Jamahiriya - special shape social structure that dominated Libya during the reign of Gaddafi. The only source of which is his "Green Book", which has spread throughout Europe, America, China, Japan, the Arab world. In the USSR, it came out on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of the Libyan revolution. In 70-80 in Arab countries was popular national Islamic socialism - the third world theory. Three parts of the "Green Book" were published in Tripoli in 1976-1979. The concept of Qaddawi, at the moment, does not have and had no practical analogues. When Gaddafi wrote one of the parts of the book in a tent, in the middle of the desert, 170 American planes tried to attack it in order to burn its draft.
Democracy (Power of the People)
According to the Jamahiriya, the main political problem of human society is the problem of the instrument of power. Even family conflicts are often generated by this problem. The parliamentary victory of a candidate ends in the victory of that instrument of government which represents the minority, which occurs when the votes are distributed among a group of candidates, one of them receiving more votes than each other taken separately. If, however, to sum up the votes cast for the remaining candidates, it turns out that they constitute an overwhelming majority. The elected representatives of the people sit in parliament and speak on behalf of the people, instead of the people themselves. That is, parliament is a barrier to democracy. Because if a deputy is elected from a district, in which there may be hundreds, thousands, millions of people who are not connected with the deputy by any ties. The seats occupied by deputies represent the interests of their party or coalition, but not the people. In the parliamentary race, deputies fight for votes, splitting the people. The right to inherit parliamentary seats does not fit into any form of democracy. The parliamentary election system is demagogic because votes can be bought and manipulated. Therefore, parliamentary elections are almost always won by the rich. The need for parliaments arose when monarchs treated people like cattle, so having their own representatives in power was a cherished dream. The party is an instrument of dictatorship, since it is the power of the part over the whole. The party defends certain interests, and the people are a mass of people with many interests. In relation to the people, the Party is only a minority that wishes to subdue the non-Party minority. The more parties, the more violent the struggle for power between them, undermining public life. The party that wins the election usurps power. The difference between a party and a clan lies in the presence of consanguinity among the members of the latter. The Jamahiriya completely denies the class struggle. Putting the concept of "class" along with the concepts of "party" and "clan". That is, if the working class seized power, then over time it will acquire the features of the bourgeois class that it suppressed. “A class that alienates and takes possession of the property of another class in order to keep power in its hands finds that this property has the same effect on it as it previously had on society as a whole.” The referendum is recognized as a waste of time and a falsification of democracy, because in a referendum you can only say “yes” or “no”, and a person should have the opportunity to promote his opinion. Referendums were invented in order to veil the unfortunate problems of solving power. People's congresses are the only means of realizing people's democracy. Direct democracy has become a utopia because of the large number of people. The heterogeneity of regimes that call themselves democratic only indicates their non-democratic nature, for the reason indicated above. People's congresses are organized, electing people's committees, which replace the administration and take over the government of the country. The people's congresses themselves supervise their work. Since the members of the congresses belong to different professions, they create people's professional congresses. The questions raised by the people's congresses and committees are formulated at the General People's Congress, where the leading bodies of the people's congresses and people's committees meet together. Laws are formed in the Jamahiriya on the basis of customs and religion. Laws in modern societies are unnatural to human nature and are formed on the interests of the ruling elites. The law does not need to be developed, but must exist under the auspices of the human essence and be a passing heritage. Religion is recognized as the most "humane and fair" source of law. According to Gaddafi, society does not need any state interference in their own affairs. This must be carried out by the people themselves at congresses. A person should have the right to freedom of expression, even if he is insane. Society consists of many individuals and legal entities. Therefore, if an individual is insane, this does not mean that the rest of society is also insane. Therefore, the press cannot belong to a specific person. But since the opposite is true, the newspaper is not a spokesman for public opinion. Therefore, the democratic press should be published by the people's committee, and in particular on a professional basis. To solve the problem of the press, it is necessary to solve the problem of democracy as a whole. The Third World Theory states that the democratic system consists of people's congresses, people's congresses and people's committees.
Solving the economic problem (Socialism)
Question about wages, from the point of view of the Jamahiriya, is incorrect, because the workers exchange the fruits of their labor for handouts, but there should be a principle: "whoever produces, he also consumes." Hired workers, no matter how great their earnings, are the same slaves. There are three elements in the mechanism of manual labor: the worker, the entrepreneur, and the means of production. Man's freedom is incomplete if his needs are controlled by others. The desire to satisfy needs can lead to the enslavement of man by man; exploitation is also generated by needs. Satisfaction of needs is a real problem, and if the person does not control his own needs, there is a struggle. If a person has a dwelling larger than he needs to meet his needs, then he will rent it out, infringing on the freedom of the tenant. Thus, the owner of clothing can take it off a person on the street and leave him naked, the owner of the vehicle he uses can drop him off at a crossroads, and the owner of the house where he lives can leave him homeless. For a man who lives in his own house is not free. The earth is recognized as a common land, on which a person himself satisfies his needs. The accumulation of a share of social wealth in excess of the needs of one person is already an encroachment on the needs of another person. For example, a worker produces ten apples for society; society gives him one apple for his participation in production, which fully satisfies his needs. Surplus should belong to all members of society. Disabled and handicapped people from birth should receive the same share of social wealth as healthy people. And so, the new socialist society is nothing but a logical outcome arising from the dialectics of the unjust relations existing in the world, which naturally give rise to just such a solution to the problem. It is frivolous to try to manage the satisfaction of the primary needs of a person with the help of legal, administrative and other measures, since their satisfaction is the unshakable foundation of society, determined by its natural laws. Profit and money can disappear when the natural needs of man are satisfied. Ultimately, what leads to the disappearance of profits is labor in the name of increasing profits. Domestic servants are harmful to socialism because they are busy serving another person, and not producing goods. In cases where the participation of employees is still necessary, homework should be carried out not by servants working for pay or free of charge, but by employees who enjoy the right to promotion and have the same social and material guarantees as other workers in the public service sector.
The social aspect of the Third World Theory
The social factor is the engine of human history. The basis of historical development is the social connection that unites people in communities, starting with the family and ending with the tribe and the nation. As for the struggle for power, it takes place within the community at different levels, up to the family. The religious factor unites representatives of different nations. The state is an artificial political, economic, and sometimes military device, which is in no way connected with the concept of humanity and has nothing to do with it. As well as the cultivation of plants has nothing to do with the original natural environment. A family is a community of people where a person feels more comfortable than in a tribe or nation. And since within the framework of the tribe a person is freer, then it becomes for him, a kind of school of life. The nation provides a person with political protection. National fanaticism, the use of national force against weak nations, as well as the progress of one nation as a result of seizing the property of another, bring evil and harm to all mankind. However, a strong personality is necessary for the tribe and the family. With time political map the world was changing. States collapsed. This happened to the well-known world empires, because they were all a collection of nations, each of which, due to its nationalistic aspirations, began to seek independence. States can unite on the basis of a common religion, but this does not help if the national spirit is stronger than the religious one. Jamaria opposes infringement on family values and compares nurseries to chicken farms. If a woman is sick, then part of her duties should be assumed by a man. With a good reason, a woman may not fast. Any attempt to turn a woman into a man is a regression for society. There are two types of minorities - a minority that has merged with the nation and become its social part, and a minority that does not have its own nation. The latter is an independent social organism and is a historically established community. Encroachment on these rights by any majority is arbitrariness. Social identity is a property inherent in this minority, it can neither be bestowed nor taken away. The political and economic problems of such a minority can only be solved in a society ruled by the masses, where power, wealth and weapons belong to the masses. The large number of the black race The study of sciences in classrooms, compulsory education, coercion to choose a profession, according to the Jamahiriya - dictate and planting ignorance. A person must choose a profession by his nature. The Jamahiriya proposes to abandon the study of foreign cultures and the monopolization of knowledge. The Jamahiriya compares sports with prayer: solitary - with prayer in the room, and sports at the stadium - with prayer in the temple. Therefore, stadiums should be abolished, for it is not worthwhile to look at how others pray. It's like going to a restaurant, watching others eat. Any attempt to monopolize the sport must be stopped. It is useless to promote sports, as it dulls the mind. When wealth and weapons belong to the masses, sport as a social activity also belongs to the masses. It is also wrong to turn sports into the property of individuals, since it is easier for society to pay for mass sports. Thousands of cheering and laughing spectators filling stadiums are thousands of deluded people who, unable to play sports in person, sit idly in the stands and applaud the champions who seized the initiative from them. Likewise, people who go to the theater are considered idlers by the supporters of the Jamahiriya. For example, a person who watches horse races does not want to learn to ride on his own. Jamahiriya equates martial arts with the remnants of barbarism.
In 2011, the imperialists attacked and defeated Libya. Its leader himself (born June 7, 1942) and several of his associates, according to some sources, were killed, according to others, including official ones, they went missing, but their death has not been proven (according to one of the Russian intelligence officers, Muammar Gaddafi " alive and waiting in the wings). All this is not important now, but what is important is that Gaddafi as a political figure has been removed from the board.
Moreover, especially in the left environment, Libya is described as an exemplary state, destroyed from the outside, many websites have appeared praising the country, while the population, they say, had no reasons for riots, for discontent. Classic conspiracy theory, terry idealism, as we will now see.
For the study, we use the materials of Professor of the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences A.E. Yegorin, who worked in Libya in 1974-1980. adviser to the USSR Embassy, the work of Gaddafi himself called "The Green Book" (an interesting work - an autobiography, a collection of articles and a constitution in one) and information from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia of the Brezhnev era.
From the middle of the XVI century to 1911-1912. the lands of Libya were part of the Ottoman Empire, from 1911-1912 to 1942-1943 a colony of Italy. During the Second World War they were occupied by Great Britain and France.
On December 24, 1951, the independent Kingdom of Libya was proclaimed. But, despite formal independence, the country was still a western colony.
Back in the first half of the 20th century, Libya was striving for liberation. Resistance to the Italian invaders in 1923-1931 was led by Omar Mukhtar. In many ways, Omar Mukhtar was a model for Gaddafi. And even earlier, in 1911, the grandfather of Muammar Gaddafi, who led the resistance, was killed by the Italian colonizer. So Muammar Gaddafi is a hereditary revolutionary.
On September 1, 1969, the army organization "Free Unionist Socialist Officers" under the leadership of Muammar Gaddafi carried out a military coup, officially called the Al-Fateh Revolution.
The Libyan Arab Republic was proclaimed. Since 1977, Libya has been renamed the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya ("jamahiriya" - "state, government, organization of the masses", "people's rule", "people's democracy", from "jumhuriya" - republic), and since 1986 into the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. As a result of the coup d'état overthrown, supporters and associates either fled the country, or in Libya itself went into guerrilla resistance.
So, we see that Gaddafi was striving to build socialism.
He was Gaddafi and an internationalist: he maintained contacts with various revolutionary and national liberation movements (African, Latin American, Irish Republican Army), sought to create state unions. For example, from 1972 to 1977, Libya participated in a confederate public education Federation of Arab Republics (Libya, Egypt, Syria, and Sudan and Tunisia were also proposed - all of these countries were affected by the phenomenon of Arab socialism). It was also assumed in 1972-1977 the Arab Islamic Republic (Libya, Tunisia, Algeria).
The Great Man-Made River was also a gratuitous aid in the decolonization of African countries.
At the same time, Gaddafi's policy at the domestic level was an extremely bizarre mixture of anarchism, state capitalism, nationalism (pan-Arabism) and moderate Islamism.
The revolution of 1969 was, in fact, a bourgeois revolution - it allowed the formation of a national bourgeoisie. All enterprises were nationalized.
By 1980, private ownership of the means of production was eliminated, and public and cooperative stores were created instead.
In 1973-1975, a 3-year plan for the development of the country was developed, then there were five-year plans until the mid-eighties. In the military sphere, Libya and the USSR cooperated on five-year plans. The planned economy survived even after the 2011 counter-revolution.
By the end of the 20th century, the remnants of feudal relations were completely eliminated.
Based on all of the above, the following conclusion suggests itself - in Libya under Gaddafi there was state-monopoly capitalism.
However, ideologically, the Libyan leaders initially retreated from Marxism. Without refusing to put into practice individual guidelines in accordance with Marxism, they also showed interest in the Russian anarchists Bakunin and Kropotkin, Leo Tolstoy, as well as Dostoevsky, Sartre, Rousseau. The study of Marxism was possible in principle, but the very activity of the Communist parties and opposition movements in general was outlawed. The only legal political party in 1971-1977 was the Arab socialist union. The Arab Socialist Union and the Revolutionary Command Council were also abolished in 1977 and replaced by the General People's (People's) Congress. It was this transformation that was defined as "jamahiriya", "genuine democracy".
The activities of all political parties were officially banned - in fact, the General Congress was the ruling party (it is because of this that one gets the feeling that Gaddafi used almost fascist methods to retain power).
55.614381 37.473518
Approaching significant date that applies to all of us!
35 years ago, on March 2, 1977, the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya was proclaimed in Libya!
Earlier I heard that Libyan Jamahiriya- this is something cooler than communism, and we are silent about life in this country, about the ideology of the Jamahiriya. But, to my shame, somehow did not move to study this phenomenon in the life of mankind.
In connection with recent events, I will try to discover this phenomenon for myself and will publish information about it on this site. I also ask other participants to share information.
Let's start with the simplest - open Wikipedia.
Jamahiriya(Arabic جماهيرية) - a form of social (some experts believe that the state) structure, different from the monarchy and the republic, justified in the Third World Theory of Muammar Gaddafi and set out in the first part of the Green Book.
Jamahiriya- this is the highest form of democracy, in which power directly belongs to the people, direct democracy is exercised.
The word "dzhamahiriya" is a neologism formed by replacing the word "dzhumhuriya" (republic) in the root of the singular "dzhumkhur" (people) with plural"jamahir" (masses). S. Gafurov pointed out: “It is interesting to note that the semantics of the word “Jamahiriya” is associated with concepts that Kropotkin considered early forms of anarchism. For example, he noted that the Russian historian Kostomarov used the concept of "people's rule", which may well be a good translation Arabic word- Neoplasms of the Jamahiriya into Russian”.
In the Jamahiriya, traditional institutions of power are being abolished. People's committees and people's congresses are being formed everywhere. The state is divided into many communes, which are self-governing mini-states in the state, having full power in their district, including the distribution of budgetary funds. The commune is governed by a primary people's congress. The people's congress includes all members of the commune (that is, the inhabitants of the commune). Every person has the right to express his proposal at a meeting of the people's committee. Everyone participates in decision-making and the exercise of power. The state is a federation of communes. Each primary people's congress elects its representatives to the city people's committee and the General People's Congress.
AT public administration The entire adult population of the country, united in the primary (main) people's congresses, participates in the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The people's congresses elect their own executive bodies (people's committees), whose members automatically become delegates to the provincial people's congresses.
The General People's Congress, the highest legislative body of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, has the right to put on its agenda only issues discussed by the primary people's congresses.
The "Charter of Revolutionary Legitimacy" adopted by the General People's Congress of Libya in 1990, granted broad foreign policy powers to the leader of the revolution, Muammar Gaddafi, who does not hold official posts in the state.
http://tebe-i-vsem.ru/node/1043
Jamahiriya(arab. جماهيرية ) - a form of public (some experts believe that the state) structure, different from the monarchy and the republic, justified in the Third World Theory Muammar Gaddafi and set out in the first part of the Green Book.
The word "jamahiriya" is a neologism formed by replacing the word "jumhuriya" (republic) in the root of the singular "jumkhur" (people) with the plural "jamahir" (masses). S. Gafurov pointed out: “It is interesting to note that the semantics of the word “Jamahiriya” is associated with concepts that Kropotkin considered early forms of anarchism. For example, he noted that the Russian historian Kostomarov used the concept of "people's rule", which may well be a successful translation of the Arabic word - the new formation of the Jamahiriya into Russian.
In the Jamahiriya, traditional institutions of power are being abolished. People's committees and people's congresses are being formed everywhere. The state is divided into many communes, which are self-governing mini-states in the state, having full power in their district, including the distribution of budgetary funds. The commune is governed by a primary people's congress. The people's congress includes all members of the commune (that is, the inhabitants of the commune). Every person has the right to express his proposal at a meeting of the people's committee. Everyone participates in decision-making and the exercise of power. The state is a federation of communes. Each primary people's congress elects its representatives to the city people's committee and the General People's Congress.
The entire adult population of the country, united in primary (main) people's congresses, participates in the state administration of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The people's congresses elect their own executive bodies (people's committees), whose members automatically become delegates to the provincial people's congresses.
General People's Congress, the supreme legislative body of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, has the right to put on its agenda only issues discussed by the primary people's congresses.
The "Charter of Revolutionary Legitimacy" adopted by the General People's Congress of Libya in 1990, granted broad foreign policy powers to the leader of the revolution, Muammar Gaddafi, who does not hold official posts in the state.
green book
The main provisions of the Third World Theory of Gaddafi are presented by him in the "Green Book" (1976-1979).
"Third World Theory" - new system views, which is opposed to the ideas of Marx's communism and Adam Smith's capitalism. In this theory, modern democracy is criticized in detail: according to Gaddafi, democracy has ceased to be truly popular. Considering the essence of democracy, he sometimes gives confirmation of this idea.
The theory denies the traditional instruments of power - parliaments, parties, referendums - and opposes them with the concept of direct people's democracy based on people's congresses and people's committees. At the same time, the General People's Congress, which adopts national laws, considers only those issues that are discussed and put on the agenda by the primary people's congresses, which unite the entire adult population of the country.
The law of society cannot depend on the political situation, but must be based on customs and religion. The third world theory proclaims the need to abolish wage labor and the worker's right to the product he produces.
When developing the theory, Gaddafi relied, in particular, on the theoretical works of anarchist theorists Mikhail Bakunin and Peter Kropotkin, combined with the egalitarian principles of Islam.
Implementation in Libya
The theory was partially implemented in Libya - in March 1977 the republic was transformed into the Jamahiriya, exploitative private property was abolished (private family enterprises in the service sector were preserved).
With the advent of globalization and the information revolution, Gaddafi somewhat modified his theory, introducing into it the thesis of the era of large spaces, in which the national state becomes unviable.
Like his predecessors, starting with Plato, Gaddafi was looking for an ideal form of social coexistence, in which, along with social justice, there would be strong power, popular representativeness and national identity. In Libya, an attempt was made to put his ideas into practice: in March 1977, the Sebhi Declaration was promulgated, and the country became known as the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
The word "jamahiriya" ("state of the masses") is an Arabic neologism formed by replacing the word "jumhuriya" (republic) in the root of the singular "jumhur" (people) with the plural "jamahir" (masses). The existence of a given form state structure, different from the monarchy and the republic, follows from the "Third World Theory" of the Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.
History of transformations in Libya
In the 60-70s of the XX century in the countries of the Arab-Muslim East, the theory of "socialism of the national type", which became known as "Islamic socialism", became widespread. This socialism was based on the principles of nationalism, religion and equality, so close and dear to the Arab heart. Therefore, it is not surprising that in the 60s, most of the countries of the Arab East were engulfed in the flames of revolutions, popular uprisings and coups d'état. Libya was no exception in this series, in which on September 1, 1969, a group of Libyan army officers who were part of the "Movement of Free Unionist Socialist Officers" overthrew the monarchical regime and proclaimed the Libyan Arab Republic (LAR). Temporarily supreme power was exercised by the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC), headed by 27-year-old Colonel Muammar Gaddafi.
The anti-imperialist orientation of the Libyan revolution manifested itself quite clearly already in the first months of the existence of the new regime. On October 7, 1969, at the 24th session of the UN General Assembly, the permanent representative of Libya announced the intention of the Libyans to eliminate all foreign bases on their soil.
Following this, the Libyan leadership informed the US and British ambassadors of the termination of the relevant treaties. Almost simultaneously, an attack began on the positions of foreign capital in the country's economy.
The first results and immediate tasks of the Libyan revolution were enshrined in the Provisional Constitutional Declaration promulgated on December 11, 1969. Islam was declared the official state religion. One of the main goals of the revolution was proclaimed to be the building of socialism based on "religion, morality and patriotism." Gaddafi and his associates intended to achieve this by "ensuring social justice, a high level of production, the elimination of all forms of exploitation and a fair distribution of national wealth."
The Revolutionary Command Council was endowed with the functions of the main link in the political organization of society with the right to appoint a cabinet of ministers, declare war and conclude treaties, issue decrees that had the force of laws, which concerned the main aspects of internal life and foreign policy states. Chairman of the SRC Gaddafi was appointed head of the Libyan Arab Republic.
In 1973, Gaddafi organized the Arab Socialist Union (ASS), which became the only legal political organization in the country. In 1977, the General People's Congress (GPC), representing numerous people's committees, adopted a decree (the Sebha Declaration) establishing in Libya a "regime of people's power" (the so-called direct people's democracy); The country was renamed the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya. The SRK was also renamed and transformed into the General Secretariat of the Congress. ACC actually merged with the VNK apparatus. Gaddafi (general secretary) and four of his closest associates - Major Abdel Salam Ahmed Jelloud, generals Abu Bakr Younes Jaber, Mustafa al-Kharrubi and Huwaildi al-Khmeidi were elected to the General Secretariat of the GNC.
Exactly two years later, the five leaders resigned from government posts, leaving them to professional managers. Since then, Gaddafi has been officially called the Leader of the Libyan Revolution, and all five leaders have been called the Revolutionary Leadership. Revolutionary committees appeared in the political structure of Libya, designed to carry out the political line of the revolutionary leadership through the system of people's congresses.
State structure of Libya
A military regime was established in Libya, professing the ideas of Arab nationalism, socialism and Islam. The supreme state body is the Supreme People's Commissariat, which includes representatives of the people's committees. In fact, the VNK has the functions of parliament. Its members are elected at the local and regional levels, some of them are appointed personally by Gaddafi. Gaddafi also appoints the ministers of his cabinet from among the members of the GNC. Although Gaddafi himself does not hold any official positions, he remains Libya's leading political figure.
Islam in Libya is the state religion, while the influence of the Muslim clergy is limited. Direct democracy has been proclaimed in the country, oil revenues make it possible to maintain a high standard of living for Libyans. In Libya, the presence of foreign capital has been reduced, large and medium-sized enterprises have been nationalized.
The basis of legal proceedings is the Koran. Legal proceedings are carried out by a hierarchically built system of courts. The magistrates' courts deal with petty cases. Next come the first-tier courts, the courts of appeal and the Supreme Court. The main principle of the state structure of Libya: "Power, wealth and weapons - in the hands of the people."
Doctrine
The official ideological doctrine is the "Third World Theory" by M. Gaddafi, the main provisions of which are set out by him in the "Green Book" (1976-1979) - his main program work. In accordance with it, the system of "direct people's democracy" - "jamahiriya", created on the model of ancient democracy, was introduced.
In every shop in Libya there is always a Green Book for sale, and in most cases in different languages, including Russian. Reading this work begins to shed some light on why the Libyans live this way and not otherwise.
The book is a quote book of the Libyan leader, divided into three parts, and covers the following vital aspects of existence:
solution of the problem of democracy (power of the people);
solution of the economic problem (Socialism);
social aspect of the "Third World Theory".
The first part of the "Green Book" - "The Solution to the Problem of Democracy (Power of the People). The Political Aspect of the "Third World Theory" (published in January 1976) - denies traditional forms of democracy, such as parliament, parties, referendums, and sets out the basic principles of direct people's democracy based on people's congresses and people's committees.Although quite obvious things are stated here, only, most likely, not many thought about the fact that democracy and other freedoms are in fact nothing more than a kind of dictatorship.This part is very clearly reflected and disclosed.
According to the Green Book, the winner in the struggle for power is always the instrument of government - an individual, party, class, and the loser is always the people, that is, according to Gaddafi, true democracy. Political struggle often leads to the coming to power of that instrument of government, which is a minority, "moreover, by a legitimate democratic way." That is, all existing political regimes falsify genuine democracy and are dictatorial regimes.
Parliamentarism, according to Gaddafi, is a vicious solution to the problem of democracy. Parliament cannot act on behalf of the people, because democracy means the power of the people themselves, and not those who speak on their behalf. The methods of electing a parliament cannot be considered democratic, because the masses become completely divorced from the deputy. The deputy monopolizes the power of the masses and the right to decide their affairs for them. Parliament, in fact, does not represent the people, but the party that won the elections. In fact, the people are used by political forces in the struggle for power. The system of elected parliaments is a demagogic system, for votes can be bought and manipulated; that is, parliamentary representation is a sham. In general, the theory of representative government is an outdated and obsolete practice, invented by philosophers and thinkers at a time when the people were ordered around by rulers like dumb cattle.
The party, according to the "Green Book", is a modern dictatorial instrument of government - it is the power of the part over the whole. Parties are created by groups of people to pursue their interests or to impose their views on society and establish the dominance of their ideology in it. The number of parties does not change the essence of the matter. Moreover, the more parties, the sharper the struggle for power between them, which undermines the program aimed at the benefit of the whole society. public interest and community development sacrificed to the inter-party struggle for power. In addition, parties can be corrupt and can be bribed from outside and from within. The opposition is not an organ of people's control over the activities of the ruling party, it is only waiting for the right moment to take the place of the ruling party at the trough of power. Control is in the hands of the party in power (through parliament), and power is in the hands of the party in control. From this it is clear how false, false and untenable the existing modern world political theories.
Gaddafi compares the party and the clan. In his opinion, the party's struggle for power is no different from the struggle for power between tribes and clans. Both of these types of struggle have a negative and cutting effect on society.
The referendum is a falsification of democracy. Voters can only say one word, either yes or no. M. Gaddafi believes that everyone should be able to justify their desire, reason, approval or disapproval. Therefore, in order to be completely democratic, it is necessary to create such an instrument of government, which would be the whole people as a whole, and not representation on its behalf.
Gaddafi proposes to create a special hierarchical structure of people's congresses and committees, as a result of which "management becomes popular, control becomes popular, the definition is lost: democracy is the people's control over the government, and a new one comes in its place: democracy is people's self-control."
“The only means of realizing people's democracy are people's congresses. Any other system of government is undemocratic. All systems of government now in existence in the world are undemocratic if they do not adhere to this method of government. People's congresses are the ultimate goal of the peoples' movement towards democracy. People's congresses and people's committees are the end result of the peoples' struggle for democracy."
Such a system works quite effectively: in the Jamahiriya, the entire population of the country is divided into people's congresses, which elect people's committees, which in turn form the second round of people's congresses, and these elect administrative committees that replace the state administration. The questions discussed at the people's congresses are finally formulated every year at the General People's Congress. Accordingly, the results and decisions of the General Congress are brought to the lower level in reverse order.
At the General People's Congress, where the governing bodies of the people's congresses, people's committees, trade unions and professional associations, major public issues are discussed and final legislative decisions are made.
In the first part of the "Green Book" M. Gaddafi also outlined his views on freedom of speech. In his opinion, "a person, as an individual, should have freedom of expression, and even being insane, have the right to freely express his madness." Man, as a legal entity, is also free to express himself as such. In the first case, a person represents only himself, in the second - only a group of individuals forming a legal entity.
“Society consists of many individuals and legal entities. Therefore, if an individual is insane, this does not mean that the rest of society is also insane. The press is a way of self-expression of society, and not of an individual physical or legal entity. The newspaper, which is the property of an individual, expresses only the point of view of its owner. Statement that she represents public opinion, is untenable, and has no basis, because in fact it expresses the point of view individual and from the point of view of true democracy it is unacceptable for an individual to own the public media of the press and information.”
The second part of the "Green Book" - "The Solution of the Economic Problem (Socialism)" - outlines the economic aspect of the "Third World Theory" (came out on February 2, 1978).
In this part, he exposes the slavish nature of wage labor and proclaims the worker's right to the product he has produced. A person is obliged to work to the best of his ability and must at the same time have an abundance that satisfies his needs, and all the surplus must be directed to the accumulation of social wealth. The accumulation of surpluses by one person leads to a decrease in the needs of another person, and, therefore, is unacceptable.
In September 1977, Gaddafi put forward the principle of "self-government in the economy" as the basis for the development of economic life. In accordance with this principle, the transition of enterprises to the collective management of those who work there was envisaged. The slogan subsequently proclaimed by him "Partners, not employees", found a theoretical justification in the second part of the "Green Book" and from November of the same year began to be introduced at a number of manufacturing enterprises.
In the course of developing his economic ideas, Gaddafi put forward a new slogan: "Housing is the property of its inhabitant." That is, the person living in the house is the owner, not his tenant. In May 1978, a law was passed, according to which the rental of residential premises was prohibited, and former tenants became the owners of rented apartments and houses.
Implementing the slogan "Partners, not hired workers", workers and employees under the leadership of people's committees seized enterprises and institutions in the field of not only production, but also trade, as well as various service services. Former owners received, along with compensation, the opportunity to participate in the management of these enterprises, but on the basis of “equal partnership with manufacturers”. This campaign of "people's seizure", as it was called in Libya, became a peculiar form of liquidation of the private property of the big and middle bourgeoisie.
Functioning political system
"Jamahiriya" in the field, and especially in production, was difficult both because of the sabotage of the bourgeois strata, and because of the lack of preparedness of the measures taken, the inability of the new administrative apparatus to manage the economy. All this caused discontent and ferment among part of the population. Some of the Muslim clergy also spoke out against the political and economic innovations of the Libyan leadership. She accused Gaddafi of "departing from the provisions of the Koran."
In response, the authorities took serious measures aimed at limiting the influence of the clergy. Gaddafi arranged for the opposition-minded "guardians of the purity of Islam" on television a public examination on the knowledge of the Koran. Theologians were unable to answer the questions of the leader of the Libyan revolution, and were compromised in the eyes of the believing population. This gave Gaddafi reason to subsequently deprive some of them of the right to conduct religious services.
The final result of all economic reforms in the Jamahiriya should be “the achievement by the new socialist society of the stage at which profit and money will finally disappear, when society becomes entirely productive, and production will fully satisfy the material needs of all members of society. At this final stage, the profit will disappear by itself, and, therefore, the money will cease to exist. At the present time, everyone in Libya gets enough to satisfy his physiological needs: bread and other foodstuffs are cheap; transport and gasoline are practically free; all residents of Libya are provided with free housing.
Thanks to the exploitation of rich oil resources, which began in 1961, the once impoverished Libya has become a prosperous state with the highest per capita income in Africa. In the 1970s, oil prices rose significantly on world markets, which led to the accumulation of significant funds in Libya, which was a supplier of oil to Western countries. Government revenues from oil exports were used to finance urban development and the creation of modern system social security of the population. However, to enhance the international prestige of Libya, huge sums were spent on the creation of a well-armed modern army. In the Middle East and North Africa, Libya acted as a carrier of the ideas of Arab nationalism and an uncompromising opponent of Israel and the United States. The sharp drop in oil prices in the mid-1980s and UN sanctions for harboring Palestinian separatists (from 1992) led to a significant weakening of Libya. On September 12, 2003, the UN Security Council lifted the 1992 sanctions against Libya.
The third part - "The Social Aspect of the Third World Theory" (came out June 1, 1979) - deals with many aspects of life, including the status of women, the education system, the fusion of world languages, sports. It is in this part that the global vision of right coexistence is presented. Fundamental principles boil down to the following: every nation must have its own religion; recognize the importance of a continuous social chain ("family - tribe - nation - world"; "from small to great").
According to the "Green Book": "if the national spirit is stronger than the religious spirit, then the struggle between different nations, previously united by one religion, intensifies, and each of these nations achieves independence, returning to its own social structure"; “a tribe is the same family, but increased due to the growth of offspring, that is, a tribe is a large family. A nation is a tribe, but a tribe that has grown as a result of an increase in offspring, that is, a nation is a large tribe. The world is a nation, but a nation divided into many nations as a result of population growth, that is, the world is a big nation.
"The tribe is the natural social protection of a person, providing for his social needs." In Libya, in accordance with accepted social traditions, the tribe collectively secures the ransom of its members, jointly pays the fine for them, jointly avenges them, collectively protects them. A special place in the Green Book is given to a woman, her physical structure and social role in society:
First - "a woman is a person, as well as a man";
Secondly, a woman is a female, and a man is a male. Because of this, the woman "has a regular disease in the form of monthly bleeding, but if this does not happen, then she has become pregnant."
Thirdly, the tendency to deprive a woman of her natural role as a mother and replace her as a mother with a nursery marks the beginning of the rejection of a humane, human society and its transformation into a biological society living an artificial life (as a result, there are no kindergartens in Libya, and a woman, having given birth to a child, never goes to work).
Fourthly, male individuals in the world of plants and animals are by nature strong and rude, while females in the world of plants, and in the world of animals, and in the world of people are naturally beautiful and tender.
Proceeding from this, M. Gaddafi concludes that "human rights are equal for all - men and women, but duties are far from being equal.
M. Gaddafi also mentions the black race in his work: “Blacks will rule the world.” In his opinion, this event is inevitable due to demographic and social patterns. That is why, in recent decades, Libya has increasingly associated itself with the Arab world, but with the African continent, trying to take a leading position in it.
The language problem is also raised in the third part of the Green Book: "People will be backward until they can communicate in one language." However, this issue will be resolved only when the process of merging languages passes through a series of stages, which will take the life of more than one generation, provided that over time these generations lose the factor of heredity: "sensory perceptions, taste and temperament of grandfathers and fathers."
The Green Book's view of sports and spectacle is original:
“sport can only be individual, like prayer”;
“mass sport is a social need of people, therefore it is unacceptable, both from a sports and democratic point of view, to delegate sports to other persons”;
“collective sport is a matter for the masses”;
"stadium stands exist only to close access to sports fields for the masses";
"boxing and different types struggle testify that humanity has not yet completely rid itself of the remnants of barbarism.
This approach to sports has led to the fact that most of the country's stadiums are opened in Libya only during military parades, and any kind of wrestling is under the strictest ban.
Finding no concrete recipes for the transformation of society in the so-called "Islamic socialism", M. Gaddafi constantly amended his theory. If before the "Green Book" Islam was considered one of the ideological sources of the official ideology, then in the third part of this book, published in the summer of 1979, the "truth" of the Third World Theory was no longer measured by the postulates of Islam.
On the contrary, the "truth" of the Islamic propositions themselves began to be assessed in terms of their conformity with this theory itself. driving force history declared a national and social struggle. At the same time, M. Gaddafi clarified, "if we limited ourselves only to supporting Muslims, we would show an example of fanaticism and selfishness: True Islam is the one that defends the weak, even if they are not Muslims."
In subsequent explanations and comments on the Green Book, many of its provisions were subject to significant adjustments. But this book still remains, as it were, the fundamental catechism of the official ideology in Libya.
Continued transformation in Libya
The transformation of Libyan society into a modern political system, called the Jamahiriya, is accompanied by many zigzags and is taking place more slowly than M. Gaddafi would like. But the system he created undoubtedly awakened the Libyan people to political activity. However, as he was forced to admit, "the participation of the people in the government of the country was not complete."
Therefore, at the November 18, 1992 session of the WNC in Sirte, it was decided to create a new political structure in Libya. It assumed the transition of the country to the highest stage of democracy - the exemplary Jamahiriya. We are talking about creating, instead of primary people's assemblies, one and a half thousand communes, which are self-governing mini-states in the state, having full power in their district, including the distribution of budgetary funds.
The need to reorganize the former political system, as M. Gaddafi explained, was explained, first of all, by the fact that it "could not provide genuine democracy due to the complexity of the structure, which created a gap between the masses and the leadership, suffered from excessive centralization." On the whole, the Jamahiriya continues its course towards building an “Islamic socialist society”, where the slogan “Power, wealth and weapons are in the hands of the people!” dominates.
September 1 marks 40 years since the overthrow of royal power and the proclamation of the Libyan Arab Republic, which on March 2, 1977 was renamed the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.
Libya, official name The Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya is an Arab state located in northern Africa. It borders with Algeria and Tunisia - in the west, Sudan, Chad and Niger - in the south, with Egypt - in the east. In the north it is washed by the waters of the Mediterranean Sea.
Territory- 1.76 million sq. km (85% is in the desert). The total length of the Mediterranean coast of the country is 1860 km.
Capital- Tripoli.
Big cities- Benghazi, Tobruk, Misurata.
Administrative-territorial division: Libya is divided into 26 administrative divisions - shaabiya (provinces), which in turn are divided into communes (mahallas).
Population- 6.156 million people (2007 estimate), city dwellers - 77.4%.
The main peoples are Arabs 90% (moreover, Libyan Arabs 33%, Cyrenaic Arabs 27%, Egyptian Arabs 10%, Palestinian Arabs 1% of the total population of the country); Berbers are Arabic-speaking 4.4%; Nafusi Berbers 2.7%, Bedouins 1.5%, Punjabis 1%, Domari 0.6%, Italians 0.4%, Serbs 0.4%, Tuareg 0.2%.
Official language- Arabic.
State religion- Sunni Islam, the basis of legislation is Sharia.
Story. Until 1911, Libya was part of the Ottoman Empire, from 1911 to 1942 it was an Italian colony, in 1943, as a result of the defeat of the Italo-German coalition, it was occupied by England and France.
On December 24, 1951, in accordance with the UN General Assembly resolution (1949), Libya was proclaimed an independent sovereign state - the United Kingdom of Libya, headed by King Idris I.
On September 1, 1969, a group of nationalist Libyan army officers led by Muammar Gaddafi, who were members of the Unionist Socialist Free Officers Movement, overthrew the monarchist regime and proclaimed the Libyan Arab Republic (LAR). In March 1977, the "Declaration on the Establishment of the Power of the People" was adopted, announcing the creation of a "jamahiriya" (state of the masses) in the country.
State structure. It is determined by the provisions of the "third world theory" of Muammar Gaddafi. Its essence lies in the implementation of the principle of "direct democracy", i.e. direct participation of the masses in the government of the country without such institutions as the president, parliament, government and parties, which are officially abolished in the SNLAD.
head of state- Muammar Gaddafi. Formally, he does not hold public office, remaining only the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Forces of the Armed People (AF SNLAD). Its legal status is determined by the Charter of Revolutionary Legality (approved at the extraordinary session of the Supreme People's Congress in March 1990), according to which Muammar Gaddafi is the "leader of the revolution" and "the source of revolutionary legality."
Government functions performs the Supreme People's Committee (HPC) headed by the secretary, and ministries - the main people's committees (GNK), which includes representatives of local people's committees responsible for this industry at the commune level.
Legislature. The General People's Congress (GPC), whose sessions are convened once a year. The permanent body of the WSC is the General Secretariat.
Economy. In terms of proven oil reserves (estimated at 39.1 billion barrels), Libya ranks 1st in Africa and 5th among OPEC members (after Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait and UAE). There are large stocks natural gas(1.43 trillion cubic meters, 3rd place in Africa).
The leading sectors of the economy are oil and gas production, oil and gas processing and petrochemical industries, which account for 95% of export earnings. Light industry It is represented mainly by small enterprises for the production of fabrics, tailoring and footwear, leather dressing. The food industry is relatively underdeveloped.
In terms of per capita income (more than 6 thousand dollars a year), Libya occupies one of the first places in Africa.
International trade. Leading foreign trade partners of Libya: Italy, Germany, USA and Spain. Foreign trade turnover in 2008 amounted to $89.9 billion (export - $69.3 billion). The basis of export is oil, refined products and petrochemicals. The main import items are cars, machine tools, oil equipment, pipes, electrical equipment, lumber and other building materials, industrial and foodstuffs, various finished products, as well as chemicals and commodities.
Foreign policy. Libya is a member of most major international organizations- UN, League of Arab States (LAS), African Union, Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC), Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Libya is the chairman of the Arab Maghreb Union and a member of the Community of Sahara-Sahel States patronized by it.
In July 2004, the WTO decided to start formal negotiations on Libya's accession to it.
The material was prepared on the basis of information from open sources
