Project on the theme of World Heritage Lake Baikal. State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Barguzinsky"

11.10.201927.05.2017

Object of the World natural heritage along with others Russian objects: “Virgin forests of Komi”, “Volcanoes of Kamchatka”, “Golden Mountains of Altai”, “Wrangel Island”, etc.

World Cultural and Natural Heritage Sites include areas of outstanding global natural resource value. In addition, the desire of the country in which this site is located is necessary to protect and preserve it.

Repurpose the BPPM so that it ceases to be a source of pollution;

Reduce the discharge of pollutants into the Selenga;

Allocate additional funds to ensure the activities of nature reserves and national parks;

Provide and strengthen support scientific research and monitoring on the lake. .

Many of these issues, unfortunately, have not yet been resolved. However, one cannot fail to note a number of serious environmental measures that have been completed to date.

Source: introduction: textbook. allowance / N. S. Berkin, A. A. Makarov, O. T. Rusinek. – Irkutsk: Irkutsk Publishing House. state University, 2009

– natural World Heritage Site

On December 5, 1996, by decision of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee at its XX session, held in the Mexican city of Merida, the lake was included as natural object on the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The committee's decision notes: “The lake is a classic case of a World Heritage site, satisfying all four natural criteria. The lake is located in the central part of the site. The lake's features, largely hidden from view by water, are of major scientific and conservation value. The lake is surrounded by mountain taiga landscapes and specially protected natural areas, mostly preserved in their natural state and of additional value.

The lake is a limnological miracle and an area with the following excellent qualities:

The geological rift system that gave rise to the lake formed during the Mesozoic period. The lake is the oldest and deepest lake on Earth. Various tectonic forces still continue to operate, as evidenced by the release of thermal flows from the depths of the lake.

The evolution of aquatic organisms that occurred throughout this long period led to the formation of an extremely unique endemic fauna and flora. The lake is the “Galapagos Islands of Russia” and is of exceptional value for the study of evolution.

The picturesque landscape around the Baikal basin with mountain ranges, boreal forests, tundra, lakes, islands and steppes provides an exceptionally beautiful lake environment. – the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth (20% of all world reserves), which further characterizes it as a unique phenomenon.

The lake is one of the most biodiverse lakes on Earth, containing 1,340 animal species (745 endemic) and 570 plant species (150 endemic). The forests surrounding the lake contain 10 plant species listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List and represent a full composition of typical boreal species.”

Source: Volkov, S. Po u / Sergey Volkov. – M. : AST: AST Moscow, 2010. – 568 p.

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Tourism (anthropogenic influence)
Assignment of the status of a World Natural Heritage site
Adoption of the law on environmental zoning natural area
Central ecological zone of the BNT
Buffer ecological zone
Ecological zone of atmospheric influence
Creation of a network of specially protected natural areas
A set of other environmental measures

Other resources

Natural phenomenon a // Goldfarb S.I.
as a world heritage monument // Karnyshev A.D.
Baikal // Geography and Natural resources, 1988. No. 2. – P. 31-39.
Grishchenko V.I., Ryabtsev V.B. To the 20th anniversary of the Pribaikalsky National Park: results, main problems // Proceedings of the Pribaikalsky National Park. Vol. 2. - Irkutsk: Irkut Publishing House. state Univ., 2007. – P.362-387.

Notes

Ryashchenko S.V. World Natural Heritage Site “Lake” in the international and national dimensions // Volna. – 2007, No. 1 (45). – P. 40–43.

World Natural Heritage Site

With the adoption of the Convention for the Protection of Natural and cultural heritage planet, in 1972 the United Nations (Division of Educational, Scientific and Cultural Affairs) began to formulate the UNESCO World Heritage List, which includes the most significant natural, historical and cultural sites, areas with outstanding global natural resource values and which require careful treatment , preservation for posterity.

To be included in this list, you must meet at least one of four criteria:

The property presents outstanding examples illustrating major phases of Earth's history and remarkable geological processes;

The property provides exceptional examples to illustrate the most important ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of ecosystems and communities of living organisms;

The property includes outstanding natural phenomena or areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic value;

The property contains the most important and significant natural habitats for the conservation of biodiversity, as well as species of outstanding universal value from a scientific or conservation point of view.

Baikal is unique in this sense; it meets absolutely all the criteria of the Convention. Of the thousands of natural sites included in the List of World Natural Heritage, just over a dozen meet all four criteria.

On December 5, 1996, by decision of the 20th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, held in the Mexican city of Merida, Baikal, together with a coastal zone with a total area of about 8.8 million hectares, was included in the UNESCO Natural Heritage List.

The total area of the World Natural Heritage Site (WNP) "Lake Baikal" is 88 thousand km2, of which 31.5 thousand km2 is the surface of the lake, and 19 thousand km2 is occupied by 3 reserves (Baikal-Lensky, Baikalsky, Barguzinsky) and 3 national parks(Pribaikalsky, Transbaikalsky and, partially, Tunkinsky).

5 urbanized industrialized territories are excluded from the Site: Baikalsk, Slyudyanka, Kultuk, Babushkin and Severobaikalsk.

The decision adopted by the UNESCO World Heritage Committee notes: “Lake Baikal is a classic case of a World Heritage site, satisfying all four natural criteria. The lake is located in the central part of the site. The lake's features, largely hidden from view by water, are of major scientific and conservation value. The lake is surrounded by mountain taiga landscapes and specially protected natural areas, mostly preserved in their natural state and of additional value.

Lake Baikal is a limnological miracle and a territory with the following excellent qualities:

The geological rift system that gave rise to Lake Baikal formed during the Mesozoic period. Lake Baikal is the oldest and deepest lake on Earth. Various tectonic forces still continue to operate, as evidenced by the release of thermal flows from the depths of the lake.

The evolution of aquatic organisms that occurred throughout this long period led to the formation of an extremely unique endemic fauna and flora. Lake Baikal is the “Galapagos Islands of Russia” and is of exceptional value for the study of evolution.

The picturesque landscape around the Baikal basin with mountain ranges, boreal forests, tundra, lakes, islands and steppes provides an exceptionally beautiful environment for Lake Baikal. Baikal is the largest reservoir of fresh water on Earth (20% of all world reserves), which further characterizes it as a unique phenomenon.

Lake Baikal is one of the most biodiverse lakes on Earth, containing 1,340 animal species (745 endemic) and 570 plant species (150 endemic). The forests surrounding the lake contain 10 plant species listed in the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List and represent a full composition of typical boreal species.”

In addition to fulfilling one of the four criteria of the Convention, there must be a desire of the country in which the site is located to protect and preserve it.

The leadership of the World Heritage Committee presented the following demands to the Government of the Russian Federation:

1. Ensure the final adoption by the State Duma of the Law on Baikal;

2. Repurpose the BPPM so that it ceases to be a source of pollution;

3. Reduce the discharge of pollutants into the Selenga;

4. Allocate additional funds to ensure the activities of nature reserves and national parks;

5. Provide and strengthen support for scientific research and monitoring on Lake Baikal.

List of environmental measures being implemented and already implemented by the leadership of the Russian Federation to meet the requirements of the leadership of the World Heritage Committee to the Government of the Russian Federation in connection with the assignment of World Natural Heritage status:

2. Amendments have been made to the legislation regulating relations in the field of protection of Lake Baikal:

The boundaries of the water protection and fish protection zones of Lake Baikal are established by the Government of the Russian Federation;

State registration of facilities providing negative impact on environment Baikal natural territory;

In the Baikal natural territory, the construction of new economic facilities, the reconstruction of existing economic facilities without a positive conclusion of the state environmental examination of the design documentation of such facilities is prohibited, and in the central ecological zone of this natural territory - the placement of production and consumption waste of I - III hazard classes;

The possibility of transferring forest fund lands occupied by protective forests into lands of specially protected territories and objects when creating specially protected natural areas is established;

Water Code of the Russian Federation, Town Planning Code of the Russian Federation, federal laws “On Environmental Expertise” and “On Fisheries and Conservation of Water Resources” biological resources» are brought into line with the changes made to the federal law“On the protection of Lake Baikal.”

More detailed information on the legal acts in accordance with which environmental protection measures are implemented can be found in the “Laws” section.

3. In 2008, BPPM, at the request of Rosprirodnadzor, suspended the production of bleached pulp and switched to the production of less profitable unbleached pulp using closed water circulation technology, which completely eliminates the release of even treated wastewater into the lake. The plant ceased operations on December 25, 2013. On December 28, 2013, the Prime Minister of Russia signed a decree on the creation of the “Reserves of Russia” exhibition center on the territory of the closed plant.

4. From August 1, 1990, the Selenga Pulp and Paper Mill stopped discharging industrial waste into the Selenga Wastewater.

5. In 2008-2010, the International Research Expedition “Worlds on Baikal” was carried out, during which 160 dives were made on the deep-sea vehicles “Mir-1” and “Mir-2”. According to the results International conference at the UNESCO headquarters “Baikal - a world treasure”, the increase in the intensity and quality of scientific research in order to preserve the Baikal ecosystem was noted, the importance of the research results of the International Expedition “Worlds” on Baikal”, which included scientists from 12 countries; the significant contribution of this expedition to the development of Russian and world fundamental science, such areas as geology, geography, limnology, geochemistry, geophysics, biology, etc.; large amounts of data obtained during the expedition, allowing to significantly expand the understanding of the genesis of Baikal and modern processes, occurring in it.

6. State funding for the protection of Lake Baikal and the Baikal natural territory is carried out with the help of the Federal target program "Protection of Lake Baikal and the socio-economic development of the Baikal natural territory for 2012 - 2020", approved by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 21, 2012 No. 847. (See the section “Implementation of Federal Targeted Program activities”).

The following sources were used in preparing the material:

Baikal studies: textbook / N. S. Berkin, A. A. Makarov, O. T. Rusinek. – Irkutsk: Irkutsk Publishing House. state University, 2009

Volkov, S. Along Baikal / Sergey Volkov. – M. : AST: AST Moscow, 2010. – 568 p.

One of the oldest lakes on the planet, its age is 25 - 30 million years. On Baikal, unlike many of the world's oldest lakes, there are no signs of aging. On the contrary, scientists suggest that Baikal is an emerging ocean. This is confirmed by the fact that its shores diverge at a speed of up to 2 cm per year, just as the continents of Africa and South America.

Located in the south Eastern Siberia. This is the deepest lake in the world, with unique features, and the largest fresh water reservoir on the planet. It has no equal in the world in terms of age, depth, reserves and properties of fresh water, diversity and endemism of organic life. Since ancient times it has been called the sacred sea, glorious, gray and formidable. Among the many epithets we can highlight the following: “world source drinking water", "the blue eye of Siberia", "an oasis of the pristine nature of the Earth", "the sacred center of Northern Asia", "a divine creation", "a sacred gift of nature", "a natural monument with unique landscapes", "a priceless treasury of the genetic wealth of the Earth", " a miracle of limnology, a focus of unique natural values." Due to its unique features, Baikal was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1996.

Baikal is one of the oldest lakes on the planet; scientists estimate its age at 25 - 30 million years. Most lakes, especially those of glacial and oxbow origin, live for 10-15 thousand years, and then fill with sediment and disappear from the face of the Earth. There are no signs of aging on Baikal, like many lakes in the world. On the contrary, research recent years allowed geophysicists to hypothesize that Baikal is an incipient ocean. This is confirmed by the fact that its shores diverge at a rate of up to 2 cm per year, just as the continents of Africa and South America diverge.
Among the lakes globe Lake Baikal ranks first in depth (1637 m). On Earth, only 6 lakes have a depth of more than 500 m. The depression of Lake Baikal morphologically represents three independent basins - the Southern with the greatest depth of 1430 m, the Middle (1637 m) and the Northern (920 m). The Baikal depression is asymmetrical. Its western side is distinguished by a steep underwater slope (40-50° steepness), while the eastern side is more gentle. Quite often in the literature about Lake Baikal we still find a lake depth mark of 1620 m. This depth was recorded in 1959 as a result of measurements with a cable lot. Echo sounding measurements in 1974 recorded the depth of the lake at 1637 m.
Currently, the Baikal depression is considered as the central link of the Baikal rift zone, which arose and developed simultaneously with the global rift system (Florensov, 1978). Geophysicists have put forward a hypothesis about the divergence of the shores of Lake Baikal at a rate of 2 cm per year. The Baikal depression is slightly wider than the modern lake, but much deeper. The depth of the depression is determined by the height of the mountains above it, the depth of the lake and the thickness of the bottom sediments lining its bottom. The most deep point The occurrence of bottom sediments of the lake is located at a depth of approximately 6 - 8 thousand m below the level of the world ocean. The “roots” of the depression cut through the entire earth’s crust and go into the upper mantle to a depth of 50-60 km. Research indicates an abnormally high heating of the subsoil under Lake Baikal. This is the deepest basin on earth.

The Baikal region has high seismicity - it is one of the most seismically active inland areas of the planet. Strong earthquakes occur with a frequency of 7 points - 1-2 years, 8 points - 5 years. In 1862, during a ten-magnitude earthquake in the northern part of the Selenga delta, a land area of 200 square meters went under water. km with 6 uluses, in which 1,300 people lived, and a new Gulf of Proval was formed. Weak earthquakes are recorded almost daily. Every year their number reaches 2 thousand or more. Scientists call Baikal "the ancient crown of Asia"

Baikal is surrounded on all sides by mountains. All along the west coast mountain ranges They come close to Lake Baikal and drop almost vertically into the water. The highest peaks of mountain ranges: Primorsky ridge - Three-headed char (1728 m), Baikal ridge - Mount Chersky (2572 m), Barguzin ridge - highest point (2840 m), Khamar-Daban - Mount Khan-Ula (2371 m).
In terms of area, Baikal (31,500 sq. km) ranks eighth in the world among lakes and approximately equal to area a country like Belgium.

Baikal is the largest reservoir of fresh water on the planet (23 thousand cubic km), which exceeds the volume of water contained in the five Great Lakes North America- Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, Ontario combined, or 2 times more than in Lake Tanganyika. About 20% of the world's reserves of fresh lake water on the planet are concentrated in the Baikal basin (excluding glaciers, snowfields and ice, where the water is in a solid state).

In the spring, after the lake is freed from ice, the water transparency reaches 40 m, which is tens of times more than in other lakes. For example, in the Caspian Sea, water transparency is 25 m, in Issyk-Kul - 20 m. On Lake Baikal, a silver coin thrown into the water can be traced to a depth of 30-40 m.
The climate of Lake Baikal and its coast has the features maritime climate and differs significantly from the climate of the surrounding area. In summer, the huge water masses of the lake warm up to a depth of 200-250 m and, like a battery, accumulate a large amount of heat. Therefore, winters on Lake Baikal are milder and summers are cooler than in the rest of Siberia. The difference in air temperature between Irkutsk and the coast of Lake Baikal during the daytime can reach 8-10°C. The absolute maximum during the period of meteorological observations in Irkutsk reached +36°С, the absolute minimum -50°С. The remoteness of Irkutsk from the seas and its location in the center of the Asian continent give the climate a sharply continental character. Maximum daily temperature differences can exceed 30°C.

Baikal (Irkutsk region, Buryatia)

The cleanest and, without a doubt, the most beautiful Lake Baikal has rightfully taken its place on the list .

Baikal is one of the greatest lakes on the planet, a lake of “superlatives”: the deepest (1637 m) and the oldest (about 25 million years old), containing the largest number of endemics (more than 1000 species) and representatives of flora and fauna (more than 2600 species ), living in fresh water bodies of the Earth. The lake has a unique reserve of fresh water in terms of volume (23.6 thousand cubic km) and quality (20% of the world's).

The lake lies in the Baikal depression - a bottomless stone bowl, surrounded on all sides by mountains. Baikal is a lake of tectonic origin in the southern part of Eastern Siberia, the deepest lake on planet Earth, the largest natural reservoir of fresh water, a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The lake and coastal areas are distinguished by a unique diversity of flora and fauna. Many of Baikal's animals, birds and fish are endemic, meaning that they live only in this ecosystem and are not found anywhere else in the world.

Local residents and many in Russia traditionally call Baikal the sea. ButTo No matter how much one would like to call this majestic reservoir of fresh water a sea, it is still a lake, which is surrounded on almost all sides by the most picturesque mountains and hills of extinct volcanoes.

The lake stretches from northeast to southwest for 632 km in the form of a giant crescent. The width of Lake Baikal ranges from 24 to 79.5 km. There is no other lake on earth that deep. The bottom of Lake Baikal is 1167 meters below the level of the World Ocean, and the surface of its waters is 453 meters higher.

The water in the lake is so clear that individual stones and various objects can be seen at a depth of 40 m. Such transparency of water can be observed after the ice melts: usually in early spring, the water of Lake Baikal becomes bright blue. In summer and autumn, when the water warms up, microplankton and algae begin to develop in small quantities: naturally, at this moment it is already quite difficult to distinguish underwater rocks at a depth of 40 meters, but the transparency is amazing even at these times of the year. True, its color changes: it does not turn into a cloudy green, on the contrary, it becomes soft turquoise.

Immerse yourself in affectionate and clearest waters Baikal... - a dream! True, the dream is only for those who know very little about this lake. The thing is that the water here does not warm up above +9 degrees Celsius even in summer. Only in small and shallow bays can you expect that the water will warm up to +16 under the sun. Therefore, swim in Baikal and see undersea world You can only cross the crystal clear water in a wetsuit. In winter, the water surface is almost completely covered with thick ice, so thick that in the 19th century sleepers were installed on the ice and steam locomotives were transported across Baikal using horses. The ice on the lake is an amazing sight: during severe frosts, cracks run through it, sometimes 30 (!) long.

There is a legend that Father Baikal had 336 son rivers and one daughter, the Angara, all of them flowed into her father in order to replenish his waters, but his daughter fell in love with the Yenisei River and began to carry her father’s waters to her beloved. In response to this, Father Baikal threw a huge piece rocks and cursed her. This rock, called the Shaman Stone, is located at the source of the Angara and is considered its beginning.

Baikal is not even an ecosystem, it is the whole world, a world in which everything exists in harmony with each other. It is impossible not to listen to the words of P.N. Kozlov, who writes that when a person communicates with nature, he becomes purer, his soul becomes whole and sensitive.

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BAIKAL - UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITE

The problem of preserving natural heritage has always existed, sometimes becoming quite acute. The relevance of studying this topic is that you need to know the unique features of this lake, to give an idea of the planetary importance of its conservation, as well as to form a careful and responsible attitude of the population.

The study of this issue began with a visit to the Baikal Limnological Museum. The scientific direction of the museum is the study of the peculiarities of the evolution of the ecosystem of Lake Baikal. The museum provides in-depth information about the history of the origin and existence of Lake Baikal, presents the biological diversity of the lake, the relationship between abiotic and biotic factors, introduces specially protected areas, talks about the study of the lake, and even provides the opportunity for a virtual dive to the bottom of Lake Baikal. natural heritage baikal planetary

The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Russia includes 26 objects, including: 16 of them are included in the list according to cultural criteria, 10 objects - according to natural ones.

In 2016 it will be 20 years since Lake Baikal was included in the World Natural Heritage List. This happened on December 5, 1996. To be included in the World Natural Heritage List, a candidate site must satisfy at least one of four criteria; Baikal satisfies all four. Of the thousand natural objects contained in the List, a little more than a dozen satisfy all four criteria.

Baikal is an exceptional natural beauty and presents a number of unique phenomena.

Baikal is the most deep lake on the planet, its depth is 1637 m, water transparency is about 40 m, this is tens of times more than in other lakes. For example, in the Caspian Sea, water transparency is 25 m, in Issyk-Kul - 20 m. On Lake Baikal, a silver coin thrown into the water can be traced to a depth of 30-40 m.

One of the oldest lakes on the planet, its age is 25 - 30 million years. On Baikal, unlike many of the world's oldest lakes, there are no signs of aging. On the contrary, scientists suggest that Baikal is an emerging ocean. This is confirmed by the fact that its shores diverge at a rate of up to 2 cm per year, just as the continents of Africa and South America diverge.

The lake, which is known as the “Galapagos of Russia,” due to its ancient age and isolation, has formed a unique freshwater ecosystem, the study of which is of enduring importance for understanding the evolution of life on Earth. The lake is home to 1,340 animal species (745 endemic) and 570 plant species (150 endemic). This species diversity has developed due to the high oxygen content in the water.

After Lake Baikal was included in the World Natural Heritage List, attention is paid to its ecological condition Special attention. Currently, on the territory of the Lake Baikal drainage basin there are two large administrative regions of Russia - the Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia. Possessing industrial and agricultural potential, these entities determine the current state of the lake’s ecosystem, being a source of pollution.

The lake has been at risk more than once; not long ago, it was planned to lay an oil pipeline through the Baikal drainage basin and five other territories with protected status, but this project did not pass the state environmental assessment.

Today there is a new threat over Lake Baikal: the construction of a hydroelectric power station planned by Mongolia on the Selenga and its tributaries, which could lead to the degradation of Lake Baikal. Selenga - largest river, flowing into the lake, provides up to 80% of the water entering the lake. The construction of dams on the river will significantly change the river's ecosystem, the consequences are only negative - there will be a deterioration in water quality and worsening water supply conditions, degradation of wetlands, loss of geological stability and an increase in the risk of landslides, erosion, and earthquakes.

The Limnological Institute identifies a new problem: the pollution of the coastal zone of Lake Baikal, which Irkutsk scientists announced in 2014, has assumed catastrophic proportions in the full sense of the word. About 60% of the lake’s coast is covered with spirogyra algae, characteristic of warm, stagnant reservoirs, almost never found in Baikal before; its closest relative lives in the area where wastewater from the Baikal pulp and paper mill enters.

They cover almost 1 km of the coast in a thick layer with a strip 2-3 meters wide, emitting bad smell. Residents of the village of Maksimikha note the disappearance of coastal whitefish, which spawn near the shore, this is due to the fact that the decomposition of algae in the coastal strip is incompatible with the reproduction of fish and other inhabitants of Lake Baikal, since oxygen is consumed by microorganisms, and its content in the water is sharply reduced. As a result of a decrease in the oxygen content in water, the death of organisms that require oxygen occurs - zooplankton, fish, and their laid eggs.

Fertilizer minerals can enter Baikal with liquid household waste (nitrogen and phosphorus), sewage (nitrogen), detergents (washing powder contains phosphorus salts), industrial waste pulp and paper production. Decaying biomass and organic waste produce secondary pollution. Eutrophication is the process by which lakes gradually become swamps and do not usually last long.

Therefore, we can conclude that the lake is currently experiencing increased anthropogenic pressure.

Moreover, the development of spirogyra poses a danger to people. Fields of rotting algae attract masses of seagulls and other birds; with their feces, intestinal bacteria enter and actively multiply, which during storms are washed into the lake itself. This is the so-called secondary sanitary pollution, which has already been diagnosed by the staff of the Limnological Institute.

Perhaps the appearance of Spirogyra in the lake is responsible for the mass death of sponges - the natural filter of Baikal water. The algae occupies the spawning grounds of yellowfly fish, which, in turn, is the favorite food of the Baikal omul. That is, the consequences may also affect the population of the latter. Sponges first die out, and then colonies of blue-green bacteria appear on them, and some genera of these bacteria can produce toxins of various effects, including those affecting the central nervous system, the liver, and can, for example, cause cirrhosis.

Baikal is unique natural complex, of interest both as an object of scientific research and as an unconditional aesthetic value.

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Project on the theme of World Heritage Lake Baikal. State Natural Biosphere Reserve "Barguzinsky"

– natural World Heritage Site

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