Everyone knows from the school bench that our planet revolves both around the Sun and around its own axis - an imaginary line connecting the two poles - north and south. This arrangement of things affects the change of seasons and time of day.

If you ask the question why it is cold in winter, the most common answer would be: the Sun has moved away from the Earth at the maximum possible distance. There is some truth in this statement, but only partially, because other factors also influence the change of seasons.

Causes of cold weather in winter

Distance

In the process of rotation, our planet really approaches the star, then moves away. The maximum distance at which two celestial objects are located (in aphelion, speaking in scientific terms) is 152.1 million km, the minimum (according to scientific it will be “in perehelion”) is 147.1. The formation of this opinion was influenced by the fact that the Earth has a spherical shape and moves in an orbit in the form of an oval. When the surfaces of the planet and the star move away, the sun's rays cease to carry their heat and therefore the temperature drops. The northern hemisphere is in this position from December to February.

Related materials:

Is it true that there is less oxygen in the air in winter?

Short day

But the arrival of cold time is affected not only by the distance between the Sun and the Earth. The axis of our planet is tilted with respect to the orbit, the angle of which is 23.5 degrees. The North Pole is always directed to the star, called the Polaris, which causes 6 months of the Earth's tilt to the Sun and the same period of time - the deviation of the planet from the star. Thus, the angle of inclination removes the surface, making the day shorter. The sun's rays simply do not have enough time to warm the Earth.

Change in the atmosphere

In addition, the Sun rises less high in the sky. In the aggregate of two facts, a decrease in temperature occurs, which leads to a decrease in evaporation. The concentration of water vapor is the main criterion for retaining heat near the surface, and its decrease leads to the escape of heated air into space. Lowering the temperature causes better dissolution in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, which is capable of absorbing infrared radiation. When its proportion decreases, thermal radiation occurs faster.

Related materials:

How do fish winter?

Winter and summer in different parts of the world

Winter in the northern hemisphere, summer in the southern hemisphere. And vice versa. This is because the northern hemisphere of the Earth tilts towards the Sun for one half of the year, and deviates for the other. Therefore, some celebrate the New Year and Christmas holidays when it is cold, while others celebrate it during the hot season.

But there is also such a thing as geographic zones. And the climate is different depending on the distance separating it from the equator - a conditional line dividing the planet into the northern and southern hemispheres. The equator is perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the Earth, so the angle of inclination is not decisive. The temperature in the regions passing along this conditional line is approximately the same throughout the year and is equal to 24-28 degrees with a “+” sign. More heat, light and solar radiation fall on this part of the land, because the rays fall at right angles.

Simple questions. A book similar to an encyclopedia Antonets Vladimir Alexandrovich

Why is it cold in winter?

Why is it cold in winter?

I found the correct and strict answer in the second volume of the "Physical Encyclopedia" in the article "Earth": "Rotation around the axis causes a change of day and night, tilt of the axis and rotation around the Sun - a change of seasons."

Indeed, since school days, we know that the Earth revolves around the Sun in a flat, almost circular orbit with a radius of approximately 150 million kilometers. It also rotates around its axis, passing through the North and South Poles and inclined with respect to the plane of the orbit at an angle slightly less than 67 degrees. If the axis of rotation of the Earth is inclined with respect to the orbit, then it turns out that the angle of inclination of the incidence of rays on the surface of the Earth changes as it moves along the orbit. It becomes closer to vertical, then further. If the rays fall obliquely, it turns out that the same radiation is distributed over a large area. And more directly, this does not happen. Therefore, simply the amount of solar radiation falling on the surface is greater in summer and less in winter.

You may have noticed that it is very hot on the roof in summer. This is because the roof has an angle that is added to the latitudinal angle, and therefore, in Russian latitudes, the roof is often almost perpendicular to the direction of the sun's rays. That is why it is so hot there.

Thus, it turns out that cold and heat overtake us only because the angle of incidence of the sun's rays changes. If you want to use such rays to heat water in the country, you must put your tank at an angle so that more sun gets there. Moreover, if you make a hill on which you plant, for example, strawberries, it will ripen better. You yourself know that berries are always tastier on a sunny slope.

There are two parallels on Earth, where the Sun once a year is exactly overhead. They are called the Tropics North and South, which is approximately 23 degrees latitude, and since the tilt of the axis of rotation with respect to the plane of the orbit is 67 degrees, the total is 90 degrees. That is why at these latitudes there is such a moment when the Sun is directly overhead and objects do not cast shadows. These are very hot places.

Lowering the temperature is the objective cause of the cold. But sometimes we get cold even in summer, when a person says that he is cold, but in fact he feels the heat exchange taking place. If a lot of heat is given off - no matter for what reasons: for example, a person is wet and the wind is blowing on him - then we feel cold.

As a result, it turns out that the rotation of the Earth around the Sun with an inclined axis leads to a change in temperature, but we perceive cold and heat according to the degree of heat transfer. So it's cold in winter because it's really set low temperature, which we feel due to the increase in heat transfer.

This text is an introductory piece. From the book All About Everything. Volume 1 the author Likum Arkady

Why are there patterns on the windows in winter? Children living in areas with real cold winter They like to look at the frost on the windows. Some images are very beautiful, similar to complex drawings on trees and leaves. To form frost on windows, as well as on trees, grass, you need

From the book Digital Photography from A to Z author Gazarov Artur Yurievich

author Sitnikov Vitaly Pavlovich

Why are there patterns on the windows in winter? Children who live in areas with real cold winters love to look at the frost on the windows. Some images are very beautiful, similar to complex drawings of leaves and trees. To form frost on windows, as well as on trees, grass, you need

From the book Who's Who in the Natural World author Sitnikov Vitaly Pavlovich

Why is it warmer in summer than in winter? Isn't it strange: when winter reigns in the northern hemisphere, the Earth is 4,500 thousand kilometers closer to the Sun than when it's summer there. The fact is that in this case, the weather is determined not by the distance from our planet to the Sun, but by the tilt of the earth

From the book The World Around Us author Sitnikov Vitaly Pavlovich

Why are the days shorter in winter than in summer? First, you and I need to agree on the following: the word "day" means two things - a solar or light day (the time the Sun illuminates the Earth) and a calendar or astronomical day (the time during which the Earth makes

From the book of 100 objections. environment author Frantsev Evgeny

59. I won't go skiing because it's cold there. Intention: Do you want to have a good rest? Skiing might be better. Redefinition: yes, it could be warmer, but... Separation: ride 100 meters. You'll love it. Teaming up: everyone wants to be warm, but skiing

From book latest book facts. Volume 1 [Astronomy and astrophysics. Geography and other earth sciences. Biology and Medicine] author

From the book The Newest Book of Facts. Volume 1. Astronomy and astrophysics. Geography and other earth sciences. Biology and medicine author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

From book Desk book for women over 40. Home Encyclopedia author Danilova Natalya Andreevna

Flushing, or when it's hot, hot... cold Flushing is a sudden feeling of heat covering the whole body, especially the face and neck. Some women compare their sensations to being suddenly shoved up to the waist into a preheated oven. Temperature

From the book All About Everything. Volume 3 the author Likum Arkady

Why is it warmer in summer than in winter? Isn't it strange: when winter reigns in the northern hemisphere, the Earth is closer to the Sun by 4,500,000 km than when it is summer there. The fact is that in this case, the weather is determined not by the distance from our planet to the Sun, but by the tilt of the earth's axis with respect to

From the book The Second Book of General Delusions by Lloyd John

“Too frosty for snowfall” – how cold is that? It can never be too cold for snow. At least not in our world. Anyone living in a country where snow falls in winter must have heard these words:

author Frantsev Evgeny

From the book 500 objections with Evgeny Frantsev author Frantsev Evgeny

From the book Military Intelligence Survival Textbook [Combat Experience] author Ardashev Alexey Nikolaevich

From the book Notes of a car enthusiast author Fridman Lev Mikhailovich

In winter We have already said that in every season of the year riding has its own specifics. It has its own specifics and driving in the winter, which, despite a number of difficulties, is fraught with an indescribable charm, consisting, in my opinion, in contrast: it is cold outside, windy, it is snowing, it is warm in the car,

From the book 3333 tricky questions and answers author Kondrashov Anatoly Pavlovich

Why do crossbills nest in winter? Crossbills not only feel great in harsh winter frosts, but even breed offspring in winter. The fact is that winter for crossbills is the most suitable time to feed offspring. After all, their chicks feed on the seeds of spruce, which

Line UMK E. V. Saplina. The world (1-4)

The world

Geography

Why is it cold in winter and warm in summer?

"Why is it hot in summer?" - this children's question is very relevant, given the time of year. In winter, it will be replaced by another - “Why is it cold in winter?”, Accompanied by an attempt to warm frozen hands through mittens. In our new rubric "Why" we will regularly answer in clear and simple language the most interesting questions of preschoolers and schoolchildren.

Why is it hot in summer and cold in winter? - this question is asked by both preschoolers and schoolchildren. It would seem, well, what is the difficulty: the tilt of the axis, the rotation of the earth, the Sun ... But when you try to explain to a child, you start to get confused yourself.

The answer to the question: the reason is the angle of inclination of the Earth's axis

Our planet Earth moves around the Sun, and the earth's axis itself is located at an angle to the plane of this movement.

Around the Sun, the Earth rotates in an elliptical orbit, close to circular, at a speed of about 107,000 km / h in the direction from west to east. The average distance to the Sun is 149,598 thousand km

Due to the elliptical shape of the orbit, the distance between the Earth and the Sun varies. The closest point in orbit to the Sun is called perihelion - at this moment the star is about 147 million kilometers away. The farthest is called "aphelion" - 152 million km. A 3% difference in distance results in about a 7% difference in the amount of solar energy that the Earth receives at the time of being in these places of the orbit.

But the main thing is that it is not the distance that changes, but the angle of incidence of the sun's rays on the surface, That's why there are seasons.

The axis of the planet forms an angle of 66.56° with the orbital plane. Accordingly, the plane of the equator forms an angle of 23.44° with the plane of the ecliptic.

If not for this tilt, then the day and night in any place on the Earth would be the same in duration, and during the day the Sun would rise to the same height throughout the year.

The tilt of the Earth's axis of rotation. Source: wikipedia.org

3 geographic reasons for changing seasons

Seasonal changes in the length of daylight hours: in summer, the days are long and the nights are short; in winter, their ratio is reversed.

Seasonal changes in the height of the noon position of the Sun above the horizon. In summer in temperate latitudes at noon, the Sun is closer to the zenith than in winter, and, therefore, the same amount of solar radiation in summer is distributed over a smaller area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe earth's surface.

Seasonal changes in the length of the path of passage of sunlight in the atmosphere affect the degree of their absorption. The Sun, which is low above the horizon, gives less heat and light than the Sun, which is located high, closer to the zenith, since the sun's rays in the first case overcome a more powerful layer of the atmosphere.

The textbook for grade 2 continues the new integrated course "The World Around". The main purpose of the textbook is to give basic information about the Earth and the Cosmos: from the mythological ideas of ancient people to modern scientific ideas. The UMK includes an electronic application posted on the website of the Drofa publishing house, as well as workbook for independent work students and Toolkit, containing thematic planning and comments on all topics of the course.

The equator does not move away from the Sun, there is no winter and summer there?

Yes. There are no seasons at the equator, because it is always at the same - and close - distance from the Sun. During the calendar year, the sun's rays at the equator fall on the earth vertically (at a right angle), well warming the surface and the air above it. In fact, it's always summer there. And the closer to the equator, the longer the summer and the shorter the winter.

Competition

This time we will not ask you to calculate something, as it was in the material “Why is the sea salty?”. Send us to social media your “why”: this may be a question that worried you as a child, or maybe a question that a child or student recently asked. Among all the participants, we will choose the 3 most interesting questions and reward their authors with book prizes!

Consumption ecology. Homestead: Everyone wants their home to be reliable, comfortable and warm all year round. And most importantly - to build quickly and inexpensively. All these requirements are met by typical frame houses. They are warm in winter and cool in summer.

Everyone wants their home to be reliable, comfortable and warm all year round. And most importantly - to build quickly and inexpensively. All these requirements are met by typical frame houses. They are warm in winter and cool in summer. Therefore, such housing construction in Japan reaches 45-50%, in the USA, Canada, Norway, Sweden - 75-80%, in Germany, Finland and other countries of Western Europe - 50% and in the Scandinavian countries - 80%.

What is a frame building?

This is a structure that consists of a frame installed on the foundation - vertically installed wooden beams. The gaps between them are filled with insulation. From the outside and inside, these walls are sheathed with OSB, OSB, sandwich panels. Appearance buildings depends on the finish. For decorative sheathing, siding or clinker tiles, thermal panels, stones or timber are used.

For the manufacture of frames, coniferous wood and wooden beams are most often used. Metal frames are rarely used, as they increase the cost of construction by 55-75 percent.

It takes from one to three to four months to install the structure of one building, depending on the chosen technology. To do this, you must have drawings of frame houses, which experts consider the most time-consuming and painstaking process.

appearing almost simultaneously in different countries, frame housing construction developed in its own ways. The most common are Canadian technologies, German technologies of half-timbered houses and prefabricated panel houses. They have the same building principle. And they differ in the materials used and their combinations, the level of industrialization of the manufacture of the house kit, the method of installation and fastening of some structural elements.

To keep the house warm

It is impossible to build a warm frame house without the use of good insulation, so special attention is paid to its choice.

Straw, hemp fire, cellulose and other eco-insulators are used to insulate the eco-house. After the frame cells are filled with insulation, a vapor barrier must be laid on the inside, and hydro and wind protection on the outside.

If it is not planned to live in the house all year round, then it is more profitable to install a solid fuel stove, increasing the thickness of the insulation to 25 cm during construction. After all, the air in a frame house heats up quickly due to the use of frame technologies and insulation.

Experts have calculated that the heat consumption per 1 square meter of a frame house is almost two times less than in brick houses.

When deciding to build a frame house, you must first select a project, calculate the amount of materials and their types, not only for the foundation and the main structure, but also for the roof, attic, basement, decorative finishes. Of course, you can build it yourself, but experts can do it faster and better. published