How to define consistent inconsistent definitions. Moscow State University of Printing Arts

30.06.202027.05.2017

According to the nature of the syntactic connection of the definition with the word being defined, all definitions are divided into agreed and inconsistent.

Agreed definitions are expressed by those parts of speech that, referring to the word being defined, can be likened to it in number and case, and in the singular - in gender. They can be expressed by an adjective: The door to the damp porch dissolved again (A.K.T.); communion: My steps resounded dully in the freezing air (T.); pronominal adjective: From infancy, two muses flew to us, and my lot was sweet with their caress (P.); ordinal number: The second boy, Pavlusha, had tousled hair (T.); quantitative numeral one: I knew only one thought power, one, but a fiery passion (L.).

The meanings of agreed definitions are very diverse and depend on the lexical meaning of the words by which they are expressed. Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives indicate the quality of the object: She was tormented by a thirst for glory, and the terrible power of self-sacrifice, and insane courage, and a feeling of childish mischievous, piercing happiness (Fad.). Definitions, expressed by relative adjectives, indicate the attribute of an object at its location and time: Yesterday we spent in the forest on our long-range batteries (Inb.); The village library was near the school; sign of an object by material; Through the frequent mesh of rain one could see a hut with a plank roof and two pipes (T.); affiliation: The dead did not let the regimental banner out of the hands (Bl.). Definitions expressed by possessive adjectives, as well as possessive pronouns, indicate belonging: His grandfather's face leaned over his face (M. G.); Farewell, sea! I will not forget your solemn beauty and for a long, long time I will hear your rumble in the evening hours (P.). Definitions expressed by indefinite pronouns indicate the uncertainty of the subject in relation to quality, property, belonging, etc.: Someone's steps were heard in the room (Azh.); Tell me some news (L.). Definitions expressed by negative and definitive pronouns denote properties and qualities in general view: He knew every person, every family, every lane of this large working outskirts (Cat.); For a long time I did not find any game (T.). Definitions expressed by ordinal numbers indicate the order of the subject when counting: Sukhoedov (Pan.) was on duty in the ninth carriage. Definitions expressed by participles can indicate a sign associated with an action: In the ensuing silence, the howling of a raging wind was clearly heard (Azh.).

Note. If a relative adjective or ordinal number is used in a figurative sense, the definition denotes a quality: In the golden, in the bright south, I still see you in the distance (Tyutch.); You are ... the first person on the collective farm (G. Nick.).

Inconsistent definitions, in contrast to agreed ones, are associated with the word being defined by the method of control (poet's poems, a boat with sails) or adjoining (riding at a pace, desire to learn). They can be expressed by nouns without prepositions (in the genitive and instrumental cases) and with prepositions (in all oblique cases): A light gust of wind woke me up (T.); He wore work overalls, changed his mustache with a ring to a mustache with a brush (Fed.); The matter of the inheritance is holding me back for a long time (A.N.T.); He was wearing a colorful cotton shirt with a yellow border (T.); And what did he see, the dead Falcon, in this desert without bottom and edge? (M. G.); Next to him walked Fedyushka in his father's cap (Ch.); personal pronoun in the genitive case (in the possessive meaning): There was so much longing in his eyes that it could have poisoned all the people of the world with it (M. G.); comparative degree of the adjective: There were no bigger and more important events in the history of mankind (A.N.T.); adverb: There are, however, incredible cases when stearin candles and soft-boiled boots are obtained (G. Usp.); indefinite form of the verb: He went with a step to the right and sent an adjutant to the dragoons with an order to attack the French (L.T.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition can indicate belonging: Kutuzov's face, standing at the door of the office, remained completely motionless for several moments (L.T.); attitude to the team, institution, etc.: The blacksmith of the Putilov factory Ivan Gora ... was cleaning his rifle (A.N.T.); producer of action: Less and less often, quieter and more distantly heard: now the creak of wheels, now a gentle Little Russian song, now the sonorous neighing of horses, now fuss and the last chirping of sleeping birds (Kupr.); a sign according to its bearer: A horse and a rider dived from a dilapidated barrack into the darkness of the forest (N. Ostr.); the relation of the whole to the part, which is indicated by the word being defined: You are a little cold, you cover your face with an overcoat collar (T.), etc.

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by a noun in the instrumental case without a preposition, denote a sign established by comparison with an object called the defining word: Moses is already walking in a bowler hat (Ch.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in oblique cases with prepositions can denote various signs. Sign by material: On an immaculately clean table, black marble writing instruments were arranged with deathly accuracy, folders made of shiny cardboard lay (A.N.T.); a sign by the presence of some external feature, detail: The servant jumped off the goat, unlocked the doors, and a minute later a young man in a military overcoat and a white cap entered the caretaker (P.); I went up to a stranger in a fur coat and saw him (Cupr.); People with whiskers stood at the gunwale and smoked pipes (Paust.); a sign of origin in the broad sense of the word: Huge boilers from military ships were buried under snowdrifts (A.N.T.); a sign that characterizes an object in a spatial sense: A girl was standing at the jamb of the door to the kitchen (M. G.); Chelkash crossed the road and sat down on the bedside table opposite the doors of the tavern (M. G.); a sign indicating the contents of the object: From sleep, sits in an ice bath (P.); a sign that limits the object in any respect: Before dawn in a dark cave, the famous golden eagle hunter Khali tells me about eagles (Prishv.); a sign indicating the purpose of the object: Everything froze on the benches for the public (M. G.), etc.

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective, denote a qualitative feature of an object that is inherent in it to a greater or lesser extent than other objects: It’s unlikely that you had a stronger and more beautiful guy to see (N.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed in an adverb can indicate a sign in relation to quality, direction, time, mode of action: Between the windows stood a hussar with a ruddy face and bulging eyes (T.); They knew both lope with a lance, and cutting right and left with a saber (A.N.T.); Together with tea, they served us cutlets, soft-boiled eggs, butter, honey ... (T.).

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the infinitive, serve to reveal the content of the subject, denoted by an often abstract noun: Thanks to the ability to quickly grasp and remember what he heard, he passed the exams with success (S.-Shch.); I could not stand it and ran out of the bushes onto the path, obeying a fiery desire to throw myself on my father's neck (Kor.).

Inconsistent definitions can be expressed by phraseologically and syntactically inseparable phrases.

In the sentence Tut, it’s true, you will read the vows in love to the grave (P.), the definition is expressed by the phraseological combination to the grave.

In the role of a definition expressed by a syntactically inseparable phrase, combinations of a noun in the genitive case with a quantitative numeral agreed with it most often act: A boy of about fifteen, curly and red-cheeked, sat as a coachman and with difficulty kept a well-fed piebald stallion (T.); combinations of a noun with an adjective in the instrumental case: He [Chelkash] immediately liked this healthy, good-natured guy with childish bright eyes (M. G.); - Here it is, then, as it happens - said the old Nikolaev soldier with a porous nose (Paust.), As well as phrases consisting of an adjective and a noun in the genitive case, in which it is impossible to separate the adjective due to the grammatical incompatibility of the genitive case of the name with the word being defined . In sentences: A man of average height (L.) got out of the boat; He was wearing a short coat of bronze color and a black cap (T.); He fastened the bekeshi hooks, pulled a soldier's artificial astrakhan hat over his eyebrows (A.N.T.); For three days in a row, this stocky figure and face of an oriental type (M. G.) attracted my attention; These were a husband, a wife, their boy of seven years of extraordinary beauty (Fed.) phrases of medium height, bronze color, artificial astrakhan fur, oriental type, extraordinary beauty are syntactically inseparable, since it is impossible to say a man of growth, a coat of color, a hat of astrakhan fur, a type face, beauty boy.

Less common are definitions expressed by syntactically inseparable phrases of other types. For example: A few minutes later we were at the fire in a circle of four shepherds dressed in sheepskins with wool up (M. G.); The upper heated water lies in a layer ten to twelve meters thick on a deep cold water and does not mix with it at all (Paust.).

Inconsistent definitions quite often have a defining meaning not in its pure form, but a meaning complicated by other shades. Functional complication is especially typical for definitions expressed by prepositional-nominal combinations and adverbs, which, of course, is associated with their lexical and morphological structure. So, prepositional-nominal combinations in the attributive function can be complicated by adverbial meanings, for example, spatial ones: The employee at the table is tired of watching them ... (Already); temporary: This is my habit since childhood (T.), etc.

Definitions expressed by adverbs can also be functionally complicated. For example, the definitive-spatial meaning: The Germans hoped to enter Petrograd without much trouble. Their numerous agents were preparing a massacre in Petrograd - an explosion from the inside (A.N.T.); definitive-temporal meaning: The successful fishing of beluga in winter enriched the fishermen even more (Kupr.).

Applications

An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case. When defining an object, the application gives it a different name. Applications can refer to any member of a sentence expressed by a noun, a personal pronoun, a substantiated participle and an adjective, as well as a substantiated numeral. For example: So lived Mikhail Vlasov, a locksmith, hairy, gloomy, with small eyes (M. G.); It was she, the Peterhof stranger (Paust.); The first, the eldest of all, Fedya, you would give fourteen years old (G.).

Applications can characterize the subject in relation to age, kinship, profession, specialty, occupation, national and social affiliation, etc.: We, workers, need to learn (M. G.); Here is our Zoechka, a waitress in the dining room (Gran.); And he gave the money to the mermaid for preservation, the things of my daughter (P.); During the war years, a concrete builder became a sapper soldier (B. Paul); may be the name of an object: And the steamer "Turgenev" was already considered by that time a ship, quite outdated (Cat.); can serve as a designation of the quality, properties of the object being defined: Dr. Hufeland, the miracle doctor sent by the Prussian king, looked in amazement at the head drowned in pillows, disfigured by old, long-healed wounds (Nikul.); And since ancient times, a fisherman, and a hard-working scientist, and a painter, and a poet have been bearing tribute to Baikal from the soul of his lover (Tvard.).

Applications can be expressed by nouns that have lost their specific meaning in the context and turned into demonstrative words (person, people, people, woman, business, etc.). With them, there must be explanatory words, in which the characteristic of the subject lies. For example: Sometimes, instead of Natasha, Nikolai Ivanovich appeared from the city, a man with glasses, with a small blond beard, a native of some distant province (M. G.); The coachman Yehudiel, an extremely slow man, heavy on his feet, reasonable and sleepy, stood at the gate and diligently regaled Bitch (T.) with tobacco; Engineer Kucherov, a bridge builder, sometimes drove through the village on a racing droshky or in a carriage, a stout, broad-shouldered, bearded man in a soft crumpled cap (Ch.).

When combining a proper noun (name of a person) and a common noun, a common noun usually acts as an application: In a frenzy, the sailor Pavlinov suffocated - a cheerful and mocking person (Paust.); It seemed to her that Rybin, an elderly man, was also unpleasant and insulting to listen to Pavel's speeches (M. G.).

However, if it is necessary to clarify the person, to specify it, as an application, a proper name can be used with a common noun. In this case, the sign of the face is of primary importance. For example: The rest of the brothers, Martyn and Prokhor, are similar to Alexei (Shol.) to the smallest detail.

Proper names - names used in a figurative sense (in quotes in writing), are always applications and stand in the form of the nominative case, regardless of the case form of the word being defined. For example: Among the seven hundred sailors who landed from the battleship Potemkin on the Romanian coast was Rodion Zhukov (Cat.).

The application can be attached to the word being defined with the help of explanatory unions, that is, or, like, etc.: The steppe, that is, a treeless and undulating endless plain, surrounded us (Ax.); Klavichek, as a baker by profession, was sent as an inspector to the supply department (N. Ostr.); This small courtyard, or chicken coop, was blocked by a wooden fence (T.); with the help of words, for example, by name, by nickname, and the like: Dear cook Ivan Ivanovich, nicknamed Bear Cub (M. G.), leads the kitchen; ... I had to become a footman to a Petersburg official, by the name of Orlov (Ch.).

Combinations of applications with defined words are distinguished from some combinations similar in form, the components of which are not connected by attributive relations. These include the following pair combinations: combinations of synonyms (stitches-paths, grass-ant, clan-tribe, time-time, mind-mind, wedding-marriage, chic-shine); combinations of antonyms (export-import, purchase and sale, questions-answers, income-expenses); combinations of words by association (name-patronymic, grandfathers-great-grandfathers, viburnum-raspberry, bread-salt, mushrooms-berries).

In addition, the components of some types of compound words are not applications (although they resemble them in form): b) complex words, part of which are evaluative words (firebird, good boy, boy-woman, unfortunate leader).

The attachment of definitions to words of subjective meaning (primarily nouns) forms their main function - naming the attribute of an object. By virtue of the same attachment, definitions (if they do not lose their defining function) cannot occupy the positions of determining members in the sentence, i.e.

They always duplicate the dependent component of the phrase, but often with more specific semantics, cf.: Children entered the first grade; The ninth this year became the first class in academic performance.

According to the nature of the syntactic connection of the definition with the word being defined, all definitions are divided into agreed and inconsistent.

Agreed definitions are expressed by those parts of speech that, referring to the word being defined, can be likened to it in number and case, and in the singular - in gender. They can be expressed by adjectives: The door to the damp porch dissolved again (A.K.T.); communion: My steps resounded dully in the freezing air (T.); pronominal adjective: Our fortress stood on a high place (L.); ordinal number: The second boy, Pavlusha, had tousled hair (T.); A carriage was waiting outside the third gate (Nab.); quantitative numeral one: I knew only one thought power, one, but a fiery passion (L.).

The specific meanings of agreed definitions are very diverse and depend on the lexical meaning of the word by which they are expressed. Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives denote the quality, color of an object: She was tormented by a thirst for fame, and the terrible power of self-sacrifice, and insane courage, and a feeling of childish mischievous, piercing happiness (Fad.); It was a clean, blue lake, with an unusual expression of water (Nab.). Definitions, expressed by relative adjectives, indicate the attribute of an object at its location and time: Yesterday we spent in the forest on our long-range batteries (Inb.); The village library was near the school; a sign of an object by material: Through a frequent net of rain one could see a hut with a plank roof and two pipes (T.); affiliation: The dead man did not let the regimental banner out of his hands. Definitions expressed by possessive adjectives, as well as possessive pronouns, indicate belonging: His grandfather's face leaned over his face (M. G.); Farewell, sea! I will not forget your solemn beauty and for a long, long time I will hear your rumble in the evening hours (P.). Definitions expressed by indefinite pronouns indicate the uncertainty of the subject in relation to quality, property, belonging, etc.: Occasionally, as if from someone's touch, I raised my head (Past.); Tell me some news (L.). Definitions, expressed by negative and attributive pronouns, denote distinguishing and amplifying features: He knew every person, every family, every alley of this large working outskirts (Kat.); For a long time I did not find any game (T.). Definitions expressed by ordinal numbers indicate the order of the subject when counting: Sukhoedov (Pan.) was on duty in the ninth carriage.

Definitions expressed by participles can indicate a sign that is the result of some action: The fallen trees lay flat, without any relief, and those that remained standing, also flat, with a side shadow along the trunk for the illusion of being round, barely holding on to the torn nets of the sky with their branches ( Embankment).

Inconsistent definitions, in contrast to agreed ones, are associated with the word being defined by the method of control (poet's poems, a boat with sails) or adjoining (riding at a pace, desire to learn). They can be expressed by nouns without prepositions (in the genitive and instrumental cases) and with prepositions (in all oblique cases): A light gust of wind woke me up (T.); A wet, woolly-gray sky rubs against the window leaf (Past.); He wore work overalls, changed his mustache with a ring to a mustache with a brush (Fed.); The matter of the inheritance is holding me back for a long time (A.N.T.); He was wearing a colorful cotton shirt with a yellow border (T.); And what did he see, the dead Falcon, in this desert without bottom and edge? (M. G.); Next to him walked Fedyushka in his father's cap (Ch.); personal pronoun in the genitive case (in the possessive meaning): There was so much longing in his eyes that it could have poisoned all the people of the world with it (M. G.); comparative degree of the adjective: There were no bigger and more important events in the history of mankind (A.N.T.); adverb: There are, however, incredible cases when stearin candles and soft-boiled boots are obtained (G. Usp.); indefinite form of the verb: He went with a step to the right and sent an adjutant to the dragoons with an order to attack the French (L.T.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition can indicate belonging: Kutuzov's face, standing at the door of the office, remained completely motionless for several moments (L.T.); attitude to the team, institution, etc.: The blacksmith of the Putilov factory Ivan Gora was cleaning his rifle (A.N.T.); producer of action: Less and less often, quieter and more distantly, one hears the creak of wheels, then a gentle Little Russian song, then the sonorous neighing of horses, then fuss and the last chirping of sleeping birds (Kupr.); a sign according to its bearer: A horse and a rider dived from a dilapidated barrack into the darkness of the forest (N. Ostr.); the relation of the whole to the part, which is indicated by the word being defined: You are a little cold, you cover your face with an overcoat collar (T.), etc.

Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in oblique cases with prepositions can denote various signs. Sign by material: On an immaculately clean table, black marble writing instruments were arranged with deathly accuracy, folders made of shiny cardboard lay (A.N.T.); a sign by the presence of some external feature in the object, details: ... A minute later, a young man in a military overcoat and a white cap entered the caretaker (P.); I went up to a stranger in a fur coat and saw him (Cupr.); People with whiskers stood at the gunwale and smoked pipes (Paust.); a sign of belonging in the broad sense of the word: Huge boilers from military ships were buried under snowdrifts (A.N.T.); a sign that characterizes an object in a spatial sense: A girl was standing by the jamb in the kitchen (M. G.); Chelkash crossed the road and sat down on the bedside table opposite the doors of the tavern (M. G.); a sign indicating the contents of the object: From sleep, sits in an ice bath (P.); a sign that limits the object in any respect: Before dawn in a dark cave, the famous golden eagle hunter Khali tells me about eagles (Prishv.); a sign indicating the purpose of the object: Everything froze on the benches for the public (M. G.), etc.

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the infinitive, serve to reveal the content of the subject, often denoted by an abstract noun: Thanks to the ability to quickly grasp and remember what he heard, he passed the exams (S.-Shch.); I could not stand it and ran out of the bushes onto the path, obeying a fiery desire to throw myself on my father's neck (Kor.).

Inconsistent definitions can be expressed by phraseological combinations, as well as syntactically inseparable phrases. In the sentence Tut, it’s true, you will read the vows in love to the grave (P.), the definition is expressed by the phraseological combination to the grave.

In the role of a definition expressed by a syntactically inseparable phrase, combinations of a noun in the genitive case with a quantitative numeral agreed with it most often act: A boy of about fifteen, curly and red-cheeked, sat as a coachman and with difficulty kept a well-fed piebald stallion (T.); combinations of a noun with an adjective in the instrumental case: He [Chelkash] immediately liked this healthy, good-natured guy with childish bright eyes (M. G.), “Here it is, then, as it happens,” said the old Nikolaev soldier with a spongy nose (Paust. ). Phrases consisting of adjectives and nouns in the genitive case are syntactically inseparable, in which it is impossible to separate the adjective, since it is in it that the designation of the delimiting feature is contained. In sentences, a man of medium height (L.) came out of the boat; He was wearing a short coat of bronze color and a black cap (T.); He fastened the bekeshi hooks, pulled a soldier's artificial astrakhan hat over his eyebrows (A.N.T.); For three days in a row, this stocky figure and face of an oriental type (M. G.) attracted my attention; They were a husband, wife, their boy of seven years of extraordinary beauty (Fed.); Boys close to my age were thirteen years old (Past.) The phrases of medium height, bronze color, artificial astrakhan fur, oriental type, extraordinary beauty, close age are syntactically inseparable.

Less common are definitions expressed by syntactically inseparable phrases of other types. For example: A few minutes later we were at the fire in a circle of four shepherds dressed in sheepskins with wool up (M. G.); The upper heated water lies in a layer ten to twelve meters thick on deep cold water and does not mix with it at all (Paust.).

Inconsistent definitions quite often have a definitive meaning with shades of other meanings. Functional complication is especially typical for definitions expressed by prepositional-nominal combinations and adverbs, which, of course, is associated with their lexical and morphological nature.

The contradiction revealed here between the specific meaning of the dependent word form (spatial, temporal) and its relation to the word form of objective meaning (attributive) is resolved in the functional combination of two members in one. So, prepositional-nominal combinations in the attributive function can be complicated by adverbial meanings - spatial: I rented a room with a window on the Kremlin (Past.); temporary: This is my habit since childhood (T.); object meaning: At the battery heights, people with spyglasses were slightly distinguishable (Past.).

Agreed definitions are expressed by adjective participles, pronominal adjectives, ordinal numbers: Your joy and sorrow are joy and sorrow for me Goncharov. The meaning of the agreed definition as a secondary member of the sentence is determined by the lexical meaning of the word by which it is expressed. In modern Russian, the most common definitions are expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives.

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Definition agreed and inconsistent

Agreed definitionsare expressed by parts of speech related to the word being defined, and are able to become like it in number and case, and in the singular and in gender. Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives, participles, pronominal adjectives, ordinal numbers: yours joy and sorrow - joy and sorrow for me (Goncharov). An adjective that is part of a phraseological unit (White Sea, New Year) should not be considered a definition.

The meaning of the agreed definition as a secondary member of the sentence is determined by the lexical meaning of the word by which it is expressed. In modern Russian, the most common definitions are expressed by qualitative and relative adjectives.

Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives denote various features of an object, person or phenomenon. They may indicate signs of the spatial relationships of objects: Almost everything that was happening ahead (Simonov) was visible from the wide window; signs of a temporary relationship; properties of things perceived by the senses; physical properties of people, animals, insects.

Definitions expressed by relative adjectives denote various features of an object, person or phenomenon not directly, but through relation to other objects, as well as to a place, time (in accordance with the lexical meaning of the adjective). Relative adjectives can designate a sign of an object by material, by location, by time, a sign in its relation to a person, a sign in its relation to a concept.

Definitions expressed by possessive adjectives denote the belonging of the characterized object to a specific person. The meaning of belonging is also expressed by possessive pronouns: My labor is related to any labor (Mayakovsky).

Definitions expressed by demonstrative pronouns indicate the specificity of the object being defined: this the town he came from Moscow (Yu. Kazakov).

Indefinite pronouns in the role of a definition indicate the indefiniteness of the sign of an object (some kind of house).

Definitions expressed by definitive and negative pronouns designate properties and qualities in accordance with their inherent meanings: Almost no noise was heard all around (Turgenev).

Inconsistent definitionis associated with the word being defined using a control (birch branch) or adjunction (Turkish coffee). The inconsistent definition can be expressed in various ways. There is a large group of inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in all oblique cases with prepositions: There was a threshold in three steps (Bunin).

Inconsistent definitions include definitions expressed by the personal pronoun of the 3rd person in the form of the genitive case in the possessive meaning, as well as the comparative degree of the adjective.

In the definition function, an adverb (for the future), as well as an infinitive can be used, which serves to explain the member of the sentence - an abstract noun: He had a weakness think that standing he retains more greatness (Novikov). Phraseological units also become inconsistent definitions (she did not like potatoes in uniform).

Inconsistent definitions denote various features of an object, person or phenomenon. So, an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the genitive case can characterize belonging. Inconsistent definitions, expressed by nouns in oblique cases with prepositions, also denote various signs - according to the material, according to the presence of outward difference, according to the purpose of the subject.

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by adjectives in a comparative degree, denote a qualitative feature of an object that is more or less characteristic of it than other objects: Baba, in a red skirt, in a white shirt, stands in a thicket of hemp higher her height (Bunin).

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by adverbs, denote a sign with the meaning of quality, image and mode of action, time.

Inconsistent definitions expressed by the infinitive help to reveal the content of the subject, which is indicated by an abstract noun: Having finally abandoned the thought learn his reasonable reading and writing, I began to teach him to sign mechanically (Kuprin).

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If the main members of the sentence are the basis, then the secondary ones are accuracy, beauty and imagery. Particular attention should be paid to definitions.

Definition as a member of a sentence

A definition refers to a word with an objective meaning and characterizes a sign, quality, property of an object that names the word being defined, answers the questions: "what?", "what?", "what?", "what?" and their case forms. There is an agreed and inconsistent definition in Russian.

For example, "I loved watching a big beautiful white bird."

The word being defined is "bird". From him the question is raised: "what?"

Bird (what?) Large, beautiful, white.

Definitions characterize an object in this sentence according to such features: in size, in appearance, in color.

Definitions "big, beautiful"- agreed, and " white"- inconsistent. What is the difference between agreed definitions and non-agreed definitions?

Definitions " big, beautiful"- agreed, they change when the word being defined changes, that is, they agree with it in gender, number, case:

bird (what?) big, beautiful;
bird (what?) big, beautiful;
a bird (what?) big, beautiful.

Definition "white color"- inconsistent. It will not change if you change the main word:

bird (what?) white;
birds (what?) white;
a bird (what?) of white color;
a bird (what?) of white color;
about a bird (what?) of white color.

Thus, it can be concluded that this is an inconsistent definition. So, we found out how agreed definitions differ from inconsistent ones. The first ones change when the main word changes, and the second ones do not change.

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the material from which the object is made

Inconsistent members of a sentence are never expressed by adjectives, participles, agreed pronouns. They are most often expressed by nouns with and without prepositions and have different meanings of the attribute of the subject. One of these meanings is "the material from which the object is made."

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the purpose of the subject

Very often it is necessary to indicate what the object exists for, then inconsistent definitions are used that have the meaning “the purpose of the object”.

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the accompanying subject attribute

If it is said that something is present or something is missing from the subject of speech, then inconsistent definitions are usually used with the meaning of “an accompanying subject feature”.

Inconsistent definitions with the value of belonging to the subject

Inconsistent definitions are widely used in the language, expressing the belonging of an object or, more precisely, the relation of an object to another object.

Separation of inconsistent definitions and additions

Since inconsistent definitions are expressed by nouns, the problem of distinguishing between definitions and additions arises. Additions are also expressed by nouns in indirect cases and do not formally differ from inconsistent definitions. Distinguishing these minor members is possible only in terms of syntax. Therefore, it is necessary to consider ways to distinguish between inconsistent definitions and additions.

Additions refer to verbs, gerunds, participles, and definitions - to nouns, pronouns that indicate the subject.
We pose questions of indirect cases to additions, and to definitions - questions "what?", "whose?"

Inconsistent definitions - pronouns

Possessive pronouns can act as inconsistent definitions. In such cases, questions are posed: "whose?", "whose?", "whose?", "whose?" and their case forms. Let us give examples of inconsistent definitions expressed by possessive pronouns.

AT her the light came on in the window (in whose window?).

His girlfriend did not come (whose girlfriend?).

AT them the garden had the most delicious apples (in whose garden?).

Inconsistent definitions - adjectives in a simple comparative degree

If the sentence contains an adjective in a simple comparative degree, then it is an inconsistent definition. It denotes a sign of an object that is expressed to a greater or lesser extent than in some other object. Let us give examples of inconsistent definitions expressed by the adjective in a simple comparative degree.

Grandpa built himself a house better ours.

Society is divided into people cleverer me and those who are not interested in me.

Everyone wants to grab a piece more than others.

Inconsistent definitions - adverbs

Often adverbs act as inconsistent definitions, in such cases they have the meaning of a feature in terms of quality, direction, place, mode of action. We look at sentences with inconsistent definitions, examples with adverbs.

Let's listen to the opinion of your neighbor (which one?) left.

The closet was small with a door (what?) outside.

The upper room was bright with a window (what?) against.

Inconsistent definitions - infinitives

The infinitive can be an inconsistent definition for nouns that have abstract concepts: desire, joy, need and the like. We look at sentences with inconsistent definitions, examples with infinitives.

Everyone would understand my desire (what?) capture these magical pictures.

Necessity lives indestructibly in the heart (what kind?) be in love someone.

The division will come up with a task (what?) take height on the right bank of the Dnieper.

Everyone should experience joy (what?) feel yourself as a human.

She had a habit (what?) talk with someone invisible.

Separation of inconsistent definitions in Russian

The selection of inconsistent definitions in writing with commas depends on the position taken and on their prevalence. Inconsistent definitions that stand directly behind the defined word - a common noun - are not inclined to isolate.

At the back of the garden stood a long barn (what?) from boards.

The old woman served sour cream in a bowl (what?) with broken edge.

girl (what?) in a blue dress stood at the entrance to the park, waiting for someone.

In the park (what?) with cleanly swept alleys it was empty and boring.

Desire (What?) survive at all costs owned it all the time.

Inconsistent definitions after the main word - a common noun, are isolated only if it is necessary to give it a special semantic significance. Consider isolated inconsistent definitions (examples).

In the same sweater , from gray wool, she left the room as if there had not been a whole year of separation.

This vase , with broken neck, I remember from childhood.

If inconsistent definitions are before the word being defined, then they are most often isolated. Such definitions acquire an additional circumstantial connotation of meaning.

In a long fancy dress, sister seemed taller and more mature.

Long skirt and bare arms, the girl stands on the stage and sings something in a thin voice.

Inconsistent definitions are always isolated if they refer to a personal pronoun and a proper name. Consider isolated inconsistent definitions (examples).

She is, with braids to the waist, went to the middle of the room and looked for me with her eyes.

Maria Ivanovna , in a white starched blouse, loudly called the servants and ordered the girl who came to clean up the scattered things.

It (the sun) with red-orange trim hung very low from the horizon.

Practical task in the OGE format

Among the examination tasks, there is one that requires knowledge of inconsistent definitions. To complete this task, you need to find a sentence that has an inconsistent definition. The following is a text with numbered sentences, among which you need to find the right one.

Example 1: Find a sentence with an inconsistent common definition.

1) The room was quiet, and for a long time neither the boy nor the man broke the silence.

2) After a while, the father suddenly said:

3) Listen, Timur! 4) Do you want me to buy you a dog? 5) Sheepdog with a black stripe on the back.

Example 2: Find a sentence with an inconsistent standalone definition.

1) Mother stood very close to Nadezhda.

2) She came in from the street.

3) Wearing a raincoat and a white coat, she seemed to Nadia different than she was two months ago.

4) And Nadezhda, not yet coming to her senses, looked at her mother for three seconds, not recognizing.

5) She saw several new wrinkles, diverging from the wings of the nose to the corners of the lips.

6) Only the look of the mother remained the same, the same as Nadezhda carried in her heart.

Example 3: Find a sentence with an inconsistent non-isolated definition.

1) She beamed with joy.

2) She was called mother today.

3) Didn't all the neighbors hear this girl with dark hair screaming:

5) The girl understood why her aunt was happy.

6) Only she herself did not yet understand whether she called her.

§3. Definition. Agreed and inconsistent definition. Appendix

A definition is a minor member of a sentence, which depends on the subject, object or circumstance, determines the sign of the subject and answers the questions: which one? which? whose?

The definition can refer to words of different parts of speech: a noun and words formed from adjectives or participles by transition to another part of speech, as well as pronouns.

Agreed and inconsistent definition

An agreed definition is a definition for which the type of syntactic relationship between the main and dependent words is agreement. For example:

A disgruntled girl was eating chocolate ice cream on the outdoor terrace.

(girl (what?) dissatisfied, ice cream (what?) chocolate, on the terrace (what?) open)

Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives that agree with the words being defined - nouns in gender, number and case.

The agreed definitions are expressed:

1) adjectives: dear mother, beloved grandmother;

2) participles: a laughing boy, a bored girl;

3) pronouns: my book, this boy;

4) ordinal numbers: the first of September, by the eighth of March.

But the definition may be inconsistent. This is the name of a definition associated with the word being defined by other types of syntactic connection:

management

adjoining

Inconsistent definition based on control:

Mom's book was on the bedside table.

Wed: mom's book - mom's book

(mother's book is an agreed definition, connection type: agreement, and mother's book is inconsistent, connection type is control)

Inconsistent adjacency-based definition:

I want to buy her a more expensive gift.

Wed: a more expensive gift is an expensive gift

(a more expensive gift is an inconsistent definition, the type of connection is adjacency, and an expensive gift is an agreed definition, the type of connection is agreement)

Inconsistent definitions also include definitions expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases and phraseological units.

A five-story shopping center was built opposite.

Compare: a center with five floors - a five-story center

(five-story center - inconsistent definition, communication type - management, and five-story center - agreed definition, communication type - agreement)

A girl with blue hair entered the room.

(girl with blue hair - inconsistent definition, type of connection - control.)

Different parts of speech can act as an inconsistent definition:

1) noun:

The bus stop has been moved.

(bus - noun)

2) adverb:

Grandma cooked the meat in French.

(in French - adverb)

3) a verb in an indefinite form:

She had the ability to listen.

(listen - verb in indefinite form)

4) comparative degree of the adjective:

He always chooses the easier path, and she chooses the harder tasks.

(easier, harder comparative degree of adjectives)

5) pronoun:

Her story touched me.

(her is a possessive pronoun)

6) syntactically indivisible phrase

Application

Application is a special kind of definition. An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case.

Applications denote various features of an object that are expressed by a noun: age, nationality, profession, etc.:

I love my little sister.

A group of Japanese tourists lived with me in the hotel.

A variation of the application are geographical names, names of enterprises, organizations, press organs, works of art. The latter form inconsistent applications. Compare examples:

I saw the embankment of the Sukhona River.

(Sukhony is an agreed application, the words of the river and Sukhony are in the same case.)

The son read the fairy tale "Cinderella".

(“Cinderella” is an inconsistent application, the words fairy tale and “Cinderella” are in different cases

Definition (syntax)

This term has other meanings, see Definition.

Definition(or attribute) - in syntax, a minor member of the sentence, denoting a sign, quality, property of an object. Usually expressed by an adjective or participle. Answers the questions: which? which? which? which? which? whose? whose? whose? whose? When parsing a sentence, it is underlined by a wavy line.

Classification

Definitions can be associated with nouns in a way of agreement ( agreed definitions) and methods of control and adjacency ( inconsistent definitions).

Agreed definitions

They agree with the defined member in the form (case, number and gender in the singular), are expressed by adjectives, participles, ordinal numbers, pronouns.

« Large trees grow near paternal house"
"AT our class no lagging behind students"
"He decides this task second hour"
“The bright sun shone in my eyes. »

In modern Russian, an agreed definition in a sentence most often precedes the name being defined (see the above examples). The reverse order (an agreed definition follows the name being defined) is allowed, but is usually used in special cases:

in traditional proper names and special terms: "Petropavlovsk- Kamchatsky”, “Ivan Great", "name noun"," heather ordinary»;
in poetic works, the word order of which is influenced by the requirements of the form (meter, rhyme, etc.):

Baron in cloisters sad
Satisfied, however, was fate,
Pastor flattery funerary ,
coat of arms tombs feudal
And epitaph bad .

A. S. Pushkin. Message to Delvig

Inconsistent definitions

They do not agree with the word being defined and are expressed by nouns in oblique cases, comparative degree of adjectives, adverbs, infinitive, subordinate clause.

"The rustle of the leaves birches»
"He liked the evenings at grandma's house»
"Choose a fabric more fun with a pattern»
"Eggs for breakfast soft-boiled»
"They were united by the desire see you»
"House where I live»

In Russian, inconsistent definitions in a sentence almost always follow the name being defined, exceptions are found only in poetic works:

Yes, I remember, though not without sin,
From the Aeneid two verses.
He rummage didn't have hunting
In chronological dust
Genesis of the earth:
But days gone by jokes
From Romulus to the present day
He kept it in his memory.

A. S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin

Separate definition: examples. Sentences with separate definitions: examples

If people did not decorate their speech with additional definitions or explanatory circumstances, it would be uninteresting and dull. The entire population of the planet would speak in a business or official style, there would be no art books, and fairy-tale heroes would not expect children before going to bed.

What colorizes speech is precisely the isolated definition contained in it. Examples can be found both in simple colloquial speech and in fiction.

Definition concept

The definition is part of the sentence and describes the attribute of the subject. It answers the questions “what-th, -th, -th?”, Defining the object or “whose, th, th?”, indicating its belonging to someone.

Most often, the function of definition is performed by adjectives, for example:

good (what?) heart;
gold (what?) nugget;
bright (what?) Appearance;
old (what?) friends.

In addition to adjectives, definitions in a sentence can be pronouns denoting that an object belongs to a person:

the boy took (whose?) his briefcase;
mother irons (whose?) her blouse;
my brother sent home (whose?) my friends;
father watered (whose?) my tree.

In a sentence, the definition is underlined by a wavy line and always refers to the subject expressed by the noun or other part of speech. This part of the sentence may consist of one word or be combined with other words dependent on it. In this case, these are sentences with isolated definitions. Examples:

"Joyful, she reported the news." In this sentence, a single adjective is isolated.
"The garden, overgrown with weeds, was in a deplorable state." A separate definition is participial turnover.

"Satisfied with the success of her son, mother secretly wiped away her tears of joy." Here, the adjective with dependent words is a separate definition.

The examples in the sentence show that different parts of speech can be a definition of the quality of an object or its belonging.

Separate definitions

Separate definitions are those that give Additional information about an object or clarifying its belonging to any person. The meaning of the sentence will not change if a separate definition is removed from the text. Examples:

"Mother carried the child, who fell asleep on the floor, to his crib" - "Mother carried the child to his crib."

"Excited by the first performance, the girl closed her eyes before going on stage" - "The girl closed her eyes before going on stage."

As you can see, sentences with isolated definitions, examples of which are given above, sound more interesting, since the additional explanation conveys the state of the object.

Separate definitions can be consistent and inconsistent.

Agreed definitions

Definitions that agree with the word, the quality of which is determined in case, gender and number, are called agreed. In the offer they can be presented:

adjective - a yellow leaf (what?) fell from a tree;
pronoun - (whose?) My dog fell off the leash;
numerals - give him (what?) A second chance;
communion - in the front garden (what?) green grass was visible.

The same properties in relation to the defined word have a separate definition. Examples:

"Briefly said (what?), his speech made an impression on everyone." The participle "said" is in the feminine, singular, nominative case, as is the word "speech", which it defines.
"We went outside (what?), still wet from the rain." The adjective "wet" is in the same number, gender and case as the word "street" it defines.
"People (what?), Joyful from the upcoming meeting with the actors, went to the theater." Since the word being defined is in plural and the nominative case, then the definition agrees with it in this.

A separate agreed definition (examples have shown this) can stand both before the word being defined, and after it, or in the middle of a sentence.

Inconsistent definition

When a definition does not change in gender and number according to the main word, it is inconsistent. They are associated with the word being defined in 2 ways:

Adjacency is a combination of stable word forms or an invariable part of speech. For example: "He likes eggs (what?) Soft-boiled."
Control is the setting of a definition in a case, which is required by the word being defined. Often they indicate a sign by material, purpose or location of an object. For example: "the girl sat on a chair (what?) made of wood."

Several parts of speech can express an inconsistent isolated definition. Examples:

A noun in the instrumental or prepositional case with the prepositions "with" or "in". Nouns can be either single or with dependent words - Asya met Olya after the exam (which one?), In chalk, but satisfied with her grade. (“in mele” is an inconsistent definition expressed by a noun in the prepositional case).
A verb in an indefinite form that answers the question "what?", "what to do?", "what to do?". In Natasha's life there was one great joy (what?) - to give birth to a child.
Comparative degree of an adjective with dependent words. From a distance we spotted a friend in a dress (what?) brighter than she usually wears.

Each isolated definition, examples confirm this, may differ in its structure.

Structure of definitions

In terms of their structure, definitions can consist of:

from a separate word, for example, a delighted grandfather;
adjective or participle with dependent words - grandfather, delighted with the news;
from several separate definitions - grandfather, delighted with the news.

Separation of definitions depends on which word they refer to and where exactly they are located. Most often they are distinguished by intonation and commas, less often by a dash (for example, the biggest luck (what?) is to hit the jackpot in the lottery).

Separation of the sacrament

The most popular isolated definition, examples of which are most common, is a single participle (participial turnover). Commas with this type of definition are placed if it comes after the word that defines.

The girl (what?), frightened, silently walked forward. In this example, the participle defines the state of the object and comes after it, so it is separated from both sides by commas.
The painting (what?), painted in Italy, became his favorite creation. Here, the participle with a dependent word highlights the object and stands after the word being defined, therefore it is also separated by commas.

If the participle or participial turnover comes before the word being defined, then punctuation marks are not put:

The frightened girl silently walked forward.
Painted in Italy, the picture became his favorite creation.

You should be aware of the formation of participles in order to use such a separate definition. Examples, suffixes in the formation of participles:

when creating a valid sacrament in the present. tense from verb 1 conjugation, the suffix -usch -yusch is written (thinks - thinking, write - writing);
when creating in present. the time of real communion 2 ref., use -asch-box (smoke - fuming, sting - stinging);
in the past tense, real participles are formed using the suffix -vsh (wrote - wrote, spoke - spoke);
passive participles are created with the addition of suffixes -nn-enn in the past tense (invented - invented, offended - offended) and -em, -om-im and -t in the present (leads - led, love - beloved).

In addition to the participle, the adjective is just as common.

Separation of the adjective

Single or dependent adjectives are separated in the same way as participles. If a separate definition (examples and the rule are similar to a participle) is after the word being defined, then a comma is placed, and if before, then no.

The morning, gray and foggy, was not conducive to a walk. (The gray and foggy morning did not favor a walk.)

Mom, angry, can be silent for several hours. (An angry mother may be silent for several hours).

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

When a participle or adjective refers to a pronoun, they are separated by a comma, regardless of where they are located:

Frustrated, she went into the yard.
They were tired and went straight to bed.
He, red with embarrassment, kissed her hand.

When the word being defined is shared by other words, the isolated definition (examples from fiction this is demonstrated) is also separated by commas. For example, “Suddenly the whole steppe shook and, engulfed in a dazzling blue light, expanded (M. Gorky).

Other segregation definitions

A separate definition (examples, rules below) can convey a meaning by kinship or profession, then they are also separated by commas. For example:

The professor, a handsome young man, looked at his new entrants.

Mom, in her usual dressing gown and apron, has not changed at all this year.

In such constructions, separate definitions carry additional messages about the object.

The rules seem complicated at first glance, but if you understand their logic and practice, then the material is well absorbed.

What is a detached inconsistent definition?

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by oblique cases of nouns (more often with a preposition), stand apart if the meaning they express is emphasized: Officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulettes, flaunted the streets and the boulevard. Inconsistent definitions can also stand before the noun being defined: In a white tie, in a dandy overcoat open, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in a tailcoat loop, the general was returning from dinner, alone. Such inconsistent definitions are usually isolated:
if they refer to their own name: Sasha Berezhnova, in a silk dress, in a cap on the back of her head and in a shawl, was sitting on a sofa; Fair-haired, with a curly head, without a hat and with his shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed handsome and unusual;
if referring to a personal pronoun: I am surprised that you, with your kindness, do not feel this;
if separated from the word being defined by some other members of the sentence: After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in a black dress, with a black mesh on her head, Karolina sat and watched with a smile as they looked at her;
if they form a series of homogeneous members with preceding or subsequent isolated agreed definitions: I saw a peasant, wet, in tatters, with a long beard.
Inconsistent definitions are often isolated when naming persons by degree of kinship, profession, position, and so on, because due to the significant specificity of such nouns, the definition serves the purpose of an additional message: Grandfather, in his grandmother's katsaveyka, in an old Kartuz without a visor, squints, smiles at something.
The isolation of an inconsistent definition can serve as a means of deliberately separating this turnover from the neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and referring it to the subject: Baba, with a long rake in their hands, wander into the field.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated, expressed by a turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective (often the defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition): A force stronger than his will threw him out of there.
In the absence of a previous agreed definition, the inconsistent definition, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective, is not isolated: But at another time there was no person more active than him.
Inconsistent definitions are isolated and separated with a dash, expressed by an indefinite form of the verb, before which one can put the words without prejudice to the meaning, namely: I came to you with pure motives, with the only desire - to do good! If such a definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is highlighted with a dash on both sides: Each of them decided this question - to leave or stay - for himself, for his loved ones. But if, according to the context, there should be a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted: Since there was only one choice - to lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow, then the field marshal had to choose the latter

Lika asakova

Isolation is the selection in writing by punctuation marks, and in oral speech by intonation.
Inconsistent definitions are a minor member of the proposal, which answers the question: Which one? Whose? , underlined in a sentence with a wavy line. Inconsistent definitions are associated with the main word by the method of control or adjacency. For example: stairs (what?) to the attic. To the attic is an inconsistent definition.
Naval pasta is also an inconsistent definition. Naval borscht is an agreed definition (it is in the same gender, number and case as the main word). Inconsistent definitions can also be expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases. for example: Our athletes are high class players. High class players - an inconsistent definition.
For your information, the participial turn of speech is an agreed definition.

Common consensus definition

An agreed definition is a definition associated with the noun being defined by the method of agreement (when the dependent word takes the form of the same gender, number and case as the main one). The agreed definition is expressed by adjectives, participles, pronominal adjectives and ordinal numbers, for example: green tea, running man, to my dad, the fifth column. An inconsistent definition is a definition associated with the word being explained by the method of control or adjunction, expressed by nouns in indirect cases, adverbs, and other parts of speech: city streets, checkered paper, a promise to come.

A common definition is a definition that has dependent words with it, for example: a person running after a bus, a promise to come today. A separate definition is a definition that is highlighted by punctuation marks.

An example of an agreed-upon widespread isolated definition is the participle turnover, separated by commas: I do not feel sorry for the years wasted in vain (Yesenin). Will I fall, pierced by an arrow (Pushkin). Squeaky carts filled with black grapes stretched along the dusty road leading to the gardens (L. Tolstoy)

Kostya regular

An agreed definition is a definition associated with the noun being defined by the method of agreement (when the dependent word takes the form of the same gender, number and case as the main one). The agreed definition is expressed by adjectives, participles, pronominal adjectives and ordinal numbers, for example: green tea, running man, my dad, fifth column. An inconsistent definition is a definition associated with the word being explained by the method of control or adjunction, expressed by nouns in indirect cases, adverbs, and other parts of speech: city streets, checkered paper, a promise to come.

Pasha Shulepov

An agreed definition is a definition associated with the noun being defined by the method of agreement (when the dependent word takes the form of the same gender, number and case as the main one). The agreed definition is expressed by adjectives, participles, pronominal adjectives and ordinal numbers, for example: green tea, running man, my dad, fifth column. An inconsistent definition is a definition associated with the word being explained by the method of control or adjunction, expressed by nouns in indirect cases, adverbs, and other parts of speech: city streets, checkered paper, a promise to come.

In sentences with separate members, the following punctuation marks are used: comma, dash.

§ 18. Separate definitions

Agreed definitions

§ 18.Agreed definitions.1

Isolate themselves(separated comma, and in the middle of the sentence are highlighted on both sides with commas) common definitions expressed by the participle or adjective with words depending on it (the so-called attributive phrases) after the noun or substantiated word being defined: Down the dusty road leading to the gardens creaking carts stretched, filled with black grapes(L.T.); We were surrounded on all sides by a continuous secular forest, equal in size to a good principality(Cupr.); Those three are standing everyone is gloomy(M.G.).

At the end of a sentence, a separate definition, especially when listed, can be separated not by a comma, but by dash: I've always been interested in this house in the old alley - darkly mysterious, noble in all its appearance, unlike any other.

Notes:

1. In the presence of several homogeneous isolated definitions, connected by a repeating union and, comma placed before the first and: These were young talents, and who truly loved music, and were well versed in the secrets of its magic.

2. Attributive phrase after a coordinative conjunction (and, or, but etc.), but not connected with it, is separated from it comma as a general rule: He had no inclination towards bureaucracy and, gifted with an outstanding talent for observation, knew his environment very well(Hertz.).

But between union a and the comma is not put in the definitive turnover if, when the turnover is omitted, a restructuring of the sentence is required: The ball rests on the surface of the pool, immersed in water pops up quickly.

§ 18.Agreed definitions.2

Common definitions are not isolated:

1) standing before the noun being defined and not having additional adverbial shades of meaning (see below, paragraph 8): Darya Alexandrovna stood among scattered around the room of things(L.T.); Rummaged through books at the table recently arrived from the village accountant(Sh.);

2) standing after the noun being defined, if the latter in itself in this sentence does not express the desired meaning and needs to be defined: Marya Dmitrievna assumed the air worthy and somewhat offended(T.) - a combination of words took the form doesn't make sense; Chernyshevsky created the work highly original and extremely remarkable(D.P.); You have chosen a judge quite strict(L.); Werner is a man wonderful for many reasons(L.); If you are human self respecting... then be sure to ask for curses(Dost.); Attempts to write just led to results sad and funny(M.G.) - without the next two definitions, the noun does not express the desired concept; It was a smile unusually kind, wide and soft(Ch.); We were met by a man slender and good-looking; A face looks at you from a portrait smart and very expressive(cf.: ... the face of a woman, strikingly beautiful); All of them were students well prepared; Division - action the inverse of multiplication; We often don't notice things much more significant; An old man entered with a bald skull, like that of an apostle;

3) connected in meaning not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, which includes them: In March, the grain lay dumped in bins(S.-Sch.) - the meaning of the statement is not that the grain lay, but that it was poured into the bins (in these cases, the attributive turnover can be expressed in the instrumental case: lay scattered in the bins); A neat old man walked armed with a rain umbrella(M.G.); Linden stands as if surrounded at a great distance by a closed ring of this smell(Paust.); In the evening Ekaterina Dmitrievna came running from the Law Club excited and joyful(A.T.) - in the role of attributive turnover, two single definitions; Morning has come washed by rains, with blue streaks in the fields, with a greasy, full sheen of wet earth(Nick.); The moon has risen very purple and gloomy(Ch.); Leaves come out from under your feet tracking, gray(Shv.); Even birch and rowan trees stood sleepy in the sultry languor that surrounded them(M.-S.); The sea lay at his feet silent and white against a cloudy sky(Paust.); The buses were coming packed to the brim.

Typically, such constructions are formed with verbs of motion and state, acting as a significant copula. Wed with a verb of different semantics: Elizabeth was silent frightened and excited(A.T.).

If a verb with the meaning of movement or state itself serves as a predicate, then the attributive phrase separates: Trifon Ivanovich won two and a half rubles from me and left, very pleased with his victory(T.); The break was not over yet, and she was already standing at the machine, pale, slickly combed(Nick.); And she walked beside me thick-set, self-confident(Ch.);

4) expressed by a complex form of the comparative or superlative degree of the adjective, since these forms do not form a turnover and act as an indivisible member of the sentence: Books appeared more popular; Worked in conditions less suitable; Proposed variant more simple; Information received most important; The experiments were carried out at temperatures the lower ones. Wed (included in turnover): in a circle closest to the bride were her two sisters(L.T.).

But: It was possible to create a new alloy, more durable than steel - influence of the previous definition new(cf.: Managed to create an alloy stronger than steel) in addition, in the form of a comparative degree there is a combination h eat steel, as a result of which a determinative turnover is formed.

§ 18.Agreed definitions.3

The attributive phrase after the indefinite pronoun is usually not isolated, since it forms a single whole with the preceding pronoun: Her big eyes... were looking for something similar in mine. on the hope(L.); All desires fell asleep in him, except for the desire to think about something. inexpressible in words(M.G.); Something flickered across his face. like a smile.

But with a less close connection and if there is a pause after the pronoun when reading the turnover stands apart: And someone, sweating and choking, running from store to store(Pan.) - two single definitions are separated.

§ 18.Agreed definitions.4

The attributive phrase after the definitive, demonstrative and possessive pronouns is closely adjacent to them and the comma is not separated: All late for lecture stood in the corridor; These recently published the poems were written a long time ago; Your proven in practice method deserves attention; Everything laughing, cheerful, marked by the stamp of humor he had little access to(Kor.); Dasha was waiting for everything, but not this one obediently bowed heads(A.T.).

But if the attributive turnover has the character of an explanation or clarification (see § 22, paragraph 4), then it separates: Everything related to the railway, still fanned for me by the poetry of travel(Paust.) - the definitive pronoun is substantiated.

turnover taken together always in different forms separates: All this, taken together, assures the correctness decision; In these collections taken together, contains hundreds of exercises.

§ 18.Agreed definitions.5

The attributive phrase after a negative pronoun is usually not separated from it by a comma: None admitted to the third stage of the competition Ivanov did not perform better; Nothing compares to this attraction. shown in the circus program.

But with intonational emphasis on turnover: ... And no one already scared of death not afraid of a slave life(M.G.).

§ 18.Agreed definitions.6

Isolate themselves two or more single (non-common) definitions following the noun being defined, if the latter is preceded by one more (or more) definition: The place, entwined with vines, looked like a cozy covered gazebo, dark and cool(L.T.); favorite faces, dead and alive come to mind(T.); From a young age I was obsessed with all possible ailments, both hereditary and acquired(S.-SH.) (about setting a comma before the first and see item 1, note. one); Another coast, flat and sandy, densely and discordantly covered with a close heap of huts(M.G.); And the theater was besieged by the human sea, violent, violent(BUT.).

However, if the preceding definition is expressed by a pronoun, then subsequent definitions may stand apart or not separate: And sleep, and sweet peace ... visited again my corner tight and simple(P.); And once my gaze dry and passionate I could not keep in the dust(Br.).

In the absence of a previous determination, subsequent single determinations stand apart or are not isolated depending on the degree of their intonational and semantic similarity with the noun being defined. Wed:

And the Cossacks, and foot and horse, marched on three roads to three gates(G.);… I especially liked the eyes big and sad(T.); It's been raining for three weeks now stubborn, ruthless, insolent, destructive(M.-S); Twilight descended over Vetluga, blue, warm, quiet(Kor.); In the air, sultry and dusty thousand-voiced dialect(M.G.); Mother, sad and anxious sat on a thick knot and cried(Ch.); The country road lies along the forest - dusty, dry and straight(on the setting of a dash, see paragraph 1) - in these examples, the noun does not need to be defined, the connection between them is weak;

Instead of a fun Petersburg life, boredom awaited me aside deaf and distant(P.); Under this thick gray overcoat a heart was beating passionate and noble(L.); Sunlight and sounds said that somewhere in this world there is life pure, graceful, poetic(Ch.); He began to talk about his childhood days in words strong and heavy(M.G.) - in these examples, the noun needs to be defined; without it, the statement does not have a complete meaning.

Single definitions stand apart if they are not directly attached to the noun being defined: sky color, light, pale lilac, does not change throughout the day(T.); The sky opened up, clear icy and blue(F.); With his speech, passionate and lively Beridze captivated everyone(Azh.). (Compare item 9.) In poetic speech, the intonation of pronunciation and the rhythm of the verse influence the isolation or non-isolation. So, two single definitions are not separated in the following examples: Snow is silvering in the field wavy and pockmarked(P.); A Lezghian sits on a stone between them decrepit and gray-haired(L.); forest frequent and dense ... rode a rider(Mike.); I want to know the secrets of life wise and simple(Br.); In a rush fiery and bold he blew the calling horn(Poor); Led a bow on the violin of an old gypsy, lean and gray-haired(March.); Along the track clean, smooth I passed, did not inherit(Ec.); I tremble from acute pain, anger bitter and holy(TV).

§ 18.Agreed definitions.7

Single definition separates:

1) if it carries a significant semantic load and can be equated to the subordinate part of a complex sentence: To a young man, in love, it's impossible not to talk(T.) [cf.: To a young man, if (when) he is in love...]; In the sky, deep blue melted silver moon(M.G.);

2) if it has an additional adverbial value: Lyubochka's veil clings again, and two young ladies, excited, run up to her(Ch.) - to a purely determinative value (what kind of young ladies?), a causal value is added (why are they running up?) Or with a different adverbial connotation (in what state are they running up?) ; people, astonished become like stones(M.G.); Mironov, surprised, for a long time, until the pain in his eyes looked at the sky(M.G.); Boy, embarrassed, blushed;

3) if torn off in the text from the noun being defined: Eyes closed and semi-closed, smiled too(T.); On the bench scattered, there were pistons, a gun, a dagger ...(L.T.); Nastasya Petrovna once again embraced Yegorushka, called him an angel, and, tearful, began to collect on the table(Ch.);

4) if it has a clarifying meaning: And five minutes later it was pouring heavily, roundabout(Ch.).

§ 18.Agreed definitions.8

Common or single definitions, standing immediately before the noun being defined, stand apart if they have an additional adverbial value (causal, conditional, concessive, etc.): Tired to the last degree climbers could not continue their ascent - to a defining value (what kind of climbers?; cf. without isolation: Climbers tired to the last degree ...) causal meaning is layered (why couldn't they continue their ascent?); Left to themselves children will be in a difficult position - what is important here is not so much the definitive meaning (what kind of children?; cf. without isolation: Children left to themselves...), how much circumstantial - conditional (under what condition will they find themselves in a difficult position?); Usually calm the speaker this time was very worried - here, not only is a characterization of a person given (which speaker ?; cf. without isolation: Usually a calm speaker...), but also introduces a concessive shade of meaning (despite the fact that he is usually calm ...). In all such cases, the attributive phrase is easily replaced by the causative clause of a complex sentence (...because they are tired to the last degree), conditional (... if they are left to themselves), concessive (…although he is usually calm).

To check for the presence of a circumstantial meaning, the attributive phrase is replaced by a phrase with the word being (being tired to the last degree; being left to oneself; being usually calm): if such a replacement is possible, we can talk about the presence of adverbial significance, which gives grounds for isolation. Wed: Accompanied by an officer the commandant entered the house(P.) - that is, being accompanied - the meaning of simultaneity; confused Mironov bowed at his back(M.G.); Cheerful and cheerful Radik was generally a favorite(F.); Seized by some vague foreboding, Korchagin dressed quickly and left the house.(BUT.); disheveled, unwashed, Nejdanov looked wild and strange(T.); Tired of mother's cleanliness, The boys learned to be smart(Pan.); wide, free, the alley leads into the distance(Br.); High Lelya was too thin even in quilted clothes(Koch.); Deafened by a heavy roar, Turkin bows his head(TV).

§ 18.Agreed definitions.9

Common or single definitions are isolated if they are separated from the noun being defined by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the definition comes before or after the word being defined): towards me, clean and clear as if washed by the morning coolness, the sounds of a bell came, and suddenly past me, driven by familiar boys, a rested herd rushed by(T.); Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry, sullen, walked around the room(Ch.); The arrows fired at him fell pitiful, back to earth(M.G.); And again, cut off from tanks by fire, infantry lay down on a bare slope(Sh.); Behind the noise, they did not immediately hear a knock on the window - persistent, solid(Fed.); Repeatedly, mysterious and lonely the rebellious battleship Potemkin appeared on the horizon(Cat.); Surrounded by flying foam breathes day and night(Bl.); spread out on the grass, well-deserved shirts and trousers were dried(Pan.).

§ 18.Agreed definitions.10

Definitions related to the personal pronoun, stand apart regardless of their prevalence and location: Lulled by sweet hopes he was fast asleep(Ch.); Short, stocky, he had terrible power in his hands(M.G.); He turned and left, and I, confused, stayed next to the girl in the empty hot steppe(Paust.); the wounded, they again crawled onto the stones, dragging machine guns with them with difficulty(Inc.); From him, jealous locked in a room, you got me, lazy, kindly remember(Sim.).

Note. Definitions with a personal pronoun are not isolated:

1) if the definition is semantically connected not only with the subject-pronoun, but also with the predicate (see paragraph 2): I sat immersed in deep thought(P.); We parted ways happy with your evening(L.); He comes out of the back rooms already completely upset(Gonch.); I come to the evening tired, hungry(M.G.); We ran to the hut soaked through(Paust.);

2) if the definition is in the form of the accusative case (such a construction, with a touch of obsolescence, can be replaced by a modern construction with the instrumental form): I found him ready to hit the road(P.) (cf.: ... found ready ...); And then he saw him lying on a hard bed in a poor neighbor's house(L.);

3) if the definition does not agree with the pronoun in the case: I see him leaning over the drawing board- double bond: with the verb-predicate - see bowed- and with a pronoun - agreement in gender and number;

4) in exclamatory sentences like Oh, you are stupid!; Oh, I'm unhappy!

Inconsistent definitions

§ 18.Inconsistent definitions.1

Inconsistent definitions expressed in the forms of indirect cases of nouns (more often with prepositions), stand apart to highlight a feature or to enhance the meaning they express: serf, in brilliant attire, with sleeves folded back, served various drinks and food right there(G.); officers, in new frock coats, white gloves and shiny epaulettes, flaunted through the streets and the boulevard(L.T.); The sea splashed and rustled, all in white lace shavings(M.G.); In a white tie, in a smart overcoat open, with a string of stars and crosses on a gold chain in a tailcoat loop, the general was returning from lunch, alone(T.); Many Russian rivers, like the Volga one coast is mountainous, the other is meadow(T.).

Usually stand apart inconsistent definitions that supplement or clarify the idea of a person or object, which in itself (without a definition) is quite specific, is already known. This role is played by proper names (they distinguish a person-object from a number of similar ones), names of persons by degree of kinship (also a specific selection), by position, profession, position (the same), personal pronouns (indicate a person already known out of context). Some syntactic conditions are also taken into account (see below).

Thus, inconsistent definitions, expressed in the forms of oblique cases of nouns, stand apart:

1) if they refer to the person's own name: Berezhkova herself, silk dress, in a cap on the back of the head and in a shawl, sitting on the sofa(Gonch.); Shabashkin, with cap on the head, stood akimbo and proudly looked around him(P.); Kolya, in her new jacket with gold buttons, was the hero of the day(T.); Daria Alexandrovna, in blouse and with braids pinned at the back of her head, already rare, once thick and beautiful hair, stood among the things scattered around the room(L.T.); Fair-haired, with a curly head, without a hat and with a shirt unbuttoned on his chest, Dymov seemed handsome and unusual(Ch.); Elizaveta Kievna never left her memory, with red hands, in a man's dress, with a miserable smile and meek eyes(A.T.);

2) if they refer to the names of persons according to the degree of kinship, according to their position, profession, etc.: Mother came out majestically lilac dress, in lace, with a long string of pearls around the neck(M.G.); grandfather, in grandmother's katsaveyka, in an old cap without a visor, squinting, smiling at something(M.G.); sotsky, with a healthy stick in hand, stood behind him(M.G.); headman, in in boots and in an overcoat, with tags in hand, noticing the priest from afar, he took off his bright hat(L.T.);

3) if they refer to a personal pronoun: I'm surprised that you with your kindness, don't feel it(L.T.); ... Today she, in new blue hood was especially young(M.G.);

4) if separated from the word being defined by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the word being defined is expressed by a proper or common name): After dessert, everyone moved to the buffet, where, in black dress, with a black mesh on the head, sitting Carolina(Gonch.); On the ruddy face him with straight big nose bluish eyes shone(M.G.);

5) if they form a series of homogeneous members of a sentence with preceding or subsequent isolated agreed definitions (regardless of what part of speech the word being defined is expressed): I saw a man wet, in rags, with a long beard(T.); This rotting man skinny, with a stick in his hand, sparkled and smoked, burning with an insatiable greed for the game(M.G.); With bony shoulder blades, with a bump under his eye, bent over and obviously afraid of the water, he was a funny figure(Ch.); old shepherd, ragged and barefoot, in a warm hat, with a dirty bag at the hip and with a hook on a long stick, appeased the dogs(Ch.);

6) if they serve as a way of intentionally separating the attributive phrase from the neighboring predicate, to which it could be related in meaning and syntactically, and referring it to the subject: Baba, with long rake in hand wander into the field(T.); painter, in intoxicated, drank a glass of lacquer instead of beer(M.G.).

§ 18.Inconsistent definitions.2

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by turnover with the form of the comparative degree of the adjective (often a defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition), stand apart: Force, stronger than his will threw him out of there(T.); short beard, slightly darker hair slightly shaded the lips and chin(ACT.); Another room, almost twice as much was called the hall(Ch.).

But with a close connection with the noun being defined, the turnover is not isolated: But at other times there was no man more active than him(T.); I have seen a lot of picturesque and remote places in Russia, but it is unlikely that I will ever see a river more virginal and mysterious, than Pra(Paust.).

§ 18.Inconsistent definitions.3

Inconsistent definitions expressed by the indefinite form of the verb, before which words can be put without loss of meaning namely, separated by dash: ... I went to you with pure motives, with a single desire - do good!(Ch.); But this lot is beautiful - shine and die(Br.); … We are all obsessed with the same passion - resist(Ketl.); Order received from battery - no take the receiver away from your ear and check the line every five minutes(Cat.); With her defenselessness, she evoked chivalrous feelings in him - shield, shield, protect; Where did you get the right to - judge? Such definitions are of an explanatory nature (see § 23, paragraph 1).

If such an inconsistent definition is in the middle of a sentence, then it is isolated using dash: ... Each of them solved this issue - leave or stay - for yourself, for your loved ones(Ketl.). If the context requires a comma after the definition, then the second dash is usually omitted: Since there was only one choice - lose the army and Moscow or one Moscow, then the field marshal had to choose the latter(L.T.).

§ 19. Separate applications

§ 19.1

Isolates itself a common application expressed by a common noun with dependent words and related to a common noun (usually such an application comes after the word being defined, less often in front of it): Old woman, Trisha's mother, died, but the old people, father and father-in-law were still alive(S.-SH.); kind old man, hospital caretaker, immediately let him in(L.T.); Heir of a brilliant nobility and rough plebeianism, bourgeois combined in himself the sharpest shortcomings of both, having lost the dignity of their(Hertz.); Centuries past giants, legends of the watchman's glory, there are Cossack barrows(Surk.).

There are also constructions of the type: The director of the film was he is also a performer of one of the roles, Eldar Ryazanov.

§ 19.2

Isolates itself a single (non-common) application, standing after a common noun, if the noun being defined has explanatory words with it: He stopped his horse, raised his head and saw his correspondent, deacon(T.); A girl took care of me polka(M.G.).

Less commonly, an uncommon application is isolated with a single definable noun in order to strengthen the semantic role of the application, to prevent it from merge intonation with the word being defined (see below): Father drunkard fed from an early age, and herself(M.G.); Girl, smart girl, I immediately guessed where the book was hidden.

Notes:

1. A single application is usually attached to the noun being defined by hyphen: hero city; mortar guards; teenage girls; winter sorceress; design engineer; innovative workers; frost-voivode; deceased father(but: father archpriest); pans-gentry(but: pan hetman); bomber aircraft; musician neighbor; watchman old man(but: old watchman); excellent student(but: excellent students... - heterogeneous applications; see § 11, paragraph 2); scientist-biologist; French teacher.

2. In some cases it is possible hyphen spelling and in the presence of an explanatory word (definition), which in meaning can refer to:

1) to the whole combination: famous experimenter-inventor; dexterous acrobat juggler;

2) only to the word being defined: demobilized missile officer; original self-taught artist; my neighbor is a teacher;

3) only to the application: woman doctor with great experience.

In these cases, double punctuation is usually possible; compare: The lecture will be given by the famous chemist professor. - A famous professor will give a lecture, chemist.

§ 19.3

Hyphen is written after a proper name (most often - a geographical name that acts as an application for a generic name): Moscow river, Ilmen lake, Kazbek mountain, Astrakhan city(but in reverse order: Moscow river, Ilmen lake, Kazbek mountain, Astrakhan city; expressions like mother Russia, mother earth have the character of stable combinations).

After the proper name of a person, a hyphen is placed only if the noun being defined and the application merge into one complex intonation-semantic whole: Ivan Tsarevich, Ivanushka the Fool, Anika the Warrior, Dumas the Father, Rockefeller Sr.(but: Cato the Elder - name of a historical person Mark Porcius Cato the Younger, or Utic - translation of a nickname from Latin).

§ 19.4

Hyphen not written:

1) if the previous one-word application can be equated in meaning with an adjectival definition: handsome man(cf. handsome man), an old father, a giant plant (but: a giant plant), a poor shoemaker, a hero rider, a baby orphan, a predatory wolf, an expert cook. It should be noted, however, that a noun application may differ in meaning from an adjective-definition; yes, in the sentence Tatyana, by the will of the mistress, was married off to a drunkard shoemaker(T.) combination drunkard shoemaker(constant feature) is not the same as drunken shoemaker(temporary sign);

2) if in a combination of two common nouns the first one denotes a generic concept, and the second - a specific one: chrysanthemum flower, eucalyptus tree, boletus mushroom, finch bird, cockatoo parrot, macaque monkey, silver steel, carbon gas, floss threads, nylon fabric, monpensier lollipops, kharcho soup.

But if such a combination forms a complex scientific term (the second part does not always serve as an independent specific designation), the name of a specialty, etc., then hyphen it is written: hare, lyre bird, goshawk, stag beetle, rhinoceros beetle, swimming beetle, praying mantis shrimp, hermit crab, field mouse, cabbage butterfly, therapist, toolmaker, teacher mathematician, organic chemist, landscape painter, Dominican friar;

3) if the noun or application being defined is itself written with a hyphen: female doctors surgeons, civil engineer designer, fitter-boiler assembler, mechanical engineer designer, Volga-mother river, hero fighter pilot(but in separate terms - two hyphens: captain-lieutenant-engineer, rear-admiral-engineer);

4) if the noun being defined has two uncommon applications connected by the union and: students of philology and journalists; deputies conservatives and liberals; the same if there is a common application for two definable nouns: students and graduate students of philology.

In terminological combinations, the so-called trailing hyphen:agronomists and machine operators-cotton growers(i.e. agronomists-cotton growers and machine operators-cotton growers; the application is the second component of a compound noun, the hyphen is written after the first component); mechanical engineer, metallurgist, electrical engineer(the common component is the first part of the addition, the hyphen is written before the second part) ;

5) if the first element of the combination are words citizen, master, our brother, your brother, comrade(in the meanings "I and those like me", "you and those like you"): citizen judge, mister envoy, our student brother.

§ 19.5

Isolates itself application referring to a proper name if it comes after the noun it defines: The suitcase was brought in by the coachman Selifan, a short man in a sheepskin coat, and footman Petrushka, a fellow in his thirties in a used frock coat(G.); Sergei Nikanorych, bartender, poured five glasses of tea(Ch.); Rootless man Markush, street cleaner, sitting on the floor planing sticks and planks for birdcages(M.G.).

Before a proper name, an application is isolated only if it has an additional adverbial meaning: Stubborn in everything Ilya Matveevich remained stubborn in teaching(Koch.) (cf.: being stubborn in everything - with a causal meaning); Renowned Scout, Travkin remained the same quiet and modest young man as he was at their first meeting.(Kaz.) (cf.: although he was a renowned intelligence officer - with concession).

But (without additional adverbial meaning): Vasily Danilovich Dibich, lieutenant of the tsarist army made his way from German captivity to his homeland(Fed.).

§ 19.6

The proper name of a person or the name of an animal acts as isolated application, if it explains or clarifies a common noun (before such an application, you can insert the words without changing the meaning namely, that is, and his name is; see § 23, paragraph 1): Daughter of Darya Mikhailovna, Natalya Alekseevna, might not like it at first sight(T.); my father Klim Torsuev, famous soap maker, was a man of a difficult character(M.G.); At the door, in the sun, with his eyes closed, lay his father's favorite greyhound dog. - Milka(L.T.); And the brothers Ani, Petya and Andryusha high school students, pulled him[father] behind the tailcoat ...(Ch.); The fourth son is still just a boy, Vasya(Paust.).

Note. In many cases, double punctuation is possible, depending on the presence or absence of an explanatory shade of meaning and the corresponding intonation when reading. Wed:

Only one Cossack Maxim Golodukha, escaped from Tatar hands(G.); Elizaveta Alekseevna went to visit her brother, Arkady Alekseevich - she has only one brother; if there were several, then when expressing the same thought, the proper name should not be isolated; He my son, Borka , reminded - t about the same foundation;

Her sister entered Maria; Today my friend Seryozha and I are leaving for the south; Group leader spoke Kolya Petrov; On the way we met the chief engineer Zhukov.

§ 19.7

detached application can join union as(with the additional meaning of causality), as well as the words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth etc. (regardless of what part of speech the defined word is expressed): Ilyusha sometimes like a frisky boy I just want to jump in and redo everything myself(Hound..); Like an old gunner I despise this kind of cold decoration(Sh.); Leontiev was carried away by this idea, but, like a careful person so far I haven't told anyone about it.(Paust.); ... Little dark-haired lieutenant, surname Zhuk, led the battalion to the backyards of that street(Sim.); Master, native Yaik Cossack, looked like a man in his sixties(P.); This student, named Mikhalevich, enthusiast and poet, sincerely fell in love with Lavretsky(T.); Yermolai had a cop dog, nicknamed Valetka(T.).

But (without intonation of isolation): He got himself a teddy bear named Yasha(Paust.); Invited a medical specialist by the name of Medvedev.

§ 19.8

The application of a decent pronoun is always isolated: Does he dwarf, compete with a giant?(P.); Doctrinaire and somewhat pedant, he loved to instruct(Hertz.); To me, as a person of high rank not fit to ride(Ch.); Just yesterday the fugitives they became exiles today(Fed.); Here it is, explanation(L.T.).

In sentences like the last example, double punctuation is possible: depending on the nature of intonation, the presence or absence of a pause after the pronoun of the 3rd person (in the demonstrative function) with the preceding particle here; compare: Here they are, bunny dreams! (S.-SH.); Here they are, workers!(Trip.); Here she is reality is something (S.-K.); That's pride...(Hunchback.); Here it is the triumph of virtue and truth. (Ch.).

A comma is not put in such sentences when following a demonstrative particle here with a pronoun after a noun: spring something here she is in the yard(Floor.).

§ 19.9

Isolates itself an application that refers to a word missing in this sentence, if the latter is suggested by the context: You hold him, hold him, otherwise he will leave, anathema(Ch.) (meaning burbot); “The madman is buried” - “Ah! He also survived darling, own"(Fed.); So it is necessary. Another time, let it not fiscal, scoundrel(Kupr.). The missing pronoun can be suggested by the personal form of the verb-predicate: Never, sinner, I don’t drink, but in such a case I’ll drink(Ch.). (See also § 18, paragraph 7.)

§ 19.10

When separating applications, instead of a comma, use dash in the following cases:

1) if you can insert words before the application without changing the meaning namely: In the far corner a yellow spot shone - fire Seraphim apartments(M.G.); She sketched ancient lamps with the coat of arms of the city of Olbia - an eagle soaring over dolphins(Paust.); On the dry face of Nechaev, with a soft boyish forehead, there were traces of burns - two white spots(N. Chuk.);

2) before a widespread or single application at the end of a sentence, if independence is emphasized or an explanation of such an application is given: I don't like this tree too much - aspen(T.); AT in the corner of the living room stood a pot-bellied bureau on absurd four legs - perfect bear(G.); My path went past the Berd settlement - refuge of Pugachev(P.); We drove around some old dam sunk in nettles, and a long-dry pond - deep yaruga, overgrown with weeds(Boon.); Wide round pits gaped in two rows in the storehouses - wooden vats dug deep into the ground(M.G.); Rescued his bike - the only wealth accumulated in the last three years of work(Fed.); Only the watchman lived at the lighthouse - old deaf swede(Paust.); It was a wonderful April day - best time in arctic(Hump.); She first went to the loan office and pawned a turquoise ring there. -your only treasure(Ch.); The Martian soil contains hydrogen peroxide - a poison for the living; Each Olympiad not only names champions, but also puts forward sports heroes - right-wing world sports(gas.);

3) to highlight applications on both sides that are explanatory in nature: Some unnatural greens - the creation of boring incessant rains - covered fields and fields with a liquid network(G.); mild convulsions - sign of strong feeling - ran across his wide lips(T.); Overseer of the lodging house - retired soldier of the Skobel era - followed the owner(Fed.); The memory of Avicenna - outstanding scientist-encyclopedist, fighter for reason and progress - the road for all mankind(gas.); Caught fish with nonsense - small seine - yes, with traps; Got a depth gauge - a weight on a long string - and measured the depth; He - disabled person - continued to work and help others.

Note. The second dash is omitted:

1) if, according to the conditions of the context, a comma is placed after a separate application: If he brought his device to the solution of the issue - scales, I would understand the source of the error; Using a special device for breathing a person underwater - scuba, you can dive to a depth of tens of meters; Among the actors of the traveling troupe of Sergei Eisenstein were young men who later became famous film directors - Grigory Alexandrov, Ivan Pyryev, a also actor Maxim Shtraukh(gas.);

2) if the application expresses a more specific meaning, and the preceding word being defined has a general or figurative meaning: At the meeting of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the countries - members of the Organization of American States Minister of Foreign Affairs of Cuba(gas.); When the first swallows flew here - our athletes to participate in sailing races; The highest award of the French Institute of Oceanography for outstanding oceanographic work - medal in memory of Albert I Prince of Monaco awarded to a prominent scientist L. A. Zenkevich(gas.);

3) if the application precedes the word being defined: One of the outsiders of the national championship - Athletes of the club "Fili" (Moscow) won the third victory in a row(gas.); herald of the forests - the cuckoo informed everyone of the event;

4) for clarity, if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members of the proposal: Magnolias, camellias were bred in the greenhouse - japan flowers, orchids and cyclamens; At the table sat the hostess of the house, her sister - my wife's friend two faces I don't know, my wife and I. The second dash is not put in these cases: I started talking about conditions, about inequality, about people - victims of life and about people her masters(M.G.).

However, if a double interpretation of the phrase is possible, the second dash is also put: The designer, engineer worked on the project - communications specialist - and radio operator(in the absence of the second dash, it turns out that the engineer was at the same time a radio operator);

5) to separate from the defined word prepositive (standing before the defined word) homogeneous applications: Our greatest poet, the founder of the Russian literary language, the largest representative of national literature - Pushkin rightfully occupies one of the first places in the history of the cultural development of Russia; when reading after applications, a pause is made;

6) if the application explains another application: All of us, educators - teachers and parents - should take into account age characteristics in communicating with children;

7) if the application refers to two or more preceding definable nouns and is separated from them by a pause when reading: A delegation of poets, prose writers and playwrights arrived - Muscovites(in the absence of a pause, the dash may be omitted; see above, paragraph 4);

8) if the application is widely distributed and has commas inside it: Comprehensive study of Georgian folk architecture - multifaceted art, formed under the influence of peculiar natural conditions, which bears the stamp of various eras and economic formations with their social contradictions, - helps to identify the best, progressive traits folk art (gas.) (cf. above, p. 10);

9) in designs like: Ernani - Gorev is as bad as a shoemaker(Ch.); Chatsky- TO Achalov was inimitable.

§ 20. Special circumstances

Participle constructions

§ 20. Participle constructions.1

Adverbial turnover, as a rule, separates regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the verb-predicate: The windows are open, there are shops(M.); Then Kuzma Kuzmich, taking a fresh cinder out of his pocket, lit it and sat next to Dasha(A.T.); The match struck for a second illuminating the hanging nets(Ser.); Half a minute later the nightingale let out a high small fraction and, trying it out in this way voice began to sing(Ch.); Grandfather smiled clearly, deliberately, showing gums, and said something quietly(Cat.); He often loses words even in a simple conversation, and sometimes knowing the word can't understand its meaning(here and means "even").

§ 20. Participle constructions.2

The adverbial phrase standing after a coordinating or subordinating union or allied word is separated from it comma(such a turnover can be “torn off” from the union and rearranged to another place in the sentence): Our father Chimsha-Himalayan was from the cantonists, but, having served the rank of officer, left us a hereditary nobility and a small estate(Ch.); Life is arranged so diabolically that, unable to hate impossible to truly love(M.G.); It sounded like counting seconds with the precision of a metronome, dripping water from a faucet(Paust.). The same after the connecting union with which the sentence begins (the union comes after the dot): But, having considered comprehensively his position as Varenka's husband, he laughed(M.G.); AND, coming up to me said…; But, remembering this asked...

The exception is those cases when the adverbial turnover (or single gerund) comes after the adversative union a(the participial construction cannot be “teared off” from the union, removed from the sentence, or rearranged to another place without destroying the structure of the sentence): He began to bring books and tried to read them unnoticed, and having read hiding somewhere(M.G.); An urgent decision needs to be made accepting it rigorously enforce.

However, when contrasting the corresponding homogeneous members of the sentence, connected by the union a, comma after it is put: Don't stand still, uh overcoming one difficulty after another, always strive forward; The old quality element does not disappear, but, transforming in other conditions, continues to exist as an element of a new qualitative state; He didn't give any details, but, talking about his theory in general, expounded only its essence.

§ 20. Participle constructions.3

Participle turnover, at the beginning of which there are particles only, intonation is not separated from the previous part of the sentence (when reading, there is no pause in front of it), but comma it is usually preceded by: You can understand this work only considering the conditions of its creation; Learn foreign language can, just keep doing it.

But (with a close merger of the turnover with the predicate): They only met as adults.

§ 20. Participle constructions.4

Two participles connected by a non-repeating conjunction and, commas are not separated, like other homogeneous members of the sentence in such cases: Once, walking along a noisy, cheerful avenue and feeling cheerful together with the crowd, he was happy...(Fed.).

But if the union and connects not two adverbial phrases, but other constructions (two predicates, two simple sentences as part of a compound), then comma can stand both before the union and after it (in accordance with the desired rule): Makar was sitting on the wood, swaying slightly, and continued his song(Kor.); I climbed into the ditch and, having driven away the shaggy bumblebee, which has dug into the middle of the flower and sweetly and languidly fallen asleep, began to pluck a flower(L.T.). Wed sentences with a participial construction in which a comma is both before and after the union: Levinson stood a little, listening to the darkness, and smiling to himself, walked even faster(F.) - the first adverbial turnover refers to the previous predicate stood up and the second - to the subsequent predicate walked; Hadji Murat stopped throwing the reins, and, with the usual movement of the left hand, unfastening the rifle case, right hand took it out(L.T.); Alexander Vladimirovich silently squeezed forward, putting aside his wife, and descending two steps, looked down on the battlefield(Fed.).

If in similar cases two adverbial phrases standing next to each other are connected unionless bond, then the question of attributing each of them to the preceding or following predicate is decided on the basis of the meaning, but no additional punctuation mark (for example, a dash) is placed between them: Then the tractor rumbled drowning out all sounds, ripping up the virgin snow, cut the road- the semantic connection is clear: adverbial turnover drowning out all sounds refers to the predicate rumbled, and turnover ripping up virgin snow - to the next predicate cut.

Note. The adverbial turnover is not isolated:

1) if the turnover (usually with the meaning of the circumstance of the mode of action) is closely related in content to the predicate and forms the semantic center of the statement: She was sitting head tilted back a little(Mark) - it is indicated not just that she was sitting, but that she was sitting with her head thrown back; The Artamonovs lived who you don't know(M.G.) - it is important not that they lived, but that they lived without any acquaintances; This exercise is done standing on outstretched toes - the meaning of the message is how the exercise is done; The old man was walking limping on the right leg; Students acquire knowledge not only listening to lectures, but also doing practical work; He usually wrote bowing his head; Don't humiliate yourself I say, but I say with pain in my heart(M.G.); Huge growth, rare strength, hairy, he walked the earth bowing my head like a bull(M.G.); Jacob was sitting lowering your legs(M.G.). Wed as part of another construction (the participle is not separated by a comma from the participle or other participle, to which it closely adjoins): Coachman sleeping leaning on your elbow started five horses(Gonch.); Even Laska, who was sleeping curled up in the edge of hay, reluctantly got up(L.T.); But Klim saw that Lida, listening to the stories of his father pursed his lips, doesn't believe them(M.G.); Another invited bent over like an old man who sat next to me, stubbornly silent;

2) if the turnover is a phraseological unit: And day and night through the snowy desert I hasten to you head over heels(Gr.); He worked tirelessly(M.G.); But if there was no danger, he treated his duties through the sleeves accurately performing something extraneous and unnecessary(N.-P.); Sonya listening to him barely taking a breath suddenly grabbed a mantle, a hat and ran out of the room(Dost.); scream without taking a breath; rush sticking out your tongue; lie staring at the ceiling; sit holding breath; work roll up your sleeves; toss about not remembering myself; to spend the night without closing your eyes; listen with open ears.

The exception is frozen expressions in the form of adverbial phrases, acting as introductory combinations: Speaking in conscience, could have been done much better; Seems to be, the crisis in the course of the disease has already passed;

3) if there is an intensifying particle before the adverbial phrase I: You can live and not boasting of the mind(M.G.); You can leave and without waiting for an answer; He remained humble and defeating a strong opponent;

4) if the gerund has an allied word as a dependent word which as part of the definitive clause of a complex subordinate sentence (such a participle is not separated from the clause by a comma): Dozens of serious problems, without deciding which it was impossible to move on to new methods of building ships(Koch.); To the right was a door passing through which one could get into the corridor, leader on stage New works of the young writer published, reading which it is not difficult to see his creative growth. In classical poets, in poetic texts, there are adverbial phrases that include in their composition a sublying, which is not distinguished by commas inside the phrase: Hearing the count her gait and cursing her lodging for the night and wayward beauty, run turned into shameful(P.); Crow perched on the spruce, breakfast was quite ready(Cr.); ... Leo graciously licked the headman in the chest, went to further way (Cr.); I called satyrs for help, let me know and everything will be alright(L.); But keeping Shibanov's slavish loyalty, he gives his horse to the governor(ACT.);

5) if the gerund has lost its verbal meaning: Mail is located not reaching a hundred meters from here; I'll be home starting at seven o'clock in the evening - word beginning can be omitted without prejudice to the meaning and structure of the sentence; together with the words related to it, it does not form a participial turnover and is not isolated; combination beginning with acts as a complex preposition; The school works according to new programs since last year; You can start work starting next week.

But the turnover with words beginning with separates, if it is in the nature of a clarification, a passing explanation or is not related to the concept of time: This is confirmed by the history of many countries, starting with India and Egypt; Prizes are awarded to the best athletes of the continents, starting from the end 19th century, In Los Angeles; A lot has changed starting from the main - word beginning cannot be omitted without prejudice to the meaning of the sentence; The poem "Vasily Terkin" was published as separate chapters were written throughout the war, since 1942; It all seemed strange starting with his statement; Whole week, starting Sunday, it was raining. Wed also: With the mistress of the house was an elderly lady, all in black, from cap to boots(Gonch.); Everything in his figure ranging from a tired, bored look to a quiet measured step, represented the sharpest contrast with his little, lively wife(L.T.) (starting from - option starting from); Anosov, since the Polish war, Participated in all campaigns except Japanese(Kupr.).

Turnover with words based(“on the basis of”) in most cases is also not included in the adverbial construction and is not isolated: Statistical indicators are displayed based on many data - word proceeding from can be omitted; Table compiled based on the information received; Annual requirement is calculated based on needs for every quarter.

But the turnover with words based separates, if semantically refers to the producer of the action, which can "come from something" (certain or indefinite person): The calculator calculated on the basis of the data presented to him; Taxed, based on the established rates; Pilots are given the right to change their battle order, based on the current situation. Turnover with words according to(“depending on something”, “in accordance with something”), acting as a complex preposition and not having the meaning of a participial construction (together with dependent words), is not isolated: Let's act depending on the circumstances.

But if this turnover has the meaning of clarification or addition, then it separates: Had to be careful depending on circumstances - clarification; Leave can be used for various activities. sports, depending on the season - accession; Grebtsov, depending on the size of the boat, sometimes from 4 to 8 and even up to 12 people(Gonch.); These imaginary pictures were different, looking at ads which came across to him(Ch.);

6) if the turnover acts as a homogeneous member of the sentence with a non-isolated circumstance: Alyosha long and somehow squinting your eyes looked at Rakitin(Dost.); … Suddenly she screamed with a tearing cry and filled with tears(Dost.); Stopping Vlasova, he with one breath and not expecting answers showered her with crackling and dry words(M.G.); Klim Samghin walked briskly down the street and not giving way to oncoming people(M.G.); He long and not at all embarrassed by the details explained why a nun could be the parent of Ivanushka(M.G.); First Mishka shot tanks lying down and squatting(Sim.); He learned to solve problems quickly and without resorting to directories; The boy stood still and without taking his eyes off the dog; Calmly and without looking at anyone she continued her story. The same in combination with a single gerund: Janitor with bewilderment and frowning looked at Raskolnikov(Dost.); Prince Andrei glanced at Timokhin, who was frightened and perplexed looked at his commander(L.T.); The spindles from different sides evenly and incessantly rustled(L.T.); Everyone usually came to the door of the office. whispering and on tiptoe(L.T.); He answered him not embarrassed and frankly(Rem.).

But for semantic emphasis or a passing explanation, such combinations of adverbs with a single gerund or with a gerund participle can stand apart(see the section "Circumstances expressed by adverbs"): Quietly and as if a little pale, Katerina Ivanovna spoke(Dost.); In the dark sky tired and not sparkling, yellow specks of stars appeared(M.G.); Guilty and coughing mother said goodbye to us(Leon.); Incredulously, but still smiling with all his being, he went to her(Leon.).

§ 20. Participle constructions.5

Two single gerunds, acting as homogeneous circumstances, stand apart: fogs, swirling and twisting crawled there along the wrinkles of neighboring rocks(L.); Ermolai, squirming and waddling, fled fifty miles a day(T.); Grunting and looking around Chestnut entered the room(Ch.).

But: At the same moment an old woman ... entered humming and dancing(P.) - close connection with the predicate (see paragraph 4); My coachman tears silently and without haste(T.) - the gerund has passed into an adverb or has an adverbial meaning (cf. words such as lying, sitting, standing, slowly etc.).

§ 20. Participle constructions.6

Single gerund separates, if it retains the meaning of verbality, acting as a secondary predicate, indicating the time of action, its cause, condition, etc., but not the mode of action. In the latter case, it usually approaches in meaning to an adverb or to a combination of a noun with a preposition used in the adverbial meaning, and is not isolated; compare: The train was running do not stop("non-stop"); She talked about it smiling("spoke with a smile"); When you leave, turn off the light(not how you extinguish, but when you extinguish; see below about the role of the place of the participle in the sentence); He was sitting without moving(how did you sit? in what position?); The Cossacks dispersed without agreeing(Sh.) - possible questions: when did you leave? (after no agreement) why did they leave? (because they didn't agree) contrary to what parted? (although not agreed) i.e., there is either a circumstance of time, or a circumstance of a cause, or a circumstance of concession, but not a circumstance of the manner of action (the questions “how they parted” and “how they parted” are clearly not suitable).

Examples of isolated single gerunds: The shepherd walked humming behind a herd of greedy and shy sheep(T.) (“walked and hummed”); An owl hooted nearby, and Weasel, startled, began to listen(L.T.) (“shuddered and began to listen”); having a rest, he was about to leave(Fed.) (“after resting”); Yeah, you're wasting your time running(“if you run”); “Yes, I haven’t washed for a long time,” he said, undressing (Ch.); ... Grandfather, groaning, got into the cart(M.G.); Mother, wondering smiled(M.G.); Satisfied passengers, silent, enjoy the sunny day(Fed.); Beyond the line without rising the sun languished(Sh.); The Cossacks looked at him with restraint, parting(Sh.); At this moment, from longing and pain, he usually woke up and lay for a long time, departing(Gran.); He, smiling squinted from the light(Pinch); He corrected me laughing; breathless, I jumped over ditches; coming up Sergei asked; She ran around the room telling; watching Satisfy your curiosity Rivalry they tried to outdo one another; Young woman, without hesitation turned back; He cheerfully answered clinking glasses; grimacing, he glanced at his neighbor; bored they roamed the streets; Then their footsteps fell silent, moving away; With a grin he said, intriguing; In the evening, falling asleep he vaguely recalled the events of the day; Crawls uphill puffing, small steam locomotive; Not boasting I'll tell you about our trip; She turned away sobbing; Telling he glanced askance at those present; He thought alert; getting burned drinking hot tea; Children crowded around curious; Under the solemn chords of the anthem in the blue sky, trembling raises the flag of our country; He slipped and fell and swearing with difficulty he got to his feet; The student asked without understanding; playing, learn; These bridges the enemy blew up, retreating; Without knowing, and indeed one could believe it; On the way to, barking, the dog was running; speaker, turning away smiled; Conductor, returning, began to wave his hand; Answer thinking; He looked at everyone in surprise. waking up; He interrupted his story smoking; Everything in nature improving, is changing; Leaving- at go(movie title) run, looking around clouds.

Examples of non-isolated single circumstances: Seeking manifestations of power turned inward and nicked fading(Gonch.); Veretiev was sitting bending over and patted the grass with a branch(T.); Until two o'clock classes were supposed to go without interruption(L.T.); He slept without undressing(L.T.); Cranes usually sleep standing(Ax.) - adverbial meaning; At home, Gromov always read lying down(Ch.) - adverbial meaning; Behind the coffin of his wife he walked stumbling(M.G.); She returned from there losing weight(M.G.); Dmitry listened to him frowning(M.G.); He… not to mention threw money(M.G.); he said panting(M.G.); There, in the dark, someone's eyes looked without blinking(A.T.); Sergei pushed Vera away, nodded to her and left whistling.(A.T.); At first I answered with a frown(Forsh); [Aksinya] entered the hall without knocking(Sh.); The girl ran into the room sobbing; Another simpleton not jokingly think so; Sergey was sitting bending over and tied up skates; The kids were chatting without ceasing; He lived with his grief not hiding; He kept talking yawning; Her eyes darted from one picture to another. comparing; He hid the money in his wallet not to mention; It was raining without stopping; The train passed without delay; You won't pass them not rejoicing; The partisans were walking bending down; Neighbor listened to me not objecting; Walked hugging along the forest road; The girl was talking panting; The driver screamed cursing; They listened Not understanding our conversations are phrase our conversations refers to the verb listened to; He signed papers not reading; Let's go ahead without looking back; He sat down on a chair without undressing and thought; The old man was walking reeling; Gone without saying goodbye; The apple falls ripe; passed without hiding; The question was who chuckling who is serious; The path went wriggling; He ran into the yard screaming; No one has the right to live not working; The girl told sobbing; Gone looking down; Not stopping the same cry disturbed the ear; Passed by without turning around; Everyone listened not breathing; Slowly he walked across the room; Without hesitation she rejected; Shouldn't be done without thinking; Fulfill without reasoning; People stood petrified; He spoke making excuses; The mountain road went winding; Sits by the table saddened; took the book not looking; Walked thinking; Sat leaning on; A ringing wave rolled away; Messages from the front could not be read without worrying; Everyone stood for five minutes without moving; The young man rushed to help without hesitation; sniper shot not aiming.

§ 20. Participle constructions.7

Isolation or the non-isolation of a single gerund may depend on the place it occupies in relation to the verb-predicate: the same word at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence can be isolated, but not at the end. Wed:

He said stammering. - He added, stammering a few words from myself;

They walked slowly. - On the way to, slowly, they gathered mushrooms and berries;

She woke her son smiling. - smiling, she woke her son;

had supper leisurely(Mark.). - Through the yard leisurely, walked a squat, short-legged, round-headed man(Mark.).

§ 20. Participle constructions.8

The isolation of a single gerund may be influenced by its type: more often imperfect gerunds are not isolated (on -and I), since they usually express the circumstance of the mode of action, while the gerunds of the perfect form (on -in, -shi) other shades of meaning (time, cause, condition, concession) are inherent, which often leads to their isolation. Wed: listened to without interrupting; Began to peer not recognizing; Took breaks tired; refusing, he will miss this last opportunity; Otomlev, she stood motionless at the door; without calling, came to my house; Outraged he refused to answer; Tired they made stops along the way.

§ 20. Participle constructions.9

Isolation or the non-isolation of a single gerund may be associated with the lexical meaning of the verb-predicate: the same gerund with some verbs is isolated, with others it is not. Wed:

asked do not stop(the gerund does not indicate the "way of asking", it denotes other actions that are simultaneous with the movement). - walked do not stop("non-stop");

Immersed in thoughts smiling(“thinking and smiling”). - Said smiling("spoke with a smile").

§ 20. Participle constructions.10

Single gerund with the meaning of the manner of action, standing at the end of the sentence, separates, if clarification matters. Wed:

He went without looking back("carelessly"). - He walked hurriedly without looking back;

Machine gun chirped incessantly("nonstop"). - The machine gun chirped continuously, not silent.

§ 20. Participle constructions.11

If a single gerund is between two verb-predicates and can be related to any of them as a circumstance of the mode of action, it is not separated by a comma from the predicate to which the writer refers it: He squatted down groaning reached into the bottom drawer of the table; The girl ran into the garden crying rushed to her mother.

Circumstances expressed by nouns

§ 20. Circumstances expressed by nouns.1

For semantic highlighting or for a passing explanation, they can stand apart circumstances expressed by nouns in the forms of indirect cases (usually with prepositions), especially if these nouns have explanatory words: With the approach of the enemy to Moscow, Muscovites' view of their situation not only did not become more serious, but, on the contrary, even more frivolous(L.T.) - the semantic load of a separate turnover at the beginning of the sentence is enhanced due to the fact that a concessive is added to the temporary meaning (the look of Muscovites became more frivolous not only when the enemy was approaching Moscow, but also despite the fact that he was approaching) ; Petya, after receiving a decisive refusal, went to his room and there, locking himself away from everyone, wept bitterly(L.T.) - two meanings of a separate turnover are combined - temporary and causal (he left and wept bitterly not only after he received a refusal, but also because he received it).

Examples of isolated circumstances: Good commandant, the consent of his wife, decided to release Shvabrin(P.); It can be seen that the Chichikovs for a few minutes in life turn into poets(G.); Grandpa stopped and with the help of Mazan, scored a large brush of large berries(Ax.); To her, from a nearby village often two already decrepit old men come - husband and wife(T.); All of a sudden, somewhere in the distance there was a lingering ... sound(T.); Roof, from the weight of the straw that once crushed her, took a completely different direction(Grig.); And then he met her in the city garden and in the square, several times a day(Ch.) - with a touch of attachment; He woke up early in the morning, headache, awakened by the noise(Ch.); I lagged behind a little, then, with with a whip and legs, sped up his horse(L.T.); The game has stopped; We all, heads together crouched to the ground to watch this rarity(L.T.); And silence, from time, became more and more sinister(M.G.); At that time they began to build a bridge there, and, in aspirations to earn some money for the road, I went to the construction site(M.G.); And Gvozdev, self-indulgence, continued...(M.G.); One evening, picking porcini mushrooms, we, on way home, went to the edge of the forest(M.G.); We have already planted the last loaves in the stump and, for fear of overdoing them, didn't go to bed(M.G.); They With Exhibitions, left for Crimea(M.G.); At the table ... stood the publisher ... and, with a thin smile on a white, well-fed face, followed the editor with bright eyes(M.G.); She will go there on the first of December, I for decency, at least a week later(Boon.); All six in waiting for the horses sitting closely on the bunks closest to the exit(Cupr.); I walked once student on the street(Ver.) - that is, when he was a student; I, too, with a knot on my back, minced after her(Ch.); After holding Ragozin for a year in prison, he was sent - for participating in street riots - three years in exile(Fed.) - setting a dash instead of commas is optional; It was in her this moment, some resemblance to Philip(Fed.); Vladimirka had a sad glory: along this road, under the shackles, exiles were driven(L.N.); In early spring, out of ignorance, locals hardly fish(Sol.); Since then, first in amateur circles, and then on the stage, he performed quite often; She is loud, across the room gave some details For many years, first as a laboratory assistant, and later as an assistant professor, he worked at this department; And right there, from an excess of feelings, offered him his help; He went to the address which, through his son handed to him by the old master; The teacher singled out a capable student, to the envy of others; He said, by the hour ten whole minutes; This story is based to some extent, on a real incident; The task is simple and the same time, interesting. This kind of isolated circumstances can also be expressed by other inflected parts of speech: We all, together with you, let's get involved in this work; To the audience in sequence, included students to pass the exam; Notify attendees and Through them, the rest of the team members a new work schedule. Wed also: Right here, to serve the new art, talented young people were drawn.

§ 20. Circumstances expressed by nouns.2

Most often, such constructions are formed by nouns with prepositions or prepositional combinations. (thanks to, in view of, depending on, in order to avoid, in spite of, in contrast, in contrast, in connection with, due to, due to, in case, in the absence of, in the absence of, despite, similarly, due to, on the occasion, with, if available, subject to and etc.): Savelich, according to the opinion of the coachman, advised to return(P.); I stood at the corner of the platform, firmly resting my left foot on the stone and leaning forward a little so that, in in case of minor injury don't tip back(L.); his life, for all the gravity of his position, went easier, more slender than the life of Anatole(Hertz.); As a result of this incident, Vasily no longer saw his parent(T.); children due to infancy no positions assigned(T.); Nikolai Petrovich was born in the south of Russia, like his older brother Paul(T.); Thanks to the great weather and especially the holiday, the street of the village of Maryinsky revived again(Grig.); Styopochka, on the occasion of the lack of dancing, also very bored(Pis.); Raisa Pavlovna, even under such critical circumstances, does absolutely nothing(M.-S.); In contrast to his wife the doctor was one of those natures who feel the need to move in times of mental pain.(Ch.); Every summer dawn Gerasim, despite the blindness went to the fields to catch quails(Boon.); The owner gnashed his teeth, and to me, in the strength of this had to work for two(M.G.); Traveled only during the day to avoid any traffic accidents(Shv.); Nikitin taught the boy carpentry and, in the absence of an interlocutor, talked to him for hours about antique furniture(Paust.); Davydov decided ... to believe whether the brigade was really against his instructions harrows along the furrow(Sh.).

In the above examples, the possibility of isolation is made dependent on the degree of prevalence of the turnover, its proximity to the main part of the sentence, the presence of additional shades of meaning, place in relation to the predicate, stylistic task, etc., therefore isolation optional.

Usually, separates turnover with a prepositional combination in spite of. However, with a close semantic connection with the dominant word, after which it is located, this turn is not isolated: The duty administrator appeared, called despite the late hour; He did it despite the prohibition of the mother.

The meaning of the semantic proximity of the circumstance, expressed by the noun in the form of an indirect case with a preposition, to the rest of the sentence in isolation or non-isolation is evident from the following comparisons:

Rivermen were amazed that the eye of a flounder is able to move depending on which side she usually lies on(Chuck.) - turnover with words depending is closely connected in meaning with the predicate, can move and is not isolated. - The time of the lunch break is set either from one to two, or from two to three, in depending on the nature of the enterprise - with a hint of attachment;

I can't refuse a person based on speculation alone(Ch.). - P Therefore, based on the derived formula, previous calculations should be reviewed;

Contrary to custom even at the tavern there was no noticeable revival(Tel.). - She is, contrary to the requirements of fashion, wore short dresses;

Unlike brother he has little interest in sports. - The skin of the hat is buttered, in different from the skin of many others edible mushrooms, easily separated.

The role of the place occupied by a circumstance of this type can be shown in the following comparisons:

snowstorm, on the advice of a shepherd, continued to walk across the unmowed meadow(F.). - The patient was on a diet on the advice of a doctor;

radio play, at the request of the listeners broadcast again. - The play was staged a second time at the request of the audience;

workers, at the direction of the master went to a nearby shop. - The workers went to the neighboring shop at the direction of the master.

The difference is explained by the fact that at the end of the sentence, the words stand out more logically, and this makes it difficult for them to “separate” from the rest of the sentence.

Circumstances expressed in adverbs

Can stand apart circumstances expressed by adverbs (single or in combination with dependent words), for the purpose of semantic highlighting or incidental explanation: He silently bowed again(L.); ... A moment later, in the yard, from nowhere, a man ran out(T.); A quarter of an hour before sunset spring, you enter the grove (T.); Music, still flew to us(T.); Awakened rooks, silently and alone flew over the earth(Ch.); Me, as if by accident doused with water(Ch.); Passing Theater Lane, I, almost always, I saw a man at the door of a small shop(M.G.); Misha lowered the book and, not right away, answered quietly...(M.G.); But youth is stubborn and in my own way smart(M.G.); ... Nadezhda was sitting on the fence next to Kolya and kept asking him about something, quietly and timidly(M.G.) - with a hint of attachment; The next day in the evening trot, Alexey came running(M.G.); And so, unexpectedly for everyone I passed the exam brilliantly(Cupr.); She is, barely audible walked around the room again(Cupr.); Here, to spite them all tomorrow morning I'll sit down for books(Cupr.); Around them - prone - lay Ivan Gora(А.Т.) - dashes instead of commas are optional; On a steamship -front - machine guns(A.T.); Sometimes he made a request timidly, shyly(Cat.) - with a touch of attachment.

Phraseological turnover can act in the same function: Once at the crossroads out of nowhere black Dog(Ch.); …Then, no hesitation, took hold of her bracket and ... stayed behind this door for a long, long time(Boon.).

§ 21. Separate additions

§ 21.1

Depending on the semantic load, the degree of distribution of the turnover, proximity to the main part of the sentence, etc., nouns with prepositions (or prepositional combinations) can be isolated except for, instead of, in addition to, over, except for, along with with and others (conditionally called additions) with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution, i.e., restrictive or expanding value. The optionality of their isolation is evident from the following comparisons:

At the outpost instead of sentry there was a collapsed booth(P.). - AT a place of bare cliffs, I saw green mountains and fruitful trees around me(P.); He wanted to speak again, but instead of words a muffled gurgling came out of his chest.(Grig.). - With quick steps I passed a long "area" of bushes, climbed a hill and, instead of the expected familiar plain with an oak forest to the right and a low white church in the distance, saw completely different places unknown to me(T.);

And Mikhail Sinitsky became a Red Army guard, a participant in all the glorious deeds of his magnificent battalion, carrying along with all combat hardships(Floor.). - Mr Hopkins, along with other people in gray helmets, stood still(Kor.);

No matter how a person tries besides school, to gain knowledge on his own, he will still be, as they say, self-taught. - Many of the fighters in addition to his rifle, were armed with captured machine guns(Floor.);

You will receive everything you need over pension(T.). - Grandpa ordered over a month to give the poultry house half a pood of wheat flour every month for pies(Ax.).

Examples of standalone add-ons: The crowd dispersed except for a few curious and boys(T.); Beyond all expectation my grandmother gave me some books(Ax.); Everyone took part in the general conversation, except for Kitty and Levin (L.T.); Here, except for a small table with a mirror, a stool and rags, hung in the corners, there was no other furniture and, instead of a lamp a bright fan-shaped light burned(Ch.); For lack of space in the outbuilding, they gave me a room in the count's mansions(Ch.); I really liked the story except for some details(M.G.); crew mood, beyond the usual was upbeat(N.-P.); All, with the exception of Vari, loud applause for the singers(Step.); Four guns alternately sent shells there, but, beyond Grigoriev's expectations, gunfire did not cause any noticeable confusion in the ranks ...(Sh.)

§ 21.2

Pretext Besides has two meanings:

1) “with the exception of someone-something”, “excluding someone-something”: Besides the seagulls there was no one in the sea(M.G.);

2) “above someone else”, “in addition to someone else”: Except the old man two more came to us that day(Ch.). In both meanings, turnover with a preposition Besides usually separates:

1) (exception) In addition to the big smoke in Zamoskvorechye, nothing reminded of a night fight(Leon.); House, except for this room stood boarded up(A.T.); Everyone smiled except for the lieutenant(Kaz.); He expected anything Besides;

2) (inclusion) In addition to dishes and sauces, there were a lot of pots on the table(G.); Now heard except for the rooks, human voices(A.T.); Except for the wild beast There are different kinds of birds in these places.

However, in the press there are also non-isolated turns with the preposition Besides with include value: In addition to salary they also receive bonuses; In addition to drawings more drawings were attached; Except hosts there were guests in the room; Except your chemistry there are other sciences.

The variability of punctuation allows in some cases to clarify the text; compare: Others were invited except you(the meaning of the exception: "they invited others, but you were not invited"). - P invited others except you(inclusion meaning: "you were invited along with others").

Sometimes the volume of a separate turnover with a preposition Besides with the meaning of inclusion varies depending on the meaning introduced into the sentence. Wed: In addition to recordings of live dialect speech, on the ground there are other sources of replenishment of our knowledge about the vocabulary of folk dialects(i.e. recordings of live dialect speech are an additional source to those already available locally). - In addition to recordings of live dialect speech in places, there are other sources of replenishment of our knowledge about the vocabulary of folk dialects(i.e. field records are an additional source to other sources available).

Usually, separates turnover from Besides with negative pronouns nobody, nothing and interrogative pronouns who, what: I could not distinguish anything, except for the muddy torsion of a blizzard (P.); On the hunt, Uncle Eroshka ate one piece of bread for days and drank nothing but water (L.T.); None, except for the sun and the blue sky, doesn't look at him(M.G.); Who, apart from ourselves should take care of the protection of nature?; What, apart from condemnation can cause disrespect to society?

Isolate themselves turnovers with combinations except for jokes and besides(in meaning introductory word): We are evil to no one except for bears don't do(Mark.); Jokes aside do you like these kind of books?(Dost.); Mechik finally convinced himself that Baklanov was much better and smarter than him, that Baklanov, besides, very brave and the strong man (F.). turnover besides separates after the union: And besides…; But besides…; If, moreover...; However, besides… etc.

§ 21.3

Turnover with a preposition instead of used and separates in two cases:

1) as an addition depending on the verb-predicate: Instead of a fun Petersburg life, boredom awaited me in the deaf and distant side(P.) - the turnover is associated with the predicate, since both of them “could expect me”; separation is optional;

2) as a special construction not controlled by the verb-predicate: Instead of an answer Kirila Petrovich received a letter(P.) - the turnover is not syntactically related to the predicate, since the phrase is not formed file a response; Instead of answering some request, Zurin wheezed and whistled(P.) - the same: the word answer lexically incompatible with words wheezed and whistled; isolation necessarily.

Wed also: In addition to their work, I now also work in the Radio Committee(Paul.).

But if the suggestion instead of has the meanings “for”, “in exchange”, then the turnover with it is not isolated: Instead of a bay stallion Korzh was given a thick white gelding(Dick.); Instead of a fur coat put on a coat; Went to the meeting instead of the manager.

Definition as a member of a sentence

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the material from which the object is made

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the purpose of the subject

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the accompanying subject attribute

Inconsistent definitions with the value of belonging to the subject

Separation of inconsistent definitions and additions

Inconsistent definitions - pronouns

Inconsistent definitions - adjectives in a simple comparative degree

Inconsistent definitions - adverbs

Inconsistent definitions - infinitives

Separation of inconsistent definitions in Russian

Practical task in the OGE format

§3. Definition. Agreed and inconsistent definition. Appendix

Definition (syntax)

Classification

Agreed definitions

Inconsistent definitions

Separate definition: examples. Sentences with separate definitions: examples

Definition concept

Separate definitions

Agreed definitions

Inconsistent definition

Structure of definitions

Separation of the sacrament

Separation of the adjective

Isolation with a defined personal pronoun

Other segregation definitions

What is a detached inconsistent definition?

Common consensus definition

§ 18. Separate definitions

Agreed definitions

§ 18.Agreed definitions.1

§ 18.Agreed definitions.2

§ 18.Agreed definitions.3

§ 18.Agreed definitions.4

§ 18.Agreed definitions.5

§ 18.Agreed definitions.6

§ 18.Agreed definitions.7

§ 18.Agreed definitions.8

§ 18.Agreed definitions.9

§ 18.Agreed definitions.10

Inconsistent definitions

§ 18.Inconsistent definitions.1

§ 18.Inconsistent definitions.2

§ 18.Inconsistent definitions.3

§ 19. Separate applications

§ 19.1

§ 19.2

§ 19.3

§ 19.4

§ 19.5

§ 19.6

§ 19.7

§ 19.8

§ 19.9

§ 19.10

§ 20. Special circumstances

Participle constructions

§ 20. Participle constructions.1

§ 20. Participle constructions.2

§ 20. Participle constructions.3

§ 20. Participle constructions.4

§ 20. Participle constructions.5

§ 20. Participle constructions.6

§ 20. Participle constructions.7

§ 20. Participle constructions.8

§ 20. Participle constructions.9

§ 20. Participle constructions.10

§ 20. Participle constructions.11

Circumstances expressed by nouns

§ 20. Circumstances expressed by nouns.1

§ 20. Circumstances expressed by nouns.2

Circumstances expressed in adverbs

§ 21. Separate additions

§ 21.1

§ 21.2

§ 21.3

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