Basic organic matter. Classification and nomenclature of organic substances (trivial and international)

18.01.202227.05.2017

From Guest >>

1. What is the name of an organic substance whose molecules contain C, O, H atoms, which perform an energy and building function?
A-nucleic acid B-protein
B-carbohydrate G-ATP
2. What carbohydrates are polymers?
A-monosaccharides B-disaccharides B-polysaccharides
3. The group of monosaccharides includes:
A-glucose B-sucrose B-cellulose
4. Which carbohydrates are insoluble in water?
A-glucose, fructose B-starch B-ribose, deoxyribose
5. Fat molecules are formed:
A-from glycerol, higher carboxylic acids B-from glucose
B-from amino acids, water D-from ethyl alcohol, higher carboxylic acids
6. Fats perform a function in the cell:
A-transport B-energy
B-catalytic G-information
7. What compounds in relation to water are lipids?
A-hydrophilic B-hydrophobic
8. What is the importance of animal fats?
A-structure of membranes B-thermoregulation
B-source of energy D-source of water E-all of the above
9. Protein monomers are:
A-nucleotides B-amino acids C-glucose G-fats
10. The most important organic substance, which is part of the cells of all kingdoms of living nature, which has a primary linear configuration, is:
A-to polysaccharides B-to lipids
B-to ATP G-to polypeptides
2. Write the functions of proteins, give examples.
3. Task: According to the DNA chain AATGCGATGCTAGTTTAGG, it is necessary to complete the complementary chain and determine the length of the DNA
1. Choose one correct answer
1. How many of the known amino acids are involved in protein synthesis?
A-20 B-100 V-23
2. What part of the amino acid molecules distinguishes them from each other?
A-radical B-carboxyl group C-amino group
3. What compounds are included in ATP?
A- adenine, carbohydrate ribose, 3 molecules of phosphoric acid
B- guanine, fructose sugar, phosphoric acid residue.
B-ribose, glycerol and any amino acid
4. What is the role of ATP molecules in a cell?
A-provide the transport function B-transmit hereditary information
B-provide vital processes with energy G-accelerate biochemical reactions
5. Nucleic acid monomers are:
A-amino acids B-fats
B-nucleotides G-glucose
6. What class of chemical substances does ribose belong to?
A-protein B-carbohydrate C-lipid
7. What nucleotide is not part of the DNA molecule?
A-adenyl B-uridyl
B-guanyl G-thymidyl
8. Which of the nucleic acids has the greatest length?
A-DNA B-RNA
9. Guanyl nucleotide is complementary to the nucleotide:
A-thymidyl B-cytidyl
B-adenyl G-uridyl
10. The process of doubling DNA molecules is called:
A-replication B-transcription
B-complementarity G-translation.
2. Write lipid functions, give examples.
3. Task. In what sequence will the nucleotides be located in the i-RNA, if the DNA chain has the following composition: GGTATAGCGTTAAGCCTT, determine the length of the i-RNA.

From Guest >>

1. Choose one correct answer
1. How many of the known amino acids are involved in protein synthesis?
A-20 B-100 V-23
2. What part of the amino acid molecules distinguishes them from each other?
A-radical B-carboxyl group C-amino group
3. What compounds are included in ATP?
A- adenine, carbohydrate ribose, 3 molecules of phosphoric acid
B- guanine, fructose sugar, phosphoric acid residue.
B-ribose, glycerol and any amino acid
4. What is the role of ATP molecules in a cell?
A-provide the transport function B-transmit hereditary information
B-provide vital processes with energy G-accelerate biochemical reactions
5. Nucleic acid monomers are:
A-amino acids B-fats
B-nucleotides G-glucose
6. What class of chemical substances does ribose belong to?
A-protein B-carbohydrate C-lipid
7. What nucleotide is not part of the DNA molecule?
A-adenyl B-uridyl
B-guanyl G-thymidyl
8. Which of the nucleic acids has the greatest length?
A-DNA B-RNA
9. Guanyl nucleotide is complementary to the nucleotide:
A-thymidyl B-cytidyl
B-adenyl G-uridyl
10. The process of doubling DNA molecules is called:
A-replication B-transcription
B-complementarity G-translation.
2. Write lipid functions, give examples.
3. Task. In what sequence will the nucleotides be located in the i-RNA, if the DNA chain has the following composition: GGTATAGCGTTAAGCCTT, determine the length of the i-RNA.

It is known that the properties of organic substances are determined by their composition and chemical structure. Therefore, it is not surprising that the classification of organic compounds is based on the theory of structure - the theory of L. M. Butlerov. Classify organic substances by the presence and order of connection of atoms in their molecules. The most durable and least changeable part of the molecule of organic matter is its skeleton - a chain of carbon atoms. Depending on the order of connection of carbon atoms in this chain, substances are divided into acyclic, which do not contain closed chains of carbon atoms in molecules, and carbocyclic, containing such chains (cycles) in molecules.
In addition to carbon and hydrogen atoms, molecules of organic substances may contain atoms of other chemical elements. Substances in the molecules of which these so-called heteroatoms are included in a closed chain are classified as heterocyclic compounds.
Heteroatoms (oxygen, nitrogen, etc.) can be part of molecules and acyclic compounds, forming functional groups in them, for example, hydroxyl - OH, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino group -NH2.
Functional group- a group of atoms that determines the most characteristic chemical properties of a substance and its belonging to a certain class of compounds.

hydrocarbons are compounds that consist only of hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Depending on the structure of the carbon chain, organic compounds are divided into compounds with an open chain - acyclic (aliphatic) and cyclic- with a closed chain of atoms.

Cycles are divided into two groups: carbocyclic compounds(cycles are formed only by carbon atoms) and heterocyclic(the cycles also include other atoms, such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur).

Carbocyclic compounds, in turn, include two series of compounds: alicyclic and aromatic.

Aromatic compounds in the basis of the structure of molecules have flat carbon-containing cycles with a special closed system of p-electrons that form a common π-system (a single π-electron cloud). Aromaticity is also characteristic of many heterocyclic compounds.

All other carbocyclic compounds belong to the alicyclic series.

Both acyclic (aliphatic) and cyclic hydrocarbons can contain multiple (double or triple) bonds. Such hydrocarbons are called unsaturated (unsaturated) in contrast to the limiting (saturated) containing only single bonds.

Limit aliphatic hydrocarbons called alkanes, they have the general formula C n H 2 n +2, where n is the number of carbon atoms. Their old name is often used and now - paraffins.

Containing one double bond, got the name alkenes. They have the general formula C n H 2 n .

Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbonswith two double bonds called alkadienes

Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbonswith one triple bond called alkynes. Their general formula is C n H 2 n - 2.

Limit alicyclic hydrocarbons - cycloalkanes, their general formula C n H 2 n .

A special group of hydrocarbons, aromatic, or arenes(with a closed common π-electron system), is known from the example of hydrocarbons with the general formula C n H 2 n -6.

Thus, if in their molecules one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by other atoms or groups of atoms (halogens, hydroxyl groups, amino groups, etc.), hydrocarbon derivatives: halogen derivatives, oxygen-containing, nitrogen-containing and other organic compounds.

Halogen derivatives hydrocarbons can be considered as the products of substitution in hydrocarbons of one or more hydrogen atoms by halogen atoms. In accordance with this, there may be limiting and unsaturated mono-, di-, tri- (generally poly-) halogen derivatives.

The general formula of monohalogen derivatives of saturated hydrocarbons:

and the composition is expressed by the formula

C n H 2 n +1 Г,

where R is the remainder of the saturated hydrocarbon (alkane), hydrocarbon radical (this designation is used further when considering other classes of organic substances), Г is a halogen atom (F, Cl, Br, I).

Alcohols- derivatives of hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by hydroxyl groups.

Alcohols are called monatomic, if they have one hydroxyl group, and limit if they are derivatives of alkanes.

The general formula of saturated monohydric alcohols:

and their composition is expressed by the general formula:
C n H 2 n +1 OH or C n H 2 n +2 O

Examples of polyhydric alcohols are known, i.e., having several hydroxyl groups.

Phenols- derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene series), in which one or more hydrogen atoms in the benzene ring are replaced by hydroxyl groups.

The simplest representative with the formula C 6 H 5 OH is called phenol.

Aldehydes and ketones- derivatives of hydrocarbons containing a carbonyl group of atoms (carbonyl).

In aldehyde molecules, one carbonyl bond goes to the connection with the hydrogen atom, the other - with the hydrocarbon radical.

In the case of ketones, the carbonyl group is linked to two (generally different) radicals.

The composition of limiting aldehydes and ketones is expressed by the formula C n H 2l O.

carboxylic acids- derivatives of hydrocarbons containing carboxyl groups (-COOH).

If there is one carboxyl group in the acid molecule, then the carboxylic acid is monobasic. General formula of saturated monobasic acids (R-COOH). Their composition is expressed by the formula C n H 2 n O 2 .

Ethers are organic substances containing two hydrocarbon radicals connected by an oxygen atom: R-O-R or R 1 -O-R 2 .

The radicals may be the same or different. The composition of ethers is expressed by the formula C n H 2 n +2 O

Esters- compounds formed by replacing the hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group in carboxylic acids with a hydrocarbon radical.

Nitro compounds- derivatives of hydrocarbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by a nitro group -NO 2 .

General formula of limiting mononitro compounds:

and the composition is expressed by the general formula

C n H 2 n +1 NO 2.

Amines- compounds that are considered as derivatives of ammonia (NH 3), in which hydrogen atoms are replaced by hydrocarbon radicals.

Depending on the nature of the radical, amines can be aliphaticand aromatic.

Depending on the number of hydrogen atoms replaced by radicals, there are:

Primary amines with the general formula: R-NH 2

Secondary - with the general formula: R 1 -NH-R 2

Tertiary - with the general formula:

In a particular case, secondary as well as tertiary amines may have the same radicals.

Primary amines can also be considered as derivatives of hydrocarbons (alkanes), in which one hydrogen atom is replaced by an amino group -NH 2 . The composition of limiting primary amines is expressed by the formula C n H 2 n +3 N.

Amino acids contain two functional groups connected to a hydrocarbon radical: an amino group -NH 2 , and a carboxyl -COOH.

The composition of limiting amino acids containing one amino group and one carboxyl is expressed by the formula C n H 2 n +1 NO 2 .

Other important organic compounds are known that have several different or identical functional groups, long linear chains associated with benzene rings. In such cases, a strict definition of whether a substance belongs to a particular class is impossible. These compounds are often isolated into specific groups of substances: carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, antibiotics, alkaloids, etc.

For the name of organic compounds, 2 nomenclatures are used - rational and systematic (IUPAC) and trivial names.

Compilation of names according to the IUPAC nomenclature

1) The basis of the name of the compound is the root of the word, denoting a saturated hydrocarbon with the same number of atoms as the main chain.

2) A suffix is added to the root, characterizing the degree of saturation:

An (limiting, no multiple bonds);
-en (in the presence of a double bond);
-in (in the presence of a triple bond).

If there are several multiple bonds, then the number of such bonds (-diene, -triene, etc.) is indicated in the suffix, and after the suffix, the position of the multiple bond must be indicated in numbers, for example:
CH 3 -CH 2 -CH \u003d CH 2 CH 3 -CH \u003d CH -CH 3
butene-1 butene-2

CH 2 \u003d CH - CH \u003d CH 2
butadiene-1,3

Groups such as nitro-, halogens, hydrocarbon radicals that are not included in the main chain are taken out to the prefix. They are listed in alphabetical order. The position of the substituent is indicated by a number before the prefix.

The title order is as follows:

1. Find the longest chain of C atoms.

2. Sequentially number the carbon atoms of the main chain, starting from the end closest to the branch.

3. The name of an alkane is made up of the names of side radicals, listed in alphabetical order, indicating the position in the main chain, and the name of the main chain.

Nomenclature of some organic substances (trivial and international)

There are several definitions of what organic substances are, how they differ from another group of compounds - inorganic. One of the most common explanations comes from the name "hydrocarbons". Indeed, at the heart of all organic molecules are chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen. There are other elements that have received the name "organogenic".

Organic chemistry before the discovery of urea

Since ancient times, people have used many natural substances and minerals: sulfur, gold, iron and copper ore, table salt. Throughout the existence of science - from ancient times to the first half of the 19th century - scientists could not prove the connection between animate and inanimate nature at the level of microscopic structure (atoms, molecules). It was believed that organic substances owe their appearance to the mythical life force - vitalism. There was a myth about the possibility of growing a little man "homunculus". To do this, it was necessary to put various waste products into a barrel, wait a certain time until the vital force was born.

A crushing blow to vitalism was dealt by the work of Weller, who synthesized the organic substance urea from inorganic components. So it was proved that there is no life force, nature is one, organisms and inorganic compounds are formed by atoms of the same elements. The composition of urea was known even before Weller's work; the study of this compound was not difficult in those years. Remarkable was the very fact of obtaining a substance characteristic of metabolism outside the body of an animal or a person.

Theory of A. M. Butlerov

The role of the Russian school of chemists in the development of the science that studies organic substances is great. Whole epochs in the development of organic synthesis are associated with the names of Butlerov, Markovnikov, Zelinsky, Lebedev. The founder of the theory of the structure of compounds is A. M. Butlerov. The famous chemist in the 60s of the XIX century explained the composition of organic substances, the reasons for the diversity of their structure, revealed the relationship that exists between the composition, structure and properties of substances.

On the basis of Butlerov's conclusions, it was possible not only to systematize knowledge about already existing organic compounds. It became possible to predict the properties of substances not yet known to science, to create technological schemes for their production in industrial conditions. Many of the ideas of leading organic chemists are being fully implemented today.

When hydrocarbons are oxidized, new organic substances are obtained - representatives of other classes (aldehydes, ketones, alcohols, carboxylic acids). For example, large volumes of acetylene are used to produce acetic acid. Part of this reaction product is further consumed to obtain synthetic fibers. An acid solution (9% and 6%) is in every home - this is ordinary vinegar. Oxidation of organic substances serves as the basis for obtaining a very large number of compounds of industrial, agricultural, and medical importance.

aromatic hydrocarbons

Aromaticity in organic molecules is the presence of one or more benzene nuclei. A chain of 6 carbon atoms closes into a ring, a conjugated bond appears in it, so the properties of such hydrocarbons are not similar to other hydrocarbons.

Aromatic hydrocarbons (or arenes) are of great practical importance. Many of them are widely used: benzene, toluene, xylene. They are used as solvents and raw materials for the production of drugs, dyes, rubber, rubber and other products of organic synthesis.

Oxygen compounds

Oxygen atoms are present in a large group of organic substances. They are part of the most active part of the molecule, its functional group. Alcohols contain one or more hydroxyl species —OH. Examples of alcohols: methanol, ethanol, glycerin. In carboxylic acids, there is another functional particle - carboxyl (-COOOH).

Other oxygen-containing organic compounds are aldehydes and ketones. Carboxylic acids, alcohols and aldehydes are present in large quantities in various plant organs. They can be sources for obtaining natural products (acetic acid, ethyl alcohol, menthol).

Fats are compounds of carboxylic acids and the trihydric alcohol glycerol. In addition to linear alcohols and acids, there are organic compounds with a benzene ring and a functional group. Examples of aromatic alcohols: phenol, toluene.

Carbohydrates

The most important organic substances of the body that make up the cells are proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and fats (lipids). Simple carbohydrates - monosaccharides - are found in cells in the form of ribose, deoxyribose, fructose and glucose. The last carbohydrate in this short list is the main substance of metabolism in cells. Ribose and deoxyribose are constituents of ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids (RNA and DNA).

When glucose molecules are broken down, the energy necessary for life is released. First, it is stored in the formation of a kind of energy transfer - adenosine triphosphoric acid (ATP). This substance is carried by the blood, delivered to tissues and cells. With the successive cleavage of three phosphoric acid residues from adenosine, energy is released.

Fats

Lipids are substances of living organisms that have specific properties. They do not dissolve in water, are hydrophobic particles. The seeds and fruits of some plants, nervous tissue, liver, kidneys, blood of animals and humans are especially rich in substances of this class.

Human and animal skin contains many small sebaceous glands. The secret secreted by them is displayed on the surface of the body, lubricates it, protects it from moisture loss and the penetration of microbes. The layer of subcutaneous fatty tissue protects internal organs from damage, serves as a reserve substance.

Squirrels

Proteins make up more than half of all organic substances of the cell, in some tissues their content reaches 80%. All types of proteins are characterized by high molecular weights, the presence of primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures. When heated, they are destroyed - denaturation occurs. The primary structure is a huge chain of amino acids for the microcosm. Under the action of special enzymes in the digestive system of animals and humans, the protein macromolecule breaks down into its constituent parts. They enter the cells, where the synthesis of organic substances takes place - other proteins specific to each living being.

Enzymes and their role

Reactions in the cell proceed at a rate that is difficult to achieve under industrial conditions, thanks to catalysts - enzymes. There are enzymes that act only on proteins - lipases. The hydrolysis of starch occurs with the participation of amylase. Lipases are needed to decompose fats into their constituent parts. Processes involving enzymes occur in all living organisms. If a person does not have any enzyme in the cells, then this affects the metabolism, in general, health.

Nucleic acids

Substances, first discovered and isolated from cell nuclei, perform the function of transmitting hereditary traits. The main amount of DNA is contained in chromosomes, and RNA molecules are located in the cytoplasm. With the reduplication (doubling) of DNA, it becomes possible to transfer hereditary information to germ cells - gametes. When they merge, the new organism receives genetic material from the parents.

In the past, scientists divided all substances in nature into conditionally inanimate and living ones, including the animal and plant kingdoms among the latter. Substances of the first group are called mineral. And those that entered the second, began to be called organic substances.

What is meant by this? The class of organic substances is the most extensive among all chemical compounds known to modern scientists. The question of which substances are organic can be answered as follows - these are chemical compounds that include carbon.

Please note that not all carbon-containing compounds are organic. For example, corbides and carbonates, carbonic acid and cyanides, carbon oxides are not among them.

Why are there so many organic substances?

The answer to this question lies in the properties of carbon. This element is curious in that it is able to form chains from its atoms. And at the same time, the carbon bond is very stable.

In addition, in organic compounds, it exhibits a high valence (IV), i.e. the ability to form chemical bonds with other substances. And not only single, but also double and even triple (otherwise - multiples). As the bond multiplicity increases, the chain of atoms becomes shorter, and the bond stability increases.

And carbon is endowed with the ability to form linear, flat and three-dimensional structures.

That is why organic substances in nature are so diverse. You can easily check it yourself: stand in front of a mirror and carefully look at your reflection. Each of us is a walking textbook on organic chemistry. Think about it: at least 30% of the mass of each of your cells is organic compounds. The proteins that built your body. Carbohydrates, which serve as "fuel" and a source of energy. Fats that store energy reserves. Hormones that control organ function and even your behavior. Enzymes that start chemical reactions within you. And even the "source code," the strands of DNA, are all carbon-based organic compounds.

Composition of organic substances

As we said at the very beginning, the main building material for organic matter is carbon. And practically any elements, combining with carbon, can form organic compounds.

In nature, most often in the composition of organic substances are hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus.

The structure of organic substances

The diversity of organic substances on the planet and the diversity of their structure can be explained by the characteristic features of carbon atoms.

You remember that carbon atoms are able to form very strong bonds with each other, connecting in chains. The result is stable molecules. The way carbon atoms are connected in a chain (arranged in a zigzag pattern) is one of the key features of its structure. Carbon can combine both into open chains and into closed (cyclic) chains.

It is also important that the structure of chemicals directly affects their chemical properties. A significant role is also played by how atoms and groups of atoms in a molecule affect each other.

Due to the peculiarities of the structure, the number of carbon compounds of the same type goes to tens and hundreds. For example, we can consider hydrogen compounds of carbon: methane, ethane, propane, butane, etc.

For example, methane - CH 4. Such a combination of hydrogen with carbon under normal conditions is in a gaseous state of aggregation. When oxygen appears in the composition, a liquid is formed - methyl alcohol CH 3 OH.

Not only substances with different qualitative composition (as in the example above) exhibit different properties, but substances of the same qualitative composition are also capable of this. An example is the different ability of methane CH 4 and ethylene C 2 H 4 to react with bromine and chlorine. Methane is capable of such reactions only when heated or under ultraviolet light. And ethylene reacts even without lighting and heating.

Consider this option: the qualitative composition of chemical compounds is the same, the quantitative is different. Then the chemical properties of the compounds are different. As in the case of acetylene C 2 H 2 and benzene C 6 H 6.

Not the last role in this variety is played by such properties of organic substances, "tied" to their structure, as isomerism and homology.

Imagine that you have two seemingly identical substances - the same composition and the same molecular formula to describe them. But the structure of these substances is fundamentally different, hence the difference in chemical and physical properties. For example, the molecular formula C 4 H 10 can be written for two different substances: butane and isobutane.

We are talking about isomers- compounds that have the same composition and molecular weight. But the atoms in their molecules are located in a different order (branched and unbranched structure).

Concerning homology- this is a characteristic of such a carbon chain in which each next member can be obtained by adding one CH 2 group to the previous one. Each homologous series can be expressed by one general formula. And knowing the formula, it is easy to determine the composition of any of the members of the series. For example, methane homologues are described by the formula C n H 2n+2 .

As the “homologous difference” CH 2 is added, the bond between the atoms of the substance is strengthened. Let's take the homologous series of methane: its first four terms are gases (methane, ethane, propane, butane), the next six are liquids (pentane, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane), and then substances in the solid state of aggregation follow (pentadecane, eicosan, etc.). And the stronger the bond between carbon atoms, the higher the molecular weight, boiling and melting points of substances.

What classes of organic substances exist?

Organic substances of biological origin include:

proteins;
carbohydrates;
nucleic acids;
lipids.

The first three points can also be called biological polymers.

A more detailed classification of organic chemicals covers substances not only of biological origin.

The hydrocarbons are:

acyclic compounds:
- saturated hydrocarbons (alkanes);
- unsaturated hydrocarbons:
  - alkenes;
  - alkynes;
  - alkadienes.
cyclic compounds:
- carbocyclic compounds:
  - alicyclic;
  - aromatic.
- heterocyclic compounds.

There are also other classes of organic compounds in which carbon combines with substances other than hydrogen:

alcohols and phenols;
aldehydes and ketones;
carboxylic acids;
esters;
lipids;
carbohydrates:
- monosaccharides;
- oligosaccharides;
- polysaccharides.
- mucopolysaccharides.
amines;
amino acids;
proteins;
nucleic acids.

Formulas of organic substances by classes

Examples of organic substances

As you remember, in the human body, various kinds of organic substances are the basis of the foundations. These are our tissues and fluids, hormones and pigments, enzymes and ATP, and much more.

In the bodies of humans and animals, proteins and fats are prioritized (half of the dry weight of an animal cell is protein). In plants (about 80% of the dry mass of the cell) - for carbohydrates, primarily complex - polysaccharides. Including for cellulose (without which there would be no paper), starch.

Let's talk about some of them in more detail.

For example, about carbohydrates. If it were possible to take and measure the masses of all organic substances on the planet, it would be carbohydrates that would win this competition.

They serve as a source of energy in the body, are building materials for cells, and also carry out the supply of substances. Plants use starch for this purpose, and glycogen for animals.

In addition, carbohydrates are very diverse. For example, simple carbohydrates. The most common monosaccharides in nature are pentoses (including deoxyribose, which is part of DNA) and hexoses (glucose, which is well known to you).

Like bricks, at a large construction site of nature, polysaccharides are built from thousands and thousands of monosaccharides. Without them, more precisely, without cellulose, starch, there would be no plants. Yes, and animals without glycogen, lactose and chitin would have a hard time.

Let's look carefully at squirrels. Nature is the greatest master of mosaics and puzzles: from just 20 amino acids, 5 million types of proteins are formed in the human body. Proteins also have many vital functions. For example, construction, regulation of processes in the body, blood clotting (there are separate proteins for this), movement, transport of certain substances in the body, they are also a source of energy, in the form of enzymes they act as a catalyst for reactions, provide protection. Antibodies play an important role in protecting the body from negative external influences. And if a discord occurs in the fine tuning of the body, antibodies, instead of destroying external enemies, can act as aggressors to their own organs and tissues of the body.

Proteins are also divided into simple (proteins) and complex (proteins). And they have properties inherent only to them: denaturation (destruction, which you have noticed more than once when you boiled a hard-boiled egg) and renaturation (this property is widely used in the manufacture of antibiotics, food concentrates, etc.).

Let's not ignore and lipids(fats). In our body, they serve as a reserve source of energy. As solvents, they help the course of biochemical reactions. Participate in the construction of the body - for example, in the formation of cell membranes.

And a few more words about such curious organic compounds as hormones. They are involved in biochemical reactions and metabolism. These small hormones make men men (testosterone) and women women (estrogen). They make us happy or sad (thyroid hormones play an important role in mood swings, and endorphins give a feeling of happiness). And they even determine whether we are “owls” or “larks”. Whether you are ready to study late or prefer to get up early and do your homework before school, not only your daily routine, but also some adrenal hormones decide.

Conclusion

The world of organic matter is truly amazing. It is enough to delve into its study just a little to take your breath away from the feeling of kinship with all life on Earth. Two legs, four or roots instead of legs - we are all united by the magic of mother nature's chemical laboratory. It causes carbon atoms to join in chains, react and create thousands of such diverse chemical compounds.

You now have a short guide to organic chemistry. Of course, not all possible information is presented here. Some points you may have to clarify on your own. But you can always use the route we have planned for your independent research.

You can also use the definition of organic matter, classification and general formulas of organic compounds and general information about them in the article to prepare for chemistry classes at school.

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