children 9-10 years old.
GAME TECHNIQUE
The technique of playing handball is usually divided into the technique of playing in attack and in the technique of playing in defense. The classification of game techniques is given in fig. 113.
All team players participate in attack and defense, so each of them needs to master the entire arsenal of game techniques to perfection.
Attack technique
In attack, the handball player operates with the ball and without the ball. Actions without the ball include movement on the court, jumping, turning, feints, screens. Ball handling consists of catching, passing, dribbling, shooting, feints and screening.
Techniques for playing without the ball
A high level of possession of the techniques of playing without the ball significantly increases the effectiveness of handball players in attack.
The first requirement for the player is the speed and surprise of actions. But it is possible to act in this way only if it is constantly in its original position, called the main stance. To create the best conditions for a quick start and possession of the ball, the player bends his legs and transfers his body weight to the front of the foot; head raised, arms half-bent and ready to catch the ball.
Movement around the court is the main technique of the game. Running should be fast and at the same time economical. It should be borne in mind that during the game a handball player runs more than 4-5 km, and very often he makes jerks. All accelerations are performed with short, sharp steps and are accompanied by a tilt of the body and active movements of the arms. Stops while running are performed with jumps or double steps. At the same time, the legs are strongly bent, and the upper body is tilted back.
Turns are a special technique that helps a handball player to successfully operate on the court both with and without the ball. Perform it on one or both legs. Most often, the game uses a rotation of 180 degrees, but there are also rotations of 360 degrees or more.
Jumping is an integral part of most attackers' actions. A handball player needs to be fluent in all types of jumps (long, high, forward, sideways, backwards), performed from a place, with a run, with a push with one or two legs. Each jump consists of a run-up, flight and landing. For a handball player, the flight is of the utmost importance, at the moment of which he performs all sorts of technical tricks. Mastering the technique of landing when throwing a jump with a fall reduces the risk of injury.
Feints (false movements) performed without the ball help the player get away from the defender. Slopes, lunges, turns, changes in speed and direction of movement, etc. are used as false movements.
Barriers are an important attack technique. This is a special type of movement aimed at freeing the attackers from the guardianship of the defenders. Barriers are performed without the ball and with the ball. Therefore, their technique is described in the next section of the chapter.
Ball game tricks
With their help, they carry out attacks on the opponent's goal and provide interaction between the players.
Catching the ball is the main method of possession of the ball. Methods of catching are distinguished depending on the height of the ball and the position of the attacker. Catch the ball with one hand or two.
Catching the ball with two hands is the most reliable way. You can catch the ball while standing still, on the run, in a jump. Ball flying on the chest
caught in the following way. Watching the ball, the player brings forward both hands. At the same time, the palms are open to the ball, the fingers are freely spaced and not tense, the thumbs are facing each other and almost touching (together with the index fingers, they seem to form a triangle). As soon as the ball touches the fingers, bend the arms and pull it to the chest (Fig. 114).
A high-flying ball is often caught in a jump. Hands are brought forward and up so as to meet him as soon as possible. At the moment of contact
novations with fingers, the speed of the ball is extinguished by bending the arms, after which it is lowered down.
When catching low-flying balls, the hands are lowered down, the palms are brought together, the fingers are wide apart and pointing down. Sometimes they take a step forward or to the side at the same time. As soon as the ball touches the palms, it is wrapped around with fingers. Hands are first taken back, then bent and pulled the ball to the chest.
To catch a rolling ball, they make a wide lunge forward, bend over and pick it up from below with one hand. Almost simultaneously, you need to cover the ball from above and with the other hand.
Catching the ball with one hand is much less common when it cannot be caught with both hands. To do this, the nearest hand is brought forward - the palm is facing the ball, the fingers are spaced and not tense. The speed of its flight is extinguished by a yielding movement of the hand and bending of the arm at the elbow joint. Then the ball is pressed against the forearm or picked up with the other hand.
Hold the ball after catching with two or one hand. But more often it is held with one hand, as this allows the handball player to perform all subsequent actions faster and more varied. It is especially important to be able to hold the ball by laying the brush on top.
Ball passes. The ability to timely, quickly and accurately pass the ball to a partner in a more advantageous position is the main condition for the success of collective actions in the attack. You can pass the ball with both hands and one. Passing with one hand is much more common: in this way, you can quickly and accurately pass the ball to any distance and in any direction. Passing with two hands is used in difficult combat conditions when there is not enough time or space to pass the ball with one hand.
An overhand bent hand pass is the most common way of passing. In this way, you can pass the ball to different distances and from a variety of starting positions.
When transferring from a place with one hand, the opposite leg is put forward. The ball, held over the shoulder in an open palm with relaxed fingers, is brought back. At the same time, the arm is bent, the elbow is in front of the ball; the shoulders turn in the direction of the swing, the bent free arm is brought forward. From this position, the body weight is transferred with a push to the leg in front, the chest begins to turn in the direction of transmission. The bent arm with the ball is sent forward with an accelerating movement. Having passed the vertical, the forearm overtakes the elbow, and with a sweeping movement of the brush the ball is directed to the target (Fig. 115).
The same transmission can be performed on the move. Then the swing is carried out for one or two steps, and the throw is carried out along with the last step.
It is possible to pass the ball with a bent arm from above and slightly lower, to the side of the body. In this case, the swing is performed as usual, and the throw is in the horizontal plane (Fig. 116).
Sometimes this transmission is combined with a tilt towards the passing hand.
Passing with a straight hand from below is used in cases where it is necessary to send the ball to a close distance with active opposition from the opponent.
In preparation for the pass, the player takes a lower stance and securely covers the ball with his exposed foot. When swinging, the hand with the ball at the hip is pulled back. The throw begins with the transfer of body weight forward; the torso is turned, the hand with the ball is sent forward with a sharp movement. The ball is directed with a brush to a partner.
This transfer can also be performed with a swing in the opposite direction, that is, forward: the hand with the ball pressed to the forearm is brought forward, and then sharply sent back.
Transfer behind the back. It is performed after a swing to pass with a bent arm from above or from the side. The movement begins after the hand with the ball is in the final position of the swing. With a turn of the hand and a sharp movement of the forearm, the ball is sent behind the back to the partner (Fig. 117).
Very similar to this technique is the transfer over the shoulder behind the head. It starts with the usual swing to pass with a bent arm from above, but then the player quickly bends his arm at the elbow and, with a brush behind his head, directs the ball to the attacker located on the side (Fig. 118).
Hand transmission has recently become widespread. Like the previous two, it belongs to the section of hidden transmissions. In preparation for the pass, the player holds the ball in front of him with one hand from above. Then, with a sharp movement of the forearm and especially the hand, he sends the ball to his partner (Fig. 119).
With two hands, the ball is passed from the chest from above and below. The technique for performing these passes is no different from that used in basketball.
Dribbling. With the ball in hand, the attacker can take no more than three steps. Moving a greater distance is carried out with the help of dribbling, the so-called method of movement in which the attacker, having released the ball from his hands, again touches it with one hand
" 195
This method of movement allows you to maneuver with the ball on the court. Even after a one-hit dribble, an attacker can maintain control of the ball for four to seven steps (three steps before the hit, one at the moment of the hit, and again three after the ball is caught).
Before dribbling, the ball, held with one or two hands, is carried to the side-forward. Starting the movement, the player directs the ball down with a brush. The point of impact of the ball is chosen to the side of the attacker's direction of movement. Having released the ball, the player continues to move and meets the rebounding ball with widely spaced fingers.
tsami. With a light push, he is sent down again. Then the whole movement is repeated. During the dribble, it is important to observe the changing situation on the court.
If the dribbling is used to dribble the opponent, then the ball is transferred to the far hand and must be protected with the body and legs. Reducing the height of the ball bounce makes it easier to control it.
Throws at the gate. They are carried out in basically the same ways as passing the ball. However, this technique has its own differences, determined by the need to throw the ball with maximum strength and accuracy.
Throws into the goal are almost always performed with one hand. They are carried out from various starting positions: standing facing and back to the gate, from a place, on the run, in a jump and in a fall.
The accuracy of the throw is determined by the moment the ball is released and the direction of the force applied to it. The throw is stronger, the greater the force and the longer the path on which it acts on the ball. However, the effectiveness of the throw does not always depend on its strength. Often the speed of execution is decisive. Therefore, fast throws with a small amplitude (wrist) are no less important.
An overhead bent arm throw is the main way to throw the ball into the goal. Most often used while on the move.
or jump. The throw from the spot is performed less often, and it does not differ much from the known method of passing the ball.
A throw in motion is carried out after a jump, two or three steps, during which a swing is made. The take-off steps are performed differently, depending on which leg will be the supporting one at the time of the throw. The supporting leg, as a rule, is the opposite leg of the throwing arm. By putting it forward, the player thereby facilitates the possibility of applying maximum force. A throw based on the leg of the same name is more difficult in coordination and weaker in strength, but faster in execution.
The throw after the jump is the fastest of all throws from the pivot position. Preparing to receive the ball, the player makes a small jump forward and catches the ball in flight. He lands first on the right, and then on the left foot, placing it for greater emphasis from the heel (Fig. 120). At the same time, he makes a swing, and then, turning his chest to the gate and transferring his body weight to the leg in front, performs a throw. The arm with the ball bent is carried over the shoulder, and then unbent and with a sweeping movement of the forearm and hand, direct the ball into the goal. The throw ends with an energetic tilt of the torso and a step forward with the right foot.
The variability of the roll results in greater variability in this roll. The most effective shot is jumping into the area above the goalkeeper's area. The ability to maintain takeoff speed and execute a long jump is crucial.
When throwing from extreme positions, the player takes a two-three step run parallel to the goal line or to the seven-meter mark. In order not to step on the line, the leg is placed parallel to it; push off with a different foot and, as it were, under themselves. During the run-up, the ball is held with both hands and carried under the arms or away from the defenders. After the push, the throwing hand is carried up behind the head. At the same time, the player leans to the side (depending on the position in relation to the goal). This allows you to increase the angle of the ball into the goal and deprives the opponent of the opportunity to interfere with the throw. Landing is made on the push leg (Fig. 124).
The most effective are jump shots with a fall in the goalkeeper's area. This allows not only to significantly reduce the distance to the goal, but also to get rid of the opposition of the opponent.
Jumping in is usually preceded by a beat on the defender and a run-up, thanks to which the player goes to the six-meter line. Vigorously pushing off, the attacker makes a swing in flight: he brings the ball over his head and turns his upper body and shoulders in the same direction. After the throw, he lands first on a free
The throw is made along with the next step with the left foot. The player abruptly turns his chest to the goal; bending the arm with the ball at the elbow, they begin an accelerating forward movement. The ball is released at the moment immediately preceding the placing of the left foot on the ground.An overhead bent arm throw in motion after cross steps takes more time, so it is used less frequently. The swing is performed in three steps. Moreover, the second and third steps are made cross (foot
turn at an angle to the runway line). Together with the last step, the player is sideways to the gate. The bent arm with the ball is retracted to the final position of the swing.
The throw begins by turning the torso with the chest towards the goal and transferring the body weight forward. The hand with the ball is sent forward; as soon as it passes the vertical, it is unbent with a whipping movement of the forearm and hand, directing the ball into the goal. Further progress of the player is delayed by the step of the right foot (Fig. 122).
A jumping bent arm overhead throw is often used when attacking in difficult martial arts conditions. Tall players use it especially successfully, which the jump allows you to send the ball into the goal, bypassing the block of defenders. When completing an attack from the area adjacent to the goalkeeper's area, the player may resort to a long jump. This will allow him to get away from the defenders and get closer to the goal.
A jump shot consists of a run, a push, a flight and a landing; repulsion is most often performed with a different foot. Swing and throw are made in an unsupported position. Landing usually occurs on the jogging leg, and, if necessary, on the arm.
An upward jump throw is performed after a run in two or three steps. When throwing with the right hand, the player is pushed off with the left foot. In flight, the fly leg is bent and carried up and to the side; brings the hand with the ball behind the head; torso and shoulders turns in the direction of the swing. The throw is performed as soon as it reaches the highest take-off point. The player turns his chest to the goal and, simultaneously with the active movement of the swing leg back, sends the ball to the target (Fig. 123). If the defender
interferes with it, the thrower can throw by extending his arm up over the block, or throw the ball while leaning to the side.
A jump throw can also be performed with a turn. It is used when moving along the goalkeeper's area. The turn to the gate occurs after the repulsion. The most difficult jump shot after catching the ball directly in flight.
The long jump bent arm overhand throw is often used by players operating near the goalkeeper's area. Variety of conditions
hand and fly leg, and then, after the coup, gets up (Fig. 125).
Throws with a bent arm from above in the fall allow you to attack from the so-called closed positions. There are throws in the fall forward, to the side and back.
Throw bent
hand from above falling forward is often used in a seven-meter free throw. In the starting position, the player stands sideways to the goal, holding the ball in front of him with both hands. Starting the swing, he transfers the weight of the body to the leg located behind. Then, with a push, he completely transfers it to the leg in front. The fly leg bends and takes out to the side. Starting the fall, the player turns his chest to the gate, bends in the lower back and sends his hand forward with a quick movement. The ball is released just before touching the floor with the free hand. They land first on the hands, and then on the chest (Fig. 126).
Throw with a bent arm from above in a fall to the side is one of the most difficult technical methods of attack. Usually it is performed together with a feint. After eliciting a response from the defender and approaching him, the player transfers the weight of the body to the leg closest to the direction of the throw. From this position, he begins to fall to the side. In this case, the fall is made as if on the back. The ball may be carried farther behind the head. The throw is performed under the hands of the defender at the very last moment before landing (Fig. 127).
The bent arm throw from the side is also used when attacking from closed positions. It can be performed at different heights (depending on the situation): at the waist, thigh, lower leg. The throw is preceded by cross steps. Starting the throw, the player leans towards the throwing arm, the arm with the ball bent at the elbow begins to move parallel to the court, the forearm and hand are somewhat behind. Then
the arm is straightened and with a sweeping movement of the forearm and hand the ball is directed to the target (Fig. 128).
In addition to throws with an inclination towards the striking hand, throws with an inclination in the opposite direction are quite often used.
To attack from closed positions, throws with a straight arm are also used. Their advantage is that they can be performed with the attacker's back to the goal. In this case, the swing is carried out by moving forward. Throws with a straight arm are divided into throws from above, from below and from the side. The thrower in this way can stand still, move around in a run, or throw while falling.
A throw with a straight arm from above (with a forward swing) is used when the attacker is with his back to the goal and a defender takes care of him from behind. Starting the swing, the player brings the throwing hand under the ball and presses it to the forearm. The weight of the body is transferred to the opposite leg. From this position, the throwing hand
A throw with a straight arm from the side (with a swing forward) is performed in the same cases as a throw from above. Before swinging, the ball is pressed with a brush to the forearm and supported with the other hand from below. Having taken a step in the direction opposite to the direction of the throw, the attacker transfers the weight of the body to the one in front.
leg; then, abruptly pushing off, he begins to turn his body with his chest to the gate. The throwing arm straightens and at chest level moves in a horizontal plane in the same direction. The weight
the bodies are completely transferred to the leg on which the turn is performed. The throw ends with an active guiding movement of the hand (Fig. 130).
A throw with a straight arm from below (with a forward swing) is used to attack from a position with your back to the goal. When swinging, the player, pressing the ball to the forearm, quickly brings his hand forward, and then with a pendulum motion down, back sharply
sends her back. The ball is released after the arm begins to rise up.
Finishing off. Very often the ball thrown into the goal bounces off the goalkeeper or the post. It can again be sent to the gate with a blow of the brush of one or two hands. They finish off the ball in a jump with a fall into the goalkeeper's area (Fig. 131).
Throwing is performed through the released goalkeeper. The striker imitates a throw in the usual way, but at the last moment, before releasing the ball, he directs it with a brush through the goalkeeper into the goal (Fig. 132).
Throws after the ball bounces off the court are more difficult to stop. Therefore, they are used when attacking the gate from all positions. When throwing from extreme positions, the ball is given rotation to the left or right. Then, after a bounce, he abruptly changes the direction of flight.
Feints. Feints are complex tricks consisting of two or three elements. Purpose
the first move is to evoke the defender's reaction, the second is to use it. Therefore, the first movement is performed a little slower, and the second - as quickly as possible. There are tricks without the ball and with the ball. Feints performed without the ball help the player to get out of custody and get the ball. The player with the ball resorts to a feint to attack the goal or pass the ball to a partner.
As feints, they use all the technical methods of playing in the attack, as well as slopes, attacks, turns, stops, changes in direction and speed of running.
The most common feints include:
false pass in one way followed by passing the ball in another way;
false transfer followed by a throw;
false throw with subsequent transfer (Fig. 133);
false departure in one direction, followed by departure in the other;
a false throw followed by a stroke.
The simplest example of a feint is an imitation of a jump shot, followed by a landing, hitting the ball to the floor and stroking the defender.
Barriers. They are performed without the ball and with the ball. Distinguish between side and front screens.
In a side screen, the attacker without the ball is positioned to the side of the defender, legs wide apart, arms bent
If the player with the ball puts a side screen, then he passes the ball after he stops and makes a turn in front of the defender (Fig. 134).
The front screen is different in that the screener does not stand on the side, but between his partner and his defender. If the latter tries to bypass the barrier, then the attacker, turning around, will prevent him.
There are also movable and static barriers.
A movable barrier is used if there is a need to free the attacker from the guardianship of the opponent for a longer time. The shielder moves after passing the ball parallel to the direction of the partner's exit.
A group screen is a screen in which two or three attackers participate. They are located close to each other and deprive the defenders of the opportunity to approach the player with the ball.
Defense technique
All players must equally master the techniques of attack and defense. Special defensive techniques allow you to take the ball away from the opponent and prevent shots into the goal. These include standing and moving, intercepting and clearing the ball, blocking shots, switching and slipping, and defending the goal.
Defender stand. Defense uses a lower stance than offense as the player must be ready for instant exits and jumps in any direction. The defender's legs are bent and spaced to the width of the step, body weight on the front of the foot. The arms are half-bent (45-50°) and slightly apart at chest level, the palms are open to the ball (Fig. 135). In single combat with a player in possession of the ball, the defender takes a stance, putting forward (30-40 cm) leg (usually left). For greater stability, the toe of the right foot is turned to the side. The left hand (closest to the ball) is raised up and approached to the ball, the right is bent in front of the chest (it absorbs a collision or interferes with the player's aim). In close contact with the player, the defender with his body and hands pushes the opponent to a less advantageous position.
Movement. Defensive players often have to move backwards and side steps. The technique of movement of a handball player does not differ from similar methods of playing basketball.
Interception. The defender must always aim to intercept the ball. Therefore, when playing against an attacker, he needs to take the right
position. It is better to intercept the ball when the defender moves in advance in the direction of a possible pass and extends the nearest to opponent's hand forward. At the moment the ball approaches, the defender, ahead of the attacker, sharply pushes off with his far foot and, taking a wide step with his other foot, catches the ball. It is also possible to intercept with an exit from behind a player waiting for the pass while standing still.
knockout ball. You can hit the ball while dribbling and swinging. To knock the ball from the leader, you need to get close to him and move nearby for a while. Ray-
We should not do this at the moment when the ball is not protected by the player's body and starts to rise after hitting the court. The defender brings his hand under the attacker's arm and hits the ball with a push of the brush.
Especially important is knocking out, which is called "taking the ball from the batter." It is used against players who have come to the line of the goalkeeper's area. Having approached the attacker, the defender moves with him and waits for the right moment to swing. When the player brings the hand with the ball back, the defender quickly extends his hand and, blocking the path of the throw, removes the ball from the thrower's hand with a brush (Fig. 136).
Blocking. This is the main technique that prevents shots and ensures possession of the ball and the transition to a counterattack. The direction of the throw is blocked by the arms, torso, and in some cases by the foot. When blocking a shot, the defender from the middle moves 40-60 cm towards the throwing arm to be in the middle of an imaginary axis connecting him to the ball. This not only makes blocking easier, but also allows the goalkeeper to see the ball better.
Preparing for the block, the defender closely monitors the player, trying to determine the moment and direction of the throw. Noticing the beginning of the movement, he takes a step forward and quickly takes out straightened arms towards the ball. In order to more accurately block the throw, the defender bends his arms somewhat at the elbows (angle 120-140 °), the hands are connected, the fingers are tense and apart (Fig. 137). The ball is met with palms. If a
Blocking is performed in the support position. The jump can only be used against a player who has completed the dribble. If the throw is held away from the defender, then the hands are taken out to the side and at the same time protect the face from the ball.
Switching. This is a technique that allows you to maintain control over the players under guard. It is mainly used when putting up barriers. The defender, who is screened, immediately retreats one or two steps back and further takes care of this player. His partner, on the contrary, takes a step forward and meets the player coming out from under the barrier.
Goalkeeper's technique
Goal play is the most difficult and complex part of the defense technique. During the game, the goalkeeper has to reflect 40-70 shots, some of which are carried out from a distance of only a few meters. To cope with this task, he needs not only the
to give special qualities, but also to perfectly master special protective techniques.
The goalkeeper's playing technique consists of standing, moving, catching and holding the ball with his hands, holding the ball with his feet, passing and feints.
Rack. The goalkeeper must always be ready for action. To do this, he needs to watch the ball all the time and, having chosen a position, take the desired stance.
The goalkeeper is usually positioned about half a meter from the goal line. The legs are bent and spaced at a width of 20-30 cm, body weight is evenly distributed on the front of the feet. The body is slightly tilted forward, the arms are bent and spread apart, the palms are facing the ball (Fig. 138).
If a throw is threatened from the edge, then the goalkeeper goes to the goal post, straightens up and raises both hands up or lowers one to the side, puts one foot close to the bar, turning his toes in the direction from the goal line. Body weight is completely transferred to the leg closest to the bar.
Movement. The goalkeeper must master the technique of movement (sharp starts, jumps, stops, running backwards). Most often you have to use side steps. But it is important to be able to perform lunges, splits, somersaults, rolls. When moving, the goalkeeper must strive to maintain a supporting position for as long as possible in order to start a new movement at any time.
Catching the ball. The goalkeeper should strive to get possession of the ball as quickly as possible, since this determines how quickly the team will go on the counterattack. It is best to catch it with two hands. If you can’t immediately catch the ball, you need to strive to seize it as soon as possible after the rebound (Fig. 139).
Handling the ball. It is almost impossible to catch a strongly flying ball, especially if it flies away from the player. In this case, the goalkeeper only delays him - blocks his way with his hand put to the side. If the ball flies into the corner, the goalkeeper takes a short step from the near foot and meets it with the palm or forearm (fig. 140). At the same time, the elbow is somewhat relaxed, and the muscles of the forearm are tense. At the moment of contact with the ball, the forearm moves back a little to reduce the force of the blow. In some cases, you can hold the ball in a jump, followed by a fall. To do this, the goalkeeper first takes a short side step towards the ball, then powerfully pushes. In flight, he holds the ball with one or two hands, after which he lands with a roll and immediately gets up (Fig. 141).
Having deflected a difficult ball, the goalkeeper must strive to direct it
away from players or out of bounds. Holding the ball with the foot. Throws aimed at the bottom of the goal and hitting the ball on the court are stopped by the feet. Falls in this case are irrational, since they require much more time. The ball is held by the nearest foot, for which a step or lunge is taken to the side. The foot and lower leg are turned and carried low above the ground to the ball (Fig. 142). The foot is placed on the floor from the heel. A low-flying ball is reflected by the joint movement of the arms and legs.
They also delay throws into the far lower corner of the goal, made from extreme positions.In some cases, especially when approaching a player (Fig. 143), the goalkeeper has to hold the ball with his body.
Ball passes. The success of the defending team's counterattacks depends on how quickly and accurately the goalkeeper passes the ball. Especially accurately, he must be able to pass the ball over a long distance - "in separation".
Feints. Feints can be used when reflecting the ball and passing. Hand movements, torso tilts, movements, as well as false ball passes are used as feints.
Intentionally occupying one of the corners before the throw, the goalkeeper, at the moment of the movement of the throwing arm, takes a step in the direction of the left open corner of the goal, where the attacker usually directs his throw. Similarly, he may position his arms in advance to cover one direction for the batter. This reduces the attacker's choice.
GAME TACTICS
In handball, various systems for organizing the actions of a team in attack and defense are used. All of them are based on simpler group and individual tactical actions (the classification of the game is given in Fig. 144).
In attack, teams usually organize their actions by placing players in two lines: in the first (in the area immediately adjacent to the goalkeeper's area) one to four players can act; in the second (behind the nine-meter line) - from two to five forwards. Most often, the 3-3 arrangement is used. In this case, the attackers are positioned as shown in Fig. 145.
Defense is also usually organized from two lines. The positions of the players in the defense are determined taking into account their positions in the attack. Most often, the 5-1 zone defense is used. In this case, the players occupy the following positions: 6 - line player, 7 - left edge
ny, 4 - left welterweight, 3 - middle defender, 2 - right welterweight, 5 - right winger, 1 - goalkeeper.
During the game, players constantly change places, but not for long
playing in a familiar position is usually more successful.
Attack tactics
Attack is the decisive phase of the game. It is carried out from the moment of possession of the ball. The method of organizing an attack is determined by the current situation and the game plan chosen by the team. The nature and content of individual and group actions of players are dictated by the chosen system of play and are always consistent with the basic principles.
principles of organizing tactical actions in an attack. This is the preservation of control over the ball, the arrangement and their places in it, as well as the variety of technical and tactical means used.
Individual actions handball players in the attack are subject to the solution of a common problem. The most important elements of tactics are the correct assessment of the situation and the rational choice of location. The player without the ball must first of all free himself from the guardianship of the opponent and receive the ball in a position convenient for attacking the goal or further developing it by passing the ball to a partner. The player who took possession of the ball must cpasy look for an opportunity to beat his guardian on his own. The success of martial arts depends on the right choice of the moment and the way of playing.
Group interactions are made up of coordinated actions of individual players. They can be learned in advance or arise during the game. Attackers must be able to use both of these forms of interaction, but still preference should be given to learned actions, since they are more effective.
Fast Break
This system of attack is used at the moment of transition from defense to attack. The fast break attack is notable for its effectiveness, since it is carried out against a team that has not had time to organize a defense.
A fast break can be organized by a sudden interception of the ball, after taking possession of the ball rebounding from the goalkeeper or the goal, during a throw-in or free throws. There are two main ways to attack with a fast break: breaking with a long pass to the forward player and breaking with short passes between non-
how many players moving without change and with change of places:.
Fast break with a long pass- the easiest and most effective way to attack. Usually this pass is made by the player who first took possession of the ball, and most often by the goalkeeper.
A long pass is sent to the player who managed to get ahead of the returning defenders. For such a break to be successful, it must be carried out at the moment preceding the possession of the ball. The first player to receive the ball is either closest to the opponent's goal, or located on the far side of the ball.
The transfer is carried out immediately at the exit of the player. However, it should not be too long or high.
One of the options for attacking with a long pass is shown in Fig. 146. Having caught the ball, the goalkeeper passes it to the player running into the gap. The rest of the partners immediately join the attack, trying to get ahead of the nearest defenders.
Quite often, the pass to the outgoing player is made through the player who received the ball near the goalkeeper's area. This method is used when the goalkeeper is unable to make a long pass or when the attacker is late with the start of the breakaway and moves with the opponent. Such a pass is calculated on the error of the defender returning to the ball with his back. The pass is most often directed along the edge, over the defender's head.
Fast break with short balls used when the team takes possession of the ball in the area in front of the goal and the opponent has time to cover.
If the opponent manages to maintain equality of forces, then the players of the "second echelon" are included in the attack, creating a numerical superiority - 4x3, 5x4. In this case, the attack can end with a throw from a distance through a free "window".
Group actions during a fast break. A fast break consists of three phases: possession of the ball and the transition from defense to attack, maneuver in movement on the court, completion of the attack. At the beginning of the attack, it is important to start breaking away from the defenders in a timely manner, choose the right exit direction and quickly pass the ball to the player. Therefore, the main form of interaction between the two players in this phase of the attack is passing to the exit to the breaking player. To avoid an interception, the walker must move at an angle to the goal, blocking the defender from reaching the ball. The passing player must correctly choose the direction and trajectory of the pass. More often other
Here they use longitudinal passes to the player's exit.
During the maneuver, attackers tend to take up the entire width of the court in order to stretch the defense and get into convenient positions to complete the attack. Movement at maximum speed (mainly with a change of place) is combined with a quick transfer to a partner free from guardianship.
The breakthrough ends most often with a numerical superiority of the attackers over the defenders (1: 0, 2: 1, 3: 2). Here it is important to bring the "extra" player out of the zone in front of the goal. To do this, the player with the ball distracts the defenders with his active actions, and then gives the ball to the partner who has taken a comfortable position (Fig. 148). If the attackers do not have a numerical advantage (2: 2, 3: 3), they should not
appear from the throw and wait for the rest of the partners. Fast coordinated movements and transfers make it possible, even under these conditions, to use the difficulties in defending a large playing space with small forces and quite easily create an opportunity for a throw.
With the change in the rules of the game and the introduction of time limits on the attack, the value of the fast break has increased. Each team must master this formidable offensive weapon in modern handball.
positional attack
If a team fails to make a fast break, it is forced to act against the opponent's organized defense. To do this, they resort to a positional attack. It is distinguished by the duration of preparation, the constant participation of all players, and the widespread use of pre-learned methods of group interaction. The ultimate goal of such an attack is to create a short-term numerical superiority in one of the sections of the site.
Although a positional attack is less effective than a fast break, it is more expedient in certain cases. The transition to a positional attack allows you to change the pace of the game. However, in modern handball, this is more of a forced transition to a new form of attack after a failed fast break.
A positional attack consists of the initial phase, preparatory and completion of the attack.
In the first phase, the players are placed, the opponent's defense system is determined, and the action plan is chosen.
As soon as the players take their positions, the team begins to implement the planned actions. In this preparatory phase, group interactions are carried out, in which two to six players participate. The movements of the ball and the players are taken to create a numerical superiority in one of the areas of the court, convenient for the final throw.
The next phase is the completion of the attack. Simultaneously with the shot at the goal, the team prepares to continue the attack and return to their goal in an organized manner.
In a positional attack, there are two main options for organizing an attack:
with one lineman (arrangement 3-3 - fig. 149, a) and with two (arrangement 4-2 - fig. 149, b).
The use of linemen operating in the most dangerous zone for scoring pins down the defense and makes it difficult for them to operate against other attackers. Areas of action and functions of the linemen are changing. In each individual case, the most rational way of organizing an attack and using linemen is chosen.
Group actions during a positional attack. In each phase of the attack, they use their own methods of interaction. In the first phase, the players change places and take the most convenient position for subsequent actions. In the second phase, various combinations are used, simple and complex. The simplest of these are interactions between two players, the most complex are those involving all six players. Well-developed methods of interaction between two or three players allow you to quickly create conditions for scoring a goal.
Among the effective ways to get rid of the defenders is the transfer of the ball to a player who enters a free place (Fig. 150), a change during cross and oncoming movement (Fig. 151), single and group barriers (Fig. 152), a fettering attack - an imitation of a passage between two defenders, followed by the transfer of the ball to the released partner (Fig. 153).
These combinations involve two or three players. The interactions of a larger number of players are made up of the simplest combinations
actions performed with pre-agreed movements of the players.
As one of the forms of organizing an attack, an attack with a constant movement of all players, successively occupying different positions on the court, can be used. These include attacks that are called the "eight" (Fig. 154), "wave", "two triangles", etc.
A special place in the tactics of a positional attack is occupied by actions
in standard positions (with a nine-meter free throw, corner or free throw and with unequal teams). With a nine-meter free throw, one of the group screen options is usually used (Fig. 155). They tend to complete the corner throw with an attack from close range (Fig. 156).
During a free throw, the players position themselves in such a way as to be able to take possession of the rebounded ball and prevent the opponent from counterattacking.
With a numerical advantage, an attack is used with the exit of two attackers to the line of the goalkeeper's area (Fig. 157).
If the team remains in the minority, it seeks to actively maintain control of the ball for as long as possible.
Defense tactics
The team is in the defensive role from the moment they lose the ball. Now the goal of her actions is to prevent the opponent from throwing the ball into the goal and to retake it as quickly as possible.
Only with excellent organization of the actions of the defenders can this difficult task be solved. Strong defense is the foundation of victory. Defense must be active, flexible, layered. The basic principles of the organization of defense are a constant attack of a player with soft
chom, maintaining a balance of forces in each sector and at every moment of the attack, creating a numerical superiority in the main direction of attack.
In defense, you cannot limit your actions to preventing a shot at the goal. It is necessary to actively interfere with the conduct of the attack. Protection without safety net of one player by another is impossible. Having beaten one, the attacker should always switch to another defender.
The primary task of the defenders is to delay the first pass and the player rushing into the breakthrough. The players closest to the ball must immediately attack the player who has the ball. The rest quickly come back.
The tactics of the game in defense consists of individual, group and team actions. Moreover, the nature and content of individual and group actions are determined by the chosen system of play.
Individual tactical actions include choosing a place when holding a player without the ball and with the ball, tackling the ball and countering shots into the goal.
The defender is always located between the attacker and his goal at a distance that allows him to actively join the fight at the right time. If he guards a player without the ball, he should move slightly away from the ball in order to help his partners if necessary. While guarding the player with the ball, the defender is located on the side of his strongest hand, and if there is a threat of a throw, he comes close to him (Fig. 158) and tries to prevent the throw - put his hand on the ball or on the shoulder joint (closer to the collarbone) opponent.
If the attacker goes to the ball, then the defender must get ahead of him and make it difficult for him to get out, being located in advance on the way. The leader is pushed closer to the side lines or towards his weakest hand, trying to simultaneously knock the ball out or force him to pick it up.
The ball is taken away by intercepting passes or knocking out at a convenient moment. An interception is possible if the defender takes a position near the line of the intended pass and anticipates its moment.
You need to make it a rule: do not allow a single throw without blocking. The effectiveness of this technique largely depends on the attention, courage and determination of the blocker. The main thing is to accurately capture the moment the throw begins: this deprives the attacker of the opportunity to circle the block. Getting close to the thrower also allows for a successful block. The defender always attacks the attacker's throwing hand and covers the most dangerous direction - the near corner of the goal along the throw.
The effectiveness of the goalkeeper's game is largely determined by his ability to choose a place and coordinate his actions with the actions of the defenders. When moving in front of the goal, he should almost always be on the line,
which bisects the angle formed by the ball carrier and the side posts. From here, he prepares to move forward to reduce the angle of impact. It is obligatory to go out against the striker from close range from the area in front of the goal (see Fig. 143). The goalkeeper approaches the player at a distance of 2-2.5 m and stops or jumps with arms and legs wide apart. At the same time, he must be ready to quickly step back if the ball is thrown.
When throwing at an angle of 30-20 °, the goalkeeper can safely come forward, as this will significantly reduce the possible angle of impact, and it is very difficult to throw the ball over it. When throwing at an angle of 30-40 °, it is advisable for the goalkeeper to take a place 30-50 cm from the near post.
When breaking through a seven-meter free throw, the goalkeeper leaves the gate and approaches the kicker at a distance of 4-5 m, and when breaking through nine-meter throws, he takes a place in a corner uncovered by a wall of players.
The goalkeeper must constantly supervise the actions of the defenders and coordinate his actions with them. Defenders, on the other hand, should strive to close the near corner and the striker's striking arm, but not obscure the ball from the goalkeeper and allow him to clearly see the movement of the striking arm. With the right interaction with the defender, the goalkeeper mainly focuses on repelling the shot into the far corner of the goal.
To group tactical actions defenders include safety net, switching, slippage, group blocking, interaction with the numerical superiority of the attackers.
Safety net means creating a numerical superiority in the main direction of attack - the defenders are shifted to a partner attacking the player with the ball. Defenders approach him from both sides, creating a "protective triangle" (Fig. 159).
Switching is used for barriers, oncoming and cross movements, changing places by attackers. Having approached each other, the defenders, on a signal, exchange ward players (Fig. 160).
Slippage consists in the fact that one of the defenders is given opportunities to unrelentingly control the
furnace player. This is usually necessary when holding attackers tightly. Then the defender, to whom the partner approached with the attacker, takes a step back from the ward, passing the other in the shortest direction behind the outgoing attacker. Group blocking is carried out by two or three players. It allows you to tightly close the batter. This technique is used when breaking through a nine-meter free
throw, when the attackers form a "wall" in front of the goal (Fig. 161), as well as directly in the game. In this case, two defenders usually interact, blocking possible throws into the corners.
Interaction during the selection of the ball is typical for aggressive defense systems. It is used in the fight against the player in possession of the ball. The nearest (or free) partner suddenly comes to the aid of the defender guarding him, who attacks the player who is moving with the ball or who has stopped after the dribble, trying to knock out or intercept the ball from him.
Interacting with a numerical minority (2x3, 3x4, etc.), the defenders try to delay the development of the attack, interfere with the pass or intercept it and force the opponent to throw from a disadvantageous position. To do this, they retreat to the goalkeeper's area and are located in the middle in front of the goal. With a false attack, they force the attacker with the ball to make a hasty pass, which the other defender seeks to intercept. They usually cover the player with the ball and the partners closest to him. Players located on the far side of the ball and at the touchlines remain free; the ball carrier is pushed away from the middle so that he can shoot at a sharper angle.
Personal protection system
With this system of organizing the actions of the team, each player is given the task of keeping a certain attacker. Markings are distributed according to positions, physical and other qualities, or according to the principle of the nearest player at the time of the loss of the ball.
Personal defense has three varieties: all over the site, in its own half and in the area immediately adjacent to the goalkeeper's area.
It is quite difficult to carry out personal protection: attackers with the ball have the right to take three steps before and after the ball; opportunities to take the ball away from a player in full control of it are also limited. However, in some cases, personal defense becomes the only way to achieve victory.
Personal protection throughout the court justified when the defending team has a clear advantage or when the opponent, leading
in the score, delays the game. Having lost the ball, the defenders immediately disassemble the players and relentlessly follow them, making it difficult to receive the ball and act with it.
Personal defense in own half of the field pursues the same goal as the defense throughout the site.
Personal defense at the goalkeeper's square used to establish complete control over the actions of each attacker. It is especially effective when the defenders are outnumbered. In this case, the free defender takes a place in the center of the zone and secures all the players (Fig. 162).
Zone defense system
It differs in that the defenders operate only in a certain zone assigned to each.
Any attacker who is in the zone is guarded by a defender. It is rather difficult to overcome the zone defense, since the actions are mainly concentrated on a limited area of \u200b\u200bthe area in front of the goal - in the zone of the greatest effectiveness of the shots (from the middle to the 40 ° angle). In addition, not one, but several defenders almost always act against the player with the ball.
The position of defenders can be different. There are several options for zone defense: 6-0 (or six in a line), 5-1 4-2 and 3-3 (fig. 163).
The choice of one or another option is determined by the preparedness of the defenders and the tactical scheme of the opponent's game. In a game with teams attacking mainly with long-range shots, two or three players are pushed forward, the rest remain at the six-meter line. When meeting with teams that play as linemen and wingers, most defenders remain in the second line. Each of these options has its own varieties in the arrangement of players and the nature of their actions. Their goal, as a rule, is to ensure constant control in any phase of the attack for each attacker, and especially for the player with the ball.
The interaction between the defenders in the zone is reduced to the coordination of exits to the player with the ball beyond the nine-meter line (with protection
of the vacated zone) and to the switching of defenders during the movements and screens of the attackers (Fig. 164).
Mixed system forshields
It builds on the principles of personal and zone defense systems and thus complements and enhances them. Mixed defense allows you to tie up the initiative of the strongest opponent players and at the same time concentrate the main forces on the main direction of attack. Most often, it manifests itself in a tight hold of one or two attackers, while the rest of the players are located in the zone. This defense is called "five plus one" (5+1) or "four plus two" (4+2). Recently, 5 + 1 protection has become especially widespread.
Each team should be armed with several systems and options for protection. During the game, they are used in various combinations. The transition from one system to another is also possible during one opponent's attack, which gives the defenders great advantages: the opponent is forced to repeatedly reorganize during the game. f a doing it is very difficult.
METHODOLOGY OF LEARNING AND TRAINING
In the process of training and training, handball players acquire special knowledge, skills and abilities, improve physical, psychological and moral-volitional qualities.
At the first stage, students get acquainted with the rules and the main content of the game, study the leading elements of technology, the basics of individual tactics, get acquainted with the simplest methods of team tactical actions.
At the second stage, the previously studied is improved and new, more complex techniques and basic tactics of the game in attack and defense are taught.
At the third stage, sports training begins, which aims to achieve a high level of mastery of technique and tactics, to prepare the body for maximum loads and stresses.
Physical training
The game of handball places high demands on the body involved. The higher the level of development of physical qualities, the easier it is to achieve sportsmanship. With the improvement of functional
the effectiveness of the use of techniques and tactics of the game increases with the use of the body's capabilities.
For general physical training of handball players, general developmental exercises are used without objects, with objects and on equipment; exercises from athletics (running, jumping, throwing), gymnastics and acrobatics, weightlifting, swimming and other sports. A variety of outdoor games are very useful, as well as football, hockey, badminton.
Exercises included in special physical training are usually divided into two groups: 1) exercises for the development of strength, speed, endurance, dexterity, speed of reaction, orientation and other qualities; 2) exercises aimed at improving the techniques of the game.
For the development of strength, exercises of a dynamic nature, performed at a variable pace, are used, for the development of "explosive" strength, exercises with low weights, performed at a maximum pace. The most effective exercises with a weight of 30% of the maximum. Performing them to failure allows you to develop not only strength, but also strength endurance.
Exercises with small weights are very useful when mastering the basic technical techniques of the game. In this case, it is possible to increase strength without violating the structure of the technique of playing techniques. Therefore, in the training of handball players, a weighted ball (up to 600 g), exercises with stuffed balls and on block devices (with weights) are widely used. The training also includes a variety of exercises with a barbell, dumbbells, expander, rubber cords, overcoming your own weight and partner resistance, running in difficult conditions (on sand, snow), etc.
In handball, both the speed of a single movement and the ability to act at a maximum pace for a long time are equally important. Speed is developed with the help of exercises performed with the greatest frequency for 4-6 seconds. They are periodically repeated with rest intervals. This repetitive work method is successfully combined with the method of variable and interval training.
For the development of speed qualities and the acquisition of the so-called game speed, various exercises are used, the performance of technical elements with maximum speed of movement and training games with a reduction in time, a decrease in the size of the site and the number of players. Of great importance are also various types of speed running, and especially jerks for 20-60 meters, all kinds of games and relay races.
The basis of speed endurance is general endurance developed in the process of long-term exercise with low intensity. To develop special endurance, on the contrary, exercises performed with increased intensity are necessary. Therefore, endurance in handball players is developed in the process of variable and interval work. Then the intensity of the exercises should reach 80% of the maximum possible. At the end of the exercise, the pulse can reach 180 beats per minute, and the exercise itself
should be 30-90 sec. and about the same pause for rest, in which the pulse drops to 120-140 beats.
The main exercises that develop endurance are cross-country running combined with walking and general developmental exercises, preparatory and game exercises performed for a long time (football, swimming, skiing and 1 other sports, training games and competitions).
They improve endurance by gradually increasing the load, increasing its intensity, increasing the pace and duration of you;; completing the exercise.
Agility improves along with an improvement in overall coordination, balance and orientation. It is necessary to develop dexterity (general and special) systematically.
To do this, they use exercises with and without a ball in a limited space, outdoor games, acrobatic exercises, sports games (football, rugby, hockey) and other sports (diving into water, boxing, etc.), special exercises in unusual conditions (with a sudden change of situations, the complication of the opposition of the opponent, etc.).
Handball players need to constantly improve flexibility (especially goalkeepers) and jumping ability. To do this, workouts include exercises that help develop flexibility in other sports.
Purposeful development of all physical qualities helps to achieve a harmonious unity of their manifestation in game, competitive conditions.
Technical training
Mastering a particular technique occurs in a certain methodological sequence. The external conditions are gradually becoming more complicated. If at the beginning the movements are performed without competition elements, then later they include elements of competitions in accuracy and speed, a as well as exercises with opposition from the opponent. At first it is passive, but gradually its activity increases. The number of conditional rivals is also growing.
They improve the studied techniques in special game exercises and training bilateral games.
Learn technique at the same time as individual tactics. In the future, they master the techniques necessary for group interactions and the basics of team tactics.
Learn how to play without the ball. These elements are technically simpler than others, so they are studied first. First, they perform at a slow pace, without an opponent, then increase the speed and turn on the resistance. Consolidation and improvement of the technique of playing without the ball are carried out in relay races and in game conditions.
First, they study running and moving with side steps. Then they move on to stops, turns, running backwards. Completing-
This section is a study of feints and all sorts of combinations of different ways of movement.
Education technique ball games. This is the most complex and extensive section. The task of the teacher is to teach students not only how to handle the ball correctly, but also wisely.
Training begins with mastering the ways of holding the ball (one hand and two). At the same time, they study catching and passing: first they master catching with two hands and passing with a bent arm from above, and then passing in other ways. I catch with one hand, feints and hidden passes are studied later.
Leading is mastered after the trainees master catching with two hands and passing with one hand from above. Leading is first performed in a straight line, then - with a change in direction and stroke of the opponent. This section ends with a study of feints combined with dribble and other techniques.
Throws to the goal are taught after the transfer has been mastered in the same way. Those involved first throw the ball from a place, then after a few steps, on the run, in a jump and in a fall. From throws in the center gradually move on to throws at an increasingly sharp angle towards the goal.
At first, throws are mastered in isolation from other elements, but in the future they are increasingly associated with various techniques, and especially with feints.
First, they master feints with a delay in execution, with a change in direction, then with a change in the method of transmission. In the same sequence, they study feints when throwing at the goal and stroking an opponent. At first, the feint is performed on the spot and without resistance or in motion at a slow pace. Then the execution speed increases and an opponent is introduced.
The technique of playing defense is studied in parallel with mastering the methods of attack, but with some advance of the latter. After the stance and movement with side steps are mastered, they study interceptions during passes, blocking shots at the goal, knocking out when dribbling and "removing" the ball when throwing. The studied technique is performed first in isolation, and then with a slow action of the attacker. Gradually, the reception is done faster and faster. Next, the choice of the moment and method of counteraction is included, since the attacker is allowed to determine the method of attack himself. Consolidation and improvement take place in game exercises with martial arts and in bilateral games.
Learning how to play a goalkeeper begins with mastering the stance and movement. Then they teach catching and holding the ball with their hands (in the supporting position), after that - holding the ball with the foot (with a step, with a lunge, in a split) and passing the ball. Later, they master the techniques of holding the ball in a jump with a fall, feints, exits to the ball. First, the goalkeeper learns to act in the center of the goal, and then - when throwing from extreme positions.
Leading exercises are the same techniques performed outside the goal and in light conditions (throwing the ball, throwing in
a certain point, etc.). Imitation exercises (without a ball) are also useful.
In goalkeeper training, an important place is occupied by actions in complicated conditions: shots from close range, reflection of several consecutive shots; delaying throws after turning to the thrower on a signal, etc.
The exercises used for technical training are carried out in pairs, lines, columns, circles, squares and triangles. Those involved are divided into several subgroups (depending on the number of balls and equipment). All exercises are performed in a stream, with pauses for explanations, correction of mistakes and rest. In the future, the improvement of technology takes place simultaneously with the solution of problems of physical and tactical training. For this, complex exercises are used that affect the development of physical qualities and special motor skills, as well as individual and group exercises in the technique and tactics of playing in their positions in the team.
tactical training
Teaching tactics is the most important and difficult section of training. If in the implementation of technical methods everything depends on the player himself, then in tactical actions success is determined by the coordination of the actions of the entire team. Students must master individual, group and team actions in attack and defense.
Training in individual tactical actions. At first, students master the basics of individual actions in the attack. Studying the technique, they consistently master the actions that provide receptions of the ball from partners: access to the ball without beating and with beating the defender. For this purpose, exercises in ball passes with exits and exercises in martial arts are used. At the same time, in such exercises, they learn to cover the player without the ball and the defenders.
Having received the ball, the attacker must be able to properly dispose of it. Therefore, in the future it is important to teach students to understand and correctly solve the simplest game problems. First of all, it is the choice of the way of individual playing or collective interaction. Actions with the ball are mastered in exercises with beating an opponent in single combat or with the help of a partner.
Later, forwards learn to assist teammates with off-the-ball actions: distract defenders, set up screens, etc.
The training of individual tactical actions in defense is carried out in the same sequence. When students learn to choose a place in actions against a player without the ball, they move on to mastering actions against a player with the ball, and then - actions against two attackers.
When holding a player without the ball, the defender first of all masters the basic principle of positioning between the attackers and the goal.
To do this, use exercises in martial arts with a player trying to reach the intended point.
Later, they move on to mastering the player's holding without the ball directly near the goal. At the same time, the defenders are studying ways to prevent the attackers from entering and receiving the ball in the danger zone. At the same time, they master the position of the defender between the player and the ball (an important rule of “cutting off”), study the technique of playing the interception.
Learning to act against a player with the ball is divided into the following stages: choosing a position (depending on the position of the attacker), countering the leader (attacking from the side of the strongest hand, pushing back to the side lines, knocking the ball out), blocking the batter (positioning in relation to the throwing hand and the goal , exit, counteraction to the stroke), the fight against the goalkeeper playing at the line of the area (preventing the exit, "removing" the ball when throwing).
It is best to consolidate individual tactical actions and improve them in a two-sided game.
Training in collective tactical actions. The study of group and team actions, which constitute the main content of tactical training, begins after mastering the most important elements of individual tactics. Methods of group interaction are mastered along with a certain tactical system.
The study of group actions in the attack begins with mastering the interaction of two players. First, they master actions in conditions of numerical superiority (2x1), and then - numerical equality-(2X2).
The basis of the interaction of two players is the transfer of the ball to a free partner. These actions are initially mastered as elements of a fast break attack system: passing between two players moving in parallel, passing with a change of place, a long pass to a breaking partner, finishing an attack with a numerical superiority.
The study of the interaction of two players in a positional attack begins soon after they begin to master the fast break. Actions here are carried out in conditions of numerical equality, and they are mastered in passes, followed by the release and return of the ball during longitudinal, oncoming and cross movement. Later, they begin to study the barriers set by the player without the ball and with the ball. When mastering these actions, exercises are used in pairs in certain areas of the site. The learned techniques are fixed in two-sided games as elements of an attack from certain arrangements of players (in the beginning 6-0).
The next stage is to study the interaction of a larger number of players (3,4, etc.). In attacking with a fast break, they master passes with and without changing places, completing an attack with a numerical superiority (3x2, 4x3) and numerical equality. In positional attack tactics, interactions within links are studied (for example, edge, welterweight, point guard). First, they master combinations with passes and exits of the players, and then - barriers. It is important to adhere to the principle of the logical relationship of techniques, building up a new
previously valuable material. After that, they begin to master the coordinated actions of the entire six attackers. Usually elected | the arrangement is 3-3 and any of the attack options is used with the movement of all players - “wave”, “eight”.
In conclusion, they study actions in standard positions and with unequal teams.
Teaching group interactions in defense also begins with the actions of two defenders. At the same time, the system of personal protection is studied first.
The interaction of two defenders is studied in the following sequence:
safety net - displacement to the defender attacking the player with the ball;
switching - change of wards when moving, playing and screening;
actions against a numerically superior opponent.
Then these same interactions are studied with the participation of three or more defenders.
They move on to zone defense training after mastering personal defense in their own half and throughout the site. It begins with a study of the 6-0 zone defense, where the interactions between defensemen are the simplest yet typical. In the future, learn options for zone defense 5-1, 4-2 and 3-3.
After that, they move on to mastering the mixed defense - 5-1 and 4-2 and actions with standard positions and unequal compositions of teams.
It is necessary that students learn how to move from one system to another in the game and independently be able to find techniques in response to the opponent's actions. A lot of attention from the very beginning should be given to training in an organized transition from attack to defense and back.
When teaching tactical systems, educational
| ny games for one and two gates (with restrictions in the choice of means of attack and defense). Sample exercises 1. Catching and passing the ball when resisted by a defender. 2. Dribbling with a defender's stroke.
Passing and dribbling the ball in an arc, figure eight, two triangles.
Passing the ball to a partner, followed by exit, catching the ball and throwing it into the goal.
Throwing the ball into the goal after a dribble, overcoming the resistance of the defender.
Passing the ball to a partner with setting up a screen to his defender.
Throwing the ball into the goal after the screen.
Passing the ball into the gap, throwing the ball on the move.
Hidden pass to the line for a shot at the goal when moving crosswise.
FEATURES OF EXERCISE WITH CHILDREN
Systematic handball training usually begins at the age of 10-11 (at school - from the 4th grade). A simplified version of the game - mini-handball - helps to attract children to classes.
There are a number of features in the education and training of children and adolescents. The most important of them are as follows. In class with it is especially important to follow them versatility, visibilitydegree, to provide an active, educative character of the prolearning and training process.
Comprehensiveness is important not only for achieving harmonious physical development - the basis of higher sportsmanship, but also for the technical and tactical training of young athletes. Deficiencies in technology have a negative impact on the tactical activity of the player. The study of a large number of passes, throws, interactions allows the guys in each situation to choose the most profitable way to solve. The limited choice makes the game stereotyped and ineffective. Each player must master three or four ways of throwing, feints and passing the ball.
In tactical training, versatility means versatility in performing various game functions. It is important that every player knows how to play anywhere. A versatile trained athlete will be able to find the right way to solve any game situation. This will make it possible to use the most active, dynamic forms of tactical actions in attack and defense.
gradualism it is necessary, first of all, in increasing the intensity of training loads, in the sequence of mastering motor skills. It is better to master a few techniques to perfection than to master many mediocre ones.
Graduality involves the widespread use of leading games and exercises. Exercises are among them. with small balls. At the first stage, you can use ordinary children's balls (rubber or plastic). It is especially important to correctly select the material being studied, bearing in mind the completion of the training of a young handball player only at the last stage, immediately before his transfer to the adult team.
Graduality is also needed in relation to participation in competitions, which should be considered as part of the training process. Competitions are a kind of test of the work of the coach and the preparedness of the players.
An unnecessary desire to win every competition should also be prevented. This will save the guys from forced training
and will enable young athletes to experience the real joy of victory. Therefore, children should be prepared to participate in competitions gradually, without emphasizing the need for victory.
visibility the learning process when working with children and adolescents plays an extremely important role. It is achieved by a quality display, accompanied by an accurate, concise and clear explanation. The use of cinema, photographs, drawings, layouts is of interest to the guys.
The specifics of age development forces us to use mainly the game method in classes with children. They reinforce what they have learned in simple games and game exercises. Training should be live, close to the game itself.
When teaching tactics, one must strive to instill in children, first of all, the skills of collective action in the game. All typical game situations must be explained and shown in detail. The simplest interactions in these situations should be worked out until automatism appears in order to successfully apply them in all such cases. Schematism should be avoided, initiative and creativity of children should be encouraged.
A conscious, active attitude of young handball players to the study of the game, to the process of training and self-improvement must be educated. Not the least role here is played by will and diligence, perseverance in achieving the goal. It is extremely important to instill in children the concepts of sports honor and ethics, to develop the desire for constant mutual assistance and gain. Tasks are facilitated if a healthy children's team is formed from the very first days of classes.
The study of the game begins with the mastery of individual tactical actions. And at first they master simpler actions without the ball. Ball skills are initially limited to catching and passing. So, at 10-12 years old, they study catching a ball flying high with two hands, passing with a bent arm from above and with two hands from the chest, throws from above in support and in a jump over the goalkeeper's area. At the same time, specialized training of goalkeepers begins: they master the reflection of balls thrown from the welterweight position.
At the age of 13-14, they begin to study other methods of catching, passing from above in a jump, from below, by hitting the floor, throws in a jump and in a fall; feints with the ball (during passes). In the future (at the age of 15-16), the arsenal of mastered techniques is expanded, and later (at the age of 17-18) it is thoroughly improved.
Tactical training in full form begins at the age of 13-14. Trainees master individual actions with the ball, the system of personal defense, elements of a fast break and positional attack (without linemen). At the age of 15-16, they move on to the study of zone and mixed defense (5-1), breakthrough with the participation of two or three players, positional attack with one line player. Combinations with the participation of no more than three players are chosen as the main ones.
The study of the main tactical systems of the game is completed in 17-18 years old. In the future, they consolidate what they have learned earlier and acquire
the ability to correctly use techniques in changing competition conditions.
The study of a separate tactical interaction in children should be built on several stages:
a full explanation and analysis of all cases of a possible solution; choosing the most suitable option;
mastering the technical side of the studied interaction (coordination of actions in place and time);
fixing the combination in constant conditions;
consolidation in changing conditions, when the players themselves must evaluate and choose the way of interaction.
This sequence allows you to develop tactical thinking and creative abilities of young handball players. Each of them must learn to think and act in the game independently, creatively applying their knowledge and skills. Therefore, one of the main tasks of training children and adolescents is the acquisition of competitive experience.
INVENTORY AND EQUIPMENT
To solve the problems of physical and technical-tactical training of handball players, various auxiliary equipment and special equipment are widely used. For the most part, these are the same devices that are used in training in other sports games. The most useful ones include:
Portable gate (3x2 m). They allow you to increase the density of throwing training.
Training board (3.5x2.5 m) with a gate contour. It is used in the development of the accuracy of the throws.
Hanging squares (50x50 cm). They serve as targets.
Portable inclined shield for practicing throws in the process of individual training.
The shield is ribbed. It is used to develop the speed of reaction.
Small trampoline. It is used to improve ball passes.
Mannequins (stationary and swinging). They serve to practice throws from under the defender.
Stroke stands.
Hanging bags. They are used to improve orientation when conducting.
"Propeller". The simplest device with an electromechanical circuit. Made in the form of a target. A ball hitting a moving arrow completes the circuit and causes the bulb to light up. Used to improve ball passing accuracy.
Playground layout with player figures.
Magnetic board.
Equipment used when performing exercises to develop physical qualities: strength, endurance (dumbbells, stuffed balls, jump ropes, weighted belts, sandbags, rubber shock absorbers, etc.).
