Legal framework, regulations
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation approved Federal State Educational Standard (FGOS) of the main general education dated December 17, 2010 No. 1897, the purpose of which is to systematize and standardize educational processes and ensure their high quality in schools. The document was compiled on the basis of lists of specialized requirements, including:
- Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated October 4, 2010 No. 986 on the minimum technical equipment of educational processes in student classes;
- SANPIN 2.4.2.2821-10 of December 29, 2010 No. 189 (updated to date) on sanitary and epidemiological requirements for educational premises and organization of the learning process.
For primary schools, the Federal State Educational Standard is defined by order of the same Ministry of Russia dated October 6, 2009 No. 373. Last edition dated September 22, 2011 No. 2357.
The main document on which today they rely educational establishments when compiling - Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated March 30, 2016 N 336.
Educational organizations have the right to make changes and clarify the given norms and rules, adhering to the established regulations, at least once every 10 years.
General requirements
First of all, the equipment of school classrooms must comply with the sanitary and hygienic requirements of SANPIN. It must be made of environmentally friendly materials that can be easily cleaned, be fireproof, and meet labor protection standards.
The furniture must be certified on the basis of the customs regulation TR CU 025/2012 and approved for use in school classrooms. Test equipment for research activities must comply with GOST 8.568 "Certification of test equipment". Equipment for interactive learning for schools is not certified, but must be accompanied by quality technical documentation from the manufacturer.
Company Complete set in the selection of equipment for schools and kindergartens checks goods in accordance with all current standards.
Teacher's place
For the teacher in the office there are:
- Workplace (table and chair/armchair). Now this is not just standard furniture: tables can be equipped with additional shelves, drawers, and have a different configuration. An ordinary chair today is replaced by orthopedic comfortable chairs in different designs.
- Technical means of information transmission - an interactive software and hardware complex.
- Furniture for storing educational materials (cabinets, racks) with the required number of sections and shelves, in any configuration and dimensions.
- exposure devices.
- For each specialized class, depending on the discipline - visual aids, devices and tools.
- Chalkboard with anti-reflective coating on a dark background. Perhaps this is the only item that has not been affected by the changes.
It is allowed to install interactive whiteboards in the office with the condition of their hygiene and safety. Screens of such should be evenly lit and visible in any student place without glare. You can find out about this from technical description devices, in addition, manufacturers often indicate the approval of equipment for use in classrooms.
Student places
Places for students are desks. They must be appropriate for the height of the students and be properly installed in the classroom space. Today it is advisable to replace classical desks with specialized furniture of increased convenience, taking into account the anatomy of children, for example, growing desks, the parameters of which are adjusted to each student. The tabletop can be provided with additional drawers, regulation of the inclination of the working surface, etc.
Chairs with wheels, with the ability to rotate and adjust the height, folding back, soft upholstery - for modern schoolchildren it is possible to provide comfortable sitting during the day.
If desks of different sizes are provided in the same class, smaller ones are placed closer to the board and further in size. At the same time, it is necessary to observe the dimensions of the aisles and take into account the convenience of children performing tasks, conducting research, laboratory and other types of work. These requirements are spelled out in SANPIN.
When planning an office, one should not forget about safety requirements, including fire safety.
Technical equipment
The Federal State Educational Standard defines a set of equipment that is recommended for installation in each student class of a general education school to improve the educational process:
- Multimedia players and tape recorders (to choose from, these can be complex devices);
- TV set;
- Interactive boards;
- Screen for the projector (projection of images on the wall is not allowed);
- Computers or tablets for coworking.
According to the Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated March 30, 2016 N 336, different sets of interactive and scientific equipment can be selected for each specialized classroom.
Apply modern solutions
What do most classrooms look like in schools? These are the usual pastel colors of the walls and mostly light furniture in the boring Buk Bavaria colors. But the environment directly affects the interest of children in science and learning. Completant offers unusual, bright solutions for completing school classes.
Student desks and tables, as well as furniture, can be made in a bright, eye-pleasing color shade from reliable MDF. Now the design of the room can be modeled, and not based on standards.
Classic desks for two people or single, growing desks - nothing is impossible for furniture manufacturers. The same goes for cabinets and shelving: need covered storage space? They can be equipped with solid or glass doors; these can be shelves of different sizes and colors. Combine them with an interesting shade of the walls and the cabinet will sparkle with colors, become unique and visited by children with pleasure.
The search for interesting and unusual solutions is carried out by our specialists, who are ready to help in completing school classes throughout the country.
Integrated turnkey office planning
On September 1, 2010, the new Federal State Educational Standard for Primary General Education came into force, and from 2012 on the Federal State educational standard(FGOS), as soon as they are ready, basic general education also passes. The Federal State Educational Standards provide for the technical equipment of educational institutions with information and communication technologies and the provision of open access for all participants in the educational process to information databases, reference books, multimedia materials and Internet resources.
In accordance with the requirements for the conditions for the implementation of the federal state educational standard of primary general education (PEO), the order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Murmansk region approved a list of the minimum necessary teaching aids based on digital technologies for the implementation of the federal state educational standard of primary general education.
Guided by the order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Murmansk region, primary classes of MBOU secondary school No. 5, Apatity, implementing the Federal State Educational Standard of the IEO, received all the necessary technical equipment. To date, each classroom of the school has a personal computer for the teacher, connected to a local network and having Internet access.
In every office elementary school installed multifunction devices for printing, scanning and copying. This device solves the problem of cluttering the teacher's desktop. It is much more convenient to have a good printer, scanner and copier in one device than each of the devices separately.
All classes of the primary school that implements the Federal State Educational Standard are equipped with interactive whiteboards. The use of an interactive whiteboard in the classroom is due to the appropriate level of perception that the current generation of schoolchildren is accustomed to. This allows the teacher to teach at a fundamentally new qualitative level, to use all the advantages of modern computer technology.
A digital camera and a video camera immediately found their application in the classroom and in extracurricular activities, they became indispensable helpers for recording various methodological and extracurricular activities, in portfolio design, in search and research work.
The digital microscope is a bridge between the real ordinary world and the microcosm, which is mysterious, unusual and therefore so interesting. Interest attracts attention, affects the mind, develops creativity and genuine interest in the world around. A digital microscope allows you to view various objects at magnifications of 10, 60 and 200 times. The use of a digital microscope when conducting school research gives a tangible didactic effect in terms of motivation, systematization and deepening of students' knowledge.
A graphics tablet, being one of the means of entering information into a computer, is not much different from ordinary pen and paper, with the difference that the image appears not directly from under the pencil lead, but on the computer screen. This, in addition to developing the ability to navigate on a sheet of paper, develops the spatial perception of the student. You can write on a graphics tablet, you can play games with it. didactic games, translated into electronic form, create and immediately solve various problems, draw graphic dictations, which allows the teacher to carry out individual and differentiated approaches to the activities of students during the lesson.
In addition to the recommended list, a document camera was purchased for each elementary school class - this is a special video camera on a tripod that allows you to receive and broadcast in real time a clear and sharp image of any objects, including three-dimensional ones, on a large screen. The image obtained with a document camera can be entered into a computer, displayed on a TV screen, transmitted via the Internet, projected onto a screen using a multimedia projector.
The document camera provides a high degree of readiness of the teacher for the lesson and the rational use of lesson time due to the possibility of mobile presentation educational material and quick resolution of unforeseen issues. The document camera allows you to increase the motivation of students to learning activities due to its thoughtful organization and maintaining the interest of students in learning in a variety of ways of presenting educational material, the employment of students in educational and cognitive activities throughout the lesson. The teacher is involved in joint activities with students by transferring some of their powers to them with the help of a document camera.
The school acquired the MimioVote voting system in the fall of 2012. At present, it has found wide application not only in elementary school, but has also become popular and in demand among subject teachers of the middle and senior levels of education. MimioVote allows you to quickly poll students during class to see who has learned and who needs help, get real-time results and eliminate the need to manually check tests, evaluate students in a fast, flexible and easy way, analyze student progress pupils based on diagrams.
On the example of our school, we noticed that the appearance new technology in the classroom encourages the teacher to reconsider the traditional forms of conducting lessons. The forms of communication between the teacher and the student are also changing, learning turns into business cooperation, and this increases the motivation for learning, leads to the need to search for new models of classes, increases the individuality and intensity of learning. The use of interactive devices enables the teacher to vary tasks, change the course of the lesson depending on the characteristics of the children's perception of educational material, and provides students with greater freedom for creative assignments. At the same time, the process of mastering new software capabilities and technology for working with hardware innovations will undoubtedly contribute to the development of ICT - the competence of the teacher. And this, in turn, opens up new horizons for the teacher and students in the study of the subject and, of course, stimulates the teacher to move further into the development of new technology.
Literature
- Zaitseva, S.A. Methodological foundations for the formation of ICT competence of the future primary school teacher [Text] S.A. Zaitseva // Higher education today - 2011. -№4. – P. 42–44.
- Order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Murmansk Region No. 2555 dated December 6, 2012 [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://minobr.gov-murman.ru/files/pr2555-12.pdf
- Federal State Educational Standard [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://minobrnauki.rf/documents/938
according to content
subjects of the federal component
State standard of general education in physics
Reasons and goals of requirements development .
These requirements are developed on the basis of the federal component of state educational standards for general education in physics. They are recommendations for the material and technical support of the educational process, presented to educational institutions in the context of the introduction of state standards in physics.
These requirements contain 3 sections.
In the first section recommendations are presented on equipping schools with regulatory documentation, educational and methodological kits, printed materials, technical teaching aids necessary for the transition of schools to the organization of the learning process in accordance with the requirements of educational standards in physics.
In the second section lists of laboratory equipment necessary for performing frontal laboratory work and work of a physical workshop are given.
In the third section lists of demonstration equipment are given.
The first section of recommendations allows you to form in educational institution an integral system of optimal conditions for the work of a physics teacher on the basis of library funds, a school-wide system of modern technical means, etc.
Currently, fundamentally new information carriers are being introduced into the practice of teaching. So, for example, a significant part of educational materials, including source texts, sets of illustrations, graphs, diagrams, tables, diagrams, are increasingly placed not on printing, but on multimedia media. There is a possibility of their network distribution and formation of their own library of electronic products on the basis of the classroom.
Thus, these requirements serve as a guideline in creating a holistic subject-developing environment necessary to implement the requirements for the level of graduate training at each level of education established by the standard. They proceed from the tasks of the integrated use of material and technical teaching aids, the transition from reproductive forms of educational activities to independent, search and research types of work, shifting the focus to the analytical component of educational activities, the formation of a communicative culture of students and the development of skills to work with various types of information.
These requirements can be clarified and supplemented in relation to the specifics of specific educational institutions, the level of their funding, as well as based on the consistent development and accumulation of their own base of material and technical teaching aids (including in the form of multimedia products created by students, an electronic library, video libraries and etc.).
If possible, it is desirable to create technical conditions for the use of computer and information and communication learning tools (including for transferring, processing, organizing the storage and accumulation of data, network information exchange, using various forms of presentation of the results of cognitive activity).
However, the main thing in equipping the physics classroom is laboratory and demonstration equipment. .
A survey of schools shows that the provision of frontal equipment is, on average, much lower than the norm. The demonstration equipment is worn out, and its range is even lower than that of the laboratory one. Under these conditions, the most effective way preparation of physics classrooms for the transition of education in accordance with state educational standards is development of regional, district, municipal and school programs for updating the material and technical base. These recommendations are intended to provide concrete assistance in the development of such programs..
Novelty requirements .
An analysis of the standard and sample programs showed that the List allows you to select the equipment necessary for their experimental support. At the same time, a number of new factors related to the content of the requirements of the standard and the experimental component of the exemplary programs were taken into account in the preparation of these recommendations. Let's note them.
The equipment in the List is differentiated according to the levels of education and levels of high school educational programs, but these levels (A - 2 hours / week, B - 4 hours / week, C - 6 hours / week) do not correspond to the levels adopted in the Standard. At the same time, level A of the List did not provide for the presence of frontal equipment, in contrast to the basic level of high school, defined by the Standard. When preparing recommendations, this contradiction was eliminated.
The list was developed taking into account domestic and foreign advanced trends in educational instrumentation and contains a significant promising nomenclature in terms of volume, which is being developed or is just being put into mass production. These recommendations include the developed objects needed for experimental support of the standard. They have an index (H).
The state standard in physics assumes the priority of an activity approach to the learning process, the development of schoolchildren's skills to make observations of natural phenomena, describe and generalize the results of observations, use simple measuring instruments to study physical phenomena; present the results of observations or measurements using tables, graphs and identify empirical dependencies on this basis; apply the acquired knowledge to explain various natural phenomena and processes, the principles of operation of the most important technical devices, to solve physical problems.
The recommendations take into account that a systematic transition from the instrumental principle of development and supply of equipment to a package-thematic approach is currently being carried out. At present, both systems coexist in schools in parallel.
The equipment presented in the recommendations takes into account three forms experiment, the conduct of which is regulated by exemplary programs: a demonstration experiment and two types of laboratory experiment: frontal - in the main school and basic level senior level, frontal and laboratory workshop - in the study of physics at the profile level.
In the presented equipment system, principle of variability . It is expressed in the fact that at least three ways of completing equipment systems are possible, each of which allows for experimental support of exemplary programs. One of them is based on computer measuring systems, the second is based on digital methods for processing and presenting results, and the third is based on classical analog methods. All three methods complement each other.
Principles of selection of facilities and means of logistics.
The selection of equipment was carried out taking into account a number of principles. Chief among them is completeness equipment systems regarding the experimental part of the exemplary programs and requirements for students, fixed in the educational standard.
The second principle is continuity equipment systems between levels and levels of high school - is manifested in the fact that front equipment is common to both levels of education. The demonstration equipment system contains basic elements common to the first and second levels, as well as additional elements for specialized education in high school.
The measuring complex of the physics classroom is saturated with computer and digital measuring instruments. This leads to such a selection principle as optimal combination classical and modern means of measurement and methods of experimental study of phenomena. Compliance with this principle is of particular importance for the basic school. It is this principle that requires the inclusion in the list of equipment for the basic school of such devices as a liquid thermometer, demonstration trolleys, heat sinks, etc.
Calculation of quantitative indicators.
The number of educational equipment is given in the recommendations per one classroom. The specific number of the indicated means and objects of material and technical support takes into account the average calculation of the class occupancy (25-30 students). To reflect quantitative indicators in the recommendations, the following symbolic notation system is used:
D– demonstration copy (1 copy, except for specially stipulated cases),
TO - complete set (for each student)
F– set for frontal work (1 set for two students)
P- a set necessary for conducting a laboratory workshop (3 - 4 copies).
B– library kits (5 copies).
characteristics of the classroom.
A necessary condition for the effective use of equipment and the implementation of the experimental nature of physics as an academic subject is the presence of a physics classroom in an educational institution.
On the one hand, when organizing a physics cabinet, general requirements are taken into account - safety precautions, sanitary and epidemiological standards (SanPin 2.4.2 No. 178-02). On the other hand, the above recommendations indicate a number of features of the physics classroom, which must be taken into account not only when creating new classrooms, but also when implementing the above regional, district, school programs for updating their material and technical base.
The physics classroom requires a power supply system for laboratory tables only with electrically safe voltage not higher than 36 42 V. Without such power supply, it is impossible to complete the system of an independent experiment. It should be borne in mind that as part of the implementation of the state program " Educational technique» The entire system of current sources used in the office has been completely updated. In particular, as a laboratory power source, a source with an output of not only direct, but also alternating current is needed.
Laboratory tables have been developed that allow storing thematic frontal sets in them, which radically reduces the teacher's labor costs when organizing a frontal experiment.
The equipment of the working area of a physics teacher is changing significantly. In addition to the traditional demonstration table, it includes a classroom board with a metal coating, which allows you to fix equipment on mechanics, electrodynamics, and optics on it in a vertical plane.
A graphic projector in a physics classroom is not only a means of projecting folios and banners. With its use, some equipment is designed, it is a light source for wave optics kits. The computer is integrated into the cabinet's measuring system: a number of demonstration equipment sets are used on the basis of the computer measuring unit.
The desire of the teacher to use modern measuring instruments makes it possible to make the physics classroom the core of the natural science educational environment of the school.
This is of paramount importance in the implementation of the practical orientation of the school physics course in modern conditions, because. Most schoolchildren can get acquainted with the technological applications of the computer only in the classrooms of natural sciences, and mainly in the physics classroom.
