Offers a plan for learning new material.
Plan: Slide 4 + card for each table.
1. The concept of fitness of organisms.
2. Types of adaptations of organisms.
3. The mechanism of the appearance of adaptations.
4. Relativity of devices.
Question to the class: Remember what Darwin called natural selection? (hearing answers) Slide 5
In a natural environment, due to the constant natural selection of individuals that are most suitable for given conditions, a change in old forms and the formation of new ones gradually occur. In this case, selection mainly acts through the preservation and accumulation of small hereditary changes.
Question to the class: What is the fitness of organisms? Hears answers.
Work with text. Task: Read the text "Fitness". Find the definition of fitness in the text.
Checks the execution of a task. slide 6
The fitness of organisms is a combination of those features of the structure, physiology and behavior of organisms that provide a given species with the opportunity to live in certain environmental conditions.
Fitness is also called adaptation.
Organize vocabulary. Let's look in the dictionary for the meaning of this word in different dictionaries. Asks the question: What keyword in all senses of the word "adaptation"?
Teacher's explanation:
All living organisms are optimally adapted to their living conditions. Fitness increases the chances of organisms to survive and leave offspring, that is, it helps such individuals win the struggle for existence and pass on their genes to the next generations. Since the living conditions of organisms are diverse, adaptations to them are just as diverse.
Adaptations affect the external and internal signs and properties of organisms, features of reproduction and behavior, that is, there are many different forms of adaptability of organisms to environment. But all existing adaptations can conditionally be divided into 3 large groups: (Slide 7 with a classification scheme for adaptations)
1. Morphological adaptations
2. Physiological adaptations
3. Complex adaptations (biochemical adaptations, behavioral adaptations)
Assignment to the class: You have charts for classifying adaptations on your desks. During the explanation, you must fill in the blanks of this diagram.
CLASSIFICATION OF ADAPTATIONS
ADAPTATIONS
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EXAMPLES: |
EXAMPLES: |
EXAMPLES: |
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1. MORPHOLOGICAL ADAPTATION - teacher's story.
These adaptations are associated with the structural features of the body. For example, the flat shape of the body of bottom fish and the torpedo-shaped body of sharks (Slide 8-9); thick woolen cover in northern mammals,
flexible body in burrowing animals;
protective devices (shells, spikes, spines, needles) (Slide 10-11);
A small report was prepared about morphological adaptations that act as means of passive protection. Let's listen to him.
2. PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS (Slide 12)
I organize S.r.
Assignment to the class: Read the text and find examples of physiological adaptations, write them down in the diagram.
Text PHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATIONS (Appendix 3)
3. DIFFICULT ADAPTATIONS - explanation with slideshow.
a) Biochemical adaptations
Many animals and plants are able to form various substances that serve as protection against enemies and for attacking other animals. The odorous substances of bedbugs, poisons of snakes, spiders, scorpions (Slide 13);
One of the results, but not being a natural guide driving force process can be called development in all living organisms - adaptations to the environment. Ch. Darwin emphasized that all adaptations, no matter how perfect they are, are relative. Natural selection forms adaptation to specific conditions of existence (in given time and in a given place), and not to all possible environmental conditions. The variety of specific adaptations can be divided into several groups, which are forms of adaptability of organisms to the environment.
Some forms of fitness in animals:
Protective coloration and body shape (camouflage). For example: grasshopper, snowy owl, flounder, octopus, stick insect.
Warning coloration. For example: wasps, bumblebees, ladybugs, rattlesnakes.
Frightening behavior. For example: bombardier beetle, skunk or American stink bug.
Mimicry(external similarity of unprotected animals with protected ones). For example: a hoverfly fly looks like a bee, harmless tropical snakes look like poisonous snakes.
Some forms of fitness in plants:
Dry adaptations. For example: pubescence, accumulation of moisture in the stem (cactus, baobab), turning leaves into needles.
Adaptations to high humidity. For example: large leaf surface, many stomata, increased evaporation rate.
Pollination by insects. For example: bright, attractive flower color, presence of nectar, smell, flower shape.
Adaptations for wind pollination. For example: the removal of stamens with anthers far beyond the flower, small, light pollen, the pistil is strongly pubescent, the petals and sepals are not developed, do not interfere with the blowing of other parts of the flower by the wind.
Fitness of organisms
- the relative expediency of the structure and functions of the body, which is the result of natural selection, eliminating individuals unadapted to the given conditions of existence. Thus, the protective coloration of the brown hare in summer makes it invisible, but unexpectedly fallen snow patronizing coloration the hare makes it impractical, as it becomes clearly visible to predators. Wind-pollinated plants remain unpollinated in rainy weather.
Plants and animals are remarkably adapted to the environment in which they live. The concept of "species fitness" includes not only external signs, but also the conformity of the structure internal organs the functions they perform (for example, a long and complex digestive tract ruminants that eat plant foods). The correspondence of the physiological functions of the organism to the conditions of its habitat, their complexity and diversity is also included in the concept of fitness.
Adaptive behavior is of great importance for the survival of organisms in the struggle for existence. In addition to hiding or demonstrative, frightening behavior when an enemy approaches, there are many other options for adaptive behavior that ensures the survival of adults or juveniles. So, many animals store food for the unfavorable season of the year. In the desert, for many species, the time of greatest activity is at night, when the heat subsides.
The adaptability of organisms to their environment is inextricably linked with their viability, ability to compete (competitiveness) and leaving normal offspring.
Viability
Animals
Plants
Butterfly body coloration
The cat and its wild relatives (tiger, leopard) hunt from ambush, stealing prey. All cats take care of themselves and lick their fur so that there is no smell. After all, the victims should not smell the predator. A cat hunts most often in the dark, because, hiding, at this time it becomes less noticeable. Therefore, all cats see well in the dark. The cat is a solitary animal, she "walks by herself"; Therefore, these animals are difficult to train.
A completely different matter is the dog. Canine relatives (wolves, jackals) mostly hunt in packs, so they are very sociable and easily get used to obey their leader. The dog can be trained and becomes very obedient. Dogs lick themselves very rarely and smell like a dog - after all, these animals do not sit in ambush. To find prey, the dog and its relatives use their keen senses. It is excellent in dogs, these animals can follow the trail for a long time.
The habitat of living organisms affects them both directly and indirectly. Creatures constantly interact with the environment, getting food from it, but at the same time releasing the products of their metabolism.
The environment belongs to:
- natural - appeared on Earth regardless of human activity;
- technogenic - created by people;
- external - this is everything that is around the body, and also affects its functioning.
How do living organisms change their environment? They contribute to a change in the gas composition of the air (as a result of photosynthesis) and take part in the formation of relief, soil, and climate. Through the influence of living beings:
- increased oxygen content;
- the amount of carbon dioxide has decreased;
- the composition of the ocean water has changed;
- organic rocks appeared.
Thus, the relationship between living organisms and their environment is a strong circumstance that provokes various transformations. There are four distinct living environments.
Ground-Air Habitat
Includes air and ground parts and is great for the reproduction and development of living beings. This is a rather complex and diverse environment, which is characterized by a high degree of organization of all living things. Susceptibility of soil to erosion, pollution leads to a decrease in the number of living beings. In the terrestrial habitat, organisms have a fairly well-developed external and internal skeleton. This happened because the density of the atmosphere is much less than the density of water. One of the significant conditions for existence is the quality and structure of air masses. They are in continuous motion, so the air temperature can change quite quickly. Living creatures that live in this environment must adapt to its conditions, so they have developed an adaptability to sharp temperature fluctuations.
The air-terrestrial habitat is more diverse than the aquatic one. The pressure drops are not so pronounced here, but quite often there is a lack of moisture. For this reason, terrestrial living creatures have mechanisms to help them with the supply of water to the body, mainly in arid regions. Plants develop a strong root system and a special waterproof layer on the surface of stems and leaves. Animals have an exceptional structure of external integuments. Their lifestyle helps to maintain water balance. An example would be migration to watering places. An important role is also played by the composition of the air for terrestrial living beings, which provides the chemical structure of life. The raw material for photosynthesis is carbon dioxide. For connection nucleic acids and proteins require nitrogen.
Adaptation to the environment
The adaptation of organisms to their environment depends on their place of residence. In flying species, a certain body shape has formed, namely:
- light limbs;
- lightweight design;
- streamlining;
- having wings to fly.
In climbing animals:
- long grasping limbs, as well as a tail;
- thin long body;
- strong muscles that allow you to pull up the body, as well as throw it from branch to branch;
- sharp talons;
- powerful grasping fingers.
Running living creatures have the following features:
- strong limbs with low mass;
- a reduced number of protective horny hooves on the fingers;
- strong hind limbs and short forelimbs.
In some species of organisms, special adaptations allow them to combine the features of flight and climbing. For example, having climbed a tree, they are capable of long jumping-flights. Other types of living organisms can run fast as well as fly.
aquatic habitat
Initially, the life of creatures was associated with water. Its features are salinity, flow, food, oxygen, pressure, light and contribute to the systematization of organisms. Pollution of water bodies is very bad for living creatures. For example, due to the decrease in the water level in the Aral Sea, most of the representatives of flora and fauna, especially fish, disappeared. A huge variety of living organisms lives in the expanses of water. From the water, they extract everything necessary for the implementation of life, namely food, water and gases. For this reason, the entire diversity of aquatic living beings must adapt to the basic features of existence, which are formed by the chemical and physical properties of water. The salt composition of the environment is also of great importance for aquatic life.
A huge number of representatives of flora and fauna, which spend their lives in suspension, are regularly found in the water column. The ability to soar is provided physical features water, that is, the force of expulsion, as well as the special mechanisms of the creatures themselves. For example, multiple appendages, which significantly increase the surface of the body of a living organism compared to its mass, increase friction against water. The next example of inhabitants of aquatic habitats are jellyfish. Their ability to stay in a thick layer of water is determined unusual shape body that looks like a parachute. In addition, the density of water is very similar to the density of the body of a jellyfish.
Living organisms whose habitat is water different ways geared up for movement. For example, fish and dolphins have a streamlined body shape and fins. They are able to move quickly due to the unusual structure of the outer covers, as well as the presence of special mucus, which reduces friction against water. At certain types beetles living in aquatic environment, the released exhaust air from the respiratory tract lingers between the elytra and the body, due to which they are able to rapidly rise to the surface, where air is released into the atmosphere. Most of the protozoa move with the help of cilia that vibrate, for example, ciliates or euglena.
Adaptations for the life of aquatic organisms
Different habitats of animals allow them to adapt and exist comfortably. The body of organisms is able to reduce friction against water due to the features of the cover:
- hard, smooth surface;
- the presence of a soft layer present on the outer surface of the hard body;
- slime.
The limbs are represented by:
- flippers;
- membranes for swimming;
- fins.
The shape of the body is streamlined and has a variety of variations:
- flattened in the dorso-abdominal region;
- round in cross section;
- flattened laterally;
- torpedo-shaped;
- drop-shaped.
In the aquatic habitat, living organisms need to breathe, so they have developed:
- gills;
- air intakes;
- breathing tubes;
- blisters that replace the lung.
Features of habitat in reservoirs
Water is able to accumulate and retain heat, so this explains the absence of large temperature fluctuations, which are quite common on land. The most significant property of water is the ability to dissolve other substances in itself, which are later used both for respiration and for nutrition by organisms living in the water element. In order to breathe, the presence of oxygen is necessary, so its concentration in water is of great importance. The temperature of the water in the polar seas is close to freezing, but its stability has allowed the formation of certain adaptations that provide life even in such harsh conditions.
This environment is home to a huge variety of living organisms. Fish, amphibians, large mammals, insects, mollusks, and worms live here. The higher the temperature of the water, the less amount of diluted oxygen it contains, which dissolves better in fresh water than in sea water. Therefore, few organisms live in the waters of the tropical zone, while in the polar reservoirs there is a huge variety of plankton, which is used as food by representatives of the fauna, including large cetaceans and fish.
Breathing is realized by the entire surface of the body or by special organs - the gills. Prosperous breathing requires regular renewal of water, which is achieved by various fluctuations, primarily by the movement of the living organism itself or its adaptations, such as cilia or tentacles. Salt composition of water is also of great importance for life. For example, mollusks, as well as crustaceans, require calcium to build a shell or shell.
soil environment
It is located in the upper fertile layer of the earth's crust. This is a rather complex and very important component of the biosphere, which is closely connected with the rest of its parts. Some organisms are in the soil all their lives, others - half. Land plays a vital role for plants. What living organisms have mastered the soil habitat? It contains bacteria, animals, and fungi. Life in this environment is largely determined climatic factors e.g. temperature.
Adaptations for soil habitat
For a comfortable existence, organisms have special body parts:
- small digging limbs;
- long and thin body;
- digging teeth;
- streamlined body without protruding parts.
The soil may be lacking in air, as well as being dense and heavy, which in turn has led to the following anatomical and physiological adaptations:
- strong muscles and bones;
- resistance to lack of oxygen.
The integuments of the body of underground organisms must allow them to move both forward and backward in dense soil without problems, so the following signs have developed:
- short coat, resistant to abrasion and able to be smoothed back and forth;
- lack of hairline;
- special secretions that allow the body to glide.
Developed specific sense organs:
- auricles are small or completely absent;
- no eyes or they are significantly reduced;
- tactile sensitivity was highly developed.
It is difficult to imagine vegetation without land. hallmark The soil habitat of living organisms is considered to be that the creatures are associated with its substrate. One of the significant differences of this environment is regular education organic matter, as a rule, due to the dying roots of plants and falling leaves, and this serves as a source of energy for organisms growing in it. The pressure on land resources and environmental pollution negatively affect the organisms living here. Some species are on the verge of extinction.
Organism environment
The practical human impact on the habitat affects the populations of animals and plants, thereby increasing or decreasing the number of species, and in some cases their death occurs. Environmental factors:
- biotic - associated with the impact of organisms on each other;
- anthropogenic - associated with human influence on the environment;
- abiotic - refers to inanimate nature.
Industry is the largest industry in the economy modern society plays a vital role. It affects the environment at all stages of the industrial cycle, from the extraction of raw materials to the disposal of products due to further unsuitability. The main types of negative impact of leading industries on the environment for living organisms:
- Energy is the basis for the development of industry, transport, Agriculture. The use of almost every fossil (coal, oil, natural gas, wood, nuclear fuel) negatively affects and pollutes natural complexes.
- Metallurgy. One of the most dangerous aspects of its impact on the environment is the technogenic dispersion of metals. The most harmful pollutants are: cadmium, copper, lead, mercury. Metals enter the environment at almost all stages of production.
- The chemical industry is one of the fastest growing industries in many countries. Petrochemical industries emit hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide into the atmosphere. During the production of alkalis, hydrogen chloride is produced. Substances such as nitrogen and carbon oxides, ammonia and others are also emitted in large volumes.
Finally
The habitat of living organisms affects them both directly and indirectly. Creatures constantly interact with the environment, getting food from it, but at the same time releasing the products of their metabolism. In the desert, a dry and hot climate limits the existence of most living organisms, just as in the polar regions, only the most hardy representatives can survive due to cold weather. In addition, they not only adapt to a particular environment, but also evolve.
Plants, releasing oxygen, maintain its balance in the atmosphere. Living organisms affect the properties and structure of the earth. Tall plants shade the soil, thereby contributing to the creation of a special microclimate and the redistribution of moisture. Thus, on the one hand, the environment changes organisms, helping them to improve through natural selection, and on the other hand, species of living organisms change the environment.
The fitness of organisms is the result of the action of evolutionary factors.
Relative nature of fixtures
11th (9th) grade (2 hours)
Lesson 1
Methodological support
The lesson is built using the SPIRAL technique, which is an integral part of the critical thinking technology. The purpose of its application:
- activation of mental activity of students in the classroom;
- the formation of skills for obtaining information from various sources, the ability to compare and analyze the studied material.
This technique allows you to analyze the studied material several times, at different levels of perception, which forms more solid knowledge.
Stages of work:
- creating a problematic situation;
– individual work students with cards, subsequent joint discussion and formulation of intermediate conclusions;
- work of students in pairs with the text, drawing up a worksheet;
– collective discussion of the information presented in the text;
- the teacher's story, making additions to the table, formulating the final conclusions;
- preparation of an individual report.
Planned result: students expand and systematize knowledge about the adaptive features of organisms.
Teaching method- problematic: what is the difference between changes and adaptations? Why are organisms (species) remarkably well adapted to their environment?
Materials for the lesson:
– 12 cards with examples of adaptations of different types;
- the text "Adaptive features of organisms";
- a sample table to fill out.
Checking the effectiveness of the lesson: marks for students for individual and pair work; selective check of reports; through the lesson - a blitz test (biological labyrinth) for 10 minutes.
DURING THE CLASSES
To survive, you must change quickly.
L. Carroll ("Alice in the Wonderland")
Formulation of the problemExample 1 On a faded-brown area cleared of grass, scientists tied praying mantises of three colors to pegs - brown, yellow, green. During the experiment, birds destroyed 60% of yellow, 55% of green and only 20% of brown praying mantises, in which the body color coincided with the background color.
Similar experiments were carried out with pupae of the hive butterfly. If the color of the pupa did not match the color of the background, the birds destroyed much more pupae than if the background matched the color.
Waterfowl in the pool mainly catch fish, the color of which does not match the color of the bottom.
Questions
What did you find out with the help of the described experiments?
What ensured the survival of praying mantises, butterfly pupae and fish?
How can the results of experiments obtained by scientists be explained?
(Oral mini-findings).
Example 2 Everyone knows that the roots of plants grow down, penetrating deep into the soil. However, in the jungles of Venezuela, 12 species of trees were found, the roots of which climbed up the trunk.
What could be the cause of the "strange behavior" of the roots?
(Children's answers).
(Control answer for the teacher: the soil in these places contains so few nutrients that the roots have adapted to take in ions of Ca, Mg, K, and other elements from rainwater flowing down the trunk. To confirm this assumption, the researchers artificially increased the content of minerals in the flowing water, root growth increased thereafter).
Primary comprehension of the topic of the lesson (writing on the board):
Fitness of organisms
The fitness of organisms (from the Latin "adaptation" - adaptation) - the ability of organisms to withstand the effects of environmental conditions.
The teacher distributes cards (each even desk reads even examples, odd, respectively, odd) and offers to complete the task:
- Read the examples provided.
– Try to identify types of adaptation.
Break these examples into groups, explain your choice.
Card 1. AT South America there are about 10 species of sloths - strictly arboreal animals. The normal position of the body of these extremely slow creatures is hanging, back down. Unlike all other mammals, sloth fur on the body is directed not from the back to the belly, but, on the contrary, from the belly to the back. Algae often settles on loose, hay-like fur, giving the animal a green color, which helps it hide in the foliage.
Card 2. Moth caterpillars, clinging to a branch with their hind pairs of legs and bending the rest of the body at an angle to it, are likened to a knot. Some praying mantises are similar in color and body shape to certain parts of a flower, which is why they are called flower mantises.
Card 3. The English entomologist Brady, who studied the behavior of the tsetse fly, came to the conclusion that it attacks any moving warm object, even a car. The fly does not attack only the zebra, which it perceives only as a flash of black and white stripes.
Card 4. The bombardier beetle produces chemicals that, when threatened, enter the funnel-shaped section of the back of its body. A violent reaction begins there, and the resulting unpleasant liquid, exploding, is thrown directly at the attacker. The common Spanish fly "rewards" the predator with a liquid that causes abscesses.
Card 5. A very poisonous octopus lives along the coast of the Australian province of Queensland and near Sydney. Although it rarely exceeds 12 cm in size, it contains enough poison to kill 10 people.
Card 6. Some animals use smell as a defense: the North American skunk is able to throw a jet of foul-smelling liquid up to 3 m with amazing accuracy. It can temporarily blind the attacker and definitely discourage him from attacking the skunk again.
Card 7. Covered with warning stripes, but completely harmless fly - the hoverfly extracts nectar from the flower, like honey bees, which have a formidable sting. Hoverfly imitation is not limited to coloration, but includes behavior as well. Hoverflies imitate the sounds made by bees and wasps and, if disturbed, buzz menacingly.
Card 8. The Australian bearded lizard is capable of scaring the most brave predator. She whistles loudly, beats her tail and raises her comb so that it seems 4 times larger than it really is.
Card 9. In some cases, fish can disguise themselves as other animals, and they do it collectively. For example, small sea catfish, having discovered that a predatory fish is approaching them, immediately group into a kind of ball. Their heads are in the center of this "architectural structure", and pointed tails stick out. From a distance, the "ball" resembles a prickly sea urchin, which predators prefer to bypass.
Card 10. In the African savannas lives a small underground rodent - a naked mole rat. This is a strange, almost naked, hairless creature. It is all the more amusing to see vibrissa sticking out in different directions - on the head and on the belly. Numerous sensitive hairs help diggers navigate the huge underground labyrinths laid by these hardworking animals.
Card 11. Some hedgehogs use the secretions of poisonous toads to lubricate their quills. Attacking a toad, the hedgehog, first of all, bites its poisonous parotid glands, and then lubricates its needles with poisoned saliva. Insidious habits are learned in childhood. A newborn, still blind hedgehog licks a poisonous lubricant from its mother's needles and applies it with its tongue to its still soft needles.
Card 12. Animals in a moment of danger often resort to various tricks: birds do this especially often - pretending to be wounded, they distract predators from their nests. Even such large animals as elephants are able to deceive predators.
kov - they also pretend to be dead.
One day a wild elephant was caught in the jungles of India. He was tied with chains. Suddenly the elephant fell to the ground. The hunters tried to push him aside, but he lay motionless. They thought the elephant was dead, took off his chains and left. The elephant jumped to its feet and took off running.
Based on the results of the discussion, a record is made on the blackboard of those adaptation options that students have found in the examples.
Reading and organizing text
Teacher: to find out what other adaptations are found in nature, read the following text, prepare a table for summary and make brief notes in it. Work under the same conditions as in the previous case: each even desk reads about plants; each odd one is about animals.
The text "Adaptive features of organisms"
One of the results of natural selection, which is the driving force behind the process of evolution, is the development of adaptations in all living organisms - adaptations to the environment.
The variety of specific adaptations can be divided into several groups, which are forms of adaptation of organisms to the environment.
Some forms of adaptability in plants
Adaptations to increased dryness: pubescence of leaves, accumulation of moisture in the stem (cactus, baobab), turning leaves into needles (coniferous plants).
Adaptations to high humidity: large leaf surface, many stomata, increased evaporation rate.
Adaptations for wind pollination: removal of stamens with anthers far beyond the flower, small light pollen, pistil strongly pubescent, petals and sepals are not developed, do not interfere with blowing other parts of the flower by the wind.
Adaptability for pollination by insects: bright attractive color of the flower, the presence of nectar, smell, flower shape.
Adaptations for the settling and distribution of seeds and spores: juicy fruits or cones attractive to animals; seeds with flyers, lionfish, hooks, parachutes; light numerous disputes; "exploding" fruits (touchy, "mad" cucumber).
Adaptations to absorb the maximum amount of light: sheet mosaic, flat wide leaves, multilayer columnar and spongy photosynthetic tissue, narrow intercellular spaces, a large amount of chlorophyll.
Adaptations to the transfer of adverse conditions: leaf fall; storage of nutrients in bulbs, rhizomes, tubers, root crops; ephemerality (snowdrops, crocuses, blueberries).
Adaptations to lack of nutrition or oxygen: insectivorous (dew, venus flytrap); aerial roots (orchids); respiratory roots (mangroves).
Protection against eating by herbivores: needles; spines; drusen (crystals of potassium oxalate) accumulating in spines or leaves; poisonous juices; stinging cells with stinging hairs.
Body Shape:
Body coloration:- torpedo-shaped (prevents the formation of turbulence in water flows during movement): sharks, dolphins, penguins, squids;
- imitating (makes the body invisible among certain objects): stick insects, moth caterpillars, cicadas, seahorses, anglerfish;
- flattened (for life on the bottom or in narrow crevices): planaria, flounder, rays.
- warning (in species with poisonous, burning, stinging structures): wasps, bumblebees, bees, blister beetles, caterpillars of cabbage butterflies, ladybugs, rattlesnakes;
- patronizing (hides against the background of the environment): green grasshopper, snowy owl, flounder, octopus, hare, aphids, ptarmigan;
- dismembering, "camouflage" (blurs the contours, helps to remain invisible against the background of a heterogeneous environment, among spots and stripes of light and shadow): zebras, tigers, spotted deer cubs, giraffes, zebra fish.Adaptation, in which the shape of the body and color of the animal merge with the surrounding objects, is called disguise.
Imitation of well-protected and warning-colored or, on the contrary, harmless animals helps potential victims protect themselves from being eaten by predators and is called mimicry.
Table. Organism adaptations
fitness scores |
Animals |
Plants |
1. Adaptations to abiotic factors (for example, cold) |
1. Thick wool |
1. Leaf fall |
2. Ways of obtaining food |
For food and water: 1. Eating leaves on tall trees ( Long neck) |
For obtaining nutrients, water and energy: 1. Absorption of water and minerals (intensive development of roots and root hairs) |
3. Protection from enemies |
1. Fast run |
1. Thorns |
4. Ensuring breeding efficiency |
Attracting a sexual partner: 1. Bright plumage |
Attracting a pollinator: 1. Nectar |
5. Settling in new territories |
Migrations: Movement of herds, colonies, flocks in search of food and suitable conditions for reproduction (bird flights, migrations of antelopes, zebras, fish swims) |
Seed and spore dispersal: 1. Tenacious hooks, thorns |
Hard coverings of the body, spikes and needles (mechanical protection against a predator): sea urchins, beetles, crabs, snails and bivalves, turtles, hedgehogs, porcupines).Examples:
- hoverflies look like bees, wasps, bumblebees;
- harmless tropical snakes look like poisonous snakes;
- the eggs laid by the cuckoo match the color of the eggs of the host bird, etc.
Poisonous glands or toxins (for the victim - protection from eating; for predators - a means of killing or immobilizing prey): jellyfish, spiders, centipedes, some fish, many amphibians, snakes.
Physiological adaptations:
- removal of excess water through the kidneys in the form of weakly concentrated urine (preservation of the constancy of the internal environment of the body under living conditions in fresh water): freshwater fish and amphibians;
- the release of a small amount of highly concentrated urine (preservation of the constancy of the internal environment of the body in conditions of life in a hyperosmotic environment or in the desert): marine fish, sea snakes, desert rodents.
- the ability to echo, thermal and electrolocation (for orientation in space): the bats, dolphins, some snakes (they distinguish objects at a distance whose body temperature differs from the ambient temperature by only 0.2 ° C), fish.
Adaptive Behavior:There are many other types of physiological adaptations, such as the ability to hibernate, the ability of body fluids to resist freezing, the ability to get by with little oxygen, and so on.
- repellent (protection from predators): eared roundhead, bearded lizard, owls;
– freezing (protection from predators): opossums, some beetles, amphibians, birds;
- storage (many animals store food for an unfavorable season of the year): nutcracker, jay, chipmunk, squirrel, pika;
– migration (avoidance of adverse conditions by moving to other areas): migratory birds, some species of butterflies.
There are many other types of adaptive behavior. For example, in the desert, for many species, the time of greatest activity is at night, when the heat subsides.
Caring for offspring:
- gestation of eggs on the body or in the oral cavity: crustaceans, seahorses, tilapia, Surinamese pipa;
- building a nest and breeding offspring in it: some amphibians and fish (stickleback, betta, macropods), birds, all placental mammals that give birth to helpless young;
- rearing offspring: wasps, bees, ants, some fish (discus), birds, mammals. Scarab beetles and solitary wasps do not feed their larvae, but provide them with a supply of food.
Based on the results of the discussion of the text, a table is compiled (see p. 18).
Summing up the lesson
Plants and animals are amazingly adapted to the conditions of the environment in which they live. The concept of “fitness of a species” includes not only external signs, but also the correspondence of the structure of internal organs to the functions they perform (for example, the long and complex digestive tract of ruminants that eat plant foods).
The correspondence of the physiological functions of the organism to the conditions of its habitat, their complexity and diversity is also included in the concept of fitness.
Think about what conclusion should be drawn from the above, discuss in pairs, make notes in your reports.
Homework
Option 1. Think and write down in a notebook signs of mutual adaptations of predators and prey.
To be continued
