Paris Peace Conference- an international conference convened by the victorious powers to develop and sign peace treaties with the states defeated in the 1st World War of 1914-1918. Held in Paris intermittently January 18 to June 28, 1919. French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau proposed Paris as the venue for the peace conference. He justified this by the fact that France suffered more than other countries from the war, and the choice of Paris would be moral satisfaction for the French. It was attended 27 states: Great Britain, France, USA, Italy, Japan, Belgium, China, 5 dominions Great Britain and other states.

The five great powers played a leading role in decision-making– conference organizers: USA, England, France, Italy, Japan. These were countries that had “general interests”, all other countries “had private interests” and were involved only in the discussion of issues relating to them.

Formally, the "supreme rights" were assigned to the plenary sessions of the conference, which were attended by delegates from all participating countries. In fact, all serious issues were resolved in the "Council of Ten", which consisted of the heads of government and foreign ministers of the 5 powers. After the opening of the conference, the circle of "arbiters of fate" began to narrow. In the spring of 1919, the "Council of 4" was formed. There was no Japan in it that was not interested in discussing European problems. In fact, all levers for managing the conference were concentrated in the "big three" - Wilson, Lloyd George, Clemenceau.

The work of the conference was mostly closed. Only plenary sessions could be considered public meetings (they were convened only 6 times). They only officially approved the decisions taken by the great powers.

Questions of a peaceful settlement with the defeated states were discussed in the absence of their representatives. So the German delegation was invited to the conference only three times: on May 7 - to get acquainted with the version of the peace treaty, on June 16 - with its revised version, on June 28 - to sign the final version. The delegation of Soviet Russia was absent from the talks, unrecognized by the organizers of the conference.

When discussing German problem in the "big three" there was a regrouping of forces. France's maximalist position was opposed by the moderate course of England and the United States. The first wanted to dismember Germany, draw its border along the Rhine, making it a Rhine republic, and also demanded that the Saar coal mines be transferred to it. The latter wanted to maintain the balance of power in Europe in the face of France and the threat of Bolshevism.

France had to give in. As a result, England and the United States proposed the creation of a 50 km zone along the right bank of the Rhine - a demilitarized one. Saar coal mines were transferred to France, but the area was ruled by the League of Nations.

The discussion of the reparation issue was particularly acute. France determined the amount of damage - 480 billion gold marks, England and the USA - from 50 to 100 billion, the German government - 30-36 billion. their payments.

At the conference, disagreements arose between the Big Three and Italy, which wanted to receive a number of Austrian and South Slavic territories promised by the Entente countries under the London Treaty of 1915. The Big Three refused Italy its "excessive demands." And for Japan, the great powers recognized the right to the occupied Chinese province of Shandong.

The result of the work of the Paris Peace Conference was the adoption of compromise solutions that formed the basis of the Versailles system. international relations.

Treaty of Versailles. June 28, 1919 in the Mirror Hall of the Palace of Versailles (where in 1871 Bismarck solemnly proclaimed the formation of the German Empire), the German delegation headed by the newly appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs G. Müller and Minister of Justice Bell signed peace treaty with representatives of the winning countries.

The Treaty of Versailles was a set of 440 articles divided into 15 parts. Part I (Charter of the League of Nations) and Part XIII (on the creation under the League of Nations international labor organization) included in all other peace treaties.

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Lesson development for 11th grade

Prepared by: Zaitseva Victoria Anatolyevna, history teacher, MBOU "Chernomorskaya high school№2"

Subject: Post-war system international treaties.

Purpose: educational: to convey to students information about post-war conferences; developing: develop skills in working with a map, analysis educational material; logical thinking, visual and auditory types of memory; educational: in the course of studying the topic, to cultivate respect for states that, against the backdrop of a long military conflict, were able to get out of the war and continue diplomatic relations in a peaceful manner.

Lesson type: combined

Equipment: textbook, workbooks, projector.

Methods of work: storytelling, dialogue, conversation, ICT, visualization, work in pairs.

During the classes

1. Organizing time
2. DZ survey:

1. What state and period are we talking about? He was elected before the adoption of the new constitution. He held the position of "head of state". Later he established a dictatorship and embarked on reforms that were called the "sanation regime" (Polish state)
2. The Kingdom of the CXC was part of ... (Yugoslavia)
3. Karl Seitz was elected President of which country? (Austria)
4. This state has changed 3 countries in less than 2 years state structure: from the People's Republic to the establishment of Soviet power and the return to the monarchy. (Hungary)
5. Which government was the Central Rada? (UNR)
6. Which state was Karl Mannerheim the head of state? (Finland)
7. From 1919 to 1933 this state was declared a republic. (Weimar Republic)

new material

Plan:

1. Demands of the victorious countries and contradictions between them

2. Paris Peace Conference 1919-1920

3. Creation of a communist international

4. Significance of the Paris Peace Conference

5. Treaty of Versailles

6. Washington Peace Conference 1921-1922

7. Versailles-Washington system.

Presentation work.

Working with source: Charter of the League of Nations

Summing up the lesson, it is worth noting that the topic of the lesson studied is complex, but we managed it together.

Homework: P. 4, rep. P. 1-3. Prepare a report on one of the leaders of the Paris Peace Conference.

Charter of the League of Nations

Article 11. The League of Nations cannot remain an inactive body in the event of hostilities or threats of war directed against one of the members of the organization.

Article 12 Any disagreement between the members of the League that poses a threat to peace must be considered by an arbitration court.

Article 13 The members of the organization are obliged to recognize and carry out the decisions made by this court.

Article 16. If one of the members of the League resorts to war contrary to all the obligations assumed, then he is considered an aggressor in relation to the rest of the members of the League. Members of the League are obliged to immediately interrupt all trade and financial relations with him, to prohibit citizens of their states from entering into contacts with citizens of a state that has violated the agreement.

Consolidation: work in pairs. Students are invited to ask a question to a desk mate and evaluate his answer: it is hollow and exhaustive, deserving of a grade of "5", it is partial, but correct and deserves a grade of "4", it is short and characterizes a superficial focus on the topic and deserves a grade of "3"; the answer is not correct and needs further study.

Charter of the League of Nations

Article 11. The League of Nations cannot remain an inactive body in the event of hostilities or threats of war directed against one of the members of the organization.

Article 12 Any disagreement between the members of the League that poses a threat to peace must be considered by an arbitration court.

Article 13 The members of the organization are obliged to recognize and carry out the decisions made by this court.

Article 16. If one of the members of the League resorts to war contrary to all the obligations assumed, then he is considered an aggressor in relation to the rest of the members of the League. Members of the League are obliged to immediately interrupt all trade and financial relations with him, to prohibit citizens of their states from entering into contacts with citizens of a state that has violated the agreement.

Consolidation: work in pairs. Students are invited to ask a question to a desk mate and evaluate his answer: it is hollow and exhaustive, deserving of a grade of "5", it is partial, but correct and deserves a grade of "4", it is short and characterizes a superficial focus on the topic and deserves a grade of "3"; the answer is not correct and needs further study.

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Slides captions:

Topic: Post-war system of international treaties

Consider: Why did France, Great Britain, the USA and Japan opposed the government of V.I. Lenin?

Lesson plan: 1. The demands of the victorious countries and the contradictions between them 2. The Paris peace conference 3. The creation of the communist international 4. The significance of the Paris peace conference 5. The Treaty of Versailles 6. The Washington peace conference 1921-1922. 7. Versailles-Washington system.

What is the purpose of the lesson? What is its relevance?

What should be the most important and quickest demand in relation to the bloc of aggressor states?

In c. 1918 - n.1919. the German army was withdrawn to the territory of the former German Empire and disarmed

There was no unified Austro-Hungarian army. Turkish and Bulgarian forces were demoralized.

In Russia, a huge amount of food and military supplies was concentrated on military orders.

So, why in the first post-war period, France, Great Britain, the USA and Japan opposed the government of V.I. Lenin?

France Prime Minister R. Poincaré President J. Clemenceau

1. Maximum weakening of Germany 2. Return of Alsace and Lorraine 3. Control of the industrial region of the Rhine 4. Accession of German colonies in Africa and Turkish possessions in the Mediterranean

United Kingdom Prime Minister Lloyd George

1. Division of the Ottoman Empire 2. Seizure of territories dependent on Germany outside Europe 3. Preservation of Germany; its economic control

USA Woodrow Wilson

The role of the “moral guide” of the whole world

Italy, Japan, Serbia, Belgium, Romania, Greece, China Pursued their national interests and sought to annex the border territories at the expense of the states that lost the war

Russia Was excluded from the development of a program for the post-war world order and did not take part in international conference, who worked in Paris from January 18, 1919 to June 28, 1919.

Predict the outcome of the Paris Peace Conference

Adoption of the Charter...

Analyze the passage of the Charter of the League of Nations What is its main purpose?

Describe the unofficial symbol Communist International and sample membership card

Textbook p. 52 "The Treaty of Versailles" Reading and analysis aloud.

Washington Peace Conference 1921-1922 Textbook P. 53. Treaty of 4 powers: ... Treaty of 5 powers ... Treaty of 9 powers ...

So, in your opinion, was the Versailles-Washington peace system flawed? And if you had, then name them.

Work in pairs

Homework: P. 4, rep. P.1-3, prepare a report about one of the leaders of the Paris Peace Conference.

Presentation on the topic: Post-war system of international treaties

1 of 8

Presentation on the topic:

slide number 1

Description of the slide:

slide number 2

Description of the slide:

1. List the main requirements of the victorious countries. 2. What post-war conferences dealt with the peaceful settlement of international relations? 3. Which countries have benefited the most from the decisions of these conferences, and which ones have lost? 4. What issues of international relations have not been resolved? 5. What is the Versailles-Washington system?

slide number 3

Description of the slide:

Determine which countries correspond to the goals of a peaceful settlement after the war: 1. Division of Germany into several weak states. 2. Return of Alsace and Lorraine. 3. Control over the industrial region of the Rhine. 4. German colonies in Africa and Turkish possessions in the Mediterranean. 5. Building a system of new international relations and the role of the "moral leader" of the world. 6. Preservation of a united Germany. 7. Division of the possessions of the Ottoman Empire. 8. Capture of German possessions outside Europe.

slide number 4

Description of the slide:

Determine at which of the conferences the following problems were solved: 1. Territorial changes in Europe and the colonies. 2. The balance of forces on Far East. 3. Germany's new position in post-war world. 4. Creation international organization- League of Nations. 5. The ratio of the naval forces of the leading Pacific powers. 6. Return of prisoners of war and punishment of war criminals. 7. Solution of the Russian problem.

slide number 5

Description of the slide:

1. Explain what contradictions existed between the victorious countries. Could they have been resolved under those historical conditions? 2. Formulate the goals of the creation of the League of Nations and try to guess under what conditions the activities of this organization could be productive. 3. Is it right to say that with the creation of the League of Nations, international relations have moved to a new level? 4. What was the "Russian question" at the conferences and why was it not resolved? 5. Was the Versailles-Washington system strong? Justify your opinion.

slide number 6

Description of the slide:

Continue the historical statement: As a result of the Paris and Washington conferences, a new balance of power was established in the world that could lead to ... Germany, which lost some of its possessions and was forced to pay huge indemnities, could ... The Versailles-Washington system could not solve all controversial issues international relations, because... An attempt to organize a conference in the Princes' Islands can be regarded as...

slide number 7

Description of the slide:

British Prime Minister David Lloyd George spoke about the mandate system, according to which the former colonial possessions were transferred under the tutelage of the advanced victorious countries: "Mandates are just a mask for annexations." Is it possible to agree with such a frank statement? How would you confirm or refute this statement?

• 1. List the main requirements of the victorious countries.

• 2. What post-war conferences dealt with the peaceful settlement of international relations?

• 3. Which countries have benefited the most from the decisions of these conferences, and which ones have lost?

• 4. What issues of international relations have not been resolved?

• 5. What is the Versailles-Washington system?

Determine which countries are consistent with the goal of a peaceful settlement after the war:

• 1. Division of Germany into several weak states.

• 2. Return of Alsace and Lorraine. 3. Control over the industrial region of the Rhine.

• 4. German colonies in Africa and Turkish possessions in the Mediterranean.

• 5. Building a system of new international relations and the role of the "moral leader" of the world.

• 6. Preservation of a united Germany.

• 7. Division of the possessions of the Ottoman Empire.

• 8. Capture of German possessions outside Europe.

Determine at which of the conferences the listed problems were solved :

• 1. Territorial changes in Europe and the colonies.

• 2. The balance of power in the Far East.

• 3. The new position of Germany in the post-war world.

• 4. Creation of an international organization - the League of Nations.

• 5. The ratio of the naval forces of the leading Pacific powers.

• 6. Return of prisoners of war and punishment of war criminals.

• 7. Solution of the Russian problem.

• 1. Explain what contradictions existed between the victorious countries. Could they have been resolved under those historical conditions?

• 2. Formulate the goals of the creation of the League of Nations and try to guess under what conditions the activities of this organization could be productive.

• 3. Is it right to say that with the creation of the League of Nations, international relations have moved to a new level?

• 4. What was the "Russian question" at the conferences and why was it not resolved?

• 5. Was the Versailles-Washington system strong? Justify your opinion.

Continue the historical statement:

• As a result of the Paris and Washington conferences, a new balance of power in the world was established, which could lead to...

• Germany, having lost some of its possessions and forced to pay a huge indemnity, could ...

• The Versailles-Washington system could not solve all the controversial issues of international relations, because ...

• An attempt to organize a conference in the Princes' Islands can be regarded as...

• British Prime Minister David Lloyd George spoke about the mandate system, according to which the former colonial possessions were transferred under the tutelage of the advanced victorious countries: "Mandates are just a mask for annexations."

• Is it possible to agree with such a frank statement? How would you confirm or refute this statement?