A distinctive feature of the new standard is its active nature, which sets the main goal of developing the student's personality. The education system refuses the traditional presentation of learning outcomes in the form of knowledge, skills and abilities, the wording of the standard indicates the real types of activities that the student must master by the end primary education. Requirements for learning outcomes are formulated in the form of personal, meta-subject and subject results.
An integral part of the core of the new standard are universal learning activities (UUD). UUD is understood as “general educational skills”, “ common ways activities”, “over-subject actions”, etc. For UUD, a separate program is provided - the program for the formation of universal educational activities (UUD). All types of UUD are considered in the context of the content of specific academic subjects. The presence of this program in the complex of the Basic Educational Program of Primary general education sets the activity approach in the educational process of elementary school.
An important element in the formation of universal educational activities of students at the stage of primary general education, which ensures its effectiveness, is the orientation of younger students in information and communication technologies (ICT) and the formation of the ability to correctly apply them (ICT competence). The use of modern digital tools and communication environments is indicated as the most natural way to form UUD, the subprogram "Formation of students' ICT competence" is included.
Implementation of the program for the formation of UUD in primary school- the key task of introducing a new educational standard.
What are Federal State Educational Standards
(brief information for parents).
Federal state educational standards are established by the Russian Federation in accordance with the requirements of Article 7. of the Law on Education and represent a "set of requirements that are mandatory for the implementation of basic educational programs of primary general education."
The official order on the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard of the IEO and the text of the Standard can be found on the website of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia: http://www.edu.ru
What are the requirements of the new GEF?
The standard puts forward three groups of requirements:
- Requirements for the results of mastering the main educational program of primary general education,
- Requirements for the structure of the basic educational program of primary general education,
- Requirements for the conditions for the implementation of the basic educational program of primary general education.
What is the distinguishing feature of the new Standard?
A distinctive feature of the new standard is its active nature, which sets the main goal of developing the student's personality. The education system refuses the traditional presentation of learning outcomes in the form of knowledge, skills and abilities, the formation of the standard indicates the real types of activities that the student must master by the end of primary education.
Requirements for learning outcomes are formulated in the form of personal, meta-subject and subject results.
An integral part of the core of the new standard are universal learning activities (UUD). UUD is understood as “general educational skills”, “general methods of activity”, “above-subject actions”, etc. For UUD, a separate program is provided - the program for the formation of universal educational activities (UUD).
An important element in the formation of UUD students at the stage of primary general education, which ensures its effectiveness, is the orientation of younger students in information and communication technologies (ICT) and the formation of the ability to correctly apply them. The use of modern digital tools and communication environments is indicated as the most natural way to form ULD, therefore, a subprogram for the formation of ICT-competence is included in the program for the formation of ULD.
The implementation of the program for the formation of UUD in elementary school is the key task of introducing a new educational standard. The Czech Republic considers as a priority the active inclusion of the subprogram for the formation of ICT - competencies in the educational programs of educational institutions.
Each educational institution develops its own educational program, taking into account, among other things, the requests and wishes of the parents of students.
What are the requirements for student outcomes set by the Standard?
The standard establishes requirements for the results of students who have mastered the basic educational program of primary general education.
Personal, including the readiness and ability of students for self-development, the formation of motivation for learning and cognition, the value-semantic attitudes of students, reflecting their individual positions, social competencies, personal qualities; the formation of the foundations of civic identity.
Meta-subject, including universal learning activities mastered by students that ensure the mastery of key competencies that form the basis of the ability to learn, and interdisciplinary concepts.
Subject-based, including mastered by teachers in the course of studying subject experience of activity specific to a given subject area in obtaining new knowledge, its transformation and application, as well as systems of fundamental elements of scientific knowledge underlying the modern scientific picture of the world.
Subject results are grouped by subject areas within which subjects are indicated. They are formed in terms of “the graduate will learn…”, which is a group of mandatory requirements, and “the graduate will have the opportunity to learn…”, failure to achieve these requirements by the graduate cannot serve as an obstacle to transferring him to the next degree of education.
Example:
The graduate learns to independently title the text and draw up a text plan.
The graduate will have the opportunity to learn how to create a text according to the proposed heading.
You can learn more about the content of this division by studying the programs of subjects presented in the main educational program.
What is learned using ICT?
A distinctive feature of the beginning of learning is that, along with traditional writing, the child immediately begins to master keyboard typing. Today, many parents who constantly use a computer in professional and personal life understand its possibilities for creating and editing texts, therefore, they must understand the importance of including this component in the educational process on an equal basis with traditional writing.
The study of the surrounding world offers not only the study of textbook materials, but also observations and experiments carried out using digital measuring instruments, a digital microscope, a digital camera and a video camera. Observations and experiments are recorded, their results are summarized and offered in digital form.
The study of art offers the study modern species arts on a par with traditional ones. In particular, digital photos, videos, animations.
In the context of the study of all subjects, various sources of information should be widely used, including the accessible Internet.
AT modern school widely used design method. ICT tools are the most promising means of implementing project-based teaching methods. There is a cycle of projects, participating in which children get to know each other, exchange information about themselves, about the school, about their interests and hobbies. These are the projects “Me and my name”, “My family”, the modern edition of “Azbuka” and much more. Parents should encourage their children to do this in every possible way.
An integrated approach to learning, applicable when creating a new standard, suggests the active use of knowledge gained in the study of one subject in lessons in other subjects. For example, in the Russian language lesson, work is underway on descriptive texts, the same work continues in the lesson of the world around, for example, in connection with the study of the seasons. The result of this activity is, for example, a video report describing pictures of nature, natural phenomena and so on
Traditional textbooks or digital resources?
The new Standard set the task of developing new educational and methodological complexes, which is being solved at the present time. In addition to an active approach to content educational material the authors must provide adequate means of presenting it to the modern information society, including digital ones, which can be presented both on disks and on the Internet.
What should be the material educational environment of primary school?
The bulk of children entering primary school are six-year-olds, the leading activity for which is play. A child who has not undergone preliminary drill in the system of preschool training comes to the first grade with unformed mechanisms of educational activity, although his psychophysical development already allows him to begin his purposeful and gradual formation. The complexity of the situation lies in the fact that the organizational educational activity each student is formed individually, this process takes a different amount of time and takes place with different intensity. A six-year-old child is characterized by active play, through play he realizes his needs for movement, communication, acquires new knowledge and activities. Therefore, the environment of an educational institution should be saturated with means that encourage the child to play activities and allow solving educational problems during the game. For example, the classroom of first-graders must necessarily contain not only traditional educational, but also play space, school reactions and sports halls to provide an opportunity for physical activity. The educational space should be saturated with didactic and digital equipment that allows organizing different types educational activities, work with children frontally, in pairs, in small and large groups.
What is extracurricular activity, what are its features?
The standard proposes the implementation in an educational institution of both classroom and extracurricular activities. Extracurricular activities are organized in the areas of personality development.
The content of the classes should be formed taking into account the wishes of students and their parents.
Extracurricular activities may include: doing homework, individual lessons with children requiring psychological, pedagogical and correctional support, individual and group consultations for children of various categories of excursions, circles, sections, round tables, conferences, debates, school scientific societies, olympiads, competitions, search and scientific research, etc.
The time allotted for extracurricular activities is not included in the maximum allowable workload of students. The alternation of classroom and extracurricular activities is determined educational institution and agreed with the parents of the students.
When educational institutions switch to new standard primary education?
The transition to the new Standard takes place in stages. In the 2010-2011 academic year, the Standard is introduced in the 1st grade of experimental schools in the Russian Federation
From September 1, 2011-2012 academic year in all educational institutions of the Russian Federation in grade 1, the introduction of the Standard is mandatory.
Seven years is already old. This is the beginning of the biography of the Personality. Every parent wants their child to be successful and happy life. Every parent knows that the foundation for future success must be laid in early childhood. At the age of 7, there comes a time of responsibility, when the most important thing for a child is to learn how to learn. It is during this period that the intellectual, emotional, motivational and volitional spheres of the personality are actively developing.
It is safe to say that a child of 7-10 years old is in dire need of attention and care from their parents, in the moral support of their loved ones. Your participation and your interest will positively affect the development cognitive abilities child.
How to behave with the child to parents during the period of school adaptation:
1. Avoid public censures and remarks!
2. Avoid comparison with other children (especially if someone is better).
3. Be sure to celebrate the success of the child, reporting them in his presence to other family members.
4. Try to make as few remarks to the child as possible.
5. Gentle touches of parents will help the child gain a sense of confidence and trust in the world.
6. Encourage in all endeavors and praise even for a minor independent act.
7. Hold back and do not scold the school and teachers in front of the child.
8. Be consistent in your requirements.
9. Your participation and your interest will positively affect the emotional state of the child.
10. Accept the child as he is.
Dear parents! The success of his adaptation to entering the school regime and his psychological well-being will depend on how the child is prepared for school. This is a serious test for the baby and for parents - a test of kindness and sensitivity. I wish you success!
Material prepared by the school principal
First write down the task number (26, 27, etc.), and then a detailed answer to it. Write your answers clearly and legibly.
Read the text and complete tasks 26-31.
Law as a social regulator is, first of all, an instrumental value, i.e. a value that acts as an instrument, instrument, means that ensures the functioning of others social institutions. However, it is important to emphasize that the right has its own value. In the most general way, the intrinsic value of law can be defined as the expression and personification of the right of social freedom and activity of people on the basis of orderly relations and in accordance with justice, the need to harmonize the will and interests of various segments of the population, social groups.
Even when law acts as the right of the strong or the right of power, when its content often does not correspond to the needs of progress in its main characteristics, it still represents a socially valuable, albeit extremely limited, phenomenon in comparison with what opposes it. - with arbitrariness, with self-will, with the subjectivism of individuals and groups. After all, social freedom and activity of people can have a different character. Unbound by law, outside of law, they can develop into arbitrariness without barriers. In law, social freedom and activity to some extent reflect the unity of freedom and responsibility, exist within the framework outlined by law, in combination with legal obligations. The inherent value of law is directly determined by its social nature and very significantly depends on the stage of development of society, the stage of civilization, the nature of political regime.
(S. Alekseev)
Highlight the main semantic parts of the text. Give a title to each of them (make a text plan).
Show answer
The following semantic fragments can be distinguished:
1. The values of law as a social regulator (instrumental and personal).
2. Disclosure of the role of law in society.
3. Dependence of the intrinsic value of law.
Other formulations of the points of the plan are possible that do not distort the essence of the main idea of the fragment, and the allocation of additional semantic blocks.
Show answer
The correct answer should contain two sentences that reveal the meaning of the concept, for example:
1) law as a social regulator is a system of obligatory social norms protected by the power of the state;
2) with the help of law, state power regulates the behavior of people and their teams, provides legal, i.e. stipulated by the rules of law, the impact on the development of public (social) relations on the scale of the whole society.
Other correct definitions, suggestions can be given.
Based on the text, name two values that, according to the author, the right has.
Show answer
The answer should include the following values:
1) instrumental;
2) own.
The author argues that "even when the law acts as the right of the strong or the right of power ... it is still a socially valuable phenomenon." Based on the text and knowledge of the social science course, give three arguments supporting the author's point of view.
Show answer
Arguments may be given in the response:
1) by restricting the social freedom and activity of people, the law does not allow them to develop into arbitrariness;
2) legal social freedom and activity reflect the unity of rights and obligations;
3) contributes to the coordination of the will and interests of various segments of the population, social groups;
4) in law, social freedom and activity exist within the framework outlined by law, in combination with legal obligations.
Based on the text, formulate three properties of law that express its role in society.
Show answer
The following properties of the right can be named in the response:
1) ensures the functioning of other social institutions;
2) promotes social freedom;
3) is able to ensure the activity of people;
4) contributes to the coordination of the will and interests of various segments of the population, social groups.
Other formulations of the answer are allowed that do not distort its meaning.
The author argues that the inherent value of law "depends on the stage of development of society, the stage of civilization, the nature of the political regime." Based on the knowledge of the social science course, other academic disciplines and social experience, give three arguments that support the author's point of view.
Show answer
The following arguments may be given in the response:
1) level economic development countries, the degree of development of the market for goods and services requires fixing in legal norms the necessary degree of freedom for vigorous activity, protection of private property;
2) the level of civilization determines the degree of development of culture, ideas about a person, his place in the world and, thereby, determines the nature of values, which is also reflected in legal norms;
3) since the laws are issued by the state, the level of rights and freedoms granted to citizens, the degree of their participation in government depends on the nature of the political regime.
Other arguments may be given.
Dear parents, teachers, students!
On September 1, 2011, all educational institutions in Russia switched to the new Federal State Educational Standard for Primary General Education (FSES IEO). You can learn more about the GEF IEO on this page of our website.
What is the Federal State Standard of Primary General Education?
What are the features of the Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education?
What are the requirements of the new GEF IEO?
What is extracurricular activity, what are its features?
What is the Federal State Standard
primary general education?
Federal state standards are set in Russian Federation in accordance with the requirement of Article 7 of the "Law on Education" and represent "a set of requirements that are mandatory for the implementation of basic educational programs of primary general education (BEP IEO) by educational institutions with state accreditation."
What are the features of the Federal State Educational Standard of Primary General Education?
Primary school plays an extremely important role in the general education system. This is the link that should ensure the holistic development of the child's personality, his socialization, the formation of an elementary culture of activity and behavior, the formation of intelligence and general culture. To determine the modern requirements for primary school, to ensure the quality of primary education is the main task of the federal state educational standards of the second generation. In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia dated October 6, 2009 No. 373 (registered by the Ministry of Justice of Russia dated December 22, 2009 No. 15785) "On the approval and implementation of the federal state educational standard for primary general education," the new Federal State Educational Standard for primary general education is put into effect from 1 January 2010 for pilot schools, from September 1, 2011 for all schools in the Russian Federation.
In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", the Federal State Educational Standard for Primary General Education is a set of requirements that are mandatory for the implementation of basic educational programs of primary general education by educational institutions with state accreditation.
The federal state educational standard for primary general education must provide:
- the unity of the educational space of the Russian Federation;
- continuity of the main educational programs of primary general and basic general education.
The structure of the standards includes three groups of requirements:
- to the results of mastering the main educational program of primary general education;
- to the structure of the main educational program of primary general education, including the requirements for the ratio of parts of the main educational program of primary general education and their volume, as well as the ratio of the mandatory part of the main educational program of primary general education and the part formed by the participants in the educational process;
- to the conditions for the implementation of the main educational program of primary general education, including personnel, financial, logistical and other conditions.
The requirements for the results, structure and conditions for mastering the main educational program of primary general education take into account the age and individual characteristics of students at the stage of primary general education, the inherent value of the stage of primary general education as the foundation of all subsequent education.
Requirements for the results of mastering the main educational program of primary general education.
The requirements contain a description of the goals, competencies of a primary school graduate, determined by the personal, family, social, state needs and capabilities of a child of primary school age, individual characteristics of his development and state of health.
Requirements set guidelines for assessing personal, meta-subject and subject learning outcomes.
Personal Outcomes
- the readiness and ability of students for self-development, the formation of motivation for learning and cognition, the value-semantic attitudes of primary school graduates, reflecting their individually personal positions, social competencies, personal qualities; the formation of the foundations of Russian, civic identity;
Metasubject Results
- universal educational actions mastered by students (cognitive, regulatory and communicative);
Subject results - mastered by students in the course of studying academic subjects, the experience of specific activity for each subject area in obtaining new knowledge, its transformation and application, as well as the system of fundamental elements of scientific knowledge that underlies the modern scientific picture of the world.
The requirements define the planned results of primary general education, the possibility of achieving which must be guaranteed by all institutions implementing the main educational programs of primary general education, regardless of their type, location and organizational and legal form. Planned results are mandatory integral part the main educational program of primary general education.
Requirements for the structure of the main educational program
Since the entry into force of the new federal state educational standard for primary general education, new requirements have been imposed on the structure of the main educational program, which determines the content and organization of the educational process at the level of primary general education and is aimed at forming a common culture of students, their spiritual, moral, social , personal and intellectual development, to create the basis for the independent implementation of educational activities that ensure social success, development of creative abilities, self-development and self-improvement, preservation and strengthening of the health of younger students.
The main educational program of primary general education includes the following sections:
- explanatory note;
- the planned results of mastering the basic educational program of primary general education by students;
- the basic curriculum of an educational institution;
- a program for the formation of universal educational activities for students at the stage of primary general education;
- work programs of individual subjects, courses;
- a program of spiritual and moral development, education of students at the stage of primary general education;
- a program for the formation of a culture of a healthy and safe lifestyle;
- program of corrective work;
- a system for assessing the achievement of the planned results of mastering the basic educational program of primary general education.
Requirements for the conditions for the implementation of the main educational program
primary general education
Requirements for the conditions for the implementation of the main educational program of primary general education are a system of requirements for personnel, financial, logistical and other conditions for the implementation of the main educational program of primary general education and the achievement of the planned results of primary general education.
The integrative result of the implementation of these requirements should be the creation of a comfortable developing educational environment:
- ensuring the high quality of education, its accessibility, openness and attractiveness for students, their parents (legal representatives) and the whole society, spiritual and moral development and education of students;
- guaranteeing the protection and strengthening of the physical, psychological and social health of students;
- comfortable in relation to students and teaching staff.
The implementation of modern requirements will require special professionalism from an elementary school teacher: in addition to the function of a coordinator, organizer, assistant, consultant, he must master the team, joint, collective form of work; be an ally of a psychologist, social pedagogue, etc.
The performance of these functions also determines the teacher's choice of priority educational technologies - project, research, reflective learning, information and communication technologies. These technologies not only solve the problems of mastering the content of the subject, but also contribute to the formation of students' competencies: informational, social, personal, communicative, which fully corresponds to the tasks of developing modern education in a new social and educational situation.
What are the requirements of the new GEF IEO?
The standard puts forward three groups of requirements: Requirements for the results of mastering the basic educational program of primary general education; Requirements for the structure of the basic educational program of primary general education; Requirements for the conditions for the implementation of the main educational program of primary general education.
What is the distinguishing feature of the new Standard?
A distinctive feature of the new standard is its active nature, which sets the main goal of developing the student's personality. The education system abandons the traditional presentation of learning outcomes in the form of knowledge, skills and abilities, the wording of the standard indicates the real types of activities that the student must master by the end of primary education. Requirements for learning outcomes are formulated in the form of personal, meta-subject and subject results.
An integral part of the core of the new standard are universal learning activities (UUD). UUD is understood as “general educational skills”, “general methods of activity”, “above-subject actions”, etc. For UUD, a separate program is provided - the program for the formation of universal educational activities (UUD). All types of UUD are considered in the context of the content of specific academic subjects. The presence of this program in the complex of the Basic Educational Program of Primary General Education sets the activity approach in the educational process of primary school.
An important element in the formation of universal educational activities of students at the stage of primary general education, which ensures its effectiveness, is the orientation of younger students in information and communication technologies (ICT) and the formation of the ability to correctly apply them (ICT competence). The use of modern digital tools and communication environments is indicated as the most natural way to form UUD, the subprogram "Formation of students' ICT competence" is included. The implementation of the program for the formation of UUD in elementary school is the key task of introducing a new educational standard.
What are the requirements for student outcomes set by the Standard?
The standard establishes requirements for the results of students who have mastered the basic educational program of primary general education:
Personal, including the readiness and ability of students for self-development, the formation of motivation for learning and cognition, the value-semantic attitudes of students, reflecting their individual-personal positions, social competencies, personal qualities; the formation of the foundations of civic identity;
Meta-subject, including the development by students of universal learning activities (cognitive, regulatory and communicative), ensuring the mastery of key competencies that form the basis of the ability to learn;
Subject-based, including the experience, mastered by students in the course of studying the subject area, of activity specific to this subject area in obtaining new knowledge, its transformation and application, as well as the system of fundamental elements of scientific knowledge that underlies the modern scientific picture of the world.
Subject results are grouped by subject areas within which subjects are indicated. They are formulated in terms of “the graduate will learn…”, which is a group of mandatory requirements, and “the graduate will have the opportunity to learn…”, failure to achieve these requirements by the graduate cannot serve as an obstacle to transferring him to the next level of education.
Example: A graduate will learn to independently title the text and create a text plan. The graduate will have the opportunity to learn how to create a text according to the proposed heading. You can learn more about the content of this division by studying the programs of subjects presented in the main educational program.
What is learned using ICT?
A distinctive feature of the beginning of learning is that, along with traditional writing, the child immediately begins to master keyboard typing. Today, many parents who constantly use a computer in their professional and personal lives understand its capabilities for creating and editing texts, so they should understand the importance of including this component in the educational process on an equal basis with traditional writing.
The study of the surrounding world involves not only the study of textbook materials, but also observations and experiments carried out using digital measuring instruments, a digital microscope, a digital camera and a video camera. Observations and experiments are recorded, their results are summarized and presented in digital form.
The study of art involves the study of modern art forms as well as traditional ones. In particular, digital photography, video film, animation.
In the context of the study of all subjects, various sources of information should be widely used, including the accessible Internet.
The project method is widely used in modern schools. ICT tools are the most promising means of implementing project-based teaching methods. There is a cycle of projects, participating in which children get to know each other, exchange information about themselves, about the school, about their interests and hobbies. These are the projects “Me and my name”, “My family”, the joint publication of the ABC and much more. Parents should encourage their children to do this in every possible way.
The integrated approach to learning used to create a new standard involves the active use of knowledge gained in the study of one subject in lessons in other subjects. For example, in the Russian language lesson, work is underway on descriptive texts, the same work continues in the lesson of the world around, for example, in connection with the study of the seasons. The result of this activity is, for example, a video report describing pictures of nature, natural phenomena, etc.
What is an information and educational environment?
Requirements for the information and educational environment (IS) are an integral part of the Standard. IS should provide opportunities for informatization of the work of any teacher and student. Through IP, students have controlled access to educational resources and the Internet, they can interact remotely, including after school hours. Parents should see in IS the qualitative results of their children's education and the assessment of the teacher.
What is extracurricular activity, what are its features?
The standard assumes the implementation in an educational institution of both classroom and extracurricular activities. Extracurricular activities are organized in the areas of personality development (sports and recreation, spiritual and moral, social, general intellectual, general cultural).
The content of the classes should be formed taking into account the wishes of students and their parents (legal representatives).
Extracurricular activities may include: doing homework (starting from the second half of the year), individual lessons of a teacher with children who require psychological, pedagogical and correctional support (including individual lessons in the formulation of oral speech, handwriting and writing, etc. ), individual and group consultations (including remote ones) for children of various categories, excursions, circles, sections, round tables, conferences, debates, school scientific societies, olympiads, competitions, search and scientific research, etc.
The content of extracurricular activities should be reflected in the main educational program of the educational institution.
The time allotted for extracurricular activities is not included in the maximum allowable workload of students. The alternation of classroom and extracurricular activities is determined by the educational institution and agreed with the parents of the students.
The official order on the introduction of the Federal State Educational Standard of the IEO and the text of the Standard can be found on the website of the Russian Ministry of Education and Science: http://www.edu.ru/
1. Extensive use of survey methods
2. Formation of a multistage sample
3. Work of a sociologist by type of included study
4. Orientation to requests and work in close contact with a representative of the customer organization
21. A dichotomous question in a sociological questionnaire suggests:
1. Having at least 5 items on the response scale
2. The respondent enters his opinion in the space provided for this in the questionnaire.
3. Opportunity for the respondent to agree or refute what is proposed in the question
4. Fairness check previously given answer
22. Methods for conducting an expert survey have distinguishing feature:
1. They are held face-to-face
2. These are, as a rule, absentee methods due to the employment of experts
3. A preliminary stage is expected (selection of experts)
4. The role of the sociologist is important only at the stage of beginning and summing up the results of the study.
23. Sociometric test measures:
1. Respondents' sympathies
2. Degree of dedication to the team
3. Level of anxiety in the group
4. Structure of contacts in a group
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Document Analysis- a method of systematic analysis of documentary sources, aimed at obtaining information that is significant for the purposes of the study.
Anomie(from gr . a – negative particle , nomos - law) is the state of society, caused by its crisis and characterized by a weakening of the action or decomposition of the value system, a contradiction between the proclaimed goals and the possibility of their implementation by legal means. The concept was introduced by E. Durkheim.
Outsider- an individual or group that, either by virtue of its own choice or as a result of social pressure, is forced out of the framework of social institutions characteristic of a given society. In sociometry, an individual with zero choices.
Marriage- a historically determined, sanctioned and regulated by society form of relations between a woman and a man, establishing their rights and obligations in relation to each other, to children, to joint property, to society.
Weber, Max(1864-1920) - German philosopher, sociologist, historian, economist, founder of the anti-positivist trend in sociology ("understanding sociology") and the theory of social action. Main works: "Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism", "Economic Ethics of World Religions", "Economy and Society", etc.
Sample population (sample)- part of the elements of the general population, selected using special methods (selective procedures). The sample structure should correspond to the nature of the research objectives and hypotheses.
Gender- a set of ideas about the personal and behavioral characteristics of men and women; it is a social status that determines individual opportunities for education, professional activity, access to power, sexuality, family role and reproductive behavior.
gender contract- patterns of interaction between the sexes (rules of interaction, rights and obligations that determine the division of labor on the basis of sex) in specific historical contexts.
gender stereotype- internal attitude towards the place of men and women in society, their functions and tasks.
Population- all units of the object structured and outlined by spatio-temporal boundaries, defined in the research program.
Globalization- the process of interaction and interdependence of various states, cultures and civilizations gradually growing on a historical scale.
City- a territorially concentrated form of resettlement of people engaged mainly in non-agricultural labor.
Government- the form political power, which has the monopoly right to issue laws binding on the entire population and based on a special apparatus of coercion, as one of the means to comply with laws and orders.
Civil society- a set of independent and independent from the state public relations, institutions, organizations that develop in the sphere of economy, culture, national problems, religion, etc. The concept of civil society defines the mode of existence and self-organization of all types of human activity (within the legal framework), autonomous from power and being a source of community development. environment, including other groups; 2) a discipline that studies the problems of leadership, communications, and decision-making processes in a group.
Deviation (deviant behavior)(from lat . deviation) - behavior that deviates from the values, norms, attitudes and expectations of society or a social group.
Denomination- intermediate type religious organization, combining the features of the church and the sect.
Dyad– 1. A group consisting of two interacting members. 2. According to T. Parsons - simplest system social action.
Disposition- motivation, consistent with the circumstances of the external environment.
Reliability of sociological information– information quality characteristic; is ensured by the observance of three conditions: 1) the reliability of the tool for measuring social characteristics; 2) the validity of the sample (i.e. the legitimacy of extending the conclusions on the sample to the entire population); 3) the legitimacy of using the statistical apparatus in relation to qualitative features in the analysis of empirical information (not all data obtained can be translated into indicators, percentages, distributions, etc.).
Durkheim, Emil(1858-1917) - French positivist sociologist, founder of the methodology of sociologism. Main works: “Method of sociology”, “Suicide. Sociological study”, “On the division of social labor”, etc.
Interest groups- various kinds of organizations or associations, whose members are united by the same interests; provide an individual with the necessary field for the realization of his capabilities and needs.
Identification- the process of identifying an individual with a particular group, occurring on the basis of the assimilation of the properties inherent in the group, standards, values, social. settings and roles.
Measurement- a way of studying social phenomena, processes, systems, their properties, relationships with the help of quantitative characteristics.
Individual- an isolated member of a social community or group.
Individuality- a complex of peculiar and unique qualities and actions of a given person.
Indicator- accessible to observation and measurement of the characteristic of the object under study. From a number of indicators, one is chosen that is more sensitive and more accurately reflects the properties of the object. The indicator value is an indicator.
History of sociology- the process of formation and development of sociological knowledge, which was formed in the course of the struggle of the main sociological orientations, trends and schools.
Caste- a separate social group, the members of which are related by origin or legal status, belonging to which is hereditary.
Class – large group people having the same socio-economic status in the systems of division of labor and social stratification.
Comte, August(1798-1957) - French philosopher and sociologist, founder of sociology as a science and a positivist trend in sociological theory. Main works: "Course of Positive Philosophy" (in 6 volumes); "The Spirit of Positive Philosophy", etc.
Counterculture- a type of subculture that rejects the values and norms of the dominant culture in a given society and defends its own alternative culture.
Content analysis- a strictly formalized analysis of the content of the document, providing for the allocation of semantic units (categories of analysis) in the text, counting the frequency of their use, establishing relationships with common sense, purpose, volume of text.
culture- (from lat. . culture- cultivation , upbringing , education , development , veneration) - 1) a set of material and spiritual values, expressing a certain level of development of an individual, groups of society; 2) the sphere of the spiritual life of society, including the system of upbringing, education and creativity; 3) the level of mastery of skills, abilities and knowledge in any type of activity; 4) forms of social behavior of the individual.
Cultural relativism- a concept that emphasizes the historical uniqueness of each culture, which can be assessed on the basis of its own principles, and not universal criteria.
culturalization- the process of assimilation by the individual of the values and experience of other societies and ethnic groups.
culture sensitive- according to P. Sorokin, a type of culture, the values of which are focused on improving the material conditions of life.
Ideational culture- according to P. Sorokin, a type of culture, where non-material, transcendental, supernatural values prevail.
mass culture- 1) a type of culture of a modern industrial society, characterized by the production of cultural values designed for mass consumption; 2) a type of culture, characterized by an orientation towards an average mass taste and commercial success.
cultural pattern- the prevailing values and beliefs that characterize a given culture and distinguish it from other cultures.
Nominee leader- an individual who officially has the status of a leader, but actually does not perform its functions.
Sociometric leader- in a sociometric test - a member of the group who is most often chosen by others according to all criteria.
Personality- a set of socially significant qualities of a person.
small group- relatively stable, small in number social group, whose members are in direct interaction with each other, which leads to the emergence emotional connections, as well as specific interpersonal values and norms.
Manipulation- impact on public opinion using controlled effects to achieve specific goals of the communicator.
Manipulation– technological, applied side of manipulation; a system of psychological influence, focused on the introduction of illusory representations.
matriarchal family - a family in which the economic dominance of a woman is fixed.
mentality- a relatively integral set of thoughts and beliefs that create a picture of the world and strengthen the unity of a cultural tradition or any community.
Merton, Robert King(1910-2003) - American sociologist, representative of structural functionalism. Main works: "Social theory and social structure", " social structure and anomie”, “Focused Interview”, “Sociology of Science”, etc.
Method- a way to build and substantiate a system of scientific knowledge, a set of techniques and operations for practical and theoretical development of reality. In sociology, the main way to collect, process or analyze data.
Methodology- concretization of the method for certain research tasks, a set of technical varieties of the method with an indication of the rules for their application in specific conditions.
Monogamy- Marriage of one man with one woman.
Motivation- internal stimuli to action.
Observation- directed, systematic, direct visual perception and registration of social phenomena, situations and processes that are significant from the point of view of the objectives of the study.
National politics- actions of state power in relation to various nations and nationalities inhabiting the country.
Poll- a method of obtaining information in the course of communication between a sociologist and a participant in events by registering the respondent's answers to questions asked by the sociologist.
Paradigm- recognized by all scientific achievements, which for a certain time give the scientific community a model for posing problems and solving them (T. Kuhn).
Ethnos- historically established in a certain territory, a stable set of people who have common features, cultural and psychological characteristics, a sense of their belonging to a given nation and an understanding of differences from other similar entities.
Ethnogenesis– change of different phases life cycle ethnos.
Ethnomethodology- a direction in the sociology of the 20th century, whose representatives are focused on the study of interpretation procedures, as well as hidden, unconscious, unreflexed mechanisms of social communication between people. The founder is G. Garfinkel.
