Option 1
A1. Biologists combine all fungi into a systematic group
1) genus 2) department 3) kingdom 4) family
A2. According to the type of nutrition, fungi are organisms
1) heterotrophic 2) autotrophic
3) photosynthetic 4) chemosynthetic
A3. The vegetative body of fungi is formed
1) roots 2) shoot 3) mycelium 4) organ system
A4. Fungi reproduce asexually using
1) gametes 2) seeds 3) spores 4) sperm
A5. Mutually beneficial relationship between plant and fungus is an example
A6. A mold fungus, the entire mycelium of which consists of one cell, is
1) mukor mushroom 2) white fungus 3) yeast 4) penicillium
A7. Morels and lines are close in systematic position to mushrooms
1) hat 2) penicillium 3) yeast 4) flour
A8. In the fruiting body of a cap mushroom
1) spores ripen 2) gametes merge
3) seeds ripen 4) buds are laid
A9. In the cycle of substances in nature, fungi play a role
1)Organic manufacturer
2) photosynthetic organism
3) herbivorous organism
4)Destroyer of organic matter
A. In the cells of fungi, the nutrient glycogen is stored.
B. Mushroom cap mushrooms has a cellular structure.
B. The fruiting body of the cap mushroom is formed by hyphae.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong
The fungal cell contains
1) outer membrane 3) unformed nucleus 4) cytoplasm
2) chloroplast 5) cell wall 6) flagellum
1) late blight 4) tinder fungus 3) ergot 6) boletus
2) mucor 5) yeast
A. Form organic matter in the light 1. Mushrooms
B. Store the nutrient - glycogen 2. Plants
B. Store the starch substance
D. They feed by absorbing ready-made nutrients
B6. Establish a correspondence between the types of cap mushrooms and the systematic groups to which they belong.
TYPES OF HAT MUSHROOMS SYSTEMATIC GROUPS
A. Trutovik 1. Marsupial mushrooms
B. Morel 2. Hat mushrooms
V. Yeast
D. Pale grebe
Write down the corresponding numbers in the table.
IN 1. Drawing task 1.
Fig.1
1) hat fungus on the soil 3) soil bacteria
2) yeast in the dough 4) flour on bread
Option 2
A1. Science deals with the study of mushrooms
1) zoology 2) mycology 3) botany 4) anatomy
A2. There is no fungal cell
1) nucleus 2) cytoplasm 3) chloroplast 4) outer membrane
A3. The fruiting body of fungi form
1) hyphae 2) roots 3) fruit with seeds 4) stem with buds
A4. Yeast fungi reproduce by
1) sexual 2) budding 3) fusion of nuclei 4) fertilization
A5. The threads of the mycelium and the roots of the plant together form
1) the fruiting body of the fungus 2) the spore-bearing tissue of the plant
3) mycorrhiza 4) spores of the fungus
A6. Mold or white coating on bread forms
1) cap mushroom 2) mukor mushroom 3) yeast 4) bacteria
A7. The body of baker's yeast consists of
1) hats and legs 2) tissues 3) one cell 4) soil mycelium
A8. The ergot fungus, which lives on cereals, feeds on
1) in the process of photosynthesis 2) as a symbiotic organism
A9. Russula mushroom is a closely related organism
1) penicillium 2) fly agaric 3) yeast 4) mucor
B1. Are the following statements true?
A. The carbohydrate chitin is included in the composition of the cell membrane of fungi.
B. Ringworm disease is caused by chemosynthetic bacteria.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong
B2. Are the following statements true?
A. Tinder hyphae grow in the wood of trees.
B. Phytophthora is a fungus that carries out the process of photosynthesis.
1) only A is true 2) only B is true
3) both judgments are true 4) both judgments are wrong
B3. Choose three true statements.
Representatives of the kingdom of mushrooms multiply
1) spores 2) seeds 3) parts of mycelium 4) roots 5) gametes 6) budding
B4. Choose three true statements.
The cap mushroom contains
1) soil mycelium 2) plant roots 3) fruit body cap 4) rhizome
5) leg of the fruiting body 6) shoot
B5. Establish a correspondence between the features of the life of organisms and their belonging to the kingdom of wildlife.
PECULIARITIES OF LIFE ACTIVITIES OF THE KINGDOM OF LIVING NATURE
A. They feed by swallowing food particles 1. Mushrooms
B. Unrestricted growth in most organisms 2. Animals
B. Active locomotion
G. Feed by absorption of substances
D. Are motionless, lead an attached lifestyle
Write down the corresponding numbers in the table.
B6. Establish a correspondence between the types of cap mushrooms and the groups to which they belong.
TYPES OF HAT MUSHROOMS GROUP
A. Boletus 1. Tubular
B. Russula 2. Lamellar
AT. Porcini
G. Fly agaric
D. Podosinovik
Write down the corresponding numbers in the table.
IN 1. Drawing task 2.
Fig.2
A. What organism is shown in the figure?
1) cap mushroom 2) yeast 3) penicillium 4) morel
B. The named organism eats
2) splitting organic matter 4) as a symbiont
B. The role of the depicted organism in economic activity people is that he
3) edible 4) poisonous
This material can be used to conduct a lesson on the topic: "Mushrooms"
A week before the lesson, the students were given the task to grow a mold fungus at home on any nutrient substrate. Several tasks are excellently achieved: children independently form material for laboratory work, they are involved in the process of preparing for the lesson, the ease with which spores fall on the substrate helps to clearly demonstrate how small they are in size.
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In class I used a PC and a projector. Using a multimedia projector, she showed a presentation that allowed students to recall previously studied material, get new information on the topic under study.As a consolidation and independent work, students perform certain tasks with subsequent verification. The use of video clips from the documentary film "Mold" made it possible to visually, in an enlarged form, show microscopic fungi.
A week before the lesson, the students were given the task to grow mold on their own at home on any substrate and bring it to the class. The ease with which the spores land on the substrate is proof of how small the spores are.
Annotation: the fifth lesson (out of six) in the topic "Bacteria and fungi". To achieve the goals and objectives, I used an individual answer at the blackboard with the use of visual aids; frontal conversation with the class; story with elements of conversation; demonstration of natural objects: mukor mushroom on bread, tinder fungus, dry yeast, raw, dissolved in water with sugar added; performance of a test task; independent work students with a textbook, filling out the table "The role of fungi in nature and human life." Since the studied objects are microscopically small, the presentation and video clips of the film "Mold" help to visually show them in an enlarged form, to learn a lot of interesting things about the "curse of the pharaohs", the manufacture of Roquefort cheese, the discovery of penicillin in Russia.
The purpose of the lesson: continue to introduce students to characteristic features mushrooms, with their various representatives.
Tasks:
Equipment: dummies of fruiting bodies of cap mushrooms, tables: "Structure of a cap mushroom", "Edible and inedible mushrooms", "Molds and Yeast", "Smut mushrooms", etc., natural objects - fruiting bodies of tinder fungi, mold colonies on various substrates, yeast, images of mushrooms, ready-made micropreparation "Mold fungus mukor", computer, multimedia projector, screen, pointer.
During the classes
I. Actualization of knowledge.
Answer the questions:
- Why is it customary to single out mushrooms in a separate kingdom?
- What signs of fungi are also characteristic of representatives of the plant kingdom?
- What signs of fungi are characteristic of representatives of the animal kingdom?
- What type of nutrition is typical for mushrooms?
- What are the methods of obtaining food in fungi?
- What methods of reproduction are found in representatives of the kingdom of fungi?
- What mushrooms are called cap mushrooms? Describe the structure of the cap mushroom. What is mycelium? SLIDE 1.
- What is the function of the fruiting body of fungi?
- What is the main difference between tubular fungi and lamellar fungi? SLIDE 2. Which mushrooms are tubular and which are lamellar?(on the example of dummies).
- Which mushrooms are edible and which are poisonous? SLIDE 3.
- What is mycorrhiza? SLIDE 4.
II. Learning new material.
Mold fungi, their habitat. Differences of mold mushrooms from cap mushrooms. The role of fungi in nature. (Teacher's story with elements of conversation, demonstration of molds on substrates, tables, film "Molds".
Teacher. You already know that among mushrooms there are also those thatdo not form fruiting bodies.Try to give examples of such mushrooms.
(Children answer.) Mold fungi, yeast.
Teacher. Many of these mushrooms live near us, in our houses and apartments. Often we do not even notice them until they show themselves too clearly. What do you think about mushrooms?
(Children answer.) We are talking about fungi.
Teacher. And what kind of mushrooms does a person use in baking?
(Children answer.) When baking bread, a person uses yeast.
SLIDE 5.
1) Teacher. Notice how different mushrooms are. Let's get to know them in more detail.(video demo). When people talk about black mold, they mean mushroom.Aspergillus black (Aspergillus niger). SLIDE 6. Fungi of the genus Aspergillus develop both on the soil and on various plant products. Mold colonies can be white, bluish, greenish or other shades. Mushroom spores are scattered in the air, so if bread, jam, and other food leftovers are left for several days, mold will soon form on them. Aspergillus develops on wet dressed leather, rotting plant debris, wet wallpaper.
Aspergillus black is widely used in the steam industry (used for the manufacture of paints, inks), but in a number of tropical countries this fungus causes a disease of sprouts of peanuts, sorghum, cotton, and grapes.
For humans, this fungus is dangerous. Probably all of you have heard about the "Curse of the Pharaohs"? Many of those who opened the tombs of the pharaohs died. This was attributed to the curse of the pharaohs. In fact, it turned out that on the walls of the tombs, on objects, on the mummy of the pharaohs, the fungus Aspergillus niger was alive (for thousands of years!)(Video clip).
2) SLIDE 7. mukor mushroom most often found on old bread, especially if it has been in damp heat place (for example, in a plastic bag). If you follow the development of this fungus, you will notice that fluffy white plaque. What do you think it is?(Children answer.) It started to grow a fungus.
Mushroom mushroom mukor actually consists of one strongly expanded and branched cell witha large number of coresin the cytoplasm. The mycelium threads are thin, colorless, and therefore the young mold looks like a white fluff.
SLIDE 8. But some hyphae grow vertically upwards. Spherical expansions appear at their ends. In these balls ripen disputes mushroom. After the spores mature, the sporangium ruptures and the spores spill out. Disputes are very small, invisible to the naked eye, they can only be seen with a sufficiently powerful microscope. In addition, controversy extremely light. How do you think these disputes spread?
(Children answer.) They are carried by the wind.
Once in favorable conditions (warmth and a certain humidity), spores germinate, resulting in the formation of a new mycelium.
What do you think, which of the methods of obtaining food is characteristic of the mukor fungus? This is saprophyte mushroom. It feeds on ready-made organic substances of inanimate plants. But this mushroom settles not only on bread. It is also found on other foods, such as fruits and vegetables, jams, etc.
Some types of mucor can cause disease in humans and animals. And Chinese mukor has long been used as a leaven in the preparation of soy cheese and some other dishes.(Demonstration of natural mucor on bread).
But some molds are beneficial, they are called noble mold.(Video clip).
3) SLIDE 9. In our homes, quite often you can find another mushroom. It's a mushroom penicillium. This fungus can live on food and soil. Unlike mucor, the penicillium mycelium does not consist of a single cell, but is divided by partitions intoindividual cells.penicillium cells single core. Separate hyphae, like those of mucor, rise vertically upward, forming special branches at the ends in the form brushes. These branches end in chains of spores, which, as they mature, are separated and carried by the air current. Some species of this fungus are specially bred in laboratories for medical purposes. The fact is that the cells of some types of penicillium contain substances that kill or suppress the vital activity of certain pathogenic bacteria.
A medicine is made from this fungus. penicillin. SLIDE 10. Most often, this medicine is used in the event of various infections that occur in open wounds. In addition, penicillin is widely used for lung diseases, meningitis. Penicillin is antibiotic that is, a substance that depresses pathogenic bacteria and some viruses. Penicillin was discovered in 1929 by the English bacteriologist Alexander Fleming.
Work on penicillin was continued by Howard Florey and Ernst Chain. A. Fleming, G. Flory and E. Cheyne were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1945.
In our country, too, there were works on the manufacture of penicillin.(Video clip).
Yeast, their structure, nutrition, reproduction. The use of yeast in the food industry. (Teacher's story with elements of conversation, demonstration of raw, dry yeast, dissolved in water with sugar added).
SLIDE 11. In addition, fungi include yeast . These are single-celled organisms that have all the basic properties of fungi. However, yeast does not form mycelium. About 500 species of yeast are known. Imagine that packs of yeast sold in stores are living organisms, compressed into a briquette and frozen. If a small amount of yeast from a pack is diluted in water and viewed under a microscope, many oval or oblong shaped cells can be seen. These are yeast cells. Inside the cells arevacuoles fat drops.Individual yeast cells are often connected into branching chains bizarre shape.
SLIDE 12. Yeast multiply as a result budding. First, a tubercle appears on the mother cell, which constantly increases in size. Then the nucleus of the mother cell divides. Part of the nucleus remains in the mother cell, and part goes to the budding daughter cell. A new young cell can completely separate from the mother or stay close to her. Gradually, young cells grow and form new, daughter cells. As a result, a fairly long branched chain consisting of individual yeast cells can arise.
When does yeast begin to multiply?
If you add a little sugar and a drop of salt to the water with yeast, the yeast cells will begin to actively grow and multiply. Yeast grows very fast due to its very high metabolic rate. At the same time, it changes greatly chemical composition environment. Yeast feeds on sugar, decomposing it into alcohol and carbon dioxide. As a result of this chemical process, energy is released, which the fungi use to ensure their life. These features of yeast have long been used by man in winemaking (yeast causes alcoholic fermentation), as well as in baking. SLIDE 13 (The carbon dioxide released by the yeast creates bubbles in the dough, making the dough soft and airy.)(Demonstration of a natural object: yeast dissolved in sweet water).
What mode of nutrition was typical for the mushrooms we described earlier?
(Children answer.) Both fungi and yeast are saprotrophs.
What does it mean?
(Children answer.) This means that these fungi feed on the remains of living organisms or their secretions.
How do you think people deal with this fungus on agricultural plants?In order for the fungus not to develop on agricultural plants, it is necessary to destroy its spores adhering to the seed grain. This is done usingcentrifugation,as well as some grainsetched with chemicalsfor example, a solution formalin.
3) Cereals, including those cultivated by humans, also infect a fungus calledbread rust. SLIDE 16. The mushroom got its name due to the fact that it affects mainly bread cereals. The development cycle of this fungus is very complex. This fungus first develops on other plants (often on barberry), and in early - mid-summer on various cereals, mainly on wheat. During one summer, the fungus forms several generations of spores. Spores are colored inrusty brown,for which the mushroom got its name. Sometimes the spores are formed so much that they, scattering with the help of the wind, lay down a layer of reddish dust on various objects. Bread rust strikes leaves and stems plants. But what harm from this person?(Children make their guesses.)On plants infected with this fungus, ears may not form at all or they turn out to be small and the grain does not ripen. The spores of this fungus can be carried by the wind for hundreds and even thousands of kilometers, which makes it very difficult to fight it.
What solutions could you suggest to solve this problem?(Children make their guesses.)Agronomists have learned to deduce cereal varieties, resistant to infection this mushroom.
(Children answer.) These mushrooms are most often found in the forest on tree trunks.
What part of the fungus do you think we usually see?
(Children answer.) Usually on the surface of the tree there is a fruit mushroom body.
- What is its function?
(Children answer.) It produces spores of the fungus.
And where is the mycelium of the fungus (mycelium)?
(Children answer.) Mycelium mushroom is inside the tree trunk. mushroom hyphaedestroy woodtree, causing him great harm. The wood of a tree infected with the fungus gradually becomes rotten, hollows often form in these trees and the trees break. The appearance of these fungi can greatly shorten the life of a tree.
But how can a tree become infected with this fungus?
(Children answer.) Disputes these fungi spread wind. They settle on various objects in the forest: on soil, grass, tree trunks. If there is a wound or damage on the tree trunk, the spores penetrate the bark, germinate and form mycelium. The mycelium gradually grows and after a while fruiting bodies of mushrooms are formed.
Fruit bodies of tinder fungi perennial. They grow every year, forming concentric influxes. What can be said about the fungus by the number of these influxes?(Children answer.) By the number of influxes, one can judge about age fruiting body of the fungus.
On strawberries and strawberries - gray rot. SLIDE 21. Often settles on apples fruit rot. SLIDE 22. mushroom called powdery mildew, SLIDE 23 often affects the leaves, young shoots and fruits of gooseberries, as well as other plants such as potatoes, currants, tomatoes.
III. Consolidation of knowledge and skills (Performance of a test task).
1. Mukor mushroom picker is:
A) multicellular formations;
B) one multinucleated cell;
C) one single-nuclear cell;
D) non-cellular formation.
2. Fluffy white coating of mucor becomes black after a while, because:
A) its threads die and rot;
B) with age, black substances are formed in the threads;
C) spores are formed in its heads.
3. Mushroom-brush, from which the medicine is produced:
A) penicillium;
B) tinder fungus;
B) smut;
D) phytophthora.
4. Microscopic fungi that have long been used by humans:
A) yeast;
B) Trutovik;
B) mucor;
D) phytophthora.
5. Yeast breeds:
A) disputes
B) budding;
B) mycelium;
D) hyphae.
A) ergot;
B) tinder fungus;
B) smut;
D) phytophthora.
A) mucor;
B) tinder fungus;
B) smut;
D) phytophthora.
8. The spores of what fungus, when ingested with flour, can cause poisoning?
A) ergot;
B) smut;
B) tinder fungus;
D) phytophthora.
9. The fruiting body of which fungus is shaped like a hoof?
A) phytophthora;
B) tinder fungus;
B) smut;
D) ergot.
Independent work of students with a textbook.
Using the text of the textbook (textbook by V.V. Pasechnik 9.10), as well as the knowledge gained in the lesson and the notes in the notebook, fill out the table.
Representatives | Biological features | Significance in nature and human life |
Mukor | The mycelium is represented by a large, highly branched cell with many nuclei. It reproduces by patches of mycelium and spores. Spores are produced in capitate sporangia | Participates in the decomposition of plant residues. Causes great damage to human economic activity, spoiling food during storage |
Penicillium | Mycelium multicellular, branched. It reproduces by patches of mycelium and spores. Spores are formed on the branches of sporangiophores | Cause spoilage of food during storage. Used to produce antibiotics (penicillin) |
Yeast | The mycelium consists of oval or elongated rod-shaped mononuclear cells. They live in environments containing sugar. Reproduce by budding and spores | Participate in the decomposition of organic compounds, causing fermentation. They are used in bakery, confectionery industry, in the production of feed products, proteins, vitamins. They are objects of study by biochemists and geneticists |
Trutovik | Reduce the lifespan of trees. Participate in the decomposition of plant residues. Destroy wooden buildings. One of the species (chaga) is used in medicine |
|
Smut | Causes damage to agricultural grain farming. Reduces the yield of cereals or almost completely destroys it |
|
Ergot | They affect meadow and cereals, reduce grain yield. The spores of the fungus are poisonous and can cause poisoning. Some mushroom chemicals are used in medicine |
|
Phytophthora | It affects the leaves and tubers of potatoes, as well as the leaves and fruits of tomato. Causing damage to agriculture |
IV. Lesson results. Homework.
P. 9, 10 Complete the table to the end, using textbook material and additional literature.
References:
- Biology. Bacteria, fungi, plants. Grade 6: thematic and lesson planning for the textbook by V.V. Pasechnik "Biology. Bacteria, fungi, plants": A guide for the teacher / N.V. Dubinina, V.V. Beekeeper. - M.: Bustard, 2002.
Training tests on the topic "Mushrooms"
1. What are the similarities between mushrooms and plants?
1) they create organic substances from inorganic
2) they can't actively move around
3) their cells have a chitinous membrane
4) they have a well-developed root system
2. What is the function of the mycelium located in the soil?
1) absorbs water, mineral salts and organic matter
2) forms spores involved in reproduction
3) participates in the formation of germ cells
4) forms root hairs
3. Mushrooms are obtained from the plant with the help of hyphae penetrating into the cells of tree roots.
1) water 2) vitamins 3) organic matter 4) mineral salts
4. Mushrooms, like animals,
1) absorb minerals with the help of hyphae
2) feed on ready-made organic substances
3) lead a stationary lifestyle and settle with the help of spores
4) grow throughout life
5. What organisms enter into symbiosis with trees and provide them with water and minerals?
1) cap mushrooms 2) mold fungi 3) yeast 4) bacteria
6. Chloroplasts are not contained in cells
1) white poplar 2) white fungus
3) sphagnum (white moss) 4) beet leaves
7. What kingdom does the organism belong to, whose body
is a mycelium consisting of hyphae?
1) plants 2) bacteria 3) fungi 4) lichens
8. What does the fruiting body of a cap mushroom consist of?
1) different in structure and function of cells 3) different tissues
2) tightly intertwined hyphae 4) specific organs
9. Main function fruiting bodies of cap mushrooms -
1) providing fungal cells with minerals
2) supply of the fungus with organic substances
3) vegetative propagation by parts of the cap
4) the formation of spores for reproduction
10. White mushroom in the biogeocenosis of the forest
1) breaks down organic matter to mineral
2) enters into symbiosis with the roots of trees
3) enriches the soil with humus
4)serves as an indicator of environmental pollution
11. The splitting of dead organic residues to mineral ones in biogeocenosis is carried out
1) mold fungi 2) nodule bacteria
3) tinder mushrooms 4) porcini mushrooms
12. Mycorrhiza is
1) hyphae of the fungus on which the fruiting body develops
3) plant disease caused by fungi
4) hyphae of the fungus fused with the roots of the plant
13. What is the difference between mushrooms and plants?
1) the presence of a nucleus 2) unicellular and multicellular organisms
3) absorb water from the substrate 4) lack of chlorophyll
14. What type of reproduction is typical for yeast?
1) sexual process 2) vegetative 3) budding 4) conjugation
15. The causative agent of ringworm refers to
1) viruses 2) bacteria 3) fungi 4) lichens
16. Which organism is NOT multicellular?
1) yeast 2) champignon 3) tinder fungus 4) penicillium
17. What mushroom lives in symbiosis with tree roots?
1) ergot 2) birch chaga 3) boletus 4) raincoat
18. Why are white mushrooms often found in the oak forest?
1) There is a lot of light in the oak forest.
2) White mushrooms with oak roots form mycorrhiza.
3) Ceps in the oak forest have no competitors.
4) There are no animals in the oak forest that feed on porcini mushrooms.
19. One of the signs by which mushrooms are distinguished into an independent kingdom is that they
1) live in the soil 2) immobile heterotrophs
3) capable of photosynthesis 4) consist of cells that do not have nuclei
20. What gas do mushrooms absorb during respiration?
1) ozone 2) nitrogen 3) oxygen 4) carbon dioxide
21. For the production of medicines, a mushroom is grown
1) mucor 2) penicillium 3) late blight 4) champignon
22. The vast majority of mushrooms by way of nutrition:
23. The fruiting bodies of which mushrooms have a stump and a hat:
1) line 2) truffle 3) raincoat 4) boletus
24. Yeast refers to:
1) algae 2) fungi 3) lichens 4) bacteria
25. The cell wall of fungi consists of:
1) chitin 2) glycogen 3) protein 4) cellulose
26. The microorganisms shown in the figure are:
1) yeast 2) chlamydomonas
3) E. coli 4) sphagnum
27. Hat mushrooms include:
1) pale grebe 2) penicillium 3) mucor 4) yeast
28. Mycorrhiza forms:
1) mukor; 2) champignon; 3) boletus; 4) ergot.
29. The fruiting body is a part of:
1) boletus 2) yeast 3) mucor 4) penicillium
30. Tube fungi include:
1) pale grebe 2) raincoat 3) boletus 4) fly agaric
31. What is shown in the figure:
1) unicellular alga chlorella 3) penicillium
2) mold fungus mucor 4) chlamydomonas
32. The following have the ability to photosynthesis:
1) saprotrophic bacteria 2) viruses 3) plants 4) fungi
33. Mushroom mushroom consists of:
1) organs and tissues 3) many individual cells
2) one fabric 4) many intertwining threads (hyphae).
34. The disease of plants, which is shown in the figure, is called:
1) smut 2) ergot 3) powdery mildew 4) rust
35. Many hat mushrooms live only in relationship with trees, so they are classified as
1) chemotrophs 2) phototrophs 3) autotrophs 4) symbionts
36. Mushrooms are:
1) a separate group of plants; 2) symbiosis of plants and bacteria;
3) a special group of animals; 4) a special group of living beings
37. To preserve the diversity of mushrooms, when picking them, do not damage the mycelium, as it
1) improves soil fertility
2) serves as a place for the formation of spores
3) protect the soil from water erosion
4) absorbs water and minerals from the soil
38. The belonging of fungi to heterotrophic organisms is evidenced by
1) absence of plastids in cells
2) the absence of chromosomes in cells
3) the presence in the cells of the nucleus and cytoplasm
4) the presence of a plasma membrane in cells
39. Fungal spores, like plant spores, are
1) cells that serve for reproduction and settlement
2) elongated cells that perform the function of nutrition
3) cells from which complex weaves are formed
4) many elongated cells that perform the function
gas exchange with the environment
40. Canned mushrooms last longer than fresh ones because
1) they are low in nutrients: proteins, fats, carbohydrates
2) they are in a jar with a lid
3) there are no conditions necessary for the life of putrefactive bacteria
4) they were washed clean before canning
1) treat before sowing with growth stimulants
2) do not grow plants in areas located next to the forest
3) treat seeds before sowing with pesticides
4) harvest in a short time
42. What is the life process of yeast that underlies their use for making dough?
1) release of oxygen
2) rapid reproduction
3) the formation of organic substances from inorganic
4) release of carbon dioxide during fermentation
43. The higher organization of fungi in comparison with bacteria is evidenced by
1) the presence of a nucleus in their cells, the predominance of multicellular organisms
2) the presence in their cells of the membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes
3) the ability of fungi to enter into symbiosis with plants
4) participation in the cycle of substances in nature as destroyers of organic substances
Three answers out of six
Q 1. What are the similarities between mushrooms and plants?
A) make up a group of heterotrophic organisms
B) make up a group of nuclear organisms
B) play the role of destroyers of organic matter in the ecosystem
D) have a cellular structure
D) have a similar metabolic process
E) reproduce asexually and sexually
Q 2. How are fungi different from bacteria?
A) make up a group of nuclear organisms (eukaryotes)
B) are heterotrophic organisms
B) reproduce by spores
D) unicellular and multicellular organisms
D) use oxygen in the air to breathe
E) participate in the cycle of substances in the ecosystem
B 3. Mushrooms are incorrectly classified as plants, since they
A) feed on ready-made organic substances
B) grow throughout life
D) play the role of destroyers of organic matter in the ecosystem
D) make up a group of nuclear organisms (eukaryotes)
E) breathe oxygen in the air
Q 4. How are mushrooms different from plants?
A) are motionless and grow throughout life
B) feed on ready-made organic substances
B) nuclear organisms (eukaryotes)
D) do not have chloroplasts and are not capable of photosynthesis
D) synthesize chitin in cells
E) absorb nutrients from the entire surface of the body
B 5. The function of fungi in the circulation of substances is that they:
1) decompose organic matter
2) synthesize organic substances from inorganic
3) as part of trophic chains they are consumers
4) in the composition of trophic chains are decomposers
5) consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide
6) consume carbon dioxide and release oxygen
Match
B 6. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the fungus
and the group to which it belongs.Characteristics of mushrooms mushroom groups
1) form fruiting bodies A) hat
2) consist of mycelium and legs B) moldy
head or brush3) often grow on food, causing spoilage
4) used to obtain drugs
5) enter into symbiosis (cohabitation) with plant roots
6) many people uses in food
B 7. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of the fungus and the group to which it belongs.
Characteristics of mushrooms mushroom groups
1) multicellular A) hat
2) unicellular B) yeast
3) reproduce by budding
4) multiply by parts of the mycelium
5) form fruiting bodies
6) used in baking bread
B 8. Establish a correspondence between the example of a fungus and a group of organisms that differ in the way they feed.
mushroom examples Groups of organisms2) penicillium B) saprotrophs
3) late blight
5) smut
B 9. Establish a correspondence between the function and the part of the mushroom that performs this function.
Functions of the fungus
1) absorbs water and minerals
2) accumulates organic substances in cells
3) forms spores
4) carries out vegetative reproduction
5) enters into symbiosis with the roots of trees
B 10. Establish a correspondence between the trait of an organism and its belonging to a kingdom.
SIGN OF THE ORGANISM
A) according to the method of nutrition - autotrophs and heterotrophs
B) according to the method of nutrition - only heterotrophs
B) the cell has a well-shaped nucleus
D) the body is formed by hyphae
D) the nuclear substance is located in the cytoplasm
B 11. Establish a correspondence between the trait and the kingdom of living organisms:
A) the synthesis of organic substances from inorganic
B) division of the body into root, stem and leaves
B) heterotrophic type of nutrition
D) the presence of tissues
D) the body consists of intertwining threads
E) the presence of chitin in the cell wall
B 12. Establish a correspondence between the trait and the kingdom of living organisms:
A) absorption of food by the entire surface of the body
B) the absence of real tissues
C) the ability to exist in symbiosis with plant
organisms
D) active capture of food
D) lack of a rigid cell wall
E) reproduction by spores
B 13. In many species of angiosperms, young
Roots fuse with fungal hyphae to form ________. Such relationships between organisms are called ____________.
List of terms:
1 - competition
2 - symbiosis
3 - nodules
From 1.1. What harm does a tinder fungus bring to a birch?
From 1.2. Why is the soil in forest plantations populated with mycorrhizal fungi?
From 1.3. What is the basic rule to follow when collecting mushrooms to preserve their numbers?
From 1.5. Why mushrooms are isolated in a special kingdom organic world?
From 1.6. What are the features of the structure and life of fungi?
From 1.7. What are plant and fungal spores?
From 2. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made, explain them.
1. Mushrooms occupy a special position in the system of the organic world, they cannot be attributed to either the plant kingdom or the animal kingdom, although there are some similarities with them.
2. All mushrooms are multicellular organisms, the basis of the body of which is mycelium, or mycelium.
4. Like plants, fungi have strong cell walls made of cellulose.
5. Mushrooms are immobile and grow throughout life.
Read the text and do the tasks
MYCORRHIZA
Mycorrhiza is a symbiosis of a fungus with the roots of woody plants. It has been established that trees without mycorrhiza develop worse, lag behind in growth, are weakened, and are more susceptible to diseases.
The mycelium of the fungus, which can be compared to the root hairs of plant roots, forms a sheath around the root or penetrates into the tissues of the host plant.
Mycorrhiza occurs mainly in spruce, pine, birch, aspen, oak and other trees. In this case, the fruiting bodies of the mushrooms can be seen near the trees. At the same time, the heterotrophic fungus receives carbohydrates and vitamins from the tree and, in turn, breaks down the proteins of soil humus into amino acids; part of the amino acids is absorbed and used by the tree. Due to the mycelium of the fungus, the area of absorption of water and minerals increases.
From W Read the text "Mycorrhiza". Fill in the table "Symbiosis of a fungus and a plant" the columns indicated by the numbers 1, 2, 3.
SYMBIOSIS OF FUNGUS AND PLANT
From 4 Using the text "Mycorrhiza" and knowledge of soil nutrition of plants, compare the hyphae of a fungus and the root hairs of a plant. What do they have in common and how do they differ?
From 5 Based on the materials of the text “Mycorrhiza”, suggest why, when artificially planting tree species in nurseries, during reforestation after clearing, pieces of mycelium or individual hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi are introduced into the soil? How is fungal nutrition different from plant nutrition?
The test contains a number of tasks aimed at testing knowledge about the Kingdom of Mushrooms. The first task is drawing. The second task is questions with one correct answer. the third task is work with food chains. The fourth task is to choose the correct statements.
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"Test on the topic "General characteristics of the Kingdom of Mushrooms""Exercise 1 Look at the picture and label the parts of the mushroom ( work is done in a notebook )
Task 2 Choose one correct answer for each test question
1. Mushrooms are similar to plants because
a) capable of photosynthesis; b) able to grow indefinitely;
c) consume ready-made inorganic matter; d) contain cellulose.
2. Mushrooms are similar to animals, since
a) immobile; b) absorb food by suction;
c) are heterotrophs; d) contain chitin.
3. Tube fungi include
a) wave; b) honey agaric; c) ginger; d) boletus.
4. Agaric fungi include
a) white; b) russula; c) butter dish; d) boletus
5. Which of the following mushrooms are inedible?
a) tinder; b) lines c) morel d) oyster mushroom.
6. The vegetative body of fungi forms
a) mycorrhiza; b) a hat c) mycelium; d) leg
7. Symbiosis of mycelium and plant roots is called
a) mycorrhiza; b) mycelium; c) fruiting body; d) mushroom.
8. Phytophthora belongs to the class
a) imperfect mushrooms; b) oomycetes; c) basidiomycetes; d) marsupials.
9. Mushrooms are not capable of photosynthesis because they
10 Mushrooms Proliferate
a) disputes; b) seeds; c) part of the root; d) part of the stem.
11. K poisonous mushrooms applies
a) autumn honey agaric; b) russula; c) pale grebe; d) tinder.
a) form organic substances in the light; b) settle on food;
c) settle on other living organisms; d) feed on ready-made minerals.
13. Fungi, unlike bacteria, have
a) a decorated core; b) cytoplasm; c) plastids; d) there is no cell wall.
14. Mushrooms eat
a) oxygen; b) carbon dioxide; c) ready-made organic substances; d) mineral salts.
15. A fungus receives from a tree with the help of a mycelium
a) mineral salts; b) oxygen; c) organic substances; d) water.
16. Mushroom supplies the tree
a) oxygen; b) water and mineral salts; c) organic substances; d) starch.
17. K fungi applies
a) mukor; b) fox; c) yeast; d) smut
18. Hat mushrooms include
a) yeast; b) russula; c) smut; d) mukor.
19. To obtain a medicine, a mushroom is bred
a) a smut; b) yeast; c) mukor; d) penicillium.
20. Yeast breeds
a) eggs b) zoospores; c) budding; d) spermatozoa.
Task 3 Make a branched power circuit according to the scheme.
Mushrooms
Questions with a choice of one correct answer.
A1. The main difference between fungi and plants is that they:
1) have a cellular structure,
2) absorb water and mineral salts from the soil,
3) are both unicellular and multicellular,
A2. What features of the vital activity of fungi indicate their similarity with plants?
1) accumulation of chitin in cell membranes,
2) unlimited growth throughout life,
3) consumption of prepared organic substances,
4) mineralization of organic residues.
A3. The similarity of the vital activity of fungi and animals is manifested in the fact that they:
1) absorb minerals by the surface of hyphae,
2) feed on ready-made organic substances,
3) lead an immobile lifestyle and settle with the help of spores,
4) grow throughout life.
A4. Fungi, compared to bacteria, have a higher level of organization, since:
1) according to the way they feed, they are heterotrophic organisms,
2) they can be found in different environments habitat,
3) they play the role of destroyers in the ecosystem,
4) their cells have a well-formed nucleus.
A5. Organelles that are absent in fungal cells are:
1) plastids,
3) ribosomes,
4) mitochondria.
A6. The shell of a fungal cell, unlike a plant cell, consists of:
1) fiber,
2) a chitin-like substance,
3) contractile proteins,
4) lipids.
A7. For nutrition, saprotrophic mushrooms use:
1) air nitrogen,
2) carbon dioxide and oxygen,
3) organic matter of dead bodies,
4) organic substances created by them in the process of photosynthesis.
A8. Mycorrhiza of the fungus is:
1) mycelium, on which fruiting bodies develop,
2) a set of cells that perform similar functions,
3) complex interweaving of hyphae among themselves,
4) cohabitation of the fungus and plant roots.
A9. Mushrooms, unlike plants:
1) have unlimited growth,
2) do not have a cellular structure,
3) are not capable of photosynthesis,
4) have a nucleus in the cell.
A10. The interaction of a tree and a tinder fungus is an example:
2) symbiosis,
3) competition,
4) commensalism.
A11. Mycorrhiza forms:
2) champignon,
3) boletus,
4) ergot.
A12. In plant, fungal, and bacterial cells, the cell wall consists of:
1) only from proteins,
2) only from lipids,
3) from proteins and lipids,
4) from polysaccharides.
A13. Mushrooms are:
1) a separate group of plants,
2) symbiosis of plants and bacteria,
3) a special group of animals,
4) a special group of living beings.
A14. Mushrooms of mushrooms, feeding on dead organic remains of stumps, fallen trees, belong to the group:
3) autotrophs,
4) symbionts.
A15. The relationship between fungus and algae in lichen is called:
2) tenancy,
3) symbiosis,
4) freeloading.
A16. For the preparation of antibiotics in industry use:
1) yeast,
2) mold,
3) tinder mushrooms,
4) hat mushrooms.
A17. Yeasts obtain energy for life by:
1) chemosynthesis,
2) photosynthesis,
3) protein biosynthesis,
4) alcoholic fermentation.
A18. The thin, colorless multicellular filaments that form the mycelium are called:
1) root hairs,
3) sieve tubes,
4) sporangia.
A19. The groups into which cap mushrooms are divided according to the structure of the lower layer of the cap:
1) lower and higher,
2) single-layer and multi-layer,
3) tubular and lamellar,
A20. The function of the fruiting bodies of cap mushrooms is:
1) absorption of water and minerals,
2) storage of organic substances,
3) the formation of organic substances,
4) the formation of disputes.
A21. Yeast is used in baking:
1) as a source of vitamins,
2) to neutralize harmful impurities,
3) to obtain porous, light bread and speed up baking,
4) for longer storage of bread.
A22. A sign of the similarity of mushrooms and plants:
1) the formation of glycogen,
2) the presence of plastids,
3) starch formation,
4) absorption of substances from the soil by suction.
A23. What are the cap and stem of a mushroom?
1) cells containing chloroplasts,
2) mycorrhiza,
3) fruiting body,
4) the organism of the fungus.
A24. For the production of the drug penicillin using biotechnology, the following are grown under special conditions:
1) bacteria,
2) algae,
3) viruses,
4) mold fungi.
A25. Mushrooms and plants bring together:
1) autotrophic mode of nutrition,
2) heterotrophic mode of nutrition,
3) the presence of organs and tissues,
4) the presence of a cell wall and reproduction by spores.
Questions with the choice of several correct answers.
IN 1. How can mushrooms be distinguished from animals?
A) feed on ready-made organic substances,
B) have a cellular structure,
B) grow throughout life
D) have a body consisting of hyphae,
D) absorb nutrients from the surface of the body,
E) have limited growth.
IN 2. Mushrooms, like plants:
A) grow throughout life
B) have limited growth,
B) absorb nutrients from the surface of the body
D) feed on ready-made organic substances,
E) have a cellular structure.
Compliance tasks.
IN 3. Establish a correspondence between groups of mushrooms according to the method of nutrition and their examples.
GROUPS OF MUSHROOMS EXAMPLES OF MUSHROOMS
A) saprotrophs, 1. fly agaric,
3. late blight,
4. smut,
5. yeast,
6. ergot.
AT 4. Establish a correspondence between groups of fungi according to the structure of the fruiting body and their examples.
GROUPS OF MUSHROOMS EXAMPLES OF MUSHROOMS
A) Tubular mushrooms, 1. white mushroom,
B) agaric mushrooms. 2. wave,
3. boletus,
4. boletus,
5. champignon,
6. russula.
AT 5. Establish a correspondence between the characteristics of organisms and the group for which it is characteristic.
GROUPS OF ORGANISMS SIGNS OF ORGANISMS
A) Mushrooms, 1. isolated into a special kingdom,
B) lichens. 2. the body is a thallus,
3. have a fruiting body,
4. according to the method of nutrition - auto-heterotrophs,
5. enter into symbiosis with plant roots,
6. represent a symbiosis of fungi and algae.
Tasks to establish the correct sequence.
AT 6. Establish the sequence of phases of the development of the cap fungus, starting with the entry of spores into the soil.
A) spore germination and mycelium formation,
B) maturation of the fruiting body and the formation of spores,
C) the formation of a fruiting body,
D) the spread of spores.
Tasks with a free answer (C1-2 - short, C4-5 - detailed)
C1. What is the basic rule to follow when collecting mushrooms to preserve their numbers?
C2. Why is the soil populated with mycorrhizal fungi in forest plantations?
C3. Find errors in the given text. Indicate the numbers of sentences in which errors were made, explain them.
C4. Why are fungi isolated in a special kingdom of the organic world?
Mushrooms Answers to the tasks of part A
Answers to the tasks of part B
Answers to the tasks of part C
C1. It is impossible to damage the mycelium, since new fruiting bodies will not grow on the destroyed mycelium.
C3. Response elements:
Mistakes made in sentences:
- 2 - among the fungi there are also unicellular, for example, yeast;
- 3 - there are no autotrophs among fungi (since their cells do not have chlorophyll);
- 4 - the cell walls of fungi are made of chitin, not cellulose.
C4. Response elements:
- mushrooms cannot be attributed to plants, since their cells do not have chlorophyll and chloroplasts;
- mushrooms cannot be attributed to animals, since they absorb nutrients from the entire surface of the body, and do not swallow them in the form of food lumps;
- mushrooms, unlike animals, grow throughout life;
- the body of mushrooms consists of thin branching threads - hyphae, forming a mycelium, or mycelium;
- mycelial cells store carbohydrates in the form of glycogen.
C5. Response elements:
- their cells do not have chloroplasts and do not contain chlorophyll;
- they are heterotrophic, not capable of photosynthesis;
- they have a chitin cell wall.
