If you compare the distribution of the natural zones of Australia and Africa, you will find that in Australia, as well as in Africa, a large area is occupied by savanna and tropical desert zones. Tropical deserts and semi-deserts are located in the central and western parts of the mainland. Savannas border this zone from the north, east, southeast and southwest.
Although Australia has the same natural zones as South Africa and Madagascar, except for the altitudinal zones, the organic world here is completely different. Nature has created a huge nature reserve in Australia, where many plants and animals are preserved, close to those that inhabited the Earth in ancient times and disappeared on other continents. species composition plants and animals is characterized by poverty and originality. This is due to the fact that Australia and the adjacent islands have long separated from other continents. The organic world has long developed in isolation. Up to 75% of mainland plant species are found only in Australia. These include many types of eucalyptus, which are very diverse. There are giant eucalyptus trees, more than 100 m high. The roots of such trees go 30 m into the ground and, like powerful pumps, pump moisture out of it. There are stunted eucalyptus trees and shrub eucalyptus trees. Eucalyptus trees are well adapted to dry climates. Their leaves are located with an edge to the sunlight, the crown does not shade the soil, so the eucalyptus forests are light. Eucalyptus trees have hardwood which is good construction material. And their leaves are used for the production of oils, paints, medicines.
In addition to eucalyptus, Australia is characterized by acacias, casuarinas with leafless thread-like branches, which are not found on other continents.
In the subequatorial forests, among tall grasses, along with other trees (palms, ficuses, etc.), peculiar bottle trees grow - with a trunk thick at the base, sharply tapering upwards. Feature subtropical forests - the dominance of various types of eucalyptus trees intertwined with lianas, many tree ferns.
Thickets of dry shrubs are widespread in the interior desert regions, consisting mainly of low-growing prickly acacias and eucalyptus trees. Such thickets are called scrub. There is almost no vegetation on mobile sandy ridges and stony placers. Unlike Africa, there are no oases in Australia, but the deserts do not look as lifeless as, for example, the Sahara.
The fauna of Australia is also very peculiar. Only here live the most primitive mammals - echidna and platypus. They are interesting in that they hatch the young from eggs, and feed them with milk, like mammals. There are many marsupials in Australia. Their cubs are born very small, and the mother wears them in a bag representing a fold of skin on her stomach.
The vast majority of marsupial families are unique to Australia. Among them, the kangaroo family is especially common. Giant kangaroos reach 3 m. There are dwarf kangaroos, 30 cm in size. There are also wombats resembling marmots. In eucalyptus forests you can find marsupial bear koala. He lives in the trees and leads the night sedentary image life, it is also called the Australian sloth. A very rare predator, the marsupial devil, has survived on the island of Tasmania.
The world of birds is rich, diverse and also peculiar. Especially a lot of parrots. In the forests there is a beautiful bird lyrebird, birds of paradise with bright plumage, in dry savannahs and semi-deserts - emu. There are lizards, poisonous snakes, crocodiles are found in the reservoirs of Northern Australia.
Australians love and care about the nature of their mainland. They pay much attention to the protection of plants and animals and their study. An emu and a kangaroo are depicted on state emblem countries, and echidna, platypus, lyrebird are depicted on Australian coins.
Souvenir from distant Australia
Lesson topic
: “Natural zones. The peculiarity of the organic world of Australia.
Tasks
:
To form students' knowledge about natural areas, flora and fauna of the mainland. Show the unique nature of Australia, the need for its protection.
To develop students' skills in working with thematic maps, their analysis, comparison, to form the ability to listen and make brief notes in a notebook.
Develop ecological culture students. Encourage their creativity.
Equipment:
physical map of Australia, natural areas map, atlases, educational pictures, illustrations, student worksheets, tokens, electronic presentation.
Epigraph of the lesson:
I swear to you that this region is the most curious of all the globe!
The most bizarre, most illogical country ever! The earth is paradoxical, refuting the laws of nature!
Jules Verne
During the classes.
Organizational moment. goal setting.
Entrance to the lesson.
Updating and testing students' knowledge.
Together with dreams follows a passenger who flies to Australia for the first time, he did not study very well at school and was too lazy to look into the directory. He will ask you some questions.
So that warm things do not disappear in vain, I should probably go to the north of the mainland. It's always colder in the north.
Since it's summer in Australia, do you need to buy an umbrella and a rain cape?
2) Let the unlucky passenger listen to your conversations and gain some knowledge about the mainland. (task cards “I know everything about Australia”).
4. Practical work"Natural areas of Australia".
While talking, time quickly flew by, and now we are already in the sky over Australia. We will take this opportunity to look at the mainland from above and get acquainted with natural areas.
What source of information do we use? (map of natural areas)
List the natural areas of the mainland from north to south.
Make a conclusion which natural areas occupy the largest area.
Compare the natural areas of Australia and South Africa. What conclusions can be drawn?
Let's repeat the main features of the natural zones familiar to us from Africa (students read the descriptions of the zones on the cards and call them).
Australia's organic world (descriptive story using presentation).
BUT) Creation of a problem situation.
Since Australia has the same natural areas as South Africa, what kind of plants and animals should be there? The same? (In the course of a conversation based on existing life experience - reading books, watching programs - students establish that the animals and plants of Africa and Australia are very different).
The largest number of species of Australian plants - 75% and animals (more than 90%) live only here and are not found on other continents. Such plants and animals are called endemic. Nature has created a huge nature reserve in Australia, where many plants that have disappeared on other continents, as well as animals close to those that inhabited the earth in remote times, have been preserved. What are the reasons for the originality of the organic world? (isolated position of the mainland and the absence of predators).
B) Messages from "scientists" about the most characteristic plants of the mainland (students make notes in notebooks): eucalyptus, acacia, grass trees, bottle tree.
C) Let's check how attentive and savvy you are! Your attention is invited to the "Black Box"! Try to guess what item is in it. It is absolutely not needed in our forests, but in the eucalyptus forest you cannot do without it. (the eucalyptus forest is very light, the trees do not form shade, so sunglasses are a must).
D) The fauna of Australia is very peculiar. Only here live the most primitive mammals ("bird-animals") - platypus and echidna. They hatch the young from eggs, and feed them with milk, like mammals. There are many marsupials in Australia. Their cubs are born very small, and the mother carries the baby in a brood pouch - a fold of skin on her stomach. The world of birds is rich and varied: parrots, lyrebird, emu ostrich lives in dry regions. And now listen to the small performances of the guys "My favorite animal" (koala, kangaroo, marsupial devil).
E) This photo shows an Australian animal. To find out its name, you need to solve a crossword puzzle. (slide show)
E) Measures taken by the Australian Government to conserve nature.
6. Consolidation of the studied material. Passing the Australian Nature Investigator Qualification Test. Self-examination and self-assessment.
7. Summing up the lesson.
Our time on the mainland is coming to an end. It's time for us to get on the plane. On the way, we will sum up our business trip. Today you have the opportunity to expand your knowledge about the distant mainland of Australia. I would really like you to become interested in its nature and try to learn more. So what is the originality of the nature of Australia?
Let's count the souvenirs you've earned. Submit your notebooks for review. Grades for the lesson will be given to you taking into account the earned souvenirs and records.
8. Reflection. What did you achieve in the lesson? What else needs to be worked on? What in the nature of Australia interested and surprised you the most?
The exceptional originality and antiquity of the flora and fauna of Australia is explained by its long isolation. Most plant species (75%) and animals (90%) of Australia are endemic, that is, they are not found anywhere else in the world. There are few mammals among the animals, however, species extinct on other continents, including marsupials (about 160 species), have survived. Characteristic representatives of the Australian flora are eucalyptus (600 species), acacia (490 species) and casuarina. The mainland did not give the world valuable cultivated plants.
Australia is located in four geographical zones- from subequatorial to moderate. The change in natural zones is due to changes in temperature and precipitation patterns. The flat nature of the relief contributes to a well-defined, disturbed only in the east. The main part of the continent lies in tropical latitudes, therefore, tropical deserts and semi-deserts, occupying half the area of the mainland, have received the greatest development.
The central parts of the mainland in two geographical zones (tropical and subtropical) are occupied by deserts and semi-deserts. Australia is rightly called the continent of deserts (Great Sandy, Great Victoria Desert, Gibson Desert, etc.). Tropical deserts and semi-deserts dominate the Western Australian Plateau in a tropical continental climate. In stony and sandy riverbeds, thin forests of casuarinas stretch along the riverbeds. In the hollows of clayey semi-deserts, there are thickets of quinoa and salt-tolerant species of acacia and eucalyptus. Deserts are characterized by "pillows" of bushy cereal spinifex. Soils of semi-deserts are gray soils, deserts are primitive stony, clayey or sandy.
In the south of the mainland in the subtropics, deserts and semi-deserts occupy the Nullarbor plain (“treeless”) and the Murray-Darling lowland. They are formed in a subtropical continental climate on brown semi-desert and gray-brown soils. Against the background of dry rare cereals, wormwood and saltwort are found, tree and shrub vegetation is absent.
The shortage problem is the most acute in Australia. Previously, it was solved by pumping groundwater from numerous wells. But at present, a decrease in the water level in artesian basins has been recorded. The depletion of underground water reserves, along with a decrease in the full flow of rivers, has exacerbated the shortage of water in Australia, forcing the implementation of programs to conserve it.
One of the ways to preserve nature is the creation of specially protected natural areas. They occupy 11% of the area of the continent. One of the most visited is the Kosciuszko park in the Australian. In the north is one of the largest parks in the world - Kakadu, where not only wetlands are taken under protection, serving as a habitat for many endemic birds, but also caves with Aboriginal rock art. In the Blue Mountains Park, stunning mountain landscapes with a variety of eucalyptus forests are protected. The nature of deserts has also been taken under protection (parks Great Victoria Desert, Simpson Desert). object world heritage Ayers Rock, a giant red sandstone monolith sacred to the Aborigines, has been recognized by UNESCO in Uluru-Katayuta Park. The fabulous world of corals is protected in the underwater park of the Great Barrier Reef.
The Great Barrier Reef has the largest variety of corals on the planet (up to 500 species). The threat, in addition to pollution of coastal waters and poaching, is posed by polyp-eating starfish"crown of thorns". Rising ocean temperatures due to global warming are causing coral bleaching and death.
The main feature of the animal and flora Australia - the predominance of endemics. Australia is the most deserted continent. Global, exhaustion water resources, depletion of flora and fauna pose a threat to the nature of the mainland. specially protected natural areas occupy 11% of the area of the continent.
Creates groups of students in a class. Offers to go on an expedition to different parts of Australia, collect material and compile reports. Each group is given a “travel diary”.
Write down the date and topic of today's expedition in your diaries. To remember and understand better the main points of the trip in the diary, you will need to fill out a summary table.
We are going on a trip to Australia. Any expedition, journey begins with the study of the map. Find a map of natural areas in the atlas. What natural areas are found in Australia? Show them on the map. Write in diaries. Each expedition goes to one natural area, explores it and makes a short report about their journey. And also tell about one animal and plant that you will meet along the way.
Supervises the work of students, in case of difficulty provides assistance. After the presentation of each group, he corrects the answers and shows the slides of the presentation.
Slide 5-11.
We are located in the savannas and woodlands of Australia.
Bottle trees grow among the grass, there are eucalyptus, acacia, and other trees. Among the animals here you can see echidna, wombat, as well as kangaroos, dingoes, termites and others.
Don't forget to keep notes in your diaries.
Slide 12-22.
To the south of the savannas and light forests, deserts are common.
Low thorny eucalyptus trees and other shrubs grow in the Australian deserts, their thickets are called scrub (write down). Such deserts are good pastures for sheep.
There are also sandy deserts, such as the Great Sandy Desert. There are no oases in the deserts of Australia.
Animals live: kangaroos, dingoes, lizards, snakes, emu ostrich.
Plants: spinifex, low-growing thorny acacias, sometimes eucalyptus and bottle trees.
Slide 23 - 31.
The greenery of the forests is disturbed by the acacia, different types bloom all year round. In humid tropical forests, there are ficuses, tree ferns, eucalyptus, banyan trees, mangrove trees, lianas; in drier areas - acacias. Animals: koala, tree kangaroo, crocodiles in the north, birds (lyrebirds, parrots, birds of paradise)
What are endemics?
Correctly. Many endemics are found only in Australia and on nearby islands.
Unique vegetable and animal world mainland.
What is the uniqueness of the animals and plants of Australia?
Nature has created a huge nature reserve in Australia, where many animals are preserved, close to those that inhabited the Earth in ancient times.
In Australia, there are marsupials, egg-laying and milk-feeding organisms. But there are no monkeys and ungulates.
And why are these animals and plants found only on this mainland?
Australia is the most unique continent! But with the development of the mainland, nature was especially hard hit. Many animals are on the verge of extinction. Significant areas cleared of forests are occupied by fields and vineyards.
Slide 32-34
Vdovina M.V.
Lesson outline - travel on the topic:
natural areas s. The peculiarity of the organic world Australia.
Goals: to reveal the features of the nature of the mainland and the reasons that caused them; to improve the ability to compare, analyze and compare maps of different content.
Tasks:
educational : to introduce students to the natural areas of Australia anddescribe them accurately; show features of flora and fauna; identify the reasons for the originality of the organic world of the mainland
developing: continue the formation of skills and abilities to work with a map, textbook, additional material; develop cognitive interests students, attention; stimulate the desire to expand their horizons; learn to identify causal relationships, compare, analyze, draw conclusions
educational: to cultivate honesty, the ability to objectively evaluate one's own knowledge and the knowledge of one's comrades, a sense of collectivism, delicacy, the ability to defend one's point of view and listen to the opinions of others.
Students should be able to:
Explain the reasons for the endemicity of the organic world, the features of the placement of natural zones in comparison with Africa.
Students should learn:
Natural areas of Australia and their characteristics
Features of flora and fauna, as well as the reasons for these features
The most characteristic representatives of the animal and plant world
Lesson type: study lesson.
Conducting methods:
verbal method: conversation, explanation, clarification; visual: illustrative and demonstrative; practical: independent work;
Means of education: australia physical map,map "Natural zones of the world"atlases for7th gradetextbook,cards with new words.
During the classes.
“... this region is the most curious on the entire globe! Its origin, plants, animals, climate - all this surprised, surprises and will still surprise scientists around the world. ... the mainland, where trees annually lose not their leaves, but their bark; where the leaves are turned to the sun not by the surface, but by the edge and do not give a shadow; where the trees are stunted, and the grasses are gigantic; where animals are unusual; where quadrupeds have beaks, such as echidnas and platypuses; where the jumping kangaroo has paws of different lengths ... The most bizarre, most illogical country that has ever existed! The earth is paradoxical, refuting the laws of nature.”
Jules Verne "Children of Captain Grant"
Stages and semantic blocks of the lesson
Teacher activity
Student activities
I. Organizational moment.
(2 minutes.)
Missing mark.
II. checking d.z (5min)
front poll.
III. Lesson topic message, goals and objectives, motivation learning activities students.
Our lesson today is unusual, we will go on an exciting journey with you. We are explorers of a unique realm of nature.
“... this region is the most curious on the entire globe! Its origin, plants, animals, climate - all this surprised, surprises and will still surprise scientists around the world. ... the mainland, where trees annually lose not their leaves, but their bark; where the leaves are turned to the sun not by the surface, but by the edge and do not give a shadow; where the trees are stunted, and the grasses are gigantic; where animals are unusual; where quadrupeds have beaks, such as echidnas and platypuses; where the jumping kangaroo has paws of different lengths ... The most bizarre, most illogical country that has ever existed! The earth is paradoxical, refuting the laws of nature.” Jules Verne "Children of Captain Grant"
What do you think Paganel described in this way?
Can you guess what the lesson will be about?
Unique nature Australia.
About natural areas, about the organic world
IV. Learning new material.
(20 minutes)
the topic of our lesson: "NATURAL ZONES. THE ORIGINALITY OF THE ORGANIC WORLD OF AUSTRALIA"(Slide #1)
Guys, we continue to study with you in all its grandeur and beauty, magical, and often exotic world Australia. And today in the lesson you will meet face to face with this unusual continent, its nature.
And the blue sky, and the lush greenery of the foliage, and the endless expanses of the ocean, and the morning whisper of grass, and the joyful singing of birds, and the sound of the surf - all this is nature that lives forever next to man. A person discovers for himself all the charm of the planet while traveling.Any expedition, journey begins with the study of the map.Pay attention to the map at the board "Natural areas of the world"
What is a natural area?
Let's remember: In which sequences should characterize a natural area?
Why do you think it is necessary to take into account all the components of nature when studying natural areas?
Consider the map "Natural zones of the world." Name the areas in which Australia is located.
I invite you to explore some corners of the nature of this continent. And so we need to equip expeditions.
Come to me one by one from the representatives of the expeditions and get the envelopes.In envelopes: 1 group - hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs , group 2 - variable wet rainforests, 3 group - savannas and woodlands,
4 group-desert and semi-desert zone.
On expeditions, travelers record their observations in travel diaries. And we will use them. As a travel diary for notes during the trip, we use the table that lies on your desk. - You need to distribute responsibilities in your group.
1-Climatologist – Describe the climate of this natural area:
Determine in which climatic zones it is located (using a map in the atlas"Climatic zones and regions of the world" and the map "Natural zones of the world")2-soil scientist- to determine the type of soils of a given natural zone (by comparing the "Soils of the World" map and"Natural areas of the world")3-Botany- to study the flora of the natural zone.4-Zoologist- to study the animal world of the natural zone.
Exploring your natural areaYou canuse the textbook and additional text prepared by the teacher. - I'll give you 5 minutes. So the roles are assigned. We begin our research.
The time has come to an end, I invite you to present the results of research.(slide number 3)
As you move from the coast of Australia to its center, humid tropical and subtropical forests give way to dry and light eucalyptus forests with hard foliage. Then come the savannas, and in the very center of Australia there are deserts and semi-deserts with shrub vegetation.
95% of animals and 75% of plant species in Australia are endemic, i.e. found only on the Australian continent.Since the Australian mainland was isolated from other continents for a long time, due to its remoteness. Its flora and fauna are very peculiar.(slide number 4)
Let's give the floor to the first group of researchers and their specialist climatologist. Let's start from the southeast and southwest of Australia, which is located in the zone hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs.(slide number 5-7)
We found out that the southeast of the mainland has the most favorable climate and fairly fertile soils, which is why this area of \u200b\u200bthe mainland is the most populated and developed.
Next, we get totropical rainforest zone (Group 2)(slide number 8)
(after the climatologist) Why is there a forest zone in the east? Is it related to precipitation?
Mostly marsupials are found here.
(slide №9,10)
We are in the territorysavannas and woodlands . (Group 3). climate zone does it correspond? (the word to the climatologist), etc. according to the plan
(slide №11,12,13)
Story: General form the savannah varies greatly with the seasons. During the dry season (summer) lifehere it freezes, the soil dries up and cracks. But as soon as the rain falls, the savannah turns into an ocean of grasses. Bottle trees that store water in their thick trunks.
And finally we got to the most sultry and lifeless zone of Australia -desert and semi-desert zones (Group 4)
(slide №14,15,16)
3/4 of the mainland area is occupied by deserts. What is it connected with?
Unique thickets grow in the Australian deserts, which are called -scrub. What is it?
Such deserts are good pastures for sheep. There are no oases in the deserts of Australia.There are many lizards in dry savannahs and deserts, poisonous snakes; mosquitoes and other insects.
At the end of our journey, I ask you to pay attention to how man has influenced and changed the nature of Australia. First, the area of forests is rapidly declining. Secondly, 75% of the mainland is now subject to desertification. Thirdly, some species of animals are completely exterminated, while others are on the verge of extinction. The flora also suffered from economic activity and introduction of man into wildlife this unique part of the world. And despite all this, only about 2% of the country's land fund is occupied by protected areas.
Australians strive to preserve a unique organic world. The emblem of Australia depicts an ostrich and a kangaroo, on the coins - an echidna, a platypus and a lyrebird bird.(slide №17,18)
(slide 19)
“Journey is penetration into the realm of the significant and beautiful,” wrote K.P. Paustovsky.
Atlas page 13
this is a large PC, which has a common temperature and moisture conditions, soil type, flora and fauna.
geographic location, relief, climate, inland waters soil, flora and fauna
in the natural zone, the components of nature are interconnected. For example, climate depends on geographical location and relief
variable moist forests, savannas and woodlands, semi-deserts and deserts,
hardwood evergreen forests and shrubs, mixed forests
Group work.
Answer according to their natural zone.
Yes, it has to do with precipitation.
with climatic conditions.
Read the textbook definition on page 154
V. Consolidation
Traveling across the Australian continent, we studied its natural zones, their features.
What determines the location of natural areas?
What is the peculiarity of the plant world?
Test.
The ratio of heat and moisture (climate)
The peculiarity of the plant world is due to the fact that long-term isolation from other continents, as well as the dryness of the climate, contributed to the formation of deserts and savannahs.
V I.Homework
(slide number 20)
§37, Write an appeal on the topic: "Let's save the nature of the mainland"
Geography teacher: Paramonov A.I.____________ Methodist: Dushina I.V._____________
List of used literature:
1. Korinskaya V. A., Dushina I. V., Shchenev V. A. Textbook for grade 7 M., “Enlightenment”, 2007
2. V. A. Korinskaya, I. V. Dushina, and V. A. Shchenev Toolkit Geography of continents and oceans Grade 7. M., "Drofa", 2001
3.Multimedia educational program: Geography Grade 7. Geography of continents and oceans.
