Khanty-Mansiysk is surprisingly lucky with natural basis urban environment: towering over the city nature Park"Samarovsky Chugas", views of the Irtysh from the hills, urban birch alleys and parks give the city a unique, original face, this is a rarity among the rapidly growing Siberian cities.
Khanty-Mansiysk belongs to the continental climate zone, equated to the regions of the Far North. Continental air of temperate latitudes dominates here throughout the year. The meridional circulation is intensifying, as a result of which both arctic and tropical air enters the territory. With the western transport, Atlantic air enters here, largely transformed.
Air temperature and precipitation
Average annual temperature - -0.8 °C
Average annual wind speed - 2.4 m/s
Average annual air humidity - 77%
Khanty-Mansiysk is located within one natural area- forest.
The water regime of the rivers is characterized by extended spring-summer floods. Spring waters, spilling over the wide floodplains of the rivers, form extensive sors. In winter, the rivers freeze for a long period - up to 6 months.
The climate is characterized by a rapid change of weather conditions, especially during transitional periods - from autumn to winter and from spring to summer, as well as during the day. Winters are severe and long with stable snow cover, summers are short and relatively warm, transitional seasons (spring, autumn) with late spring and early autumn frosts.
The period with negative air temperature in the district lasts 7 months, from October to April. The period with stable snow cover lasts 180-200 days - from the end of October to the beginning of May. Frosts are not uncommon until mid-June. Most warm month July, the average temperature is from +15.7 to +18.4 degrees Celsius.
The prevailing wind direction in summer is north; unlike winter, when it is more often observed South wind. The annual amount of precipitation in the district is from 400 to 550 mm. The height of the snow cover is from 50 to 80 cm. In July, the maximum precipitation falls, about 15% of the annual amount. In winter, the atmospheric pressure on the territory of the district is much lower than within the Asian anticyclone. The invasion of air masses from the Atlantic is accompanied by warming, snowfalls and thaws. Averages atmospheric pressure in July (754-756 mm) lower than in the Arctic, but higher than in Central Asia.
The land resources of the city, with their appropriate preparation, are used to expand the volume of housing construction, as well as to accommodate small industries.
Natural reserves of sand and clay create conditions for the development of the production of building materials, and in the future - ceramics.
Field(mineral) - a natural accumulation of a mineral, which, in quantitative and qualitative terms, can be the subject of industrial development in a given state of technology and in given economic conditions (industrial deposit). Other accumulations, which, according to their data, could be developed only under changed technical and economic conditions, belong to non-commercial deposits, differing in this sense from ore occurrences. By the size of stocks, it can be large, medium and small. By origin, endogenous, exogenous and metamorphogenic deposits are distinguished.
Geological body - these are formations of the earth's crust of various shapes, sizes and conditions of occurrence (layers, veins, lenses, stocks, etc.), composed of useful mineral matter or containing it in a scattered form. Several geological bodies are observed in a number of deposits.
Ore occurrence- a natural accumulation in rocks of useful minerals of small or unexplained sizes. Sometimes, as a result of exploration and study, an ore occurrence can be transferred to a deposit.
Ore- this is an aggregate of minerals, from which it is technologically possible and economically feasible to extract a metal or a metal compound by the gross method.
Mineral resource- a natural mineral substance, which is qualitatively and quantitatively suitable for use in the national economy.
Minerals. Minerals can be used either in their natural state (high-quality coal, quartz sand), or after their preliminary processing by sorting, crushing, enrichment (most ores).
Minerals find the most diverse application in various sectors of the national economy. At present, almost any rock of a certain quality and under certain economic conditions can be used for certain purposes, and therefore "useless minerals" almost do not exist. Here, the word "any" refers to rocks related to off-balance ores.
There is a chemical-technological classification of minerals. Its main principle is the material composition of ores and their application.
According to this classification, minerals are divided into metallic, non-metallic and combustible.
Minerals, their diversity, degree of exploration and development play a paramount role in the economic assessment of the power of any state. Mineral raw materials are the fundamental basis of the material development of society. Currently, there are about 200 different types of mineral raw materials used in industry, agriculture and construction.
Solid minerals. According to the complex of minerals known at present, the described area is identical to the industrially developed territories of the Urals. Ore occurrences and points of mineralization of many minerals are known in the district. Manifestations of ferrous, non-ferrous, rare metals and other minerals are confined to the zone of the Platinum Belt and its framing (Appendix 3).
Within the district are known manifestations of lead, copper, silver, gold and other metals, asbestos, numerous manifestations and deposits of rock crystal. During prospecting and survey work in previous years, placer occurrences of gold were found in many valleys of watercourses in the Berezovsky district of the district. The alluvial gold deposits of Yarota-Shor, Nyarta-Yu, Khalmeryu and Khobeyu have been explored. The area is rich in resources building materials(sand-pebble-gravel mixture, crushed stone, facing stones).
The main deposits and manifestations of solid minerals are concentrated within the zone of outcrop of crystalline rocks of the eastern slope of the Urals, which within the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug has a width of 20–45 km and a length of up to 450 km.
Ferrous metal ores (Fe, Mn, Cr, Ti, V) form iron and manganese within the district. Iron ores are represented by skarn-magnetite and apatite-sulfide-titanium-vanadium-magnetite (Volkovsky type) formations (Khorasyur ore cluster, Usynshor occurrence, etc.). Manganese ores in the Paleozoic formations have not yet been established, but the most promising is manganese mineralization in the Early Paleogene deposits (the Yany-Nyan-Loch-Sos ore occurrence) with a resource of 200 million tons of ore.
Ores of light metals (Al) are represented by deposits and manifestations of bauxites. Within the district, bauxite-promising areas have been identified: Severo-Sosvinsky, Yatrinsky, Khulginsky, as well as Turupinsky and Lyulinsky sites.
Of the ores of non-ferrous metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Sb), the most widespread ores are of the pyrite type of the copper-polymetallic formation (Tykotlovskaya and Yarotashorskaya sites, Malossvinskoye, Manyinskoye, Leplinskoye ore occurrences, etc.). The main components are copper, lead, zinc.
Ores of rare metals (Sn, W, Mo, Hg, Be, Li, Ta, Nb) are represented by deposits and ore occurrences (Ta-Nb) of alkaline rare-metal-metasomatic (Turupya site) and rare-metal-metamorphic (Man-Khambo site), as well as W-Mo-Bi and W-Be (Torgovskoye field, Maloturupinsky area) formations. Ores of noble (Au, Pt, Ag) metals are represented by primary deposits and placers of the Lyapinsky gold-bearing region, as well as placers of the Severo-Sosvinsky ore region.
The search for alluvial gold in the Subpolar Urals has been conducted since the 19th century. Most intensively and purposefully - starting from the 60s of the twentieth century. The industrial gold content of the valleys of the Yarotashor stream and the river was established. Khobei. In the late 70s, the Yarotashor placer was explored by the thematic exploration party of the Uralzoloto Production Association. A number of industrial placers (Nyartai, tributaries of the Khalmeryu River) were identified by the prospecting and evaluation work of the Northern Party of Uralzolotorazvedka. Placer gold is currently the second most important type of minerals. As of January 1, 2004, 14 alluvial gold deposits with reserves of 3,306 kg of chemically pure gold were recorded on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra. Of these, in the distributed fund - 1882 kg. Estimated and approved forecast resources are 20 tons in categories Р1+Р2+Р3.
In the Subpolar Urals of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug- Yugra is currently out noble metals deposits of alluvial gold are widely developed. Several ore occurrences of bedrock gold have been identified. The predicted resources of ore gold are 128 tons in categories Р1+Р2+Р3. In 2003, the State Reserves Committee of the Russian Federation approved ore gold reserves in the amount of 1156 kg in categories С1+С2.
Ores of disseminated and rare-earth elements do not form independent deposits, but can be extracted along the way during the development of igneous, pegmatite, carbonatite, albitite, hydrothermal and alluvial deposits of ores of non-ferrous, rare and radioactive metals.
The RFN includes the most studied and promising territories of the district. The area of promising lands of the Okrug outside the contours of the allocated license areas is 301.8 thousand km2. During 2004, 11 new deposits were discovered on the unallocated subsoil fund at the expense of the budget of the Autonomous Okrug: Aikaegan Deposits of piezoquartz, vein quartz and rock crystal are now the most developed and partially exploited. About 40 manifestations of vein quartz and rock crystal are known on the territory of the district, which makes the prospects of the Subpolar Urals for this type of raw material even higher.
In 2003, OJSC Polar Quartz started mining of vein quartz at the Dodo deposit. JSC "Sosvapromgeologiya" reactivated the Puiva deposit, where collection raw materials (rock crystal) were mined in a small volume (about 3 tons). Starting from 1993, within the framework of the programs of scientific research and geological study of the subsoil, studies of the filtering and sorption properties of zeolite-containing rocks of the Subpolar Urals were carried out in the Okrug. At the same time, work was underway to prepare the reserves of these rocks in the Mysovsky area. To date, it has been found that zeolite-montmorillonite rocks are excellent sorbents. The prepared reserves of the Mysovskoye deposit are 44 thousand tons. It can be stated with sufficient confidence that the Subpolar Urals is a new zeolite-bearing province of Russia.
Reserves of brown coal in categories A + B + C1 amount to 464.5 million tons, in category C2 - more than 1.5 billion tons. In the district, both fairly large brown coal deposits - Otorinskoye, Tolyinskoye, Lyulinskoye, and small – Nyaiskoe, Lopsinskoe, etc. Within the limits of the Lyulinskoye deposit, the Borisovskiy site has been prepared, suitable for mining for local purposes. The reserves of the Borisovskiy site in B+C1 categories are 4.95 million tons. To date, promising areas for lignite have been allocated: Turupinskaya, Okhtlyamskaya, Semyinskaya, etc. The development of deposits is hampered due to the lack of transport routes. Peat reserves in categories A+B+C1 amount to 86.55 million tons, in category C2 - 1148.81 million tons (according to the state balance of mineral reserves of the Russian Federation as of January 1, 2002).
On the flat part of the district, a large number of deposits of building materials have been discovered: brick and expanded clay, building and glass sands, sand and gravel mixtures, flint-opal raw materials, and ornamental stones. The reserves of deposits of siliceous-opal rocks (flasks, diatomites, tripoli) discovered in the Sovetsky, Berezovsky and Khanty-Mansiysk regions amount to tens of millions of cubic meters. A number of prepared deposits of brick-ceramsite clays are not used only because of the delay in the construction of brick factories. The weak development of deposits of sand and gravel mixtures is due to their location in floodplains. Stocks of building sands are practically unlimited.
Deposits of sapropels have been explored near Khanty-Mansiysk, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Uray. Prepared reserves of sapropel are estimated at more than 10 million m3. It can be used as an organomineral fertilizer and vitamin supplement to the diet of pets. Trial development of individual deposits of sapropel is carried out in the area of Surgut.
In the Subpolar Urals, bauxite-promising areas have been identified - Severo-Sosvinsky, Volinsky-Yatrinsky and Khulginsky (bauxite-bearing in Paleozoic deposits) and Tuyakhlaninsky and Lyulinsky manifestations of Mesozoic bauxites. The genetic relationship of the geological formations of the Subpolar Urals with those in the Northern and Middle Urals allows us to state that the prospects for bauxites in the Okrug are quite high.
Confirmation of the prospects of the iron ore and metallogenic zones identified on the eastern slope of the Subpolar Urals is the discovery of the Okhtlyamsko-Turupinsky ore cluster, the resources of which are estimated at 3.1 billion tons. reserves of which are about 1160 million tons, incl. ores suitable for open pit mining - about 390 million tons. iron ore constrained by the lack of transport communications.
The predicted resources of category P3 copper are 2,500 thousand tons; zinc category P3 - 2300 thousand tons; manganese ores of P3 category – 284.1 million tons; bauxite category Р1 – 15.0 mln t, category Р2 – 18.0 mln t, category Р3 – 45.0 mln t; brown coal of category P1 - 635 million tons, category P2 - 7764 million tons, category P3 - 4757 million tons; P3 category hard coal - 162 million tons.
As of January 1, 2004, 175 solid mineral deposits were discovered in the Okrug, including 7 quartz deposits, 6 brown coal deposits, 1 ore gold deposit, 10 alluvial gold deposits, 1 zeolite deposit, 1 glass sand deposit, 1 bentonite deposit. clay, 1 building stone deposit, 12 deposits of siliceous raw materials, 73 deposits of brick and expanded clay clay, 53 deposits of building sand, 9 deposits of sand and gravel mixture.
In total, there are 5 deposits of quartz, 6 deposits of alluvial gold, 1 deposit of zeolites, 1 deposit of volcanic rocks for the production of light foam concrete in the distributed subsoil fund.
In the Northern Sosva basin, individual signs of platinum were found during the exploration of gold placers. They also note that the Ural researcher Yu.A. Volchenko found that the chromite ores of the Tyumen Urals contain an increased amount of minerals of the platinum group elements - osmium, iridium and ruthenium. These minerals can be recovered by flotation to obtain a collective copper-nickel product (concentrate). Further processing of this concentrate will make it possible to extract copper, nickel and, incidentally, the above-mentioned platinum group metals.
Oil. Oil is a combustible liquid mixture consisting mainly of hydrocarbons of the methane, naphthenic and aromatic series with an admixture of sulfur, nitrogen and oxygen compounds.
One of the main properties of crude (unrefined) oil is its density, which depends on the content of heavy hydrocarbons (paraffins, resins, etc.).
In practice, there is the following classification of oils by density (g / cm 3):
very light (with a very low density) - up to 0.800;
light (with low density) - 0.800 - 0.839;
medium (with average density) - 0.840 - 0.879;
heavy (with high density) - 0.880 - 0.920;
very heavy (with a very high density) - more than 0.920.
In addition, there is a classification of oils according to the content of light fractions: sulfur (S), asphalt-tar substances (AS) and solid hydrocarbons (paraffins - P). Basic chemical composition oil is as follows: carbon - 79 - 88%, hydrogen - 11 - 14%, sulfur - 0.1 - 5%, nitrogen, oxygen, etc.
The territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug accounts for about 80% of the initial potential oil resources of the West Siberian oil and gas province and almost half of the oil resource potential of Russia. About 90% of the area of the district falls on the territories that are promising in terms of oil and gas.
The Okrug is currently one of the main regions where exploration and production of hydrocarbons is carried out; its contribution to the annual production of Russian oil is over 57%.
The main oil and gas fields of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug are located in the latitudinal Priobye in the subzones of the northern (southern slope of the Siberian Uvals) and middle taiga (Surgut woodlands). As of January 1, 2003, 414 fields were discovered on the territory of the Okrug, including 358 oil, 22 gas and gas condensate, 34 oil and gas, gas and oil and oil and gas condensate fields. At the beginning of 2005, there were 249 fields in operation, 50 of them produced more than 1 million tons of oil per year. About 40% of oil reserves in the fields have already been produced. The current, that is, prepared for development (invested) reserves of categories A and B, account for 4 and 10%, respectively, of the initial reserves of industrial categories of the district, the current explored (non-invested) category C1 - 31%, the preliminary estimated resources of category C2 - 18 %.
Thus, the share of current economically favorable oil reserves (current reserves of ABC1 categories) from the initial ones identified in the district is 45%.
A significant part of the resources in the distributed subsoil fund (RDF) is confined to the territories of the largest producing oil companies, on the territory of which 71% of the initial potential resources of the RDF oil and 84% of the total initial reserves of fields identified in the distributed subsoil fund are accounted for.
The availability of identified resources at existing production levels varies among companies. Some of them already lack identified resources to sustain production levels in the coming years.
The RFN includes the most studied and promising territories of the district. The area of prospective lands of the Okrug outside the contours of the allocated license areas is 301.8 thousand km 2 . During 2004, 11 new deposits were discovered on the unallocated subsoil fund at the expense of the Autonomous Okrug budget: Aikaeganskoye, Yuzhno-Chistinskoye, Yuzhno-Mytayahinskoye, Yuzhno-Lyaminskoye (Surgutsky district); Tukanskoe (Nefteyugansk region); Novomostovskoye (Sovetsky district); Tanginskoye and Zapadno-Simividovskoye (Kondinsky district); Toreshskoye, Yuzhno-Moimskoye, Oktyabrskoye (Oktyabrsky district). In 2003, 15 deposits were discovered.
At present, 11% of the initial oil potential of the territory of the unallocated subsoil fund (NFS) has been converted into field reserves, and 13% of it falls on promising oil resources of C3 + D0 categories. An analysis of the district’s resource base shows that for its further and effective development, to ensure oil production with current reserves of ABC1 categories, additional exploration of C2 category resources, search for local objects assessed by C3 and D0 categories, and an increase in the volume of seismic and drilling operations in underexplored territories and horizons are necessary. , where a significant part of potential resources has not yet been localized, i.e. accounts for forecast resources of categories D1 and D2.
Most of the oil deposits in the KhMAO fields are characterized by relatively low viscosity values (low viscosity - up to 5 MPa × c) reservoir oils. This is a special group or class of oils that create favorable conditions for solving the technical and economic problems of developing oil resources. Almost 99% of oil (categories A + B + C) of the district are low-viscosity. The predominant part of Russian fields is characterized by a change in the viscosity of oils in the range of 0.5 - 25 MPa × s (in reservoir conditions), less often up to 70 - 80 MPa × with or more. The main part of the fields of the Shaimsky, Krasnoleninsky districts is characterized by the viscosity of oils in the range of 0.5 - 5.0 MPa × s (only in small areas, oils with a viscosity of 6 - 8.8 MPa × with). In the Surgut region, the share of oils with a viscosity of 6 - 8.5 MPa × c slightly increases, but in the main part of the reserves, the viscosity values are characterized within 0.5 - 5.0 MPa × with. A special place is occupied by the oils of the Nizhnevartovsky region. The predominant part of the deposits is characterized by viscosity in the range of 12 - 20 MPa × with or more. High-viscosity oils were found in the Aptian-Cenomanian deposits of the area (layers PK 1 - PK 21). So, at the Van-Eganskoye field, the viscosity of oils in the PK 1 - PK 21 formations reaches 95 MPa × s, in the AB 1 formation - 12.4 MPa × s, and somewhat deeper - in the layers AV 3 and AV 4 - 7 - it decreases to normal values of 3.9 and 2.2 MPa × with respectively.
According to source data, Tyumen oil, along with a high content of gasoline and kerosene fractions, has a lot of sulfur, which must be separated. In terms of sulfur content, the district's oil is mainly medium-sulphurous (0.51 - 2%), its reserves are approximately 72% of the total reserves. Reserves of low-sulphurous oil (up to 0.5%) amount to just over 27%. Reserves of sour oil (more than 2%) are 0.9%. The separation of sulfur occurs by turning it into sulfuric acid(according to special technologies), at special oil refineries.
Natural gas is a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons (methane, ethane, propane, butane and pentane). The share of methane in it is 85 - 99%. In addition, natural gas contains nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, argon, water vapor, hydrogen sulfide and mercury in varying amounts.
Large gas fields are located on the territory of the Autonomous Okrug: Berezovskoye, Verkhne-Kolik-Eganskoye, Kolik-Eganskoye, Varyeganskoye, Lyantorskoye, Federovskoye, Van-Eganskoye, Samotlorskoye, Bystrinskoye, Mamontovskoye, Priobskoye, etc. 85.5% of the reserves are concentrated in these fields free gas district.
Natural gas is the most important in terms of concentration and practical use.
There are differences in the composition of free and oil-dissolved gases, which are especially noticeable in the distribution of hydrocarbon components. Free gases - methane up to 85–98%, the sum of methane homologues in the range of 0.1–10%; oil-dissolved gases – methane up to 60–70%; the sum of methane homologues is within 1–25%. Non-hydrocarbon components are represented mainly by nitrogen and carbon dioxide; hydrogen, hydrogen sulfide, helium, argon, mercury, vapors of volatile liquid acids, etc. are found in the form of minor impurities. However, there are cases when "minor impurities" become very noticeable components. Thus, the content of non-hydrocarbon components of natural gas is characterized by: carbon dioxide - from fractions of a percent to 10–15%, sometimes higher (up to 85% in the deposits of the Samutnelskoye field in the Berezovsky district of Yugra); nitrogen - most often within 1-3%, but in some cases up to 4-60% or more, hydrogen sulfide - no more than 1-3%, but in some cases up to 10-23%.
Within the district, the largest accumulations of GHGs are associated with deposits of coal-bearing and continental-subcoal-bearing formations with high contents of humus-type OM. In conditions Western Siberia This class of formations includes Cenomanian and Patan deposits, which are associated with the largest and unique SGG deposits (Urengoyskoye, Yamburgskoye, Bovanenkovskoye, Kharasaveyskoye, etc.). No large SGG deposits have been found within the region. Most of the SGG accumulations identified here are confined to the Jurassic deposits and belong to the classes of small and medium in size. The territory of the district belongs to the lands predominantly oil-bearing.
Khmao minerals, Ugra natural resources, Khmao minerals
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Slides captions:
Mineral resources of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra.
Natural resources of Yugra. The territory of the Okrug, along with oil and gas, is rich in other natural resources both renewable and non-renewable. Some of them are resources of global importance (forest, water), others are national (solid minerals, flora and fauna, peat) and regional.
Reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials. The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug occupies a leading position in the world in terms of hydrocarbon reserves (about 5% of the world's oil reserves). Due to the fact that this raw material will be the main source of energy for the next 15-20 years, the role of the district as a territory supplying such raw materials should be maintained throughout this period. Now the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug supplies hydrocarbon raw materials to various regions Russian Federation and outside the country.
Reserves of solid minerals. The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug has large reserves of iron ores, hard and brown coal, bauxite, copper, zinc, lead, tungsten, molybdenum, chromium, barite, manganese, rare metals, and phosphorites. All deposits of solid minerals are suitable for open mining. The presence of such minerals enables the Autonomous Okrug to develop new sectors of the economy.
Igneous rocks Formed directly from magma, as a result of its cooling and solidification. They are found in the western part of the district in the foothills of the Urals. They include non-ferrous metals, rare metals, polymetallic ores, in which the main valuable components are lead and zinc, associated - copper, gold, silver.
Igneous rocks Rock crystal Gold Copper Zinc Lead Stony gems
Sedimentary rocks The formation of sedimentary material occurs due to the action of various factors - the influence of temperature fluctuations, the impact of the atmosphere, water and organisms on rocks. Found throughout the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug (oil, gas, peat, clay, limestone, sand and gravel)
Sedimentary rock limestone oil clay gas peat sand and gravel
Oil and natural gas. The main oil and gas bearing regions and the largest oil fields are concentrated in the Okrug. Between the Urals and the Ob-Yenisei watershed there are 294 oil fields with total reserves of over 16 billion tons. To date, more than 9 billion tons have been extracted from the bowels of the district. Oil fields are unevenly distributed. There are about 61 large oil and gas fields in the Okrug.
So, the resource potential of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is extremely rich.
This presentation is not intended for any commercial use. Graphic and text materials used in the creation of this presentation were obtained from Internet resources using search engine http://www.yandex.ru/
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"Combustible minerals" - Describe one mineral of your choice; Compose a crossword puzzle on the topic "Mineral Resources". Fuel. First well. Natural gas. Litter for animals. Paints, rubber, plastics, drugs. Oil. Fertilizer. Oils. Condition color smell flammability. Combustible minerals. Coal. Peat.
"Miscellaneous minerals" - Halite table salt. The transparency of the diamond is used in jewelry. Platinum and native gold are considered the densest minerals. Feldspar mica. How are minerals different? Diamond and graphite are made up of the same atoms - carbon atoms. Diamond graphite. The hardest natural mineral is diamond.
"Main Minerals" - Minerals. Remains of plants and animals. Peat. Granite. Oil derrick. Why do people need minerals? Sand. Coal. Deposits of minerals. How minerals are mined. A lesson in the environment. Oil. Clay. Iron ore. Limestone.
"Reserves of minerals" - Tin. Gold. Marble. Our underground wealth. Coal. Fossil fuel. Granite. Silver. Work goals. Limestone. Iron. Ore minerals. Minerals. Oil. Sandstone. Basalt. Malachite. Natural gas. Lead and zinc. Peat. Geology. Solid minerals. Stone natural building materials.
Geography and relief
Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra is located in the central part of the West Siberian Plain, located in the middle part of Russia and is part of the Tyumen region. The district is bordered by Krasnoyarsk Territory, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, Sverdlovsk and Tomsk regions, the south of the Tyumen region, the Komi Republic.
The total area of the territory is 534.8 thousand square meters. km.
The territory of Ugra is a poorly dissected, vast plain with heights sometimes reaching 200 m above sea level. In the northwestern part of the district, between the Ural Range and the Ob, there is the North Sosvinskaya Upland and the Siberian Ridge Ridge. The moraine ridges include the smaller Numto and Agan ridges.
The Belogorodsky mainland is an upland bounded by the Ob River in the west and the Nadym River valley in the east. The maximum heights (up to 231 m) are observed in the strongly dissected part of the Ob, the eastern regions are poorly dissected. The northern part is characterized by strong dissection and heights of 190-230 m. The southern area of the hill sometimes exceeds 100-130 m.
In the west of the district there are ridges and spurs of the mountain system of the Northern and Subpolar Urals with a characteristic low and medium mountain relief.
The maximum marks of absolute heights on the territory of the district are located within the mountain range of the Subpolar Urals - the city of Narodnaya (1895 m).
Climatic conditions and soils
The formation of the climatic conditions of the region is significantly influenced by the relief of the territory: openness from the north, conducive to the arrival of cold Arctic masses, protection by the Ural ridges from the west, flat terrain with many lakes, rivers and swamps.
The climate of Ugra is temperate continental with a rapid change of weather during the day and during transitional periods (from spring to summer and from autumn to winter). Winters are long and severe with stable snow cover, summers are relatively warm and short.
Late spring and early autumn frosts are typical for spring and autumn. average temperature in winter throughout the county, it ranges from -18º C to -24º C.
Remark 1
Most low temperatures(up to -60-62º C) are registered in the Nizhnevartovsk region in the Vakh river valley.
Negative temperatures can last up to seven months (from October to April).
The warmest month is July. The average temperature ranges from +15º C to +19º C. The absolute maximum reaches +36º C.
The annual rainfall is 400-620 mm. The snow cover lasts up to 180-200 days, its height is 50-80 cm. The maximum amount of precipitation falls on the warm period.
The soil cover is represented by the following soil types:
- podzolic soils - distributed under the dark coniferous taiga in riverine drained areas;
- gley soils - found on watersheds with weak ground and surface runoff;
- marsh soils - cover the central parts of the district;
- thin subgolden soils - areas of distribution of sandra;
- a combination of soddy-meadow, alluvial and marsh soils is typical for the Ob floodplain;
- tundra coarse-humus gravel soils - common in the mountainous (Ural) part.
Natural resources
Water resources. The main rivers of the district are the Ob with the Irtysh tributary. Great importance in economic activity tributaries play a person: Obi - Agan, Vakh, Tromyegan, Lyamin, Bolshoi Yugan, Pim, Nazim, Bolshoy Salym, Northern Sosva, Kazym; Irtysh - Sogom and Konda. There is large stocks underground, mineral and fresh waters. A third of the territory is occupied by bogs of upland and transitional type. Many lakes. The largest lakes include: Trememtor and Vandemtor, Levushinsky and Tursuntsky Tumany. The deepest lakes are Kintus and Syrkovy Sor.
forest resources. Forests cover more than 50% of the entire territory of the district. The zone of middle taiga dominates, represented by light and dark coniferous, small-leaved and mixed forests, in which cedars, spruces, fir, larches, and pines grow.
Hydrocarbon raw materials. Several hundred oil and gas-oil fields have been developed on the territory of the Okrug. The largest oil fields are: Samotlor, Mamontovskoye, Fedorovskoye and Priobskoye.
Minerals. The district is rich in deposits of hard and brown coal, gold, iron ores, copper, lead, zinc, tantalum, niobium, bauxite, etc. Piezoquartz, gangue quartz and rock crystal deposits are being developed. Brick-expanded clay is mined in the district, decorative rock, sand and gravel mixture, building sands, sapropel. Peat reserves are incalculable.
Flora and fauna
More than 800 species of various higher plants grow on the territory of Yugra. The following botanical and geographical regions are distinguished: the Ural mountain region and the West Siberian Plain. The territory of the plain is characterized by zonal division of vegetation; subzones of the northern, middle and southern taiga are distinguished, most of the territory is located within the taiga forests.
Remark 2
On the species composition The vegetation of the northern regions is greatly influenced by permafrost.
The vegetation is represented by various communities of meadows, forests, mountain tundra, marshes, and reservoirs.
On sandy river terraces, ridges and ridges, with increased waterlogging, white moss forests are formed.
In the places of the burnt dark coniferous taiga, secondary forests are formed - pine forests-lingonberries.
Meadow vegetation grows in the lowlands and floodplains of the rivers. The northern regions are characterized by lichen communities.
There are a lot of cranberries, blueberries, cranberries, blueberries, cloudberries, currants, raspberries, bird cherry, wild roses and mountain ash in the forests and swamps.
The fauna is diverse and represents a typical taiga complex. The most common and economically valuable species are: polar fox, fox, sable, squirrel, ermine, marten, polecat, weasel, weasel, hare, otter, elk, wild reindeer, etc.
The West Siberian river beaver, wolverine, European mink are listed in the Red Book.
The avifauna of the district is rich. The most numerous orders are Anseriformes, Charadriiformes, Passeriformes. There are marsh harrier, goshawk, long-eared owl. Hunting is allowed for geese, black grouse, capercaillie, partridge, hazel grouse, ducks and waders.
More than 40 species of various fish are found in rivers and lakes. The main commercial fish species are: sterlet, muksun, nelma, peled, broad whitefish, sosvinskaya herring, pike, burbot, roach, ide, bream, perch, dace, crucian carp. The sturgeon is listed in the Red Book.
