Geographic location of Algeria.

ALGERIA, Algerian People's Democratic Republic (Arabic Al-Jumhuriyah al-Jaza`iriyah ad-Dimuqratiyah ash-Sha "biyah), a state in North Africa, belongs to the countries of the Maghreb. From the north it is washed by the Mediterranean Sea, it borders on Tunisia, Libya, Niger, Mali, Western Sahara, Mauritania and Morocco. The area of ​​Algeria is 2381.7 thousand km2. The population of Algeria is 32.8 million people (2004). Capital of Algiers. Major cities: Algiers, Oran, Annaba, Constantine, Setif, Blida, Tizi Ouzou, Ash Shelf.

State structure of Algeria. Administrative-territorial division of Algeria.

Algeria is a republic in terms of government. The head of state is the president. The legislature of Algeria is the unicameral National People's Assembly. During a state of emergency, power passes to the Supreme State Council.

According to the administrative-territorial division, Algeria includes 48 wilayas (provinces).

population of Algeria.

The population of Algeria is 32.8 million people (2004). The majority (approx. 80%) of the population are Arabs. OK. 20% - Berbers, descendants of the ancient population of Algeria, consisting of several tribes, loosely connected with each other. Nomadic tribes live in the desert, ch. arr. Tuareg.

Official language- Arabic, French is widely spoken. The state religion of Algeria is Islam, the vast majority of the population are Sunnis. More than 95% of us live in Northern Algeria. countries, mainly on the narrow coastal strip and in the massifs of Kabylia. Urban population 56%. The population density in Algeria is 13.8 persons/km2. There are large communities of Algerian Arabs in France, Belgium, and the USA.

Climate and nature of Algeria.

The north of Algeria occupies the central part of the Atlas Mountains. The two main mountain ranges - the Coastal Atlas (Tel Atlas) and the Saharan Atlas - are interspersed with intermountain plains. In the south of the country is the Sahara desert (Algeria accounts for most of its territory). Rocky deserts are called hamads, and sandy ones are called ergs. In the south, in the Ahaggar highlands, there is the city of Tahat (3003 m), the highest point of the country.

The climate of Northern Algeria is subtropical Mediterranean. The climate of the Algerian Sahara is tropical desert, with less than 50 mm of precipitation per year.

The river network is poorly developed (the largest is the Shelif River). Most watercourses do not have a permanent flow. The vegetation cover and soils of Northern Algeria are typically Mediterranean. Among the forests and shrubs, cork oak massifs stand out (mainly in the Tel Atlas mountains); in the semi-desert - alpha grass. Significant areas of the Sahara are devoid of vegetation. National parks: Djurdjura, Akfadu, Tassilin-Ajer, etc.

Economy of Algeria. Algerian industry.

Algeria is mainly an agricultural country. Cultivated mainly cereals, grapes, vegetables, fruits. Wine is produced for export. In the semi-desert regions of Algeria - the collection and primary processing of alpha grass, which is used to produce the best grades of paper. 95% of Algeria's export earnings come from the sale of oil and gas. GNP per capita. $1600 (1995)

The monetary unit is the Algerian dinar.

History of Algeria.

In the 12th century BC e. Phoenician settlements arose on the territory of Algeria, in the 3rd century BC. state of Numidia. The Numidian king Jugurtha launched an unsuccessful war against Rome, after the defeat Numidia became part of the Roman province of Africa. In the 7th century Arabs invaded here and assimilated a significant part of the population. In the 1st floor. 16th century Algeria came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, but for purely geographical reasons, the country has always been difficult to manage and the local rulers (dei) were considered only nominally vassals of the Turkish Sultan. As a result of the capture of the city of Algiers by France (1830), Algiers became its colony (officially in 1834). The French created a prosperous agriculture, built Europeanized cities, but the local population did not accept a second-class position. As a result of the national liberation war of 1954-1962, led by the National Liberation Front (FLN, founded in 1954), Algeria achieved independence in 1962. The French and a large part of the educated Arabs left the country. OK. For 20 years, the TNF tried to follow the path of building socialism. The 1989 constitution proclaimed the transition to a multi-party system. In the 1992 elections, Islamic fundamentalists received the majority of votes, but the military government annulled the elections. The Islamists continue to wage armed struggle, carry out massacres and terrorist acts, the number of victims is up to 100 thousand people. Algeria actively invites foreign specialists who live in isolation.

1.Economic and geographical positionState in North Africa.
The total area is 2,381,740 km. Bordered on the west
with Morocco (border length 1,559 km) and Western
Sahara (42 km), in the south - with Niger (956 km), Mali
(1,376 km), Mauritania (463 km), in the east - with
Libya (982 km) and Tunisia (965 km). mediterranean
the sea washes Algiers from the north. General
the length of the border is 6,343 km, the length of the coastal
line 998 km. Algeria can be conditionally divided into
three geographical areas located with
north to south. Coastal Tel, stretching
along the Left Bank, - fertile and intensively
cultivated and sown area; territory
Atlas mountain system, consisting of the Small
Atlas in the north (highest point 2308 m) and
Big Atlas (maximum height 2328 m) on
south, between which stretches a vast
plateau, arid and barren. Next in
deep into the mainland is a desert zone
Sahara with a few oases,
passing south into the Ahaggar mountain range with
the highest point in Algeria - Mount Tahat (2918
m). The hydrography of the country is poor: several rivers
empties into the Mediterranean Sea, while
in the Sahara zone, only parched
riverbeds and dry salt lakes.
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2.Flag, coat of arms

The emblem of Algeria is the seal used by the government, which is equivalent to
emblems in other states. The modern image of the emblem was adopted after 1976 and
differs from the previous image of the crescent, which is also present on the flag of Algeria
and is a symbol of Islam. The inscription framing the emblem in Arabic reads Folk
Democratic Republic of Algeria
Coat of arms of French Algeria, first coat of arms,
used as official in Algiers (18301962)
The first and last coat of arms of an independent
Algeria
and the last coat of arms of the country (1962-1971)

First emblem
Algeria
(1971-1976)
Second emblem of Algeria 1976
Depicted under the rising sun
hand of Fatima (daughter of the prophet
Muhammad). Fatima's hand is
traditional symbol of the region.
The rising sun symbolizes the new
era. The rest of the symbols refer to
agriculture and industry,
depicting factories around mountains and buildings,
symbolizing agriculture.
The mountain represents the Atlas Mountains.
The national flag of Algeria consists of two vertical stripes of the same
green and white widths. In the center are a red star and
crescent. The flag was adopted on July 3, 1962. It resembles the flag of Algeria
National Liberation Front and, according to some sources, was used
Abdel Kadyr in the 19th century. White symbolizes purity, green
is the color of Islam. The crescent is also an Islamic symbol. Crescent over
closed than in other Muslim countries, since Algerians believe that more
the long horns of the crescent moon bring happiness. Star of the flag of Algeria with two beams
touches the green field
The naval ensign is identical to the state ensign, with the exception of two
crossed anchors in the upper left corner.

3. Political and administrative structure

Algeria is a people's democratic republic. The Constitution is in force in 1989, as amended in 1996.
Algeria is a centralized state, although local governments have significant powers to
management of local affairs.
The constitution establishes a two-tier system of administrative-territorial division: the commune
and wilaya (province). Algiers is divided into 48 wilayas and 1541 communes.
The main state institutions of power are the president (the highest executive power),
government (executive), bicameral parliament (legislature) and
the court is an independent state body.
The President is elected by universal, direct and secret suffrage for a term of 5 years and can be re-elected once. He
is also the commander-in-chief armed forces, Minister of Defense and head
Supreme Security Council (advisory body).
The government is a collegial body of executive power, subordinate to the president. The president
appoints the head of government and approves the ministers.
Parliament consists of two chambers: the lower - the National People's Assembly (NPC) and the upper - the Council
nation (SN). Members of the NNC are elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot.
voting. The right to vote is granted from the age of 18. 2/3 of the SN are elected from among the deputies
People's Assemblies of Communes (NJCs) and People's Assemblies of Wilays (PSVs) by the deputies of these local bodies
power by secret ballot. 1/3 is appointed by the president.
NSC is elected for 5 years, SN - for 6 years. The composition of the CH is updated by 50% every 3 years.
The People's Assemblies of the Communes and the People's Assemblies of the Wilays are elected by universal, direct, secret
voting for 5 years. Their main powers are the adoption and implementation of local development plans in
within national programs. The Chairman of the NSC is also the executive body
communes. In the vilays, there is an Executive Council headed by a wali (governor) appointed by the president. Him
all chairmen of the NSC in the territory of the wilay are subordinate. Recent parliamentary and local elections
authorities took place in 2002.
Since 1989, a law on a multi-party system has been in force. There are St. 60 parties. Secular parties: Front
National Liberation - FNO (founded in 1954), Front of Socialist Forces - FSS (1963),
National Democratic Rally - NDO (1997), Rally for Culture and Democracy - OKD
(1989). Legal Islamist Parties: National Reform Movement - DNR (1999), Movement
societies for peace - DOM (1991), An-Nahda Movement (1990). All of the parties listed, except
opposition FSS and OKD are members of parliament.

4. Population

population
population
population
male population
population
female population
2011
34 994 937
Human
2011
17 619 789
Human
2011
17 375 148
Human
man on
km2
Population density
2011
Coefficient
urbanization
2010-15
population
rural population
2010
Expected
duration
life at
birth for
both sexes
Expected
duration
life at birth
men
Expected
duration
life at birth
women
14,7
2,3
34,0
% in year
% of total
numbers
and population
2011
74.5
years
2011
72.8
years
2011
76.3
years

The indigenous population of the country are Algerians, consisting of Berbers and Arabs. Outwardly, Algerians tend to
black-haired, with black eyes and an elongated Mediterranean-type face, swarthy, medium
growth. A large number of Circassians live in this state. Also in the country live Arabs from other
countries (60 thousand), French (about 40 thousand), Spaniards (no more than 20 thousand), Italians (10 thousand), Turks (6 thousand), Jews
(5 thousand) and other peoples.
The population of Algeria is distributed extremely unevenly. 95% of the total population lives in the north, and
its main part lives in a narrow coastal strip. The most densely populated Kabylia, where the density
reaches more than 300 people. per 1 sq. km.
Rural dwellers make up the majority of the country's population. They are nomadic, semi-sedentary, sedentary
life. The settled part of the population lives near mining centers and oases. nomadic pastoralists
they chose the High Plateau, the Sahara and the Sahara Atlas. In rural areas, the population of Algeria lives in
old tradition - several families of different generations live together, under one roof.
The second largest place is occupied by Kabiles (18%) - this is the indigenous Berber population of Algeria. They are
were driven back by the conquerors to the north-east of the country. This allowed them to preserve their customs, culture
and your native language. Women do not cover their faces, wear bright colored dresses and are very sociable. All
engaged in crafts: women - pottery, and men make jewelry from enamel and silver.
Mo-zabits (25 thousand) constitute a special ethnic group. They have been living in the Mzab region for more than 9 centuries.
Men are engaged in trade and cultivate date palms, and women are forbidden to leave the oasis.
Tuareg nomads live in the Sahara, transporting goods across the Sahara. The small number of the population
involved in agriculture - about 1.6 million people. This number is made up of artisans, merchants,
workers, employees, many of them are engaged in construction.

5.Cities

There are about 200 cities in Algeria
10 largest cities
Algeria - 2,160,000
Oran - 680,000
Constantine - 465,000
Batna - 293,000
Djelfa - 250,000
Setif - 232,000
Biskra - 208,000
Annaba - 207,000
Sidi Bel Abbes - 196,000
Tebessa - 193,000
Algiers is the capital and The largest city Algeria.
The name of the city comes from "al-Jazair", which
means "Islands" in Arabic
as before there were 4 islands near the city,
which became part of the mainland. Population
2.9 million people Geographical coordinates:
36°47′ N. sh. 3°04′ E d
It stands on the Mediterranean Sea.
The modern part of the city extends along
coast, the ancient part of the city climbs
steep hill - about 140 meters above the level
seas

6. Minerals

Algeria occupies a leading position in
mainland by reserves of valuable
mineral raw materials. Here
such useful
fossils like oil, natural
gas, phosphates, iron ore, zinc,
coal, mercury and other ore raw materials.
Iron ore mining in Algeria
carried out in such metaphors as
Beni-Safe, Wenza and Zakkara. AT
Xiksu and Bechar area
bituminous coal is mined.
Other important useful
minerals mined in
Algeria, are lead, zinc and
phosphates.
The main deposits of natural
gases are concentrated in the area
Hassi-Rmel, and the main oil
deposits are located in
Hassi-Messaude, Hassi-Rmele,
Ejele, south of Hassi Messaoud and in
Illizi valley.

7.Nature

The territory of the country includes two main geological areas. The first of them is platform, on which the
the famous Sahara desert, which occupies almost 80% of the entire country. The second is folded, formed during
formation of the so-called. alpine folding.
The vast territory occupied by the Sahara desert includes a number of sandy and rocky deserts, and from the southeast
The side is formed by the Akhagar Highlands, where the highest point of the country is located - the city of Tahat (2096 meters). Curiously, the northern
part of Algeria is 26 meters below sea level and there is a shallow salt lake, which the Algerians call
Shott-Melgir.
Since the age of the main mountains of Algeria - Atlas - is relatively young, this predetermined the seismic nature of the territory
countries. Devastating earthquakes are not uncommon here, one of which, for example, occurred in 2003.
The rivers of Algeria, the so-called. ouedas, are temporary streams, some of which flow into the Mediterranean Sea, and the rest,
used for irrigation and water supply, they are lost in the endless sands of the desert. In summer, these rivers, like lakes, dry up, however
where there are sufficiently large reserves of groundwater, relatively comfortable for the life of people and animals are located
oases.
And although the vegetation of the country, for the most part located on the territory of a lifeless desert, is rather poor, on
On the Mediterranean coast, the situation looks much better - there grows a huge mass of evergreen trees and
shrubs. Holm and cork oaks, juniper, thuja, Aleppo pine, cedar and others grow in the forests of the Atlas Mountains.
tree species.
The animal world, like the plant world, is also quite poor and has been largely exterminated. In the Sahara you can meet cheetahs, hyenas,
jackals, foxes, birds of prey, snakes, turtles, etc. In the Atlas Mountains, hares and wild boars are still found, as well as representatives
monkeys - macaques.

10. 8. Economy

Algeria's economy is based on gas and oil. They provide 30% of GDP, 60% of state budget revenues, 95%
export earnings. In terms of gas reserves, Algeria ranks 8th in the world and 4th in the world in gas exports. By
oil reserves of Algeria in 15th place in the world and in 11th place in its exports. The Algerian authorities are making efforts to
diversifying the economy and attracting foreign and domestic investment in other industries. Structural
changes in the economy, such as the development of the banking sector and the construction of infrastructure, are slow,
partly because of corruption and red tape.
GDP per capita in 2012 - 8.7 thousand dollars (91st place in the world). Below the poverty level - 17% of the population.
Unemployment - 15.8% (in 2008). The average salary in 2009 was (in USD) $510.
Spheres of employment of employees - in the civil service 32%, in trade 14.6%, in agriculture 14%, in
industry 13.4%, in construction and public utilities 10%, other 16% (in 2003).
Industry (62% of GDP in 2008) - oil and gas production, light industry, mining,
energy, petrochemical, food.
Agriculture (8% of GDP in 2008) - wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus fruits, fruits; get divorced
sheep, cows.
Export (78.2 billion dollars in 2008) - oil, gas, oil products 97%.
The main buyers are the USA 23.9%, Italy 15.5%, Spain 11.4%, France 8%, the Netherlands 7.8%, Canada
6,8 %.
Import (39.2 billion dollars in 2008) - industrial products, food, consumer goods.
The main suppliers are France 16.5%, Italy 11%, China 10.3%, Spain 7.4%, Germany 6.1%, USA 5.5%.
The total length of product pipelines for the transportation of natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, gas
condensate and crude oil 15.7 thousand km.
The internal network of main gas pipelines has a total length of 8.4 thousand km. Gas pipeline in operation
Transmed (Algeria-Tunisia-Italy) with a length of 2.6 thousand km (including 550 km in Algeria) and
Maghreb-Europe (Algeria, Morocco, Spain) - 1365 km.
The total length of oil pipelines (5.9 thousand km) allows pumping 84 million tons of oil to the coast annually.
Main oil pipelines: Haud el-Hamra-Arzev, Haud el-Hamra-Bejaya, In-Amenas-Sekhira (Tunisia), Haud el-Hamra-Mesdar-Skikda.

11. The structure of the Algerian economy

12. 9. Contribution to world culture

Culture of Algeria
The culture of Algeria has evolved over many centuries and centuries. In her
cultures of many countries, tribes are closely connected. First Berber culture, later
Byzantine tribes, then a very close interweaving with the Arab era in which
Algerians lived, later Turkish rule played an important role in development. And
finally, culture took a lot of new things from the culture of the European state of France.
Having reached our time, all these cultures intertwined together, and became one
culture of the state of Algeria. But some components of culture have retained their
original look. This mainly concerns the Berber culture, which
retained some of its traditions. France has had a positive impact on
development of the intelligentsia in Algeria, literature written in French
became part of the national literature. The culture of Algerian villages is very closely
connected modern and historical traditions. Villages have been preserved
authentically Berber culture. Agricultural implements have not undergone
changes from the era of Arab rule sickle hoe, wooden pitchfork remained in
original form, use camels as a draft force. In village houses
located in small clusters. Remained also today nomadic
Berber tribes who live in tents covered with goat skins.
The national dress of the villagers looks like this: women cover their heads,
the face at the same time is open, the covers with which they covered the head were very bright.
Women's clothing is wide trousers and shirts, men wear national
clothes but often combine it with European decoration. Women in the city
cover half of the face, its lower part and use white bedspreads for
heads, combine clothes with European achievements such as shoes and dresses.
Simultaneously walking women look like the personification of the connection of cultures.
of different generations, one with a covered face and with a covered head, and walking beside
a young representative of Algeria dressed according to all the canons of European fashion.
.

13.

Science in Algeria is one of the highest levels Algerian
university, has been recognized as a university that can appear
in the list of the best universities. It is fully compliant
world standards of science and education. Many scientists
universities have made a great contribution to the development of sciences and research
culture of Algeria.
Education system
Like all branches of culture and art, which are very interesting,
are multifaceted, the education system is also not without demand for its
study of. In modern Algeria, the education system is similar to
French, since it is known that France in 1860 entered the
territory of the country and occupying its territory stopped at
for many years, making changes and innovations in all areas of life
including education. Educational establishments existed in
times of Arab and Turkish rule. But with the arrival of
territory of France, during the national movements of their
had to close, those who continued to work were under a clear
leadership of the French government. The literate population was
a tiny part of Algerian society. Only with receipt
independence, Algeria began to raise to higher levels
education. Education has become compulsory. Were
changes have been made in terms of national culture. Initial
the school provides seven years of education and education for children with
six years of age, followed by lyceums and colleges. Education
takes place in primary school in French and Arabic, then
training takes place only in the state language of Algeria, Arabic.
Students receive professional knowledge in special colleges
or in the technical departments of the lyceum. In 1879 the first
Algiers University. In this university they receive specialties in
various fields, economics, law, medicine, everything is taught
humanitarian subjects. Also, this university has the best
specialists, and luminaries of Algerian science. The university has a good
base in the training of specialists, on the basis of the university they conduct
all kinds of research in the fields of psychology, the study
diseases at the Department of Medicine

14. Information in the media

1. Until recently, Algeria was the second largest country in Africa, but due to the division of Sudan into North and
Southern - cheers comrades! Algeria is the most big country Africa! In addition, it ranks 11th in the world in terms of size.
among other countries.
2. 80% of the country is occupied by Her Majesty the Sahara desert.
3. Algeria has the longest coastline among the Maghreb countries - 988 km.
4. Wax was brought to medieval France from Algeria.
5. Arabs say: Maghreb is a bird whose right wing is Tunisia, left wing- Morocco, and the body of the bird - Algeria.
6. Algeria has natural lake filled with ink that can be used for writing.
7. Algiers - unique country in their own way climatic features and nature, there is a desert, and mountains, and lakes, and
sea, and various forests. In Algeria, it can be up to +50 (Sahara) in summer, and in winter it snows in some cities.
8. Algerians only kiss an even number of times when they meet, most often 2 or 4.
9. Famous designer Yves Saint Laurent was born in Algeria.
10. The word "algiers" means "islands".
11. Scientists in Algeria have found that for high-quality water purification from non-natural dyes, such
an affordable product like an orange. Or rather, its crusts.
12. Algiers (the capital) is a city-ladder, as it is located on the hills, and everywhere there are many, many small and large
stairs.
13. The indigenous inhabitants of Algeria are peoples who speak Berber dialects, and the Arabs are just conquerors.
14. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Algeria was a country of corsairs (pirates), the most famous of which, Barbarossa, was the ruler
Algeria.
15. Algerian men love women in the body, so before the girl, upon reaching marriageable age, was sent to
special houses for fattening.
16. Algerians speak a mixture of Arabic and French, most Arabs do not understand the Berber language.
17. Algeria has 7 UNESCO World Heritage Sites.
18. Algerians love and eat incredible amounts of baguettes (a legacy of colonial French times).
19. White sand truffles grow in Algeria. These mushrooms are considered relic mushrooms of the great African desert.
Sahara. Mushrooms taste amazing!

Algeria (full name - People's Democratic Republic of Algiers) - a state, one of the main associations with which is the Sahara Desert

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Algeria (full name - People's Democratic Republic of Algiers) - a state, one of the main associations with which is the Sahara desert - a huge formation that occupies most of the country's territory.

In addition, in Algeria, it will be interesting for a tourist to see many sights, many of which date back to the period of ancient Rome, Carthage and Byzantium.

Location, composition and cities

Algiers is located in the northern part of the African continent. The country has access to the Mediterranean coast.

Administratively, the country consists of 48 provinces (wilay), 553 districts and 1541 communes.

Largest cities: Algiers, Oran, Constantine, Batna, Setif and Annaba (more than 200,000 people).

The capital of Algiers is the city of Algiers.

Borders and area

Land borders with Morocco, Tunisia, Libya, Niger, Mali, Mauritania.

Algeria covers an area of ​​2,381,740 square kilometers.

Timezone

Population

35,423,000 people.

Language

The official language is Arabic.

Religion

The state religion is Islam.

Finance

The official currency is the Algerian dinar.

Medical care and insurance

Before visiting this African country, be sure to purchase international health insurance. We also note that in Algeria all medical services are paid.

Mains voltage

230 volts. Frequency 50 Hz.

Holidays and non-working days in Algeria

December Ascension of Muhammad

December Beginning of Ramadan

December Eid al-Adha (Feast of the Sacrifice)

December Eid al-Fitr (end of the month of Ramadan)

December Birthday of the Prophet Muhammad (Maulid al-Nabi)

December Ashura

December Islamic New Year

Transport

The transport used to transport passengers is represented by buses and trains. The cost of a train ticket is significantly higher than the price of a bus, but the speed of travel by rail is also higher.

The main means of transportation around the country is the bus.

High quality roads are everywhere.

International dialing code

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Economic and geographical position of Algeria

This state is located in northern Africa on the Mediterranean coast.

The western border of the country passes with Morocco, Western Sahara, Mauritania.

The southern neighbors are Mali and Niger, and in the east Libya and Tunisia. All of Algeria's neighbors are agricultural developing countries.

Algeria has open access to the Mediterranean Sea, and through the Strait of Gibraltar to the Atlantic Ocean.

Rich natural resources it has long attracted the attention of Europeans and was occupied by France in the middle of the 19th century. The war against the French colonialists continued for seven years and ended in 1962 with the declaration of independence.

The southern part of the country, occupied by the desert, has no transport infrastructure, so domestic transportation is carried out by air. Almost all large settlements are connected with the capital - the city of Algiers, by regular flights.

Railway lines pass only in the northern part of the country between the largest cities.

Domestic transportation of goods - 73% and passengers - 85%, is carried out by road. Roads that are part of the trans-African road network pass through the territory of Algeria, and the Trans-Sahara Highway Algiers - Lagos is an important part of it.

International communications are carried out by air and sea transport.

The agrarian sector of the economy is developing in the north of the country, the northwest has become the main area of ​​commercial agriculture, where soft wheat and wine grapes are grown.

In the northeast there are minerals and, above all, large reserves of iron ore and phosphorites, so it initially received a mining specialization.

A diverse type of agriculture was formed in the Central North - grain farming, subtropical gardening, early vegetable growing, and distant pasture cattle breeding. Agricultural raw materials were processed at the enterprises of the capital.

Separate mining centers and mineral resource areas began to take shape as a result of the discovery of the largest hydrocarbon reserves in the Algerian Sahara.

In the foreign trade turnover, the share of Algeria in the export of products accounts for more than 50 billion dollars. Imports amount to just over 40 billion dollars.

Among the main trading partners are the countries of Europe and the USA. The main export item - 97.6% falls on hydrocarbons. Also exported are citrus fruits, wine, cork, Construction Materials and other products.

Imports are dominated by machinery and equipment, consumer goods and foodstuffs.

French domination left its mark on the economy of Algeria. The country was dominated mainly by the European capitalist sector. And today, French capital retains its position in the oil and gas industry.

Remark 1

In general, the economic and geographical position of the country is quite favorable - the subtropical Mediterranean climate in the north of the country, fertile soils, open access to the sea, the presence of large mineral deposits on the one hand, and on the other - the southern part of Algeria is in difficult desert conditions, development and development which is complicated by natural conditions.

Natural conditions of Algeria

Due to its length from north to south, the country is located in different climatic zones and different natural zones.

The Sahara occupies 80% of the territory and consists of separate rocky and sandy deserts. The Atlas ranges, located parallel to each other, enter the north of the country - Tell Atlas and the Saharan Atlas. The ranges are separated by high plateaus and deep gorges.

The Atlas Mountains belong to the Alpine orogeny, so the area is highly seismic. Of the latter, a devastating earthquake occurred in 2003.

In the southeastern part of the Algerian Sahara is the elevated Ahaggar Highlands with the country's highest point, Mount Tahat (2906 m). The highlands are the metamorphic foundation of the Sahara platform that has come to the surface. The highlands are surrounded on all sides by stepped plateaus - Tassilin-Adjer, Tassilin-Ahaggar and the Muydir mountains. The northern part of the Algerian Sahara is 26 m below sea level; the salt lake Chott-Melgir was formed here.

The Sahara has a great influence on the nature of Northern Algeria, enhancing the African specificity and creating differences from other Mediterranean non-African countries.

The size of the country led to a variety of climatic conditions - in the north of the country the climate is subtropical Mediterranean, and in the south - tropical desert.

There is no clear boundary between them, and even in one part of the country several different types of climates can be observed - in the mountains it can be mountainous and desert, in the northeast - subtropical, in the southwest desert, and in some regions even steppe.

The Mediterranean coast is characterized by warm and rainy winters, the January temperature is +12 degrees, it is cooler in the mountains and it can even snow for 2-3 weeks.

The Sahara is characterized by daily temperature fluctuations. At night, it can drop below zero, and during the day it can reach +20 degrees. In general, summers are hot and dry.

The smallest amount of precipitation falls in the Sahara - from 0-50 mm per year, the Atlas Mountains receive the maximum amount of precipitation - from 400-1200 mm.

Algerian rivers are temporary streams called wadis.

Definition 1

Wadis are dry riverbeds filled with water during the rainy season.

They are lost in the desert sands. The rivers flowing in the far north of the country carry their waters to the Mediterranean Sea.

Lakes that dry up in summer are covered with a crust of salt, the thickness of which reaches 60 cm. Large oases appear in areas of the Sahara, where there are groundwater reserves.

The coast of the Mediterranean Sea is represented by hard-leaved evergreen trees and shrubs, forests of cork and holm oak, juniper, Aleppo pine, arborvitae, Atlas cedar grow in the mountains.

The desert flora is represented mainly by ephemera and saltwort.

For a long time, man exterminated animals, so the fauna here is very poor. In the mountain forests there are hares, wild boars, macaques. In the semi-desert and desert zone there are cheetahs, gazelles, antelopes, hyenas, jackals, birds of prey, small rodents, snakes, lizards. Invertebrates are represented by locusts, scorpions, centipedes, phalanxes.

Remark 2

Thus, Algeria is located in the area of ​​altitudinal zonation, semi-deserts, deserts, hard-leaved evergreen forests and shrubs.

Natural resources of Algeria

To the west of Egypt are the countries of the Maghreb, and among them Algeria is the largest and richest in natural resources.

It ranks first in terms of reserves of natural gas, mercury, and tungsten.

The subsoil contains iron ore, the reserves of which amount to 5.4 billion tons, non-ferrous metals, and phosphorites.

The main wealth of the country is oil, the reserves of which amount to 1.1 billion tons.

Explored minerals include more than 30 species, among them such valuable ones as:

• gold,
• Uranus,
• zinc,
• tin.

Coal deposits have been discovered - Kenadza, Abadla, Mezarif, but its reserves are insignificant. Caking coals, ashes contain from 8 to 20%, as well as volatile impurities and sulfur.

In terms of mercury reserves, the country is in first place on the African continent; 4% of the world's reserves are concentrated in its bowels.

The area occupied forest resources, is about 4.7 million hectares. Large areas of forests were destroyed during the years of the War of Independence. Wood is used mainly as a fuel and as a building material.

Algiers is located in northern Africa. One of largest countries continent. The total area of ​​the country is 2,381,740 km2. Length coastline 998 km.

One of the largest and developed countries Africa, located in the north of the mainland. The territory of the country occupies the central part of the Atlas mountain system and the north of the Sahara desert. The relief of northern Algeria is represented by two main ranges - the Coast (or Tel Atlas) and the Saharan Atlas and intermountain plains. The highest point is Mount Tahat (3003 m) in the Ahaggar highlands. The territory of the Sahara is occupied by rocky deserts - hamads and sandy - ergs. The river network is poorly developed (the main river is the Shelif), most of the rivers dry up regularly. It borders with Morocco in the west, with Tunisia and Libya - in the east, with Niger, Mali, Mauritania - in the south. From the north it is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea. Algeria belongs to the countries of the Maghreb ("Arab West"). The total area of ​​Algeria is 2381.7 thousand square meters. km.

Nature of Algeria

The Tell Atlas mountain range, which runs in the north along the coast, is cut through by a few bays and plains. The lowlands around the cities of Algiers and Oran are densely populated. Small bays are used for fishing, export of iron ore and oil. Tell Atlas rises above sea level by more than 1830 m and includes the Tlemcen massifs, the Greater and Lesser Kabylia and Mejerda.

At medium altitudes, there are Mediterranean-type shrubs and cork oak forests. At higher elevations, cedar and pine forests once grew, but as a result of clearings, fires and cattle grazing, many mountainous regions have turned into a scrub-covered wasteland. The climate is Mediterranean, with hot, dry summers and warm, rainy winters. In winter, snow covers only the highest peaks. The dispersion of average annual precipitation is from 760 mm on the coast to 1270 mm on the slopes of Tell Atlas facing the sea and less than 640 mm on its inner slopes.

The southern part of Tell Atlas is a high plateau with an average height of 1070 m. This area is characterized by semi-arid climatic conditions with an annual rainfall of 250–510 mm. In more humid areas, cereals and alpha (esparto) grass are cultivated, the fibers of which are used to make ropes, fabrics and high-quality paper. Salt lakes (called schott) and salt marshes are found at lower elevations with dry climates. Farther south, the Sahara Atlas rises to a height of 150 m above the plateau and then drops to the Sahara by more than 300 m. The most elevated part of the Sahara Atlas is the Ksur, Amur and Ouled Nail mountain systems. The annual rainfall on the northern slopes is approx. 510 mm, in the south - 200 mm. Due to the abundant grass cover, the Saharan Atlas serves as a convenient grazing area.

Statistical indicators of Algeria
(as of 2012)

The rest of the country is occupied by the Sahara desert. The average height mark in the Sahara is approx. 460 m. In the region of the Ahaggar (Hoggar) massif, near the southern border of Algeria, there is the highest peak of the country, Mount Tahat - 2908 m. Most of the Sahara is occupied by gravel and pebble deserts (hamads and regs), and approximately 1/4 part is sandy deserts (ergs) . During the day it is hot, sometimes the temperature reaches 35 °, but the nights are cool. Precipitation is extremely rare. In oases, under conditions of constant irrigation, the date palm grows. In Algeria, only a few rivers have a constant flow, the rest are fed by precipitation. Wells dug in dry riverbeds (wadis) serve as sources of water supply, in many places groundwater is used, which comes to the surface through artesian wells and foggars - horizontal tunnels dug at a slight slope.

Geological structure of Algeria

In the territory of Algeria, regions different in geological structure and metallogeny are distinguished - Sahara (part of the ancient African platform) and Atlas (sector of the Mediterranean geosynclinal belt), separated by the South Atlas Fault. In the south of the Sahara region, the Ahaggar (Hoggar) shield stands out, in the southwest - El-Eglab (Regibat). They are composed of Archean crystalline rocks, metamorphosed volcanic clastic and carbonate deposits of the Lower Proterozoic and Riphean-Vendian; geosynclinal-orogenic volcanic-sedimentary deposits, Taurirt granites (650-500 Ma) are also widely developed in Ahaggar. The platform cover is formed by marine terrigenous-carbonate deposits of the Riphean-Vendian (especially in the Regibati massif), lagoonal-continental and marine deposits of the Paleozoic (thickness 1.2-3.8 km), sandstones and evaporites of the Triassic, clays and sandstones of the Jurassic - Neogene.

Syneclises (Tindouf, Western and Eastern Sahara), separated by uplifts, and the Ugarta zone, which is an aulacogen, the folding of which manifested itself at the end of the Carboniferous, stand out in the cover of the Sahara Plate. The deposits of ores of uranium, tin, tungsten, rare metals and gold in Ahaggar are associated with volcanic rocks and granites of the Riphean-Vendian. In the Tindouf syneclise, among the Paleozoic clayey-sandy deposits of the platform cover, the largest deposits of iron ore are localized, in the south of Ahaggar - promising deposits of uranium. The anticlines in the sediments of the cover on the northern dip of the Ahaggar host unique deposits of oil (Hassi-Mesaud) and gas (Hassi-Rmel).

In the folded Atlas region, evaporites, gypsum-saline clays, and red clastic rocks of the Triassic are developed, overlain by marine terrigenous-carbonate deposits and carbonate-terrigenous flysch (Jurassic, Cretaceous, Paleogene). In the north, the Neogene is represented by marine volcanic-sedimentary, clay-carbonate, in the south - by continental deposits.

In the Tel Atlas, folded rocks of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic (up to and including the Middle Miocene) form a series of tectonic covers (charyazhs) displaced from north to south. In the coastal zone, andesites and granitoids of the Neogene are slightly developed, in the massifs of Greater and Lesser Kabylia, metamorphic rocks of the Precambrian and Paleozoic shales that protrude to the surface. To the south of Tel-Atlas, there is a platform block of the High Plateaus (Oran meseta), where the folded Hercynian basement is covered by a thin, weakly deformed Mesozoic-Cenozoic cover. In handfuls, Paleozoic terrigenous and volcanic-shale rocks are exposed, crumpled and intruded by Hercynian granitoids. To the south of the High Plateaus is the moderately folded zone of the Saharan Atlas, formed on the site of the Mesozoic trough. On the whole, near-latitudinal folds and faults of eastern and northeastern (or "Atlas") strike prevail in the Atlas region, as well as submeridional "Red Sea" faults superimposed in the northern part of Algeria on the Tel-Atlas shariags. Longitudinal and transverse faults determine the location of volcanites, evaporite diapirs, and the most important ore-bearing zones with deposits of ferrous and non-ferrous metals in the Atlas region. In Northern Algeria, deposits of ores of iron, zinc, lead, copper, antimony, mercury and various types of non-metallic raw materials are associated with rocks of the Mesozoic - Cenozoic.

The territory of Algeria is characterized by high seismicity, which is associated with movement along faults and ridges in various zones of Northern Algeria. The most seismic is Tel Atlas (6-7 points), within its limits are coastal zones (Tenes-Shershel, Oran-Mostaganem and Shelf).

Minerals of Algeria

In Algeria, deposits of oil, natural gas, coal, ores of uranium, iron, manganese, copper, lead, zinc, mercury, antimony, gold, tin, tungsten, as well as phosphorites, barite, etc., have been discovered and explored.

In terms of oil reserves, Algeria ranks third in Africa. On the territory of Algeria, 183 oil and gas fields are known, confined to the Algerian-Libyan oil and gas basin; most of the deposits are located in the northeast of the Sahara region. The largest oil field - Hassi-Mesaud is localized in the sandstones of the Cambrian-Ordovician. The Zarzaitin, Hassi-Tuil, Hassi-el-Agreb, Tin-Fue, Gourd-el-Bagel and other fields have significant reserves. Algeria ranks first in Africa in terms of gas reserves. The largest gas field Hassi-Rmel lies in the sandstones of the Triassic; Significant gas reserves have been explored at the Gurd-Hyc, Nezla, Oued-Numer and other fields.

The reserves of coal are insignificant, its deposits (Kenadza, Abadla, Mezarif) are concentrated in the deposits of the Upper Carboniferous in the Bechar basin. Coals are fat, caking, medium ash (8-20%), contain 20-35% volatile impurities and 2-3.5% sulfur.

In terms of uranium ore reserves, Algeria ranks 4th in Africa. The hydrothermal-vein deposits of uranium ores Timgauin, Tinef and Abankor have been explored in Ahaggar (proved reserves are 12 thousand tons, the content of U3O8 is 20%); in the south of the shield, uranium manifestations are known in Paleozoic sandstones (Tahaggart).

In terms of iron ore reserves, Algeria is in 2nd place in Africa. In northern Algeria, metasomatic deposits of iron ore have been explored in reef limestones of the Apt (Jebel-Uenza, Bou-Khadra), the total reserves of which are over 100 million tons, the Fe content is 40-56%. In the Tindouf syneclise, the largest Devonian sedimentary deposits of oolitic iron ores in Algeria, Gara-Jebilet (total reserves of 2 billion tons, Fe content 50-57%) and Mesheri-Abdelaziz (2 billion tons, 50-55%), were revealed. The reserves of manganese ores are insignificant, they are confined to the volcanogenic-hydrothermal deposit of Oued-Gettara (total reserves 1.5 million tons, Fe content 40-50%) in the Bechar region.

In terms of lead and zinc ores, Algeria ranks second in Africa. In northern Algeria, stratiform, vein (telethermal) and lenticular vein (hydrothermal) deposits of polymetallic ores are developed. Stratiform deposits of lead and zinc ores are located in carbonate deposits of the Jurassic (El-Abed, Deglen), Cretaceous (Kerzet-Yusef, Meslulla, Jebel-Ishmul), veins in sandy-argillaceous rocks of the Cretaceous (Gerruma, Sakamody) are associated with diapirs of Triassic evaporites. Volcanogenic and plutonogenic-hydrothermal copper-polymetallic deposits in Cretaceous-Neogene rocks are associated with Miocene volcanic rocks (Bu-Sufa, Oued-el-Kebir) and granitoids (Bu-Duka, Ashaish, Ain-Barbar, Kef-um-Tebul). Ore occurrences of cuprous sandstones are known in the Cretaceous and Triassic deposits (Ain Sefra, in the west of the Saharan Atlas), Cambrian (Ben-Tajik in Ugart) and Vendian (Khank south of Regibat).

Algeria ranks first in Africa in terms of mercury reserves (about 4% of global reserves). Deposits of mercury ores were found in the Azzaba area among terrigenous-clastic rocks of the Cretaceous - Paleogene and in Precambrian shales (Genish deposits - total reserves in terms of metal 4.5 thousand tons, Hg content 1.16%; Mpa-Cma, respectively, 7.7 thousand tons, 3.9%; Ismail - worked out). In terms of antimony ore reserves, Algeria ranks second in Africa; they are concentrated in northern Algeria at the Hammam-Nbails telethermal deposit. In terms of reserves of tungsten ores, Algeria ranks first in Africa. In Ahaggar, quartz-cassiterite-wolframite greisen-vein bodies of Nahda (Launi), Tin-Amzi, ​​El-Kapycca, Bashir, Tiftazunin, etc., associated with Taurirt granites, have been explored. In northern Algeria, the Belelietta skarn-scheelite deposit is known.

The most significant hydrothermal vein gold deposits - Tiririn, Tirek, Amesmessa, Tin-Felki, etc. - have been explored in the Precambrian crystalline rocks of Ahaggar; exploration and prospecting for gold continues.

The Bou-Duau deposit has been discovered in northern Algeria.

In terms of phosphorite reserves, Algeria is in 5th place in Africa. In northern Algeria, deposits of granular phosphorites are associated with clay-carbonate deposits of the Upper Cretaceous - Paleogene. The largest deposits are Dzhebelyonk, El-Kuif, Mzaita (see Arabian-African phosphorite-bearing province).

In terms of barite reserves, Algeria ranks second in Africa. In northern Algeria, the vein fields of Mizab (total reserves of 2.15 million tons, BaSO4 content of 90%), Affensu, Bu-Mani, Varsenis and Sidi-Kamber have been identified, in the Bechar region - vein fields of Bu-Kais, Abadla, etc. From other minerals in Algeria, a large deposit of celestine Beni-Mansour (Northern Algeria), the total reserves of which are 6.1 million tons; known deposits of pyrites (reserves are small), common salt, etc.

History of development of mineral resources. The oldest evidence of the use of stone for the manufacture of tools was found in Ternifin and dates back to the Lower Paleolithic (about 700 thousand years ago). From the Neolithic era, the extraction of clays for the manufacture of ceramic dishes began (5-4th millennium BC), from the 2nd millennium BC. - stone for the construction of large burial structures - dolmens. Information about the developed mining and metallurgical production in the Middle Ages is given in the works of Arab scientists and travelers al-Yakubi (9th century), al-Bakri (11th century), al-Qazvini (13th century), etc. The main mining centers were concentrated in the north - iron ore mines "Nemours" and "Beni-Saf" near the city of Arzev (Western Algeria), as well as near the cities. Setif, Annaba, Bejaia; copper mines in the Jebel Ketama mountains. In the department of Constantine (near Majana, Eastern Algeria), there are also mentions of the development of deposits of silver, lead ores, building stone (not later than the 16th century). Mercury ore was mined near the city of Arzev. In the 10th century, salt mines were located on the hill of Jebel el-Melh ("Mountain of Salt").

After the colonization of Algeria (1830), an intensive search for minerals began in the country. Industrial exploitation of iron ore deposits (Ain Mokra, Beni Saf, Jebel Wenza, Mokti el Hadid) has been carried out since the 50-60s. The 19th century, at the same time, intensive development of deposits of lead, zinc and copper ores (Muzaya, Oued-Merja, Tizi-Ntaga), phosphorites (since 1893) was carried out. In 1907, the main coal deposit of Algeria, Kenadza, was discovered, the maximum production from which was carried out during the years of World War II (1939-45).

Mining. general characteristics. The leading branch of the mining industry is oil and gas (more than 90% of the value of all products of the mining industry); provides most of the foreign exchange earnings. In 1981, oil and gas accounted for 96% of the value of the country's exports, which amounted to 62 billion Algerian dinars. In the mining industry, the public sector plays a leading role. In the oil and gas industry, the state company "Société Nationale pour la Recherche, la Production, le Transport, la Transformation et la Commercialization des Hydrocarbures" ("SONATRACH") holds a monopoly position. Oil and gas reserves and production, all main oil and gas pipelines, gas liquefaction and oil refining plants have been taken under the control of the company.

The total number of personnel employed in the oil and gas industry is about 36 thousand people (1980). The Algerian government promotes the development of the oil and gas industry by merging with foreign capital (up to 49%) while maintaining 51% of the shares in SONATRACH. The company conducts production and exploration for oil and gas in the Sahara jointly with the French firms "Total", "Compagnie Française de Pétrole", "Compagnie de Recherches et d`Activités Pétrolières", US companies ("Getty Oil Co."), Spain ("Hispanoil"), Germany ("Deminex"), Poland ("Copex") and Brazil ("Petrobras"). After the nationalization of mines and quarries (1966) in the mining industry of Algeria, the state company "SONAREM" completely controls the exploration, extraction, consumption and export of all solid minerals (the total number of employees is about 14 thousand people, 1980). The company includes 30 mines and quarries, conducts exploration in northern Algeria and the Sahara. Algeria is one of the leading producers of mercury. The extraction of iron ores and non-ferrous metals is insignificant.

Climate of Algiers

The climate of Algeria is subtropical Mediterranean in the north and tropical desert in the Sahara. Winter on the coast is warm and rainy (12 ° C in January), in the mountains - cool (2-3 weeks of snow), in the Sahara it depends on the time of day (below 0 ° C at night, 20 ° C in the daytime). Summers in Algeria are hot and dry. Annual rainfall ranges from 0-50 mm in the Sahara to 400-1200 mm in the Atlas Mountains.

Water resources of Algeria

All the rivers of Algeria are temporary streams (oueds) filled during the rainy season. The rivers of the far north of the country flow into the Mediterranean Sea, the rest are lost in the sands of the Sahara. They are used for irrigation and water supply, for which reservoirs and hydroelectric power stations are built on them. largest river- Sheliff (700 km). The basins of lakes (sebkhas) are also filled during the rainy period, and in the summer they dry up and are covered with a salt crust up to 60 cm thick. In the Sahara, in areas large stocks groundwater are the largest oases.

Flora and fauna of Algeria

Algeria has a poor flora. In some places in the mountains there are forests of cork oak, semi-desert and desert vegetation. Oak, olive, pine and thuja grow in the north of the country. The Sahara desert contains practically no vegetation, there are very few oases. The most characteristic species of animals for the country are jackals, hyenas, antelopes, gazelles, hares are also found.

Population of Algeria

During the era of the French conquest, the population of Algeria was approx. 3 million people. In 1966 it already reached 11.823 million people, and in 1997 - 29.476 million people. In 1996, the birth rate was 28.5 per 1,000 people and the death rate was 5.9 per 1,000 people. Infant mortality (children under one year old) is 48.7 per 1000 newborns. In the mid-1990s, ca. 68% of the population was under the age of 29.

Algiers was originally inhabited by peoples who spoke Berber languages. These peoples as early as 2000 BC. moved here from the Middle East. Most of the modern population uses the colloquial version in everyday life. Arabic. The Arabs settled in the territory of Algeria during the Islamic conquests of the 7th-8th centuries. and nomadic migrations of the 11th–12th centuries. The mixing of two waves of immigrants with the autochthonous population led to the emergence of the so-called Arab-Berber ethnic group, in the cultural development of which the Arab element plays a dominant role.

As the main ethnic subgroup of Algerian society, the Berbers play an important role in the life of the country. During the period of the Roman and Arab conquests of North Africa, many Berbers moved from the coast to the highlands. Berbers make up approximately 1/5 of the country's population. The largest concentration of the Berber population is found in the highlands of Djurdjura to the east of the capital, known as Kabylia. Local residents, Kabyles, settled in many cities of the country, but carefully preserve ancient traditions. Other significant groups of the Berber population are represented by the Shawiya tribal unions, originating from the mountainous region around Batna, the Mzabita, who settled in the territory of the oases of the Northern Sahara, and the Tuareg nomads living in the far south in the Ahaggar region.

After the conquest of Algeria by France in the 19th century. the number of the European part of the population increased, and by 1960 approx. 1 million Europeans. Most had French roots, the ancestors of the rest moved to Algeria from Spain, Italy and Malta. After Algeria's independence was proclaimed in 1962, most Europeans left the country.

Most of the population of Algeria are Sunni Muslims (Malikites and Hanafis). A number of followers of the Ibadi sect live in the Mzab valley, Ouargla and Algiers. The state religion of the country is Islam. The country has approx. 150 thousand Christians, mostly Catholics, and approximately 1 thousand adherents of Judaism. The official language is Arabic, but French is still widely spoken. Some Berber tribes, speaking Tamahaq and Tamazirt, acquired their own written language. Several books have already been published in the Tamazirt dialect in Algeria.

About 3/4 of the population is concentrated in the foothills of the Tell Atlas, approximately 1.5 million people live in the highlands and less than one million in the Sahara desert. highest density celebrated near the capital and in the region of Kabylia.