perspective
perspective, future period.
Explanatory Dictionary of the Living Great Russian Language, Dal Vladimir
perspective
and. lat. view into the distance, forward, at a distance, with different objects along the way;
visible, imaginary diminution of objects and distortion of their outlines, according to the laws of vision;
image, according to these laws, of thick objects on a plane.
*Everything that a person expects and expects ahead, what he can, according to his own considerations, hope from fate, fate, happiness. Direct or oblique perspective of the street, sag. The skillful perspective in the painting deceives by removing other objects from the eye. What a prospect it is to be part of the quarter! Perspective image of something. Promising painter, decorative artist.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. D.N. Ushakov
perspective
prospects, g. (from Latin perspectus - seen through something, examined) (book).
Distance, space. In the future, all this had a different look.
only units The art of depicting, reproducing objects in a drawing, on a flat surface in accordance with the apparent change in their size, outline, clarity, which is determined by the degree of their distance from the viewer, from the point of observation (painterly). Laws of perspective. Linear perspective. Aerial light perspective.
An apparent change in the size, position and outline of objects according to the degree of their distance from the viewer, from
A department of descriptive geometry that studies the rules for depicting bodies using central projection of them onto something. surface (matte).
View, panorama, picture of nature, whatever. terrain, as it appears to the observer from a distance, from some. remote observation point. There was a magnificent view from the balcony.
Avenue, straight, long street (obsolete). Nevsky prospect. (current Prospekt 25 October in Leningrad).
transl., plural only Plans, plans for the future, the fate of someone. in the future. “The History of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)” says that by the end of the restoration period “the question of prospects, the nature of our development, our construction, the question of the fate of socialism in the Soviet Union arose with all its force.” Economic prospects. Prospects for the harvest are good. Prospects for the sowing campaign. Political prospects for Europe.
trans. Something that someone expects to happen; the inevitability or possibility of something. (colloquial). He fancied the pleasant prospect of a trip on a steamboat. He was faced with the prospect of spending the summer in a dusty city. Nothing to say, a pleasant prospect. In the future (to have something, to be with someone) - in the future, ahead, in mind. He has a scientific expedition in the future.
Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language. S.I.Ozhegov, N.Yu.Shvedova.
perspective
The art of depicting three-dimensional space on a plane in accordance with the apparent change in the size, outline, and clarity of objects, which is determined by the degree of their distance from the point of observation. Laws of perspective.
View, picture of nature from some. distant observation point, visible distance. Morskaya p.
trans., usually pl. Future, expected, prospects for the future. Good prospects for the harvest. In the future (in the future, ahead).
adj. promising, -th, -oe (to 1 and 3 meanings; special). Perspective aerial photography. P. work plan.
New explanatory dictionary of the Russian language, T. F. Efremova.
perspective
-
The art of depicting, reproducing in a drawing, on a flat surface, objects in accordance with the apparent change in size, outline, clarity, due to the degree of their distance from the observer.
An apparent change in the size, shape, or position of objects caused by their distance from the observer.
The nature and quality of the image in the drawing, on the flat surface of these changes in the shapes of objects; picturesque, graphic representation of them.
A set of rules for constructing images of three-dimensional objects on a plane.
trans. decomposition The possibility or inevitability of something. in the future.
Plan, program of action.
Distance, the space covered by the eye.
View, panorama, picture of nature, smb. terrain as it appears to an observer from afar, from some. specific observation point.
outdated Straight, long street; avenue.
and. The department of descriptive geometry, which sets out the rules and methods of depicting spatial bodies by projecting them onto a plane.
Encyclopedic Dictionary, 1998
perspective
PERSPECTIVE (French perspective, from Latin perspicio - I see clearly)
a system for depicting the objective world on a plane in accordance with human visual perception of objects.
Linear perspective, a method of depicting spatial figures on a plane using a central projection, in which point P of space is projected onto the plane at point P, which is the point of intersection of straight line OP with the plane (O is the center of perspective). IN fine arts linear perspective is used when constructing illusory space.
Aerial perspective conveys changes in color and clarity of the outline of an object at a distance.
Reverse perspective is a system of conventional techniques used in art to convey space on a plane (enlarging objects while moving them away, combining several points of view).
Distant view.
Plans, views for the future.
Long straight street, avenue (obsolete).
Perspective
(French perspective, from Latin perspicio ≈ see clearly), a system for depicting volumetric bodies on a plane or some other surface, taking into account their spatial structure and the distance of their individual parts from the observer.
The emergence of the concept of photography is associated with the development of optics and various types of art, primarily painting. Artists primitive world and the ancient East, who created a number of techniques for characterizing the relative arrangement of objects (tiered composition, contrasting combination of frontal and profile views, etc.), subordinated them not to a single scale correlated with the viewer, but to a conditionally symbolic scheme. The tendency towards the unification of space with the help of painting appears in art Ancient Greece(from the 6th century BC). The rules of optics were first mentioned in the treatise of the Greek mathematician Euclid “Optics” (3rd century BC), and the Roman architect Vitruvius dates its practical application in theatrical decoration to the time of Aeschylus (6th–5th centuries BC). ; he also writes about the unsurvived treatises of Anaxagoras and Democritus on P. Ancient perspective painting can be judged, for example, from the frescoes of the “2nd Pompeian style” (about 80 BC ≈ about 30 AD) with constructions very close to centrally perspective (that is, having one center of projection); Along with this, in antiquity a system was widely used that involved several vanishing points located on the same vertical axis (the so-called fish bone). In late antiquity and medieval art, interest in the systematic development of problems of painting generally disappears, but the method of so-called reverse painting is often used, which consists of enlarging individual objects as they move away and synthetically combining several points of view. A consistent, mathematically based system of P., designed for a fixed, “anthropocentric” point of view, developed during the Italian Quattrocento period (F. Brunelleschi, L. B. Albert, Masaccio, Piero della Francesca, Paolo Uccello); Northern European masters (the brothers H. and J. van Eyck and A. Dürer) also made a significant contribution to the empirical and scientific development of painting. Leonardo da Vinci substantiated the principles of air photography (that is, he studied the influence of air on the clarity of the outlines of objects, as well as on their color depending on distance). Despite the fact that in subsequent eras the specific connection between scientific theory and artistic practice of polymorphism is lost (except for the masters of perspective painting), and the doctrine of polymorphism as a whole becomes part of descriptive geometry [in this regard, the works of the French mathematicians J. Desargues (17th century) and G. Monge (18th century)], the perspective structure remains an organic part of the pictorial or sculptural-relief image of masters who gravitate towards an objective, scientifically based representation of the real spatial environment. The art of the East did not know the optical-mathematical basis for the problems of photography, although it gave birth to a number of empirical systems; such, for example, is the parallel projection typical of Chinese and Japanese painting, which can conventionally be considered a construction with an infinitely distant center of projection.
From the point of view of geometry, projection is a method of depicting figures based on the use of central projection (see Descriptive geometry, Projection). To obtain a perspective image of an object, rays are drawn from a selected point in space (the center of the object) to all points of the given object. The surface on which they want to receive an image is placed in the path of the rays. At the intersection of the conducted rays with the surface, the desired image of the object is obtained; on rice. 1≈ perspective image of an object on a plane (linear plane), on rice. 2≈ on the inner surface of the cylinder (panoramic P.), on rice. 3≈ on the inner surface of the sphere (dome P.). Perspective images of parallel lines intersect at so-called vanishing points, and parallel planes - at vanishing lines.
A general method for constructing a plot of complex objects (whose orthogonal projections are given) on a vertical plane (see. rice. 4) and inclined planes is based on the theorem of projective geometry about the correspondence of four points. At the facility, two are chosen mutually perpendicular planes, and a rectangle is drawn on each of them. Then, according to the rules of descriptive geometry, the plots of these rectangles are constructed (in the figure, ≈ abcd and adef ≈ plots of the corresponding rectangles of the object). The intersection points F1, F2 and F3 of the extensions of the sides of the rectangles are vanishing points (F3 ≈ point at infinity). By connecting the intersection points of the diagonals of the constructed rectangles with the vanishing points, the midpoints of their sides are found at the intersection of the resulting straight lines with the sides of the rectangles (in the figure, point g ≈ midpoint G of side AB). To construct other points of the object, for example, point M on line AB, mark an arbitrary point O and draw rays Oa, Ob and Od. Points A, B, G and M are transferred from the orthogonal drawing to a separate strip of paper and placed on the image so that points A, B and G are on the rays Oa, Ob and Od. The position of point M (point m) is obtained by projecting point M from point O onto straight line ab. Constructions of plots on an inclined plane are carried out in a similar way.
In the theory of linear photography, the study of distortions that arise in the peripheral parts of the picture due to significant deviations of the projecting rays from a perpendicular position to the plane on which the image is constructed is of great importance.
Lit.: Rynin N. A., Descriptive geometry. Perspective, P., 1918; Glagolev N. A., Descriptive Geometry, 3rd ed., M., 1953; Baryshnikov A.P., Perspective, 4th ed., M., 1955; Kuznetsov N. S., Descriptive Geometry, M., 1969; Panofsky E., Die Perspektive als “symbolische Form”, in the book: Vorträge der Bibliothek Warburg, 1924≈25, Lpz.-B., 1927, S. 258≈330; Gioseffi D., Perspectiva artificialis..., ; 1957; White J., Birth and rebirth of pictorial space, 2 ed., L., 1967.
Wikipedia
Perspective (geometry)
Perspective in geometry - a method of depicting figures based on the use of central design.
Perspective
Perspective(from - look through) - a technique for depicting spatial objects on any surface in accordance with those apparent reductions in their sizes, changes in the outlines of shape and light-and-shadow relationships that are observed in nature.
In other words, " This:"
- Fine distortion of the proportions and shapes of real bodies in their visual perception. For example, two parallel rails appear to converge to a point on the horizon.
- A method of depicting three-dimensional bodies that conveys their own spatial structure and location in space. In fine art it is possible various applications perspective, which is used as one of artistic means, enhancing the expressiveness of images.
Perspective (disambiguation)
Perspective:
- Perspective is a technique for depicting spatial objects on a plane.
- Perspective is a way of depicting figures based on the use of central projection.
- Perspective is a Russian organization.
- Perspective - presentation of expected events ( Prospects for the future. Development prospects. futility).
Perspective (animation creativity center)
Center for Animation Creativity "Perspective"- Russian organization. Full name - Municipal educational institution additional education children's center for creative development and humanitarian education "Center for Animation Creativity "Perspektiva"". The institution is located in Yaroslavl.
The center's students have won prizes in many significant competitions, including the Russian Delphic Games.
Examples of the use of the word perspective in literature.
However, it is difficult to completely escape the impression that what is being described perspective contains an indirect autobiographical element.
By the way, I should note that my new autoclave for health improvement promises wonderful prospects.
Perspective marrying a millionaire, in general, usually does not open up to the secretary law office from a small coastal town,” Della Street noted.
Burns is appointed to the Excise Department of the Port of Dumfries on £70 per annum, with perspective additional income of 15 pounds.
Mirror anamorphosis in its own way cancels the usual mode of vision, because it eliminates linear perspective, and consequently, the single point of view it presupposes, in which the subject’s eye can be conditionally placed.
Not so long ago I had the opportunity to enter into a de facto marriage with someone who loved me unforgettably Prospect Stepanovna, the daughter of the well-known professor of anthropophagy, leading the department of animal linguistics and choreography at the Institute of Melancholy and Taste Therapy, which actual morganatic marriage was, for greater strength, formalized by me and Prospect in the registry office and in the Orthodox and Catholic churches, as well as in the mosque, synagogue and Buddhist temple.
Without feeling historical prospects This issue, Annensky solves it without going beyond the system of moral values.
However, at the moment, Ari was thinking more about how to quickly kill all the aliens remaining in the square, rather than about the cost of plasma charges, precious devices and rare metals that can be found on their warship, or perspective capture living prisoners.
Elia got to know the next planet, but the walk did not last very long: the double sun put on prospects Asuka made a bold cross, and the beautiful princess returned to the dungeon.
He liked the last piece of the first part, and he decided to stay for the second, but during the intermission, along with noise and conversations, a confusion of worries again invaded his consciousness, no longer occupied with music: a clash with Rance, perspective fly out of Nanterre without any certainty that he will be picked up by the Sorbonne, and, most importantly, a dissertation with no end in sight, which he has been dragging on for ten years, since he still hasn’t had the opportunity to sit down closely with it, all his time was consumed by assistant duties, seven hours of seminar classes, checking student work, more and more labor-intensive, transport, and even all kinds of administrative burdens imposed on Rance.
In addition, I want to find out what other beliefs exist in this position, since this perspective different from the associated perspective.
On the one hand, he began to express the sentiments of the least prosperous part younger generation, including urban outsiders, losers, people without prospects.
She was encouraged with rosy prospects: after all, she belongs to the respected stratum of Ashkenazis - immigrants from Europe.
She looked brilliant and wild - like in the pre-dawn dream of an intelligent drunkard, according to Kornev’s definition: cones converging in the light of the spotlights sparkled perspective aluminum arcs of electrodes, glass bowls of high-voltage insulators stretched between them like garlands, ceramic spacer beams lined up in polygonal shapes, the gray sides of the balloon cylinders had a matte shine, and the tension of the nylon cables around the cabin fanned out the leveling plates.
Ridiculing the epigones of Byronism, parodying Walterscott's idealization of the Middle Ages, these realist writers were not always aware of what was objective, the broad perspective historical and literary development, their work was to a certain extent prepared by the conquests carried out by their predecessors.
The word "perspective" is quite common in Russian.
If any of you have been to Egypt, then, of course, you have seen the famous pyramids. And of course, no one could resist the temptation to take a photo in the position between the two pyramids, when they seem to be suspended from your outstretched arms. Some tourists take photos as if they are touching the top of the pyramid with their finger or kissing the Sphinx. This is a very common perspective when our vision combines objects in the foreground and those in the distance.
The question quite naturally arises about what perspective is. Dictionaries give a definition of this concept in several meanings, because it exists in our consciousness in different aspects. In Latin, the word perspectivo means "see clearly." Perspective is the ability to depict the world around us on a plane. Photography, for example, conveys a person’s real perception of the world around him. And there is a perspective that reflects illusory perception.
Perspective in Geometry
It is customary to consider several types of perspective. There is a separate branch in geometry called linear perspective. It is designed for the fact that you need to look from a fixed point of view at objects that decrease proportionally: the further the horizon, the smaller the objects. Conversely, the horizon is closer and objects are larger. It all depends on the point from which the observation occurs.
Geometry, answering the question of what perspective is, defines it as a certain system of representing objects in space from three points of a plane or on another surface. The plane can be depicted in any way - vertically, horizontally, obliquely. From a point to the horizon there seem to be converging lines. This is a direct perspective.
Reverse perspective
In painting, there is the concept of reverse perspective, when the point from which the observation occurs gives diverging lines to the horizon. The further an object is from the point of view, the larger it is (as opposed to direct perspective). This is how icon painters depicted the world on their icons.
Perspective in architecture
In architecture, the question of what perspective is is very important; the importance here is given to vision into the distance, when the picture opens from some place or viewing point, namely, what is visible to the eye appears to the eye. Volume is important for architecture, i.e. the ratio of the volumes of objects (parts of structures) visible to the eye. Therefore, the architect arranges the elements of a building, a street and an entire city. He thinks through the perspective, the view that opens, for example, from the bank door to the end of the street or from the entrance to the room to the opposite wall. Our viewer’s perception of both a single room in the house and the entire building that fits into the landscape of the city directly depends on this.
Perspective as expectation
The word "perspective" in Russian is not only a term for geometry, architecture or painting. It is also used in everyday speech. And it is necessary to determine what perspective is: the meaning, the essence of this concept. Usually this word is used in plural, means different plans for a certain future, someone’s possibilities. For example, in this context: “ The head of the internship presented the student with such perspectives that took his breath away».
Another connotation of the word “prospect” indicates the inevitability of something. For example: " The prospect of spending her entire vacation at the bedside of her sick uncle did not make her happy at all.».
The use of the figurative meaning of the word “perspective” when used with the preposition “in the future” has been fixed in the language. The accepted context for it is when it comes to what lies ahead, the near future. For example: " In the future, the range of responsibilities for this functional position may be significantly expanded.».
Perspective in pedagogy
At one time, the famous teacher Makarenko, while educating teenagers, spoke about the importance of defining it. Prospect in this aspect is what should or can happen, come after the present, this is further some move because of events. And in this sense, they talk about the prospect being close, medium or distant.
By preparing students for independent life, the teacher teaches them to set goals consciously. The thought of going to a cafe with friends and classmates after class is a distant prospect that is associated only with personal interest. And it doesn't require much thought.
The average perspective is already setting goals to achieve in the near future. For example, this could be preparation for some competition together with the class. The set goal requires the distribution of roles in the team and the determination of a training algorithm.
And finally, thinking through actions to achieve a long-term goal, pushed back in time, is a distant prospect that requires the identification and formulation of all tasks that allow achieving the goal. For example, successfully completing school requires significant effort and many challenges.
fr. perspective, from lat. perspicio - I see clearly) - 1) geometric doctrine about the image on a plane of the volumetric-spatial properties of objects; 2) a method of depicting the shapes of objects on a plane, their relative positions, allowing to create a visible image outside world.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
PERSPECTIVE
(Latin perspicio - clearly, correctly see) - in the visual arts, a method of depicting three-dimensional bodies on a plane. Knowledge of the rules of perspective helps the artist convey the volume and size of objects depending on their position in space, distance from the observer and lighting. In the history of art, several systems of pictorial perspective have developed, among which linear, aerial and reverse perspectives have acquired primary importance. Linear (direct) perspective allows the artist, through the perspective reduction of objects in space, to create the illusion of plane depth. Aerial (light-air) perspective allows the artist to convey color changes depending on the degree of removal of an object in space and the nature of its interaction with the surrounding light-air environment. Thanks to the reverse perspective, the artist seems to overlay the image in layers on a plane, thereby achieving a more decorative and monumental effect.
The principles of spatial perspective were introduced into painting in Ancient Greece by the artist Apollodorus, who used the effect of chiaroscuro in his paintings (2nd half of the 5th century BC). At the same time, Euclid’s theory of visual rays had a great influence on the development of the doctrine of perspective. During the Renaissance, the concept of "artistic perspective" arose, which was also called "central", "direct" or "Italian". Renaissance figures F. Brunelleschi, P. Uccello, P. Francesca, A. Alberti, L. da Vinci in Italy, A. Dürer in Germany and others gave a detailed development and mathematical justification for perspective as the deep space of the picture. By prescribing to the image precise rules for constructing the visible, perspective expanded the scope of the subjective. In the 20th century Russian artist K. S. Petrov-Vodkin developed the principles of “spherical” or “oblique” perspective, which makes it possible to see objects from different sides in multiple reflection and refraction.
Excellent definition
Incomplete definition ↓
Perspective is a method of depicting objects on a certain plane, taking into account visual reductions in their sizes, as well as changes in boundaries, shape and other relationships that are seen in nature. Thus, the proportions of bodies in their visual perception. However, there are many types of perspective in the visual arts, developed according to different points of view of the world and space.
Story
This technique originated during the Renaissance, when the realistic movement reached its peak. During the heyday of art, people faced new problems in painting and architecture that required new solutions. Perspective helped solve the problems facing the creators of that time. At first, people used a device with glass for a clearer understanding of perspective - it was easier to trace the correct image of objects on it in order to depict them on a plane in accordance with the laws of perspective. Later, other devices appeared to facilitate this task - various cameras pinhole and various lenses for these purposes.
The linear perspective familiar to humans appeared later. Interestingly, scientists note that initially the reverse perspective became clearer to people. Pay attention to painting master classes. What are they? Here, as a rule, linear and reverse perspective are covered, only briefly touching on other views.
Species
Over the course of history, people have discovered new perspectives. Some were later recognized as false, others only became stronger in their concepts, and still others completely merged into some new subspecies. The prospects are divided into several groups. It depends on their purpose. Currently released:
- direct linear perspective;
- inverse linear;
- panoramic;
- spherical;
- tonal;
- air;
- perceptual.
Each of the types of perspective in the fine arts differs significantly from each other, both visually and in semantic content and purpose, so it deserves to be considered in more detail.
Direct perspective
This type is designed for a point of view with a single vanishing point on the horizon: that is, all objects become smaller as the observer moves away from them. He first expressed his opinion about linear perspective back in the 14th century. This theory began to be mentioned only during the Renaissance. Alberti, Brunelleschi and other researchers relied on the elementary laws of optics, which were easy to confirm in practice.
Direct perspective has long been considered the only true image of the surrounding world on a flat surface. Given that linear perspective is essentially an image on a plane, it can be oriented either vertically, horizontally, or at an angle in accordance with the purpose of the image. For example, a vertical surface was usually used for easel painting or creating wall panels. An angled surface was usually used when painting: for example, when painting interior spaces. In easel painting, artists built perspective images of large buildings on an inclined surface. Horizontal perspective was mainly used in
In modern times, an appeal to direct linear perspective prevails, mainly due to the particular realism of the resulting paintings. And also due to the use of this projection in computer games. To this day, at painting master classes, direct perspective is the first thing they talk about.
To obtain a projection similar to a real linear perspective in photographs, photographers resort to special photographic lenses with a special focal length, approximately equal to the diagonal of the desired frame. For more greater effect they can use wide-angle lenses, which visually make the image convex - this sharpens the perspective even more. For the softening effect, on the contrary, they are used that can equalize the difference in the sizes of nearby and distant objects.
Reverse perspective
This type was used in painting: in this technique, images appear to increase in size with distance from the observer's point of view. The picture in this case will have several horizon lines and points of view. Thus, when creating reverse linear perspective on a plane, the center of convergence of the lines is not located on the horizon line, but in the observer himself.
This type arose during the formation of medieval art, when such types of visual activity as icons and frescoes were especially popular. This image emphasized the religious theme, which was especially popular in the visual arts at that time. Reverse perspective emphasized the complete insignificance of the viewer in front of the divine image, elevating the latter not only visually with the help of perspective, but also with the use of other pictorial effects. This method creates a special thrill in the soul of the viewer, which was especially important during the Middle Ages, when the role of religion was given great importance, and art also did not ignore it.
Moreover, the opposite perspective was noticed during this period in different areas- both in Byzantine countries and in Western Europe. Scientists explain this phenomenon by the fact that artists have not yet skillfully depicted the world around us as the viewer saw him. This method was considered a false method, as was perspective in general. According to researcher P. A. Florensky, reverse perspective is clearly justified mathematically: in essence, it is equal to direct perspective, while creating a symbolic space facing the observer. This technique implies a connection between the observer and the world of symbolic and sometimes religious images. It helps to embody supersensible content in a visible form, devoid, however, of material concreteness. L. F. Zhegin believed that reverse perspective is the sum of the viewer’s visual perceptions transferred to some pictorial surface, which thereby becomes a “vanishing point.” According to him, this perspective cannot be the only correct spatial system in painting. B.V. Rauschenbach also protested the opinion of the reverse perspective as the only correct one. Evidence was given for this. He demonstrated that vision under certain conditions sees objects not in direct, but in reverse perspective. According to Zhegin, the phenomenon of the phenomenon is in human perception itself.
Panoramic perspective
This image is based on a cylindrical or spherical surface. The very concept of “panorama” has the meaning of “I see everything,” that is, literally translated, panoramic perspective implies an image on a plane of everything that the observer can see around him. When creating a drawing, the point of view will be on the axis of the cylinder. The horizon in this case will be on the line of the circle at the level of the viewer’s gaze. Thus, ideally, when viewing panoramas, the viewer should stand in the center of a circular room. There are also more planar images that do not require such a position of the picture, but nevertheless, each panoramic image in one way or another implies a display on the surface of a cylinder.
Typically, this method of depicting space from a perspective perspective is used for drawings and photographs of cities or landscapes: this method maximally covers the surrounding space, making the image more sharp, interesting and effective.
Perspective in the field
Spherical perspective is a separate technique that is performed using a fisheye lens. Such a lens distorts the image, making it visually more convex, elongated in a circle into a sphere. Due to the similarity of the resulting images with a convex and transparent fish eye, the lens and the effect itself received this name.
Spherical perspective differs from panoramic perspective in that if with a panoramic image the image is located, as it were, on the inner surface of a sphere or cylinder, then with spherical the image goes along the outer surface of the sphere.
Such distortions are essentially easy to notice on any spherical mirror surfaces. The observer's gaze remains at the center of the ball's reflection. When creating images of objects, all lines will connect at the main point or simply remain straight. The main vertical and horizontal will also be straight - the remaining lines will become increasingly distorted with distance from the main point, gradually turning into a circle.
Perspective through tone
Tonal perspective is a concept from the field of monumental painting. This is such a change in the tone, color and contrast of an object that its characteristics tend to be muted as one moves deeper into the object. For the first time, the laws of this type of perspective were explained by Leonardo da Vinci. Human vision and perception are designed in such a way that the closest objects appear clearer and darker to people, while the farthest objects appear the most unclear and paler. It is on this property of perception of the surrounding world that the tonal perspective technique is based. It’s hard not to admit that such a display of space really makes the drawing much more realistic and believable, although it does not correspond to real reality, as with any depiction of an object in perspective on a flat surface.
This method is not widespread, but it occurs in painting, and sometimes in graphics. These laws of perspective are also used in photography to make photographs more realistic and artistic. With a well-developed tone, the photograph more closely resembles a real image of the surrounding space.
Aerial perspective
It is characterized by a loss of clarity of the boundaries of objects with their distance from the point of view. The distant shot reduces the brightness - this makes the depth seem much darker than the close shot. Aerial perspective is also considered tonal perspective because it causes the tone of objects to change. The principles of this technique were first studied in the works of Leonardo da Vinci. He believed that objects in the distance seem dubious, which means they need to be depicted as unclear and vague, since at a distance the boundaries are not so noticeable. The inventor noted that the removal of an object from the viewer is also associated with a change in the color of this object. That is why objects closest to the observer should be painted in their own colors, and objects located in the distance should receive a blue tint. And the most distant objects - for example, mountains on the horizon - should actually merge with the surrounding space due to the large mass of air located between the object and the viewer.
It turns out that a lot depends on the quality and purity of the air, and this is especially noticeable in fog or in the desert in windy weather, when fine sand flies into the air. In general, scientists explained this effect not only through the “fogging” of objects with air, but also based on the property of a person’s perception of the surrounding space - both on the physical level and on the psychological level.
An alternative perspective
Scientist B.V. Rauschenbach reflected on how people perceive depth, taking into account the binocularity of human vision, the mobility of point of view and the permanence of forms in human consciousness. As a result, he concluded: the closest plan is perceived by people in reverse perspective, while the shallow distant one is perceived in a complex axonometric perspective, and the most distant one is perceived in a straight linear perspective. He called this type, which combines all these types in the visual arts, perceptual perspective, thus suggesting not the only correct option, but a combination of them.
Ways to Gain Perspective
In addition to many types, there are also several ways to obtain a perspective image on a plane. Geometric and photographic methods.
- The geometric method involves a perspective image obtained by drawing rays to the points of the depicted object from any point in Euclidean space - from the so-called center of perspective. Perspective images of parallel lines intersect at vanishing points, and parallel planes intersect at so-called vanishing lines.
- The photographic method allows you to create images with a wide viewing angle. Since there is no clear line between "panoramic" and "wide-angle" photography, the latter usually refers to the type of lens. The definition of a panorama includes the concept that the width of the photo must be at least twice the height of the frame, but at the same time modern concept the panoramas are much wider.
So, this article examined the concept, types of perspective in the fine arts and methods of obtaining it.
PERSPECTIVE, -s, and.
1. A view into the distance from somewhere. places, space visible to the eye. The rustle of rain ran across the mountains, and a thick fog began to cover 112 perspective. Chirikov, In the parking lot. His cart became a blur in the distance of the street. Korolenko, The Humble. || Volumetricity, the ratio of three-dimensional objects, parts of objects that appear to the eye. Dusk was deepening unnoticed by the eye. --- Everything turned black, lost color and perspective; all objects turned into black flat silhouettes. Kuprin, Duel. The air is so transparent and clean that the landscape loses perspective and seems flat. B. Polevoy, Gold.
2. A method of depicting three-dimensional objects on a plane in accordance with the apparent change in their size, outline, and clarity, which is determined by the degree of distance from the observation point. Laws of perspective. □ Shouldn’t I imagine myself as an artist and, at the age of twenty-five, start drawing eyes and ears and studying perspective? Pisarev, Bazarov. || Reproduction of apparent changes in size, outlines of three-dimensional objects in picturesque, graphic representation them on a plane. Aerial perspective. Wrong perspective. Lack of perspective in the picture. || Mat. The central projection of a body onto a plane when depicting it, used by descriptive geometry. Linear perspective. Panoramic perspective.
3. trans. What should or can happen, comes after the present, the further course of something. events. The prospect of rest. □ I realized that they would keep me here until navigation opened, after which they would send me to Eastern Siberia. All that remained was to come to terms with this prospect. Korolenko, History of my contemporary. All my comrades clearly saw the prospect before them: to go to St. Petersburg, graduate from the Mining Institute and then return as an engineer to Baku. M. Pavlov, Memoirs of a metallurgist. || Development, movement forward in smth. Nevedov realized long ago that the empire’s fleet was not up to par, that there was no forward movement and that he himself was powerless to change anything. There were no prospects. Vishnevsky, War. [Larissa:] I'm going to study to become a fitter. --- I want to live differently... With perspective! Arbuzov, Irkutsk history. || usually plural h. (prospects, -tiv). Views, plans for the future. Prospects further development. Job prospects. □ And before he had happened to think about the future and imagine all sorts of prospects for himself, but these were always the prospects of free contentment and never the prospects of work. Saltykov-Shchedrin, Lord Golovlevs. Such prospects unfolded before him that took his breath away. Chakovsky, It’s already morning here.
In the long term- ahead, in the near future. Having eaten like a person who has a rich dinner party in the future, --- Mister Golyadkin sat down in the chair. Dostoevsky, Double.[French perspective]
Source (printed version): Dictionary of the Russian language: In 4 volumes / RAS, Institute of Linguistics. research; Ed. A. P. Evgenieva. - 4th ed., erased. - M.: Rus. language; Polygraph resources, 1999; (electronic version):
