Plurality of crimes form single crimes. Often a single crime has a complex internal structure, which makes it look like a multiplicity of crimes. A single (single) crime in the theory of criminal law and law enforcement is divided into simple and complex.
Simple single called a crime with one object, one action (inaction), entailing one consequence, and committed with one form of guilt. An example of such a crime may be the intentional infliction of slight harm to the health of the victim, provided for in Part 1 of Art. 115 of the Criminal Code. A simple single crime is covered by the signs of one corpus delicti and is qualified under one article or part of an article of the Special Part of the Criminal Code. Establishing signs of a simple single crime is usually not difficult for law enforcement officers.
Complex single crime differs in a variety of forms and features of the internal structure. It is the delimitation of a complex single crime from a plurality of crimes that is the most difficult in judicial and investigative practice. A complex crime is covered by the signs of one corpus delicti and is qualified under one article of the Special Part of the Criminal Code.
In the theory of criminal law, the following are distinguished: types of complex single crime: continuing, continuing, compound, with several alternatively provided actions, with two obligatory actions, two-objective and multi-objective, with two forms of guilt, with additional grave consequences.
lasting is an act or omission associated with the subsequent prolonged failure to fulfill the duties assigned to the perpetrator under the threat of criminal prosecution. This crime is characterized by the continuous implementation of the composition of a certain criminal act for a long time.
In fact, the beginning a continuing crime is an action (escape from a place of deprivation of liberty, hostage-taking) or inaction (malicious evasion from repayment of accounts payable, evasion from serving a prison sentence), the so-called legal ending of the crime. A continuing crime is terminated due to: a) the actions of the perpetrator himself (turning himself in with a confession, fulfilling the instructions of a judicial act in case of malicious non-execution of a court decision); b) actions of law enforcement agencies (detention of a person); c) other circumstances terminating the execution of the crime (coming of age, death). Termination of a crime on the specified grounds is called the actual end of a continuing crime.
Establishing the structure of a continuing crime is necessary not only to qualify the crime as a single one, but also to resolve issues about the operation of the criminal law in time, the application of prescription and amnesty, sentencing, etc.
Continued Crime consists of a series of identical acts aimed at achieving one goal, united by a single intent. A continuing crime is formed by legally identical actions carried out after some time interval. The last feature distinguishes a continuing crime from a continuing one. A continuing crime is performed continuously, and the actions of a continuing crime are committed periodically after a short period of time.
The ongoing crime is actually completed from the moment the last of the identical acts was committed.
Regardless of the fact that the act included in the ongoing crime contains signs of an independent crime, such an act cannot be qualified separately, since it is only a stage in the implementation of the single criminal intent of the perpetrator. Examples of a continuing crime can be the theft of things from a warehouse, committed in several steps, but covered by one intent of the person; torture in the form of systematic beatings, etc.
composite- this is a crime consisting of two or more independent crimes that form a single crime, responsibility for which is provided for by a separate article of the Criminal Code. An example of a compound crime is riots (Article 212 of the Criminal Code). Mass riots cover crimes committed in the course of riots, such as: destruction or damage to property (Article 167 of the Criminal Code), theft (Article 158 of the Criminal Code), robbery (Article 161 of the Criminal Code), infliction of harm to health, including serious (Art. 111, 112, 115 of the Criminal Code), the use of violence against a representative of the authorities (Article 318 of the Criminal Code), etc. The commission of the listed crimes during riots is generally covered by the signs of mass riots under Art. 212 of the Criminal Code.
The Criminal Code has a lot of provisions on compound crimes. characteristic feature compound crime is the combination in one act of at least two independent crimes, each of which contains signs separate composition crimes. But the legislator provided for the combination of such crimes in the form of a single act, which should be qualified under only one article on a compound crime.
A compound offense may be provided for by signs core team crimes, such as riots (Article 212 of the Criminal Code), robbery (Article 162 of the Criminal Code). Often, compound crimes are fixed by signs only qualified staff crimes. These include: illegal abortion, which negligently caused the death of the victim (part 3 of article 123 of the Criminal Code); unlawful deprivation of liberty, combined with the use of violence dangerous to life or health (part 2 of article 127 of the Criminal Code), etc. A compound crime must be distinguished from an ideal set of crimes as a form of plurality, as well as from a real set.
Crime with alternatively provided actions a complex act is recognized, the objective side of which includes several socially dangerous actions, the performance of any of which forms a complete composition, qualified under the article on such a crime. The qualification of a crime does not change when a person performs not one, but two or all of the alternatively envisaged actions. If a person illegally acquires, stores, transports and sells firearms, liability for him comes under Art. 222 of the Criminal Code. The same article qualifies the actions of a person who only illegally acquires firearms. The difference in the volume of criminal activity is not reflected in qualifications, but should be taken into account when sentencing. This complex act should be distinguished from the totality of crimes as a form of plurality.
A crime with two mandatory acts is a complex act, the objective side of which consists of two necessary actions. The absence of one of them, depending on the circumstances of the case, either means the commission of a crime at the stage of only an attempt, or indicates the absence of grounds for criminal liability. Such crimes include rape, extortion, hooliganism, kidnapping, etc.
It is widely believed that hooliganism is a compound crime. Actually hooliganism refers to complex acts with two obligatory actions. Hooliganism is a completed crime in the presence of an act that grossly violates public order and expresses clear disrespect for society (one act), committed with the use of weapons or objects used as weapons (second act provided alternatively). The commission of only the first specified action constitutes petty hooliganism, the responsibility for which is established by Art. 20.1 of the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation. A compound crime is characterized by the merger of at least two independent crimes into one act.
Two-object and multi-object crimes characterized by the fact that the encroachment is carried out on two or more direct objects. Sometimes two- or multi-objective crimes can coincide with compound crimes, for example, piracy is both a compound and multi-objective crime (objects are public safety, property relations, health, personal life). However, two-objective and multi-objective crimes can have completely independent significance. An example of a "pure" two-objective crime is the obstruction of a legitimate business or other economic activity committed by an official(Article 169 of the Criminal Code, the main object is relations for the normal implementation of entrepreneurial or other economic activities, an additional object is the normal activity of state authorities, local self-government); acquisition or sale of property knowingly obtained by criminal means (Article 175 of the Criminal Code, the main object is public relations in the field of economic activity related to transactions, additional - public relations that ensure the normal activity of the prosecutor's office, preliminary investigation and inquiry in the implementation of the function of criminal prosecution), etc.
Crimes with two forms of guilt encroachments are called when, as a result of the commission of an intentional crime, grave consequences are inflicted that are not covered by the intent of the perpetrator, and the attitude towards which is expressed in recklessness in the form of frivolity or negligence(Article 27 of the Criminal Code). In accordance with the meaning of the law, such a complex crime can only be a crime with a material qualified composition. Crimes with two forms of guilt include intentional infliction of grievous bodily harm, negligently resulting in the death of the victim (part 4 of article 111 of the Criminal Code); terrorism, negligently resulting in the death of a person (part 3 of article 205 of the Criminal Code), etc. The above-mentioned crimes are at the same time compound.
In crimes with two forms of guilt, the onset of grave consequences may not be envisaged as an independent crime. Criminal liability for the onset of these consequences takes place only if there is a causal relationship between the intentional acts of the perpetrator and such consequences. The suicide of a convict as a result of a knowingly unjust conviction is an example of a crime with two forms of guilt, when the grave consequence - the suicide of the convict - is not an independent crime. Similarly to the example considered above, the negligent disruption of the planned work of an institution for a long period as a result of abuse of official powers can be a crime with two forms of guilt. The specified disruption of the work of the institution as a grave consequence cannot be regarded as an independent crime.
Crime with additional grave consequences exists when, as a result of an intentional crime, through negligence, additional consequences occur. Such a crime is, for example, the intentional infliction of grievous bodily harm to the victim, negligently resulting in his death (part 4 of article 111 of the Criminal Code).
The form state structure – it is an element of the form of the state, characterizing the internal structure of the state, the way of its political and territorial division and the relationship between the state as a whole and its component parts.
Depending on the form of government, simple (unitary) and complex (federation, empire) states are distinguished.
unitary state - a simple unified centralized state, parts of which are administrative-territorial units, subordinate to central authorities and do not have signs of state sovereignty (France, Finland, Norway, Romania, Sweden). Unitary states have the following features:
1) administrative units of a single state do not have political independence;
2) a single state apparatus is headed by the highest state bodies common to the whole country;
3) single citizenship;
4) single-channel system of taxation.
According to the method of control of the central government, centralized (representatives of the center are appointed to the places) and decentralized (local government bodies are elected) unitary states are distinguished.
Federation - complex state, parts of which are state entities and possess to some extent state sovereignty (USA, Germany, India). The federation has the following characteristics:
1) it is a union state, consisting of previously sovereign states;
2) there is a two-level system of state bodies (federal and subjects of the federation);
3) two-channel system of taxation;
4) in the presence of federal legislation, the legislation of the subjects also applies.
Federations can be classified:
1) according to the principle of formation of subjects:
a) administrative-territorial;
b) national-state;
c) mixed;
2) on a legal basis:
a) contractual;
b) constitutional;
3) by equality of status:
a) symmetrical;
b) asymmetrical.
Also allocate confederation- a temporary union of states formed to achieve political, military, economic and other goals. The confederation does not have sovereignty, since there is no common central state apparatus and a unified system of legislation. There are union bodies coordinating the activities of the confederation.
Previously, there were other forms of government (empires, protectorates, etc.).
Empire is a complex state with a vast territorial basis and varying degrees of dependence of its subjects on the highest state power (Roman, British, Russian empires).
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Translation of "single, simple" in English
Other translations
Missing any single, simple a rule that governs the scope of the relationship between governance and private sector behavior.
One simple rule to apply in terms of the relationships between governance and the private sector.">
Suggest an example
Other results
Single, simple a formula for determining jurisdiction is unlikely to be viable or valid in all cases, and no existing model covers all possible cases.
A single, straightforward formula for determining jurisdiction is unlikely to be viable or valid for all cases, and no existing model covers every possible case.
A single, straightforward formula for determining jurisdiction is unlikely to be viable or valid for all cases, and no existing model covers every possible case.">
There doesn't exist any single, simple a policy that could guarantee a positive outcome in all situations where all participants in the process - migrants, countries of origin, countries of destination - would benefit from the international mobility of skilled labor.
We have not invested unified pennies , simply filmed a video and became famous in Europe,” Ilya Prusikin said in an interview with UTV.
A single penny , just shot video, and became known in Europe , Ilya Prusikin said in an interview with UTV.">
However, we still lack a general idea of humanity as a single community , simply due to the fact that certain rich, powerful and influential states in the world today continue to put their narrow national interests above the common good of all mankind.
Nevertheless, we still lack the collective perception of humankind as one single community , simply because certain wealthy, powerful and influential States in the world today continue to place their narrow national interests above the common good of all humankind.
One single community , simply because certain wealthy, powerful and influential States in the world today continue to place their narrow national interests above the common good of all humankind.">
Since storm events, tectonic fault lines and river basins do not recognize inter-country borders and unified sovereignty , simple the task of identifying causes and consequences can appear to be quite difficult.
As storms, fault lines and river basins extend beyond individual countries and recognize no single sovereignty , the simple determination of causes and effects can prove very difficult.
No single sovereignty , the simple determination of causes and effects can prove very difficult.">
EPS are used in all programs to reduce unemployment through the use of unified mechanism , wearing simple and transparent, while ensuring that the measures agreed to under the BPM are maintained and that employment is promoted.
APEs are a simple and transparent mechanism that combines all unemployment reduction programs, safeguarding the PRC-related measures already taken and strengthening employment.
A simple and transparent mechanism that combines all unemployment reduction programs, safeguarding the PRC-related measures already taken and strengthening employment.">
In addition, it is also necessary to define what we mean by development, since there is no single simple formulas , which would be suitable for everyone.
What was meant by development also needed to be defined, as no one simple formula worked for all.">
Are you saying that after what you did for them, without unified mistakes , they simply sitting silently?
At the same time, the Commission wished to keep single and simple system , which would also take into account the possibilities available in Greenland and provide for a good knowledge of Greenland conditions by the officials using the system.
On the other hand, the Commission desired to keep a unified and simple system that also had to be based on the options available in Greenland, while participants had to have the requisite knowledge of Greenlandic conditions.
A unified and simple system that also had to be based on the options available in Greenland, while participants had to have the requisite knowledge of Greenlandic conditions.">
Because everything software collected in packages unified a group of people , not simply all packages can be found in one place, but in addition, you can be sure that we have already worked out all the questions regarding complex dependencies.
The experts came to united opinion , what is this simply was the latest in a series of IMF relief efforts that resulted in billions of dollars being squandered and the economies they were intended to save never being saved.
Pundits agree this is only the latest in a string of IMF-led bailouts that squandered billions of dollars and failed to save the economies they were meant to help.
Merely the latest in a string of IMF-led bailouts that squandered billions of dollars and failed to save the economies they were meant to help.">
To solve the problem in these most affected areas, there is no unified and simple facilities , although defining the boundaries of the problem would allow for a response focusing on specific areas of concern.
ONE, unity (Greek - τò ἔν, Latin - unum), one of the fundamental concepts of philosophy and mathematics. The One is conceived as the beginning of indivisibility, unity and integrity of both the really existing - things, soul, consciousness, personality, and the ideal being - concepts, law, numbers. In mathematics, the One, or unity, serves as the beginning and measure of number, which, according to Euclid's definition, is "a set made up of units" ("Beginnings", Book 7, definition 2), and is accordingly measured by one; in geometry, astronomy, music, a unit is a measure of a quantity (length, area, speed, sound duration, etc.), homogeneous with the measured quantity. For philosophy, the concept of the One is as important as the concept of being; depending on which of these concepts is recognized as the supreme principle, one can speak of two types of metaphysics - the metaphysics of the One, or genology, and the metaphysics of being, or ontology. Representatives of genology include Parmenides, Plato, Neoplatonists - Plotinus, Proclus, Damascus, Dionysius the Areopagite, as well as John Scotus Eriugena, Nicholas of Cusa, Meister Eckhart and, with some reservations, I. Kant and J. G. Fichte. However, the distinction between genology and ontology is not always possible to clearly draw, because already in antiquity the concepts of being and the One were sometimes used interchangeably, since being (the beginning) was considered as something simple, that is, indivisible, and therefore the One.
One in ancient philosophy. The discussion of the One was initiated by representatives of Pythagoreanism and the Eleatic school. For the Pythagoreans, the concept of the One (monad) serves as the beginning of number, and number is the condition for the possibility of any knowledge. Among the Eleatics, the concepts of the One and the existent are used as synonyms; according to Parmenides, being is one, and multiplicity is non-being. Departing from the Pythagoreans and Eleatics, Plato, however, makes significant changes in the interpretation of the One. In the Parmenides dialogue, he shows that it is impossible to attribute any predicate to the One, because any statement about the One makes it many. Even asserting that "the One exists", we attribute to it the predicate of being and, consequently, we think "two" - the One and being, and the duality is the beginning of plurality. But if the “existing One” is no longer one, then the One is not being, it is super-being. As such, it cannot be an object of thought, which can only be a being (being).
As a super-existent and incomprehensible principle that cannot enter into any relationship, the One, according to Plato, is a necessary prerequisite for both being (plurality) and knowledge: without the One, being would turn into infinity, chaos, non-existence, while knowledge presupposes reference to unity, the unification of diversity in the unity of the concept. Thus, being on the other side of being and knowledge, the One constitutes the condition for the possibility of both. The "One Existing" is the world of intelligible supersensible ideas that form a correlated set - the integrity of the ideal world. Each idea carries the beginning of unity, therefore Plato calls them "monads" or "genads" ("Phileb", 15a-b).
Criticizing the Platonic ontologization of ideas, Aristotle also rejects the ontological status of the One, not recognizing it as an essence: neither the One nor being have an independent existence apart from single things; if the One existed as the One in itself, then nothing else could exist besides it (“Metaphysics”, III, 4). In the primary sense, things are called united, the essence of which is one and does not allow division. Hence the four main meanings of the one: 1) continuous (συνεχές), 2) the whole (ὅλον), having a certain form, 3) general (ϰαθόλου) and 4) single (ϰαθ’ ἔϰαστον). The first two - continuous and whole - are connected with the unity of movement, the last two - with the unity of thought; both the general and the individual are one because their definition is one: the individual is indivisible in number, and the general in kind. In all areas of existence, the One, according to Aristotle, serves as the first measure for each kind, but mainly for quantity. Thus, the One is not an essence, but it cannot be a generic concept either: “neither the One, nor the existent can be a genus for things” (ibid., III, 3), because then the specific differences would not be either the One or existing, but it is not. The One and the Existing are the most general of all predicates: they are present in all categories, but do not add anything to their content, this is their fundamental similarity.
Plotinus thinks of the One in the spirit of Platonic genology as the supreme principle of being, transcendent to it, as "that which is on the other side of being." “Above the existing is the First One ... the second place after him is occupied by the existent and the mind, and the third is the soul” (“Enneads”, V, I, 10). The One does not need anything and does not strive for anything, it is higher than the mind and knowledge, and therefore it is inexpressible and incomprehensible. Mind is the first act, or first energy, of the One and proceeds from its overflowing fullness by emanation, just as light flows from the sun. Only due to the fact that the existent is involved in the One, it constitutes something whole, the universe. The mind, as being closest to the One, is identical with it in unity, but differs from it in its multitude: Plotinus calls the mind “all-unity” (εν πάντα - One-everything), since it contains the totality of being.
In the Platonic tradition, the One is a synonym for the super-existent good, that is, not only an ontological, but also a moral principle: being in unity frees a person from scattering in many things, sensual, bodily, teaches the soul "to concentrate and gather in itself" ("Phaedo", 83a ). According to Proclus, it is necessary to aspire the soul to the One, so that unity becomes the very state of the soul, "the One in us", "the flowering of the spirit." Following Plotinus, Proclus distinguishes the first principle - the superexistential One, which he calls the One, which does not allow participation in itself, from the One derived from it, which participates in many things.
The decisive step in the unification of genology with the Aristotelian metaphysics of being was made by Porfiry. In the Commentary on Parmenides, he conceives the Divine One as a distinct unity of two principles in itself: the superexistent One (nothing) and being as pure actuality, as thinking of oneself in the spirit of the Aristotelian doctrine of the prime mover. As a result, the non-existing One and the One being - the intelligible world of ideas - are brought together. Porfiry thus created the philosophical premise of Christian theology, which sought to comprehend the existence of God, his essence and his Logos as a kind of unity.
The Problem of the One in the Middle Ages. Dionysius the Areopagite emphasizes the concept of the superexistent One as a subject of apophatic theology; another tendency goes back to Augustine, who regards God as the highest being (vere esse). However, at the same time, Dionysius sometimes identifies the One with “being itself” (“On the Divine Names”, V, 3, 4), and Augustine understands the doctrine of the Trinity as the logical conclusion of the metaphysics of the One Platonists. According to Augustine, without resolving the issue of the One, it is impossible to understand what God and the soul are (De ord. II, 17, nn. 42-48). In the spirit of Platonism, Augustine sees salvation from the noisy variegation of the temporary world in the fusion of the soul with the one God (“Confession”, XI, 39).
Boethius, following Porphyry, connects the genology of the Platonists with the Aristotelian metaphysics of being: his formula “being and the one are reversible” (ens et unum convertuntur) became a paradigm when discussing the concept of the One in the Latin Middle Ages, and the reversibility of being and the One was interpreted by many philosophers as the priority of being. In Ibn Sina, the One turns into a kind of quasi-accident of being. Bonaventure, although arguing with him, nevertheless, is close to him in understanding the One as a positive certainty that comes to being (I Sent. 24, 1, 1). Thomas Aquinas interprets the reversibility of being and the One as the indivisibility of being and its being, seeing in it the premise of thinking. “If one is not conceived, then nothing is conceived, for the thinker must distinguish what he thinks from all other things” (Met. 4, 7, p. 615).
The revival of the genological tradition occurs among the German mystics of the 13th-14th century, in particular, with Eckhart, and under his influence - with Nicholas of Cusa. God, according to Eckhart, is truly the One, the condition of the possibility of both being and essence. If Plato and the Platonists characterized the One through its opposition to another, then Nicholas of Cusa argues that “nothing is opposite to the one”, which means that “the one is everything” (Coll. M., 1979. Vol. 1. S. 51, 414 ), this is the "absolute maximum", which is identical with the "absolute minimum". “The absolute maximum is that one which is everything; everything is in it, since it is the maximum; and since nothing is opposite to it, the minimum coincides with it” (Ibid., p. 51). Identifying the One with the infinite, Nicholas of Cusa comes to the doctrine of the coincidence of opposites, which he raises to the main methodological principle, subsequently adopted by J. Bruno (“On the Cause, the Beginning and the One”, 1584), F. W. Schelling, G. V. F. Hegel, and in the 20th century - S. L. Frank.
The problem of unity in modern times. R. Descartes, quite in the spirit of medieval theology, considers unity as the highest perfection inherent only in God. Ideas of unity and simplicity "are present only in the intellect." Rooting unity in the subject - spirit, self-consciousness, I, Descartes substantiates the new European transcendental interpretation of unity.
The concept of unity "even without philosophizing, everyone experiences in himself, namely, that he is a single person" (Soch. M., 1994, vol. 2, p. 494).
The principle of the reversibility of the existent and the One retains its force in the teachings of B. Spinoza on substance. Like Nicholas of Cusa and J. Bruno, Spinoza affirms the identity of the One and the Infinite. In contrast, G. W. Leibniz returns to the Aristotelian-Thomistic tradition, recognizing the existence of many unified - simple and indivisible substances-monads, the highest of which is God, the source of the unity of created monads. The problem of unity is the central theme of Leibniz's philosophical reflections, connecting the understanding of unity as an ontological concept with its transcendental understanding as the unity of the knowing Self.
This transcendental understanding of unity becomes dominant in German idealism. It underlies the critical philosophy of I. Kant as the so-called transcendental unity of apperception, that is, self-consciousness as the last foundation of any synthesis in general; the link “is”, present in any judgment, denotes, according to Kant, the relation of representations to the necessary unity of self-consciousness expressed in the formula “I think”.
Following Kant, Fichte, Schelling and Hegel see the beginning of unity in the I as a transcendental subject, acting in them as an absolute subject. The early Fichte interprets the highest unity as an absolute I, which, however, is not a being, but an obligation, an unattainable ideal, towards which humanity strives as the goal of an endless historical process. Starting from 1800, Fichte distinguishes the One itself, or the absolute, from the absolute Self, which he now considers only as an image of the One - absolute knowledge, thereby returning to apophatic theology and to the genology of the Platonists, who understood the One as transcendent to being, and therefore to knowledge. .
Schelling and Hegel sought to prove the inconsistency of the thesis of the unknowability of the One and created a special - speculative - method based on the principle of the coincidence of opposites. With the help of this method, they tried to comprehend the Absolute in terms, creating, in essence, pantheistic constructions in which the One appears as a pan-unity, as a unity of opposites - “identities and non-identities”. However, at the end of his life, Schelling came to the conclusion that it was impossible to rationally comprehend the Absolute and created the so-called positive philosophy based on a special kind of experience - the experience of the Revelation of God in history.
The doctrine of unity in Russian philosophy of the 19th-20th century. Under the influence of German idealism, and especially Schelling, pan-unity became central theme at Vl. S. Solovyov, S. N. and E. N. Trubetskoy, N. O. Lossky, S. L. Frank, P. A. Florensky, S. N. Bulgakov, L. P. Karsavin and others. Solovyov's concepts are the unity of mankind in God, God-manhood. The concept of pan-unity in this meaning goes back to the Slavophil idea of catholicity (catholicity, universality) as an expression of that unity in the multitude, which is the Church. Cathedral unity, according to A. S. Khomyakov, is “a free and organic unity, the living principle of which is Divine grace mutual love"(Complete collection of works. M., 1907. Vol. 2. S. 101). In the philosophical substantiation of the ecclesiological concept of catholicity, Solovyov relied primarily on Schelling and Hegel. Unlike the Platonists, who distinguished between the One, which does not participate in the multitude (that is, “everything”), and the One, which participates in many things, Solovyov proceeded precisely from the One in the multitude: the absolute is ἔν ϰαί πᾶν (one and everything; hence the concept of unity). The statement that the One is everything, and all that is is the One, is only another expression of the dialectical principle of the identity of opposites in being: if the absolute remained only itself, then everything else would be its negation or limit, that is, the absolute would be limited. Arguing in this way in the spirit of Hegelian dialectics, Solovyov considers God as the First Absolute, Absolute Existing, and the world - as the Second Absolute, Absolute becoming, thereby thinking pantheistically pantheistically - as "the unity of itself and its opposite." Solovyov's concept of unity is closely connected with his sophiology: Sophia, the Eternal Femininity, or the World Soul, turns out to be an intermediate principle between the First and Second Absolute.
Trying to overcome these pantheistic motifs in the interpretation of unity, S. N. Trubetskoy rejected the doctrine of humanity as a “becoming God”, which goes back to German idealism, understanding God as an actually existing - eternal consciousness that does not require a finite (becoming) consciousness for its existence. Demonstrating the impossibility of reducing human consciousness to either individual consciousness or universal “world mind”, Trubetskoy returned to the original Slavophile intuition of unity as a conciliar consciousness: the underlying love is “the unity of all in one, the consciousness of all in itself and itself in all” (Soch. M., 1994. S. 592).
S. L. Frank built the metaphysics of unity on the basis of intuitionism, uniting the world and God into a single whole - all-unity. If Solovyov has a certain boundary between the Absolute as Being and the world of plurality as being, then Frank eliminates this boundary: the world becomes as incomprehensible (metalological) as the Absolute.
N. O. Lossky, like S. N. Trubetskoy, returns to the doctrine of the supreme principle, characteristic of ancient genology and Christian theology, transcendent to everything that exists (the One, not involved in much): “The existence of the world is something that exists completely outside the essence of God , and therefore God is not all-unity” (“History of Russian Philosophy”, Moscow, 1991, p. 148). If the One (God) is thought of as a beginning immanent to the world, then it can only be an abstract unity: not a single being, but a unity of law (such an abstract unity is Hegel's absolute idea).
Lit.: Hager F. P. Der Geist und das Eine. AT.; Stuttg., 1970; Trouillard J. L'Un et l'âmeselon Proclos. R., 1972; Beierwaltes W. Denken des Einen. Fr./M., 1985; Einheit als Grundfrage der Philosophie / Hrsg. von K. Gloy, E. Rudolph. Darmstadt, 1985; Einheitskonzepte in der idealistischen und in der idealistischen und in der gegenwärtigen Philosophie / Hrsg. von K. Gloy, D. Schmidig. Bern u. a., 1987; Akulinin VN Philosophy of unity. From V. S. Solovyov to P. A. Florensky. Novosib., 1990; Viller E. A. Teaching about the One in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. St. Petersburg, 2002; Halfwassen J. Der Aufstieg zum Einen. 2. Aufl. Munch.; Lpz., 2006.
Keywords:form, state, device
Form of government - this is an element of the form of the state, characterizing the internal structure of the state, the method of its political and territorial division, which determines certain relationships between the organs of the entire state and the organs of its constituent parts.
With the help of this concept, the state structure is characterized in terms of the distribution of power in the center and in the regions.
Depending on this criterion, the following forms are distinguished.
unitary state - a simple, unified state, parts of which are administrative-territorial units and do not have signs of state sovereignty; it exists a unified system of higher bodies and a unified system of legislation, as, for example, in Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Italy.
In a unitary state, all external interstate relations are carried out by central bodies that officially represent the country in the international arena. Monopoly taxation belongs to the state, not the territory. The collection of local taxes, as a rule, is allowed with the approval of the state. Territories, unlike the state, do not have the right to establish and levy taxes at their own discretion.
Unitary states there are centralized - Norway, Romania, Sweden, Denmark, etc., and decentralized - Spain, France, etc., in which major regions enjoy broad autonomy, independently resolve issues transferred to them by the central authorities.
Federation - a complex union state, parts of which are state entities and have state sovereignty to one degree or another and other signs of statehood; in it, along with the highest federal bodies and federal legislation, there are higher authorities and the legislation of the subjects of the federation, as, for example, in Germany, India, Mexico, Canada; federations can be built on a territorial basis (USA) or on a national-territorial basis (Russia).
Federations are based on distribution of functions between its subjects and the center fixed in union constitution, which can be changed only with the consent of the subjects of the federation. Wherein one part powers is the exclusive competence of the Union bodies; another- subjects of the federation; third- joint competence of the union and its members.
There are currently 26 federal states in the world. They are located in Europe (Austria, Belgium, Germany, Russia, Switzerland); in Asia (India, Malaysia, United United Arab Emirates, Pakistan); in America (Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Canada, Mexico, USA, Saint Kitts and Nevis); in Africa (Comoros, Nigeria, Tanzania, Ethiopia); in Oceania (Papua New Guinea, United States of Micronesia); the federation is Australia. Some elements of federalism are inherent in the European Union.
Confederation - a temporary union of states formed to achieve political, military, economic and other goals. Confederation does not have sovereignty, because there is no central state apparatus common to the united subjects and there is no unified system of legislation. A confederation can create allied bodies, but only on those problems for the solution of which they united, and only of a coordinating property.
The confederation is fragile state formations and exists for a relatively short time: they either disintegrate (as happened with Senegambia - the unification of Senegal and the Gambia in 1982 - 1989), or are transformed into federal states (as, for example, was the case with Switzerland, which was from the confederation of the Swiss Union that existed in 1815 - 1848 ., transformed into a federation).
Appeared new form associated state association, called commonwealth of states. An example would be the Commonwealth Independent States(CIS), which includes states that were previously part of the USSR. This is a more amorphous and indefinite form than a confederation.
In addition to the named forms of government, some other specific forms have taken place in history - empires, protectorates etc.
So, empire act as state entities, distinctive features which are a vast territorial basis, a strong centralized authority, asymmetric relations of domination and subordination between the center and the periphery, a heterogeneous ethnic and cultural composition of the population. Empires (for example, Roman, British, Russian) existed in various historical eras.
