- Recall from the courses of botany and zoology how plants and animals are adapted to their environment.
- What primarily affects the placement of plants and animals?
vegetable and animal world often called "wildlife", thus emphasizing the role of these components in the biosphere. Exactly Live nature primarily embodies the beauty of the landscape for us. Love for wildlife enriches our lives, inspires artists, poets, composers, brings up humane feelings in people. Caring for “our smaller brothers” is an indicator of human morality.
It is generally accepted that the main thing in wildlife is vegetation. Even the names say about her natural areas- taiga, steppes, etc. But richer in species composition animal world. In our country, there are up to 130 thousand species of animals (of which up to 90 thousand are insects), and there are only about 18 thousand higher plants. It is interesting that species of herbaceous plants predominate among the representatives of the plant world - there are many thousands of them, while there are slightly more than 500 species of trees.
Among the representatives of the animal world, insects hold the primacy. There are much fewer vertebrates, especially terrestrial ones, in the fauna of Russia. There are numerous fish, more than 1450 species.
There are very few amphibians and reptiles - only 160 species. The diversity of birds is expressed (with all those that visit during seasonal flights) as a figure of about 710. About 350 species of mammals live in our country.
The composition and abundance of living organisms is strongly influenced by human activities. As a result, some species have sharply reduced their numbers, and some have even been completely exterminated.
At the same time, there are species artificially introduced into our flora and fauna, for example, the American muskrat, raccoon, mink, etc., and among plants tea bush, bamboo.
The flora and fauna of our country is very diverse. The appearance and composition of the flora and fauna of our country, as well as the entire planet, is determined by two main factors: physical and geographical differences between regions - different regimes of light, temperature and humidity, soil character, relief features - and the geological history of the territory.
Changes in the face of the Earth during geological evolution, its surface and climate, the appearance and disappearance of continental connections were the reason that the processes of speciation proceeded differently in different regions. In the placement of representatives of certain plant and animal species, patterns can be traced, primarily due to latitudinal zonality and altitudinal zonation.
Think about what continents and countries the flora and fauna of our country is similar to.
But all these differences are explained not only by modern conditions. Both plants and animals carry in their appearance and distribution features inherited from the distant past. From Central Asia desert-steppe groups of plants and animals came to us. From Alaska to Far East penetrated North American conifers. Specific Features of our Far Eastern flora are combined with the originality of the Manchurian-Chinese fauna.
The flora and fauna of Russia was greatly influenced by the Quaternary glaciation.
The main types of vegetation in Russia include the vegetation of arctic deserts, tundras, forests, steppes, and deserts.
The vegetation of the Arctic deserts does not form a continuous cover. Separate patches of lichens, individual stems of plants are replaced by bare areas.
Severe climatic conditions of the tundra (low temperatures, large waterlogging of the territory, permafrost, strong winds) determine the features of the vegetation cover of the tundra. Mosses, lichens, low-growing shrubs predominate here; characterized by the absence of forests. Typical representatives of tundra vegetation are moss lichen (“deer moss”), green mosses, lingonberries, polar poppy, dwarf birch, polar willow.
Think about how to explain the small growth of plants in the tundra and their desire to spread along the ground. What species form the northern border of the forest in Russia and why?
Rice. 60. Typical representatives of woody vegetation in Russia
The forest vegetation of Russia is widespread in the temperate zone, represented by dark coniferous forests of spruce and fir in the north, taiga cedar-larch forests in Siberia, mixed forests of spruce, pine, aspen, birch, etc. in the middle lane and broad-leaved forests in the southern regions of this zone .
On the map (Fig. 60), identify typical representatives of the flora of the forest zone of Russia. Remember from the course of botany how taiga plants are adapted to severe frosts.
The steppe zone in its virgin form, untouched by human agricultural activity, is a sea of grassy vegetation. The most common in the steppe are feather grass, fescue, thin-legged, and a host of other flowering plants. Since the steppes are located in an area with insufficient moisture, representatives of herbaceous vegetation tolerate the lack of moisture in the soil well.
In the semi-deserts and deserts of the temperate zone, conditions are less favorable for the existence of plants and animals than in the steppe, therefore, as in the Arctic deserts, a continuous cover of vegetation is not formed here. Desert vegetation is well adapted to drought: the leaves of many plants have turned into thorns, evaporating a minimum of moisture, the roots are branched and very long. Various types of polynyas and saltworts predominate.
Diversity of the animal world of Russia. The fauna of the Arctic deserts is mainly associated with the sea. Walruses, seals, polar bear, many bird markets. In the tundra, the number of terrestrial animals somewhat increases, although a small number of their species are also represented here: lemming, mountain hare, wolf, arctic fox, ptarmigan, snowy owl, reindeer. Huge flocks of migratory birds fly to the tundra in summer. Waterfowl are especially numerous: geese, ducks, swans.
In the taiga, among predators, there are a bear, a wolf, a lynx; from ungulates - elk, wild boar; squirrels and chipmunks predominate among rodents; from fur - marten, sable. In broad-leaved forests, the number of ungulates is increasing: deer, roe deer, elk. More diverse than in the taiga, birds: thrushes, black grouse, etc.
Rice. 61. Typical representatives of the animal world of Russia
In the steppe, the number of birds increases even more. Lots of birds nesting on the ground. Some of them feed on plants (quail), others on plants and insects (bustard, bustard, lark), others are predators that eat insects and small rodents (steppe kestrel, steppe eagle). There are many rodents in the steppe - ground squirrels, hamsters, field mice. Preparing for the winter large stocks grains in their burrows, they cause significant damage to agriculture.
Of the large animals in the steppe, there are ungulates - saigas, escaping from enemies with the help of fast legs.
The fauna of the deserts is dominated by reptiles (lizards, snakes), fast-moving ungulates (gazelles, saigas, kulans), rodents (jerboas). Of the birds, larks, skates, desert sparrow, and bustards are common.
Rice. 62. Game animals of Russia
Plants and animals are perfectly adapted to their habitats. For example, birch and spruce coexist in our forests. Birches contribute to the growth of shade-loving young spruces under their canopy, and then grown spruces leave without light the birches that helped them grow ... Trees in forests, grasses in the steppes, elfin and crooked forests in the tundra - all these are examples of the ideal adaptation of plants to their habitat.
Differ in appearance and adaptability to the same conditions and animals - flying, running, climbing, swimming.
Birch
The white-trunked tender birch has long been a symbol of Russian nature, Russia. The image of the Russian birch is sung by many wonderful poets and artists.
Birches reach a height of 10-25 m (maximum 45), trunk diameter - 25-120 cm (maximum up to 150).
The bark of birches (birch) in many species is white. This is the only breed in the world with snow-white bark. Life expectancy of a birch is from 40 to 120 years. Flowering from 8-15 years old, in plantations - from 20-30 years old, abundant and almost annual.
Birch is photophilous, successfully grows in various climatic conditions, frost-resistant, tolerates permafrost, drought-resistant, undemanding to fertility and soil moisture, therefore it is found on stony and poor sandy soils, and on peat bogs. Birch goes far to the north and south, rises high into the mountains. One of the first it settles on pine-spruce clearings. In the spring, the birch is one of the first to wake up in the forest: there is still snow, and there are already thawed patches around it, orange catkins are swollen on the tree ... And in the fall, the birch is among the first in a hurry to put on a beautiful golden dress ...
Brown bear
The brown bear is a mammal of the bear family of the carnivora order. This is a large animal: body length up to 2.5 m, height at the withers up to 135 cm, weight up to 450 kg. The largest bears are found in our country in Kamchatka and Sakhalin. Limbs with strongly blunt claws. The fur is thick, long. The coloring is monochromatic. The bear lives in various forests, preferring taiga forests, especially spruce forests. Plant foods predominate in the diet: pine nuts, hazelnuts, beech nuts, acorns, all kinds of berries, wild fruits, green parts of plants; Bears also feast on fish and insects. Sometimes the bear attacks wild ungulates and livestock. Causes damage to people, visiting crops of oats, corn, orchards, apiaries.
For the winter it hides in a den and flows into hibernation. In January - February, cubs appear in the bear's den, usually two or three.
The most numerous bears are in Kamchatka, in Primorye, Yakutia, in the mountains of Siberia, in the north-west of the European part of Russia. The bear has become a symbol of the animal world of Russia. For a long time, the figure of a bear has been present in various coats of arms. The most striking example of this is the coat of arms of the city of Yaroslavl.
Questions and tasks
- What is richer in species composition - the flora or fauna of Russia?
- What affects the placement of vegetation?
- Name the main types of vegetation in our country.
- How animals are adapted to life in treeless zones; in the forests?
- Practical work number 7. Making a forecast of changes in flora and fauna with changes in other components of the natural complex.
Analyze the flora and fauna of this natural complex. How have plants and animals adapted to the features of the relief, climate, and moistening of the territory?
Who will be the first to respond to changes in the natural complex: plants or animals?
How will the flora and fauna change with the change in other components of the natural complex?
1) Recall from the courses of botany and zoology how plants and animals are adapted to their environment.
Animals adapt to their environment with the help of special coats, wool and feathers, camouflage coloration, the presence of defensive needles and claws, and shells. Adaptation are also biological rhythms, seasonal migrations. Plants form specific forms, various modifications of leaves, stems, roots. Leaf fall is an adaptation to the cold season.
2) What primarily affects the placement of plants and animals?
The location of plants and animals is primarily influenced by climate.
Questions in a paragraph
*Think about what continents and countries the flora and fauna of our country is similar to.
The flora and fauna of our country is very diverse. It is similar to the animal world of the mainland North America(Canada, USA). Also, the flora and fauna of Russia is similar to the flora and fauna of neighboring countries.
*Think about how to explain the small growth of plants in the tundra and the desire of most plants to spread along the Earth. What tree species form the northern border of the forest in Russia and why?
Small plant growth is explained by severe climatic conditions and malnutrition, waterlogging. In these conditions, mosses and lichens grow more often. The trees are dwarfed. The flat area and the lack of forests cause an increase in wind speed, so most plants creep along the ground.
The northern border of forests in Russia is formed by cold-resistant conifers - pines and larches.
Questions at the end of the paragraph
1. What is richer in species composition - the flora or fauna of Russia?
In terms of species composition, the fauna is richer.
2. What influences the placement of vegetation?
The placement of vegetation is influenced by natural conditions - climate, soil.
3. What are the main types of vegetation in our country?
The main types of vegetation are the vegetation of the Arctic deserts, tundra, forests, steppes, and deserts.
4. How are animals adapted to life in treeless zones? In the forest?
The animals of treeless territories are, as a rule, small in size; therefore, rodents, birds, and reptiles dominate in deserts and steppes. Animals have camouflage coloration. Large animals - often ungulates - run fast. Forest animals are very diverse. They are adapted to live in tiers in accordance with the tiered plants. Animals have a protective or dismembering coloration, they can run or climb.
a. forbid walking in the forest
b. strict deadlines and rules of hunting
in. creation of nature reserves, sanctuaries, national parks
d. close all factories
57. Richer in species composition:
a. plant world
b. animal world
58. Among the representatives of the animal world, the species composition is richer:
a. insects
in. amphibians and reptiles
d. mammals
59 Lemmings-representatives of the fauna:
b. tundra
in. steppes
Deserts
60. The fauna of the steppes includes:
b. roe
in. little bustard
gophers
61. Among the main commercial fur animals does not apply:
g. fox
62. A reserve has been created for the conservation and breeding of sable:
a. Kandalaksha
b. galichya mountain
in. Barguzinsky
Astrakhan
63. The main product of the forest is:
a. medicinal raw materials
in. wood
64. In the tundra do not inhabit:
a. lemmings
in. White bears
reindeer
65. The territory on which the entire natural complex, and any kind of economic activity called:
a. reserve
in. reserve
66. Rare and endangered species of tundra:
a. red-throated goose
in. pink seagull
wild grouse
e. white crane (Siberian crane)
67. Endemics of the desert and semi-desert:
a. viper
b. putorak
in. steppe turtle
g. Ciscaucasian hamster
68. Rare and endangered species of forests (mixed, broad-leaved, monsoon mixed):
a. sandpiper
B) spotted deer
69.30.30 Animals whose life depends entirely on conditions environment:
a. homemade
in. semi-domestic
70. Ungulate animal living in the forest:
a. bear
71. Animals whose life is completely dependent on humans:
a. homemade
in. semi-wild
72. Animals that feed exclusively on other animals:
a. herbivores
b. predatory
in. omnivores
73. Animals that eat both plants and other animals:
a. herbivores
b. carnivores
in. omnivores
74. Predatory cat living in our country:
b. cheetah
in. panther
75. An extinct cow named after the scientist who described it:
a. Kostroma
b. Steller's
in. Kholmogory
76. Wild relative of the domestic pig:
a. capybara
77. Wild Ancestor of Domestic Cow:
a. muskox
78. One of the forms of protection of natural sites:
a. deforestation
b. reserve
in. planting a forest
79. Orderly among animals:
80. 30. 30 Animals whose life is completely dependent on environmental conditions:
a. homemade
in. semi-domestic
81. Ungulate animal living in the forest:
a. bear
82. Animals whose life is completely dependent on man:
a. homemade
in. semi-wild
83. Animals that feed exclusively on other animals:
a. herbivores
b. predatory
in. omnivores
84. Animals that eat both plants and other animals:
a. herbivores
b. carnivores
in. omnivores
85. Predatory cat living in our country:
b. cheetah
in. panther
86. An extinct cow named after the scientist who described it:
a. Kostroma
b. Steller's
in. Kholmogory
87. Wild relative of the domestic pig:
a. capybara
88. Wild ancestor of domestic cow:
a. muskox
89. Animals themselves get their own food, defend themselves from enemies, build dwellings, take care of their offspring are called ...
a. homemade
in. indoor
90. Animals that eat only other animals are called:
a. herbivores
b. predatory
in. omnivores
91. Underline the names of birds wintering in our places:
sparrow, rook, titmouse, swan, swallow, heron
92. Indicate the group in which only mammals are listed:
a. chimpanzee, dog, horse
b. cat, chicken, giraffe
in butterfly, dragonfly, ant
g. turtle, crocodile, octopus
93. Determine what kind of animal we are talking about:
This animal is able to build dams on rivers and streams, lays channels in the forest. He fells thick trees, builds huts for housing. He will find an aspen or a willow, gnaw it from all sides and the tree will fall. The animal diligently separates the branches from the fallen tree, floats them along the water to its hut and puts them in large piles. So the animal stores food for the winter. ________________________
94. Animals are:
95. Animals - life, which is completely dependent on a person, are called ...
a. homemade
in. indoor
96. Animals that eat both plants and other animals:
a. herbivores
b. predatory
in. omnivores
97. Animals are:
a. animals, insects, snakes, plants, fungi, microbes;
b. birds, animals, fish, lizards, turtles, worms;
in. birds, animals, man, insects, plants, mushrooms.
98. Underline the names of poultry:
chicken, crane, swan, duck, crow, turkey, dove
Specify a group that only lists pets
a. wasp, wolf, beaver, hare
b. goat, turkey, fox, jackal
in sheep, cow, chicken, dog
elephant, rabbit, giraffe, bee
100. Determine what kind of animal we are talking about:
This animal has a lot of enemies, but the animal does not know how to hide from them. His nose and sensitive ears help out, quick legs and an inconspicuous fur coat save him from enemies. The eyes of the beast are "oblique" - they see not only forward and to the sides, but even look back a little. In vain, this animal does not turn its head because its ears can turn in different directions. In autumn, the animal molts: it turns from gray to snow-white. _______________
What is the name of the animals that people breed and use on the farm?
a. indoor
b. homemade
in. cultural
a. independent
b. forest
in. horse
a. eggs, meat, down, feathers
b. meat, hides, wool, eggs
in. eggs, meat, milk, feathers
b. deer, cow, sheep, goat
in. goat, sheep, donkey, horse
Choose the foods that a person gets from a cow.
a. milk, cheese, fluff, skins
b. cottage cheese, sour cream, lard, feathers
in. meat, milk, skins, kefir
Find a wild bird.
a. crow
b. hen
in. turkey
Find domestic insects
What ornamental birds are bred by people?
a. sparrows
b. pigeons
in. crow
Find a pet that a person does not harness to a sled.
b. cow
in. horse
What group of animals does the newt belong to?
a. Amphibians.
b. Reptiles.
Why are some animals listed in the Red Book?
a. They don't know how to defend themselves.
b. They are rare and disappearing.
in. They are very beautiful.
113. What group of animals does a whale belong to?
a. Reptiles.
in. Mammals.
114. Complete the sentence. What group of animals are we talking about?
The body is covered with skin with dry scales or shell -
a. Amphibian.
b. Reptiles.
in. Fish.
115. Complete the sentence. The body is covered with scales and mucus -
What animal does protein belong to by type of nutrition?
a. Predators.
b. Herbivores.
in. omnivores
Find the animal that is listed in the Red Book.
Mr. Polar bear.
118. Find an extra animal.
b. Penguin.
in. Bat.
Seagull.
119. An animal has 6 legs, the body is divided into head, chest and abdomen.
a. Arachnids.
b. Insects.
in. Reptiles.
120. Choose the names of wintering birds.
a. Martin.
b. Bullfinch.
121. What animals are carnivores?
a. hare
b. a fox
in. deer
122. What animals are called domestic?
a. all animals that live near humans
b. animals that man breeds and uses for his needs
in. all animals from which humans obtain food
123. What is the correct food chain?
a. jay - oak acorns - hawk
b. oak acorns - hawk - jay
in. oak acorns - jay - hawk
124. What is the name of the animals that people breed and use on the farm?
a. indoor
b. homemade
in. cultural
What is the name of the animals that get their own food, arrange housing, breed offspring?
a. independent
b. forest
Find an animal from which a person does not get wool.
in. horse
Choose the foods that a person gets from chickens.
a. eggs, meat, down, feathers
b. meat, hides, wool, eggs
in. eggs, meat, milk, feathers
Find a group in which only cattle are named.
a. horse, camel, cow, sheep
b. deer, cow, sheep, goat
in. goat, sheep, donkey, horse
1) Recall from the courses of botany and zoology how plants and animals are adapted to their environment.
Animals adapt to their environment with the help of special coats, wool and feathers, camouflage coloration, the presence of defensive needles and claws, and shells. Adaptation are also biological rhythms, seasonal migrations. Plants form specific forms, various modifications of leaves, stems, roots. Leaf fall is an adaptation to the cold season.
2) What primarily affects the placement of plants and animals?
The location of plants and animals is primarily influenced by climate.
Questions in a paragraph
*Think about what continents and countries the flora and fauna of our country is similar to.
The flora and fauna of our country is very diverse. It is similar to the fauna of the mainland North America (Canada, USA). Also, the flora and fauna of Russia is similar to the flora and fauna of neighboring countries.
*Think about how to explain the small growth of plants in the tundra and the desire of most plants to spread along the Earth. What tree species form the northern border of the forest in Russia and why?
Small plant growth is explained by harsh climatic conditions and insufficient nutrition, waterlogging. In these conditions, mosses and lichens grow more often. The trees are dwarfed. The flat area and the lack of forests cause an increase in wind speed, so most plants creep along the ground.
The northern border of forests in Russia is formed by cold-resistant conifers - pines and larches.
Questions at the end of the paragraph
1. What is richer in species composition - the flora or fauna of Russia?
In terms of species composition, the fauna is richer.
2. What influences the placement of vegetation?
The placement of vegetation is influenced by natural conditions - climate, soil.
3. What are the main types of vegetation in our country?
The main types of vegetation are the vegetation of the Arctic deserts, tundra, forests, steppes, and deserts.
4. How are animals adapted to life in treeless zones? In the forest?
The animals of treeless territories are, as a rule, small in size; therefore, rodents, birds, and reptiles dominate in deserts and steppes. Animals have camouflage coloration. Large animals - often ungulates - run fast. Forest animals are very diverse. They are adapted to live in tiers in accordance with the tiered plants. Animals have a protective or dismembering coloration, they can run or climb.
BUT) It originates in the glaciers of Elbrus, flows into the Sea of Azov, forms a delta. In the warm part of the year, the level in the river remains high due to the melting of snow and ice in the highlands. Often this diet leads to floods.a) Terek; b) Cupid; c) Kuban.
B) What are the numbers on the map?
a) the Irtysh river;
b) the Indigirka river;
c) Vitim river;
d) Yana river;
e) Lake Baikal; f) Don river;
g) Lake Ladoga.
Animal and vegetable world Russia
| 1 option | Option 2 |
|
|
| 1. In terms of species composition, it is richer: A) the world of plants B) the world of animals | 1. Among the representatives of the animal world, the species composition is richer: A) insects B) fish C) amphibians and reptiles D) mammals |
| 2. Lemmings are representatives of the fauna: A) forests B) tundra C) steppes D) deserts | 2. The fauna of the steppes includes: A) bustard B) roe deer C) little bustard D) ground squirrels |
| 3. Among the main commercial fur animals does not apply: A) arctic fox B) otter C) squirrel D) fox | 3. A reserve was created for the conservation and breeding of sable: A) Kandalaksha B) Galichya Mountain C) Barguzinsky D) Astrakhan |
| 4. The main product of the forest is: A) medicinal raw materials B) nuts C) wood D) mushrooms | 4. In the tundra do not inhabit: A) lemmings B) arctic foxes C) polar bears D) reindeer |
| 5. The territory on which the entire natural complex is protected and any type of economic activity is excluded is called: A) a reserve B) a national park C) a reserve | 5. Rare and endangered species of the Republic of Kazakhstan: A) red-breasted goose B) golden eagle C) pink gull D) wild grouse E) white crane (sterkh) |
| 6. Rare and endangered species on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan: A) lady's slipper B) medicinal chamomile C) caustic buttercup D) red currant | 6 Endemics of the desert and semi-desert: A) viper B) putorak C) steppe tortoise D) Ciscaucasian hamster |
| 2. Finish the sentences | |
| 7. Plant community with a predominance coniferous trees - | 7. Treeless community, which is formed in conditions of excessive moisture, short cool summers and strong winds - |
| 8. Territory where permanently or temporarily prohibited certain types economic activity, not the entire natural complex is protected, but only individual components - | 8. These resources are divided into flora and fauna resources - |
| 9. A plant community consisting of forbs is formed on chernozems with insufficient moisture - | 9. Natural resources that a person uses in economic activity - |
Soil resources of Russia
Exercise 1
Match up:
| Founder of the science "Soil Science" | a | Fertility | |
| Upper, loose, fertile layer of the earth | b | Reclamation | |
| Measures aimed at improving soil fertility | in | Chernozem | |
| Soil formed under conditions of excessive moisture and low temperatures | G | The soil | |
| "King" of soils | d | Soil resources | |
| The main property of the soil | e | Tundra gley soil | |
| Soil restoration | well | Reclamation | |
| Part of land resources used in agriculture and forestry | h | V.V. Dokuchaev | |
| The territory of the country on which roads, cities, etc. are built. | and | Chestnut and brown semi-desert soils | |
| Soils formed under conditions of high temperatures and insufficient moisture | to | Land resources |
Task 2
Read the text carefully. Insert missing words. In your answer, write down only the missing words, observing the indicated numbering.
The rock on which soil is formed is called (1) rock. The process of soil formation is very (2), approximately (3) soils are formed in a hundred years. He was the first to establish a pattern in the distribution of soils (4). Most of Russia is located in the forest zone, where it is formed in the forest-tundra (5), in the taiga (6), in mixed forests (7), broad-leaved forests (8) and in the forest-steppe zone (9). The main enemy of the soil is (10). Since ancient times, the soil has been affectionately called " nurse."
Water resources Russia (Option 2)
1. Indicate the rivers that belong to the basin Pacific Ocean:
a) Lena, Indigirka, Kama b) Oka, Neva, Terek
c) Kamchatka, Anadyr, Amur d) Kuban, Irtysh, Ishim
2. Depends on the climate:
a) the speed of the current b) the regime of the river c) the direction of the current
3. Border lake of Russia:
a) Baikal b) Onega c) Khanka d) Chany.
4. A short-term rise in the water level in the river, caused by the influx of heavy rainfall into the river:
a) high water b) high water c) flood
5. Rivers predominate in our country:
a) with a summer flood; b) with a flood regime; c) with spring flood;
6. Most of the rivers in Russia have a mixed diet with a predominance:
a) rain b) snow c) underground d) glacial
7. Mountain glaciers are common to:
a) the Caucasus; b) Southern Urals; c) the Putorana plateau; d) Vasyugan.
