To date, the domestic economic policy of the state provides for federal regulation of all processes occurring in all spheres and segments of entrepreneurship.
It is especially important to regulate the relationship between the founders of joint ventures, limited liability companies and joint-stock companies.
This aspect of financial and legal relations is very relevant due to not only the real today's conditions, but also, which is very important - for the future.
Studying the short, but very turbulent history of the development of domestic market relations, one should highly appreciate the efforts of the state in relation to the direction of legal relations between the founders of enterprises and firms in a civilized direction.
This factor plays a special role not only in the organization and the first steps of the enterprise, but in the period of growth in production or trade turnover and positive trends in increasing profits.
So to avoid problems in the future, from the very first days of registration of a business entity, careful and accurate modern accounting of all processes related to funds is extremely necessary.
As in the time of the emergence of accounting itself in the now distant Middle Ages, today, exact observance of all the rules for conducting financial transactions and fixing them on paper in sufficient volume streamlines not only monetary, legal, but also moral and ethical relations between partners who are co-founders of business entities.
How it looks in theory and practice - we will consider below.
Accounting for the gratuitous assistance of the founder
The property contribution belonging to the LLC and the company of founders are two separate categories.
Very often there is a situation when it is not possible to rely on the funds of the participants. But at the same time, the company is quite entitled to count on gratuitous assistance from one or all of the owners.
Significantly increased working capital makes it possible to obtain a profit of a different scale, therefore, to stabilize the position of the company in the market.
The general classification system for increasing the volume of working capital provides for four ways of this process, which are provided articles 250 and 251 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation.
To date, there are the following methods:
- Financial type of grant when this aid is the most appropriate option. With regard to tax liabilities, the financing process does not create a basis for the calculation of taxes under certain conditions. First of all, the equity participation in the authorized capital should not exceed 50%. The time between the acquisition of this property and the transfer to third parties must be at least a year.
- Contribution of the founder to the property. It can be produced without increasing the authorized capital and par value of equity participation. At the same time, the operation exactly corresponds to the letter of federal legislation and paragraphs of the Charter of the enterprise, where one of the most important points is the confirmation of the obligation of the founders to make certain contributions to the common property complex of the enterprise according to the Protocol of the decision of the meeting. But in the decision-making process there may be deviations from this provision. For example, even with participation in the authorized capital in the proportion of 99/1, based on the application of the participant, he may be able to contribute a larger amount in the form of financial assistance to his enterprise or firm. This suggests that these moments do not have a strict link to the letter of the Charter, but lie in the context of the decisions of the meetings of participants.
- The contribution is accepted from the participants strictly in proportion to the shares owned by each in the formation of the authorized capital, unless other conditions are specified in the articles of the Charter. Following the rules of accounting, this assistance to the company by the founder is not the income of the company. The decision to transfer deposits necessarily entails an increase in the amount of net assets. To date, the legal definition of their federal laws has not been established.
Thus, the implementation of financial assistance on an irrevocable basis can be carried out in several ways - a contribution to the authorized capital, a loan or a contribution to property. All these procedures must be properly reflected in the accounting registers.
Accounting
These operations, as mentioned above, are perfectly reflected in the accounting system.
First of all, it should be noted that the double entry system, which, in fact, is the basis of all accounts without exception at the primary level and the formation of synthetic and analytical registries in the future.
- Registration of transactions in accounting registers is carried out as a lump sum, and periodic, respectively, with the moments of making financial assistance.
- Accounting entry is made only after the decision of the meeting of founders and depositing funds into the cashier or bank account of the enterprise.
- Amounts of financial assistance are not considered as income, but only as an increase in working capital, which is reflected in the accounting registers.
- The theory of accounting operations also says that the assets received increase the equity participation in the company's property complex, while the level of the real value of the share of each participant is fixed.
Financial assistance is reflected in the following entry — Dt 75 Settlements with the founders Kt of account 83 Additional capital.
This entry reflects the amount of debts of the founders in the field of deposit operations by decision of the general meeting.
Receipt of funds is attributed as follows — Dt 50 Cashier or Dt 51 Settlement account corresponding to Kt 75 Settlements with founders.
Reflection of gratuitous financial assistance from the founder is reflected in the third section of the Balance sheet called Capital and reserves, line Additional capital.
Debit 51 credit 91 sub-account "Other income"
The sums of money shown received free of charge from the founder th. In the future, the funds are used to make settlements with partners, pay incentives and salaries, pay taxes and other needs.
This entry reflects the receipt of funds to the current account in a banking institution exclusively in national currency.
Debit 08 credit 98 sub-account "Grant-free receipts"
Receipt and posting of property in the form of fixed assets and materials is carried out at the cost that currently exists on the market.
Market quotes are documented- with the help of certificates, relations of appraisal commissions or simply confirmation of appraisers.
According to the instructions of the domestic Chart of Accounts, accounting accounts of material accounting - 05,06,08 correspond with account 98 Deferred income, using the subaccount Gratuitous receipts.
Debit 01 credit 08
Posting on the commissioning of an object from the fixed assets section. The acquisition of a fixed asset is usually an important procedure for lawyers, accountants and other company specialists.
If a registration of an object with state bodies is not mandatory, then it is transferred to account 01 from the credit of account 08.
Debit 20 (25, 26, 44) credit 02
Accounting entry on the accrual of depreciation amounts upon acquisition and registration of items and objects of real estate.
This entry is very important if the item, which is the financial assistance of the founder, has been in operation for some time.
According to the accounting instructions, the transfer or acquisition of a material object is accompanied by an act with depreciation. In the absence of such deductions, they are accrued independently at the enterprise receiving the benefit.
Debit 98 sub-account "Grant-free receipts" credit 91 sub-account "Other income"
Through this posting, the depreciated amount of the cost of the acquired fixed asset is written off to the accumulation of all other other receipts and income.
At the same time, the volume of other income of the enterprise or firm increases.
Debit 10 credit 98 subaccount "Grant-free receipts"
An increase in the amount of material assets of an enterprise or firm by the amount of the market value of the materials received from the founder in accordance with the decisions of the meeting of participants.
Non-refundable contributions in the form of financial assistance on an irrevocable basis provided for by federal laws are reflected in a complex entry if this is a receipt from one participant or from several, with a register of amounts and names of participants attached.
Debit 20 (25, 26, 44) credit 10
Accounting record fixing the write-off of fuels and lubricants.
The basis for posting is waybill and activation of the write-off of fuel.
Debit 98 subaccount "gratuitous receipts" credit 91 subaccount "other income"
Quite often used posting to account for the registration of transactions with the introduction of financial assistance from a participant who wants to increase his own share in the authorized capital.
In addition to the fact that the posting is made in accounting registers, it is drawn up by a certificate and a copy of the founder's statement, certified by the second copy of the decision of the meeting.
tax accounting
In order to unify the calculation of taxes on the amount of financial assistance received by a taxpaying entity, it is included in the list of other income.
Operations are based on NK Art. 135.
By the same Code, Art. 137, the amount of financial assistance is attributed to income, according to the dates of receipt of money to a current account in a bank or to the cash desk of a business entity.
Summarize
Under current economic conditions, financial assistance to one's own enterprise is a fairly widely used mechanism for improving its stability and profitability.
