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St. Petersburg State Budgetary
Vocational educational institution
"Higher Banking School"
Essay on the discipline of geography
on the theme "San Marino"
Completed by a student of group 94-14
Shadukaeva Maryam
Checked by teacher
Motovilina A.V.
Saint Petersburg 2015
Abstract plan
1. State flag and coat of arms of the country
2. Geographical position of countries
3. Characteristics of the population by number and national composition, religious affiliation
5. Plant world
6. Animal world
7. State structure, political parties
8. Industrial development over the past ten years
9. Development of agriculture over the past ten years
10. Development of transport. Characteristics of transport communications
11. Interaction with other states, participation in international economic relations
12. Landmarks of the country. Traditions, customs, national features of the country
13. Participation in the work of international organizations
List of used literature or sites
1. SovereignNational flag and coat of arms of San Marino
Flag of San Marino It is a rectangular panel with an aspect ratio of 3:4, consisting of two horizontal equal stripes: the upper one is white and the lower one is light blue. In the center of the flag is placed the image of the coat of arms of San Marino - a shield with the image of three towers, surrounded by branches of oak and laurel. The shield is crowned with a crown, below is a ribbon with the motto of San Marino - "Libertas" (Freedom).
The civil flag differs from the official one in that it does not contain a coat of arms in the center. The civil flag became especially popular after the passage of a controversial law that prohibited the use of state emblem civilians. Subsequent resolutions made it clear that the national flag could be used by anyone. san marino population climate
Coat of arms of San Marino appeared in the 14th century. It is a symbol of freedom and sovereignty of the oldest republic in the world.
Consists of the following parts:
· Three green mountains are depicted on a blue shield, on each of them there is a silvery tower, decorated with an ostrich emperor. The towers represent the three fortresses of San Marino-Guaita, Chestai Montale, and the mountains the three peaks of Monte Titano.
· The motto "LIBERTAS" (lat. freedom). It expresses the amazing preservation of the independence of this small country surrounded by large states. It is also related to the last words of the founder of San Marino: “ I leave you free»
· Oak and laurel branches surrounding the coat of arms signify stability and protection of freedom.
The crown on top means sovereignty.
The coat of arms of San Marino adorns the national flags of the emblem of the FSGC football team
2. Geographical position of the country
The territory of the state is only 60.57 km2. . The country is located on the southwestern slope of the three-headed mountain range Monte Titano (738 m above sea level), rising above the hilly plain of the foothills of the Apennines.
Rocky massifs occupy almost 80% of the country's territory, arable land accounts for 16.6% of the area. At the foot of Monte Titano there are several castles and villages lying in a zone of elevated plains.
3. Characteristics of the population by number and national composition, religious principlebelongings
Population
The population of the state is 32,499 people (October 2013) and about 13 thousand citizens live abroad. Among the country's population, 50.8% are men (16,514) and 49.2% are women (15,985).
The capital of the country is the city of San Marino (4.1 thousand inhabitants). The population density of the country, given its small area (only 61 km2), is quite high and amounts to 530 people per 1 km2.
The largest city-commune in San Marino is Serravalle, located in the north of the country. The population is about 10.5 thousand people. Population growth for 2011 was 7.7%, for 2012.
9.36%, for the last 12 months (from October 2012 to October 2013) - 2.94%.
According to data for 2012, 15.4% of the country's population is under 15 years old (52.3% - men, 47.7% - women), 66.4% - from 15 to 64 years old (49.6% - men, 50, 4% - women), 18.2% - 65 years and older (44.8% - men, 55.2% - women)
The average age of the inhabitants of the Republic is 42.3 years.
Population growth in 2012 was almost 0.9%, the birth rate was 8.99 per 1,000 people, the death rate was 7.3 per 1,000 people, and the infant mortality rate was 0 per 1,000 newborns.
Average life expectancy 86.97 years
Religion
(Pic. No. 1) Basilica Church
Religion in San Marino is a rather important part of the life of all its inhabitants, who, by the way, profess, for the most part, Roman Catholicism. The percentage of followers of this faith is almost ninety-five, however, there are no official statistics on this issue, this is, in fact, just an assumption based on the number of churches of this type. Apart from Roman Catholicism, a small percentage of the inhabitants of San Marino professes Judaism, as well as Protestantism. In addition, in religious terms, in this state there are also followers of some alternative faiths, in particular, Jehovah's Witnesses, private religious schools, and a very small percentage of followers of Muslim teachings. As for religious education, all schools of this direction are fully funded by the state, since this moment there is not a single church school in San Marino that is private.
There are several churches in San Marino, the main one being the famous Basilica (image #1), which hosts the main religious and not only ceremonies of the country. Previously, there was a rather tangible conflict in this state over which religion would be recognized as the main one, but Roman Catholicism found the largest number of followers. Religion in the state of San Marino is completely not controlled from a political point of view, so it is impossible to talk about the presence of any state religion in it. This is also the reason for the fact that churches in this country receive absolutely no funding from the state, so most of them exist on voluntary donations provided by representatives of one or another religious creed.
4. Climate
The climate is subtropical, Mediterranean. The average temperature in summer is +24°C, in winter around +4°C. At the same time, due to the elevated position of the country, even in extreme heat it is cool here, but at night in winter the temperature can drop to -6 ° C. Precipitation falls 800--900 mm per year, mainly in the autumn-winter period. In winter, snow occasionally falls, but it does not last long.
5. Vegetable world
Vegetation cover is heavily modified by man. Ancient oak and chestnut forests have been almost completely cut down, hard-leaved evergreen trees and shrubs have survived (holm and cork oaks, thickets of maquis and gariga image no. 2.), maritime pine. The altitudinal zonality of vegetation is characteristic. On the lower parts of the slopes and in the foothills, cultivated landscapes (olive plantations image №3, fields, vineyards, orchards), which in the north in places up to a height of 500-600 m are combined with preserved groves of holm and cork oak, Aleppo pine, pine (image No. 5) and bushes (image #4).At an altitude of more than 500 m, forests of oak and chestnut begin with an admixture of maple, elm and ash.
(Pic. No. 2) Gariga thickets(Pic. No. 3) Olive plantations
(Pic. No. 4) Shrubs
(Pic. No. 5) Pine
6. Animal world
Of the animals in San Marino, rodents have been preserved (squirrels, dormice fig.6, field mice image no. 7 and rats), chamois, roe deer image no. 8, badger, marten and weasel. There are wild boars, hares, rabbits and foxes. Lots of cicadas. Pikes, tenches, chubs, trouts and graylings are found in rivers and streams.
(Picture No. 6.) Sonya(Pic. No. 7) Field mouse
(Pic. No. 8) Roe deer
7. Statedevice, political parties
State structure
San Marino--democratic republic with a parliamentary form of government. The captains-regents are heads of state. There are political parties in the country. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is exercised by both the government and the General Council. The judiciary is independent of the legislative and executive branches. From its founding until 1243, San Marino was ruled by the arengo, an assembly made up of the heads of the so-called Great Families. San Marino did not have a formal head of state, and the Arengo was frequently incapacitated by infighting among its members. In 1243, the General Council appointed two captains regents for the first time. This state system operates to this day.
The Legislative Assembly of the Republic of San Marino is General Council(picture no. 9).This is a unicameral parliament, 60 members of which are elected every five years by proportional system in all nine administrative areas corresponding to the old parishes. Citizens of the republic aged 18 and over vote. In addition to legislative matters, the General Council approves the state budget and selects the captains regents, the State Congress, the Council of Twelve, the Advisory Commissions and the Governmental Unions. The Council also ratifies foreign policy treaties. The Council is divided into five Advisory Commissions. Each of them consists of 15 councilors who study, propose and discuss new laws before they are submitted to the Council.
(Pic. No. 9) Palazzo Publico
The seat of the General Council.
Every six months, the Council of State elects two Captains Regent who are heads of state. Regents are chosen from opposing political parties to maintain a balance of power. Their term of office begins on 1 April and 1 October of each year and lasts for six months. Within three days after the expiration of the term of captains-regents, citizens of the republic can send complaints about their activities. If necessary, it can be initiated prosecution regent captains. The practice of frequent election of captains-regents and the fact of coexistence of two heads of state is historically derived from the institution of Roman consuls. The State Council is analogous to the Senate.
Political parties
The political life of San Marino is marked by a multi-party system and pluralism. The following parties are most visible in the political arena. Among them there is even a place for the neo-Nazi party.
The Christian Democratic Party is the largest in San Marino. In many ways, it adopted the features, values and program of the Italian party of the same name. Among its priorities it proclaims the values of democracy, freedom, pluralism and solidarity.
The Sanmarinean Socialist Party is the oldest political party, the date of its formation is called 1892. The program is based on the principles of international socialism, the desire to modernize the country's political system and improve the socio-economic conditions of life for the citizens of San Marino. The party is guided by the values of representative democracy, freedom and human rights, social justice and equal opportunities for all citizens of the country, especially for the older generation.
The Democratic Party is a young party formed in the early 2000s. By and large, it is a modernized Progressive Democratic Party, which, in turn, in the early 90s. appeared as a result of the reorganization of the Sanmarine Communist Party. The values of freedom, solidarity, equality and peace proclaimed by it and inspired by the "culture of European democratic reformism" should lead to an "open and responsible society" and the modernization of the country.
The People's Alliance of Sanmarine Democrats is a centrist party founded in the early 1990s. 20th century. Party leaders are in favor of reforming state institutions with a clearer separation of powers, expanding the practice of referendums, and so on.
The Sanmarine Communist Revival is a left-wing political party, the date of formation of which also dates back to the beginning of the 90s. 20th century and also has communist roots - was organized from the left wing of the former Sanmarine Communist Party. The ideology and political line is similar to the Italian Communist Renaissance Party.
8. Industry development forlast ten years
The industry of San Marino is represented by mining, food, ceramics and textile industries. There are also small cement and leather enterprises. Limestone has been mined in quarries on the slopes of Titano for 16 centuries.
All buildings in the Republic are built of this durable stone; it is exported to Italy.
Recently, new quarries have not been opened due to an increase in population density and a lack of suitable land for housing. Sulfur is mined near the city of Faetano (500-600 tons per year) and entirely exported to the chemical plants of Bologna, Cesena and other Italian cities.
The food industry of the republic is represented by wine-making, flour-grinding, baking and oil-pressing enterprises. San Marino is famous for its culinary, and especially confectionery, products. In the post-war years, several small cotton factories appeared, processing imported raw materials. A silk-winding factory has been preserved since the last century.
9. Agricultural developmenteconomy over the past ten years
Agriculture It is carried out mostly by outdated methods, its development is hampered by the fragmentation of land ownership, the preservation of medieval sharecropping and the difficulties of cultivating crops on lands dissected by ravines and gorges, often karst, affected by erosion. The basis of agriculture is intensive farming. Grapes, wheat, corn, fruits are cultivated. Plantings of these crops occupy more than 60% of the entire territory of the country. Wheat and corn fields are usually planted with fruit trees and olive trees, along which vines wind. One of the most valuable crops is the olive. The entire olive crop is processed into oil. Peaches, figs, pears, plums, apple trees, apricots, walnuts, and almonds are grown in the gardens of San Marino. In the vegetable gardens, large areas are occupied by green onions, which are exported.
Sanmarinians bred new Muscat grape varieties with high quality and productivity. Grape (picture no. 10) processed locally in an artisanal way and at the state wineries in Borgo Maggiore and Serra Valle. San Marino wines are very high quality.
An intensive and highly developed branch of the country's agriculture is animal husbandry. Cattle have been bred for a long time (image #11) and sheep, pig breeding developed somewhat later. Cattle are grazed not only on the territory of the republic, but also - by agreement - in the neighboring mountainous areas of Italy. Since the Middle Ages, sericulture has been practiced in San Marino.
(Picture #11) Cattle(Picture #10) Vineyards
10. Transport development. Characteristicstransport communications
The total length of the highways in San Marino is 220 km. Vehicles of the republic have distinctive license plates. They are white with blue figures and a coat of arms, usually a letter followed by four numbers. Many vehicles also carry international code(in black on a white oval sticker). San Marino has neither an airport nor a river port. There is only an international heliport located in Borgo Maggiore. Although most tourists use the international airport. Federico Fellini, located in the Italian city of Rimini, and then by bus come to San Marino.
Public transport. There is a regular bus service between San Marino and Rimini (picture no. 12) popular among both tourists and tourism workers. This route covers 20 stops, including the railway station of Rimini. The republican taxi fleet has a limited license, with seven taxis available. In addition, there are taxis of Italian taxi companies.
Is there a cable car in San Marino? (picture no. 13) 1.5 km long. It connects the capital of the republic with the cities of Borgo Maggiore and Monte Titano. Cable car cars are referred to as gondolas and are numbered "1" and "2". They run every fifteen minutes all day.
(Picture #12) Bus
(Picture No. 13) Cable car
Railway communication. Now there is no railway connection in San Marino. Although before the Second World War there was a narrow gauge railway line for a short period of time. It connected the Republic with the Italian network in Rimini. The road was opened on June 12, 1932. The rolling stock was represented by electric trains. As a result of World War II, the railway was destroyed, but a trace of it remained: bridges, tunnels and stations.
11. Interaction with other states, participation in internationalnative economic relations
Integration processes in the world economy are usually called the processes of interweaving of national economies and the implementation of a coordinated interstate economic policy both among the countries themselves and in relation to third countries. To regulate the economy of the countries participating in the integration processes, various interstate, regional and interregional organizations are being created.
Since 1992, the country has joined the UN. Today San Marino is a full member of the United Nations, the International Court of Justice, UNESCO, the World Health Organization (WHO), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Council of Europe, the International Organization of the Red Cross, and some others. The country also cooperates with UNICEF and the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, and has official relations with the European Union. From May 10 to November 6, 1990, San Marino held the 6-month presidency of the European Council of Ministers. San Marino maintains the closest economic ties with Italy, because 85% of the republic's exports go there.
The United States and San Marino have friendly diplomatic relations. The US includes San Marino within the Florence consular district, and officials from the US Consulate General in Italy visit San Marino regularly.
San Marino has diplomatic relations with Russian Federation(established in full on September 30, 1993). In particular, San Marino actively cooperates with the Republic of Tatarstan. Between these two economic entities, an Agreement on economic cooperation was signed between the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan and the Republic of San Marino dated June 3, 1996 (without specifying the validity period).
San Marino is not a member of the IMF, but is among the candidates for membership, along with Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Ukraine. This is due to the fact that the authorities of San Marino consider some of the conditions put forward for joining the IMF unfavorable for their economy, and are in no hurry to fulfill them. In general, this small country is admired for its independence: it is not part of either the EU or NATO. She (however, like the rest of the European "dwarfs") refuses to obey the current economic strategy of the European Union in relation to Russia - to impose all sorts of sanctions against Russian goods and companies. By the way, San Marino cooperates with both Belarus and Yugoslavia.
San Marino understands that following the prohibitions and prescriptions of the European economic and political "monsters" will mean the loss of national independence, and most importantly, identity. This is probably why San Marino refused to support Italy in World War II.
By the way, the surge of separatism in the EU region is not least due to the very fact of the existence of "euro dwarfs". For example, adherents of the "Republic of Padania" - the separation of Northern Italy from Rome - appeal to the independence of San Marino.
Since 1991, San Marino has been in favor of declaring the Adriatic Basin a neutral zone free from weapons of mass destruction. San Marino and Liechtenstein were not afraid to close their lines of communication for NATO troops rushing to the former Yugoslavia. San Marino is the only one European country, which did not sign the so-called "European Energy Charter", considering it to be detrimental to national sovereignty. By the way, only dwarf San Marino did not sign the last Brussels Protocol, again, for the umpteenth time considering this document to be detrimental to state sovereignty and national foreign economic policy.
San Marino to this day offers negotiations on NATO expansion with the participation of the neutral countries of Europe - in fact, Russia's allies in this matter.
Recently, Russia has been actively seeking to obtain the status of an associated member of the European Union or to achieve a closer partnership with the EU in the trade sphere. But even during the recent conference in Helsinki at the level of heads of government, these goals were not achieved. Most likely, one should not be deceived by the statements of European officials about their interest in expanding cooperation with Russia. Maybe we should learn from the experience of San Marino, a country that is a member of the Free Trade Association and independently achieved favorable trade conditions with the EU?
February 18, 2004 Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs of the Republic of San Marino Gabriele Gatti arrived on Monday evening in Moscow on a working visit. This was the first visit of a representative of San Marino of such a level to Russia. Gabriele Gatti met with then Russian Foreign Minister Igor Ivanov. The parties agreed on mutual support in matters of European cooperation and interaction between Russia and San Marino in the UN and other international organizations.
The ministers also substantively considered the prospects for further development of bilateral ties, including in the field of culture, tourism, as well as economic cooperation especially in the area of small and medium enterprises. San Marino has vast experience in this area. With limited sources of income, mainly from tourism and financial transactions, this country, according to experts, remains the "financial paradise" of Europe.
The reasons for success were explained by the residents of San Marino themselves by a number of factors, among which are political stability, a reasonable fiscal regime that promotes the growth of investment in productive industries, a highly qualified workforce - all that Russia has been lacking in recent years.
12. Landmarks of the country. traditions, customs,national features of the country
Attractions
(Picture #14) Castle town of Borgo Maggiore
(Picture #15) Mount Titano
(Picture No. 16) Observation deck
(Picture #17) Guaita Fortress
(Picture No. 18) Torture Museum
Traditions
Sanmarinians carefully treat their traditions: in their opinion, they are the descendants of the ancient Romans. This is due to the fact that the country is ruled by 2 captain-regents, and in ancient Rome 2 consuls coped with this task. Sanmarinians love to actively spend their leisure time - they roller skate, play tennis, basketball, do gymnastics, swimming, cymbal shooting go hunting and fishing.
In San Marino, the event that takes place in the State Palace, located on Piazza della Liberta, is of interest - from May to September, every hour here, everyone can watch the spectacular changing of the guard.
Sanmarines love to have fun: their favorite festival is Giornate Medievali (July 26-29). It represents a colorful and noisy carnival.
The locals are friendly and sociable (although, unlike the Italians, they are not so impulsive and expansive): if a tourist needs help, they will always help. In addition, the Sanmarinians are very tactful, so they resolve all conflicts through negotiations.
13. Participation in the work of international organizations
The Republic of San Marino has diplomatic and consular relations with more than one hundred European and non-European countries. The Republic is a member of a huge number of International Organizations, such as the UN and many programs and funds, such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Bank (WB), International Labor Organization (ILO), World Organization health (WHO), World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), World Criminal Police Organization (INTERPOL), etc.
The Republic has official relations with European Union Since 1991, the heads of the Republic have been participating in the Inter-Parliamentary Union, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, and the Security Council of Europe.
List of used literature or sites
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9C%D0%B0% D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9C%D0%B0% D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D1%E0%ED-%CC%E0%F0%E8%ED%EE#.D0.93.D0.BE.D1.81.D1.83.D0 .B4.D0.B0.D1.80.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B2.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.BD.D1.8B.D0.B9_.D1.84.D0.BB .D0.B0.D0.B3
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0 %A1%D0%B0%D0%BD-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE
http://turmag.com.ua/219-srochnie-vizi/4306-religiya-v-san-marino.html
http://tourout.ru/travels/2389/images/18.html
http://news-of-travel.ru/strany/evropa/san-marino
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0 %B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B0 %D0%BD-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE
http://pandia.org/371976/
https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%F0%E0%ED%F1%EF%EE%F0%F2_%E2_%D1%E0%ED-%CC%E0%F0%E8%ED% EE
http://catalog.fmb.ru/san-marino12.shtml
http://www.rutraveller.ru/place/45006
http://parapsicholog.livejournal.com/30919.html
http://www.rutraveller.ru/country/San_Marino/places?_p=2
http://www.votpusk.ru/story/article.asp?ID=8780
http://www.turexpress.ru/san-marino
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A romantic trip through Europe brought us to San Marino. What a pity that we had only 1 day to walk along the cozy streets and enjoy the wonderful scenery from the high cliffs. But even this time was enough to fall in love with San Marino.
Where is San Marino
Republic of San Marino takes only 60.57 square kilometers in the center peninsula- the famous boot of Europe. San Marino is located inside Italy and has no borders with other countries. And as such, the republic has no borders - no one checks passports upon entry.
Capital of San Marino is situated on Mount Monte Titano 738 meters above the sea, from where you can observe 360 degrees green plains of Italy and endless blue Adriatic Sea . Very often the mountain is shrouded in clouds, and the city.
To get to, you must first be in Italy. His airport the republic does not, and the nearest one is in a popular Italian tourist city Rimini at 22 kilometers. Rimini can be reached by bus or taxi. The distance from Rome is 350 kilometers, and from Venice - 280. Do not be afraid of long distances - the roads in Italy are paid and very good.
In San Marino lives only 33 thousand people who communicate on Italian and visit Catholic churches.
In San Marino fresh air- there are no large factories, but food industry well developed. Many residents work in wineries, flour mills and bakeries. highly valued and ceramic products made in San Marino.
Sights of San Marino
Although San Marino is not large in size, there is something to see here. Of the attractions you will be interested in:
- Church of Saint Francis;
- Central square of the city;
- Basilica;
- Ancient fortress;
- People's Palace.
San Marino is very popular among tourists, because the republic is duty free zone. The narrow streets are full of shops of world brands and local craftsmen. Most sellers understand English and Russian speech, it is possible to agree with them on discounts.
After the tour and successful purchases, we took a ride on funicular from a bird's eye view, drank a cup of coffee and already dreamed of returning to San Marino again .
San Marino - the most detailed information about the country with a photo. The main attractions of the Republic of San Marino with descriptions, guides and maps.
Republic of San Marino
San Marino is a dwarf state in Southern Europe. It is located in the northeastern part of the Apennine Peninsula, 10 km from Rimini and is surrounded on all sides by Italy. San Marino is the world's oldest republic and one of the smallest countries in the world. The area of the state is just over 60 square kilometers. Despite this, San Marino is an extremely fascinating destination. The historical center of the republic, located on Mount Titano, is included in the list of objects world heritage UNESCO and preserved medieval architecture, atmosphere and ancient fortress walls.
Geography and climate
San Marino is located in the northeast of the Apennine Peninsula near the Adriatic Sea. The Republic occupies the slopes of the mountain (which is actually a high hill) Monte Titano and its foot. The climate is subtropical Mediterranean. Summer is warm but not hot. Winters are mild but colder than on the coast.
The slopes of Monte Titano
Practical Information
- The population is 33.5 thousand people.
- The area is 61.2 square kilometers.
- The official language is Italian.
- Currency - euro.
- Visa - Schengen.
- Time - Central European UTC +1, summer +2.
- Religion - Catholicism.
Best time to visit
San Marino can be visited all year round.
Story
According to legend, San Marino was founded in 301 by the stonemason Marin and his followers. He, along with friends, was a member of one of the first Christian communities. After leaving the island of Rab (the territory of modern Croatia), Marin took refuge on Mount Titano. Here he founded a quarry and built a small cell on the top. The fame of his life quickly spread throughout the area and attracted numerous pilgrims. A monastery was founded on the mountain, named after Saint Marin.
The existence of a monastery on the top of Monte Titano has been known since the 6th century. The monastery lived an independent life and practically did not depend on anyone. In fact, San Marino gained independence in 855. The heads of state are two captains regent, who are elected every six months. It is believed that San Marino is the oldest republic in the world and one of the oldest states on the planet. Throughout its history, this country has avoided conflict and lived a quiet, peaceful life.
On October 8, 1600, a constitution was adopted. Interestingly, during the Napoleonic wars, San Marino retained not only neutrality, but also independence. Also in the 19th century, during the Risorgimento period, in recognition of the republic's support for the unification fighters, Giuseppe Garibaldi accepted San Marino's desire to maintain its independence. During the First World War, the republic joined the Entente. During the Second World War, she remained neutral. At the same time, the country collaborated with the Italian fascists and was even occupied by German troops for some time.
How to get there
The nearest airport is located in Italian Rimini, as is the train station. You can also use the airports of Bologna and Ancona. The Bonelli 72 bus runs daily from Rimini to San Marino at fairly regular intervals. The bus station is located opposite the railway station. Tickets can be bought from the driver or at the Tourist Information Centre.
How to get to Rimini - see about the city.
Shopping and shopping
San Marino is a great shopping destination. Here they buy clothes, shoes, perfumes and cosmetics, electronics, musical instruments. The main advantage of shopping in this tiny state is the absence of VAT on goods.
Shopping centers:
- Big & Chic - Via Strada dei Censiti, 1 - 47891 Rovereta
- Azzurro - Via M. Moretti, 23 - 47899 Serravalle
- Atlante - Via Tre Settembre, 17
Food and drink
The gastronomy of San Marino is a reflection of the cuisine of the Emilia-Romagna region: tortelloni (tortelli), lasagna, spaghetti with bolognese sauce, passatelli, prosciutto, various types of cheese, cappelletti, pizza.
Attractions
The oldest core of the republic is located on the top of Mount Titano. Here is the capital of this miniature state, which is also called San Marino. This medieval city covers an area of 7.09 square kilometers and lies at an altitude of over 700 meters. This is an area of ancient streets and stone buildings, ancient walls and towers, as well as the most interesting sights.
The historic center of San Marino was essentially fortified with three rows of city walls built in three different periods and largely demolished to allow the city to expand.
The most iconic sights of San Marino are the three medieval towers that have been looking from the top of Monte Titano for many centuries and are symbols of the freedom and independence of the ancient republic.
Guaita or the First Tower is the most picturesque and beautiful medieval tower in San Marino. Built in the 10th century on a rocky foundation without any foundation. The tower was reinforced in the 15th and 16th centuries. It is adjoined by two rows of fortress walls with battlements and small towers at the corners. The baroque stone coat of arms dates from 1600 and used to be on the façade of the town hall.
Cesta or Second Tower - located on the highest peak of Monte Titano and built in the 11th century. It was used as a watchtower and a prison until the 16th century. Now there is a museum of ancient weapons.
Montale or Third Tower - built in the 13th century and is the smallest of the three. Around Montale you can see large boulders of very ancient rock, laid out primitively in the form of a wall. There is also an old prison here.
Palazzo Pubblico or City Hall is the main building on Liberty Square. It was built in the Neo-Gothic style by Francesco Azzurri at the end of the 19th century. The facade is decorated with the coats of arms of the republic and four municipalities. Freedom Square is one of the centers of city life. Several times a day, the changing of the guard ceremony takes place here.
Saint's Basilica main temple San Marino, which houses the relics of the founder. Built in the 19th century, it is a neoclassical building with Corinthian columns. The interior is classical basilica style with a long nave and two side aisles. The current church was built on the site of an ancient religious building from the 4th century. This is a serious loss for history, as one of the first pre-Romanesque Christian monuments in Italy was destroyed.
The Church of San Francesco was founded in 1361. It is currently the oldest religious building in San Marino.
Museums in San Marino
There are several interesting museums on the territory of San Marino:
- The National Museum is an excellent museum with collections ranging from Egyptian antiquities to Byzantine icons, 17th century paintings and old coins.
- Wax Museum - more than 100 figures of famous historical figures.
- The Museum of Curiosities is one of the most unusual museums in San Marino. Here are collected collections of the most peculiar and strange objects.
- The Rosso Ferrari Museum is an exposition of vintage cars of the legendary Italian car brand.
- Museum modern weapons- more than 2000 samples firearms, ammunition and bayonets used in the First and Second World War.
Divided into nine regions. Each has its own well-fortified fortress. Geography of San Marino inextricably linked with the Apennine ridge. All buildings were erected in such a way that approaches to the settlement were visible. From the highest point offers a beautiful view of the surrounding area. From the tops of the mountains and from groundwater, streams and rivers originate, which flow into the Adriatic Sea. Class agriculture impossible, because the land is pitted with steep ravines. Geography country resembles similar mountainous regions of Italy.
In the San Anastasio Valley, all streams and streams form the three main water arteries of the region. San Marino, Auza and Marano are not very large, but full-flowing rivers. The wind from the sea brings coolness and freshness to the mountains. San Marino Tourism is largely based on the geographical location and climatic conditions of the country, as well as on the beauties of nature. Many travelers come to enjoy not only the sights, but also the magnificent views.
San Marino Time
In the country, clocks are changed annually to winter and summer regimes. San Marino Time differs from Moscow by two hours. When switching to summer mode, on the twenty-ninth of March, the clock is moved forward one hour. San Marino switches to winter time on the twenty-fifth of October. The time zone is standard.
Climate of San Marino
The country is a warm fertile place. Climate of San Marino Mediterranean, reminiscent of the subtropics. Summer is very dry and hot. This is especially noticeable on the plain. At the same time, in winter the temperature is not very low, and snow is not a novelty for Sanmarinsk children. This is influenced by the cold winds of the Adriatic. For the entire winter period, it is very cold only for two weeks. The rest of the time the temperature does not fall below zero. The mountainous regions are a bit colder and the humidity is much lower.
San Marino weather
Hot, dry summers can be hard on unaccustomed people. The thermometer can rise up to thirty degrees. San Marino weather In winter, on the contrary, it pleases with warm sunny days. When the wind rises from the Adriatic, snowfalls begin in the mountains, creating drifts, but this is the exception rather than the rule. The temperature in winter does not fall below ten degrees with a minus sign. Inhabitants San Marino accustomed to such changes in the weather and fully adapted.
Nature of San Marino
The place in which the country is located is very picturesque, but has undergone changes at the hands of man. Local residents have to deal with soil erosion through forest plantations. Once growing on the slopes of the mountains, chestnuts and oaks were destroyed, but evergreen trees remained. In the foothills and on the plain fields and olive groves predominate. At an altitude of more than five hundred meters, a territory of stormy forest vegetation begins, represented by oaks, chestnuts, pines and ash trees.
In addition to trees and shrubs, representatives of the fauna are found in the forests. Mountain roe deer and rabbits, foxes and chamois inhabit places not mastered by man. Rodents can be found on the plain, and locals fish in the rivers. Citizens of San Marino monitor the conservation of animal populations and the cleanliness of the environment.
More than 2 million tourists visit San Marino every year. At the same time, in San Marino itself there are only a little more than 30 thousand inhabitants. This means that San Marino is, albeit small, but a wonderful country for tourists. So, here are still preserved several medieval castles, which are considered the most interesting in Europe.
Geography of San Marino
The Republic of San Marino is located in the northeastern part of the Apennine Peninsula, 10 kilometers from the coast of the Adriatic Sea. San Marino is an Italian enclave (i.e. it only borders Italy). The total territory of this state is 62 square meters. km.
The highest point in San Marino is Monte Titano (749 meters). In general, most of this small country is occupied by mountains and hills, and only a small area has valleys.
Capital
The capital of the Republic of San Marino is the city of San Marino, which is now home to more than 4.5 thousand people.
Official language
The official language in San Marino is Italian, which belongs to the Romance group of the Indo-European language family.
Religion in San Marino
More than 93% of the population of San Marino are Roman Catholics.
State structure of San Marino
San Marino is a parliamentary republic, where the main executive power belongs to two captains-regents, who are appointed for 6 months by the local Parliament.
The Parliament in San Marino is called the Grand General Council (it consists of 60 people elected by direct popular vote for 5 years). Thus, the political system of San Marino is very similar to the ancient Roman one.
The main political parties are the "right" party "San Marino Christian Democratic Party", as well as the "left" parties of socialists and communists.
Administratively, San Marino is divided into nine districts.
Climate and weather
The climate in San Marino is Mediterranean with elements of a continental climate. Summers are warm (average air temperature is +24С), and winters are cool (average air temperature is +4С).
History of San Marino
According to legend, the first settlement on the territory of modern San Marino appeared in 301 AD, when the stonemason Saint Marin and his friends came there. It was in 301 that Saint Marin built a church on Mount Titano, and this is considered the beginning of the history of San Marino.
By the middle of the 5th century AD. in San Marino, a local community of people had already been formed, who began to position themselves as residents of an independent state. However, San Marino gained independence from the Italian Duchy of Urbino only in the middle of the 9th century.
In 1600, the people of San Marino adopted the Constitution, and in 1631 the Pope recognized the independence of this state.
During the Napoleonic Wars, the armies of Napoleon Bonaparte did not occupy San Marino, although Italian lands were conquered.
In the XIX century, supporters of the unification of Italy, including Giuseppe Garibaldi, found refuge in San Marino. After the unification of Italy, the independence of San Marino was preserved. In the same 19th century, the government of San Marino made US President Abraham Lincoln an honorary citizen of his country.
During the First World War, San Marino was a neutral state, but some of its inhabitants fought in the Italian army. During World War II, San Marino was also a neutral state, although the Fascist Party was in power there. In September 1944, German troops briefly occupied San Marino.
In 1992, San Marino became a member of the UN.
Culture of San Marino
Even though San Marino is independent states The culture of this country is very similar to the Italian culture. But this is not surprising, given that San Marino is an enclave in Italy.
Folk dances and music in San Marino are typically Italian. Literature in this country is also published in Italian.
The inhabitants of San Marino carefully preserve their traditions, considering themselves to be the real descendants of the ancient Romans. Perhaps this is partly true, because this country is ruled by two captains-regents, just like two consuls in ancient Rome.
San Marino has a lot of traditions and folk festivals. Tourists will be interested in the changing of the guard of the local Guard at the State Palace of San Marino in Piazza della Liberta, which takes place every hour from May to September.
Every year in San Marino on July 26-29, the festival "Giornate Medievali" ("Medieval Days") is held, which turns into a continuous carnival. Every year on September 3, the Palio delle Balestre crossbow festival takes place.
Kitchen
The cuisine of San Marino is reminiscent of Italian cuisine, although of course it has its own traditional dishes. As in Italy, pasta is very popular in San Marino.
- "faggioli con le cotiche" - thick bean soup with bacon;
- "bustrengo" - a cake with raisins;
- "cacciatello" - caramel cream made from milk and eggs;
- "zuppa di ciliege" - cherries stewed in red wine.
San Marino produces excellent quality wine. The most famous local wines are Sangiovese fortified red wine and Biancale dry white wine.
Sights of San Marino
San Marino, of course, is a very small country, but it has a long history. San Marino rarely participated in wars, and therefore interesting architectural and historical monuments have been preserved here.
Cities and resorts
San Marino has several large, by local standards, settlements which are called cities. The largest of them are Serravalle (more than 9.3 thousand people) and the city of San Marino (more than 4.5 thousand people).
