>>History: The advance of the “barbarians” in Eurasia
The advance of the “barbarians” in Eurasia
In the II-IV centuries. were a time of change in the face of the world. The largest states of antiquity entered a period of decline. The time of the Great Migration of Nations began. Not only nomads, but also farmers left their inhabited places and rushed to new territories. A type was formed public relations which is commonly called feudal.
Peoples of Europe
In the I-II centuries. total number The world population was about 250 million, people who were distributed across to the globe unevenly. The bulk of the population was concentrated in Eurasia in areas with a warm, humid climate - in the belt of states stretching from the coast Mediterranean to the plains of China. About 50 million people lived within the Roman Empire (in Italy itself - 7-8 million), about the same number lived in China, and at least 40 million people lived in India. There were several million people in America, Central and Southern Africa, and the tropics of Southeast Asia.
North of the borders of the Roman Empire, which ran along the Rhine and Danube, lived Celtic and Germanic tribes(Cimbri, Teutons, Alamans, Franks, Vandals, etc.), to the east - Slavic and Finno-Ugric. Between the Danube and the Dnieper there were lands of unions of Gothic tribal associations (they included both Germanic and Thracian, Sarmatian, Slavic tribes).
Population of Central and Eastern Europe was small (no more than 5 million people). Their lands, dominated by forests and swamps, were not of great value to the Romans, and they showed stubborn resistance. In 9, three selected legions of Octavian Augustus were defeated by the Germans in the Teutoburg Forest. All this made Roman Empire limit ourselves to strengthening the northern border and placing garrisons along it. They had to repel the raids of tribes that were considered barbaric (the word «
barbaros »
in Greek it meant «
someone who speaks slurred »
), the Germans, who did not know Latin, were considered savages by the Romans.
The tribes of Central and Eastern Europe, being farmers, did not build large cities. In the 1st - 5th centuries, they were dominated by small villages, inhabited, as a rule, by relatives. Crafts were developed, weapons and tools were forged from iron. The economy was predominantly subsistence in nature, although commodity-money relations gradually developed.
Slavery among the Germanic tribes was not widespread. Captives captured in intertribal clashes were killed, sold to the Romans, or left in settlements where they were allocated a plot of land, part of the production of which they gave to its owner. Since the fields were fenced off, archaeologists suggest that the land belonged to individual families, although the forests and meadows were probably shared by the villagers.
The organization of life of the Germanic tribes was peculiar. With the existence of tribal unions numbering hundreds of thousands of people living over a large territory, it was impossible to take into account the opinions of all members of the tribe. Under these conditions, the lands of the tribal union were divided into districts in which meetings of the most authoritative and wealthy representatives of the settlements (tribal nobility) were held. They resolved issues of war and peace, quarrels between different tribes included in the alliance, elected Latan - an expert in customs, game who played the role of judge.
Along with the tribal nobility, military leaders - konungs (princes) - played a special role. They led fighting squads, which consisted of the strongest and most dexterous young people. These squads not only guarded the territory of the tribal union, but also raided neighbors, and sometimes were hired to serve the Romans.
The kings did not always take into account the opinion of the clan nobility; they often waged their own wars, which were the main source of their enrichment. The king and his retinue built burgs (fortresses) where the looted wealth (treasury) was stored. Artisans who made weapons settled there, and shopping centers. Initially, the kings were elected by representatives of the tribal nobility or squad, but over time their power became hereditary.
Thus, although the state of the ancient Germans and other (in particular, Slavic) tribal associations at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. had not yet taken shape, many of the prerequisites for its formation were already present. The rise of the kings, the concentration of power and wealth in their hands, and the high degree of property inequality in communities marked the disintegration of the tribal system.
Nomadic tribes of Asia and China
In the vast expanses of Eurasia, from the Danube to the Yellow River, there is a belt of steppe lands, limited in the south by deserts Central Asia, the mountain peaks of Tibet and the Himalayas, in the north - the forests and swamps of the East European Plain and Siberia. There was little land suitable for cultivation. The main value of the nomadic tribes living here was livestock, especially horses, which provided meat, milk, skins, and also served as a means of transportation.
The steppe expanses provided the opportunity to feed a large number of livestock only with a nomadic lifestyle. In the summer, in the south of the steppes, the grass dried out, which forced the nomads to move north. In winter, when in the north the ground was covered with snow and frozen, they returned to the southern pastures.
Each nomadic tribe controlled a huge territory, which it considered its own. There was a constant struggle between different tribes for the best pastures. The weakest of them fled to the worst lands. were destroyed or enslaved.
The relationship between nomads and agricultural peoples was not easy. Avalanches of mounted warriors often fell on neighboring settled tribes, imposed tribute on them, plundered their settlements, and took people into slavery. At the same time, almost all adult men fought among the nomads, which allowed them, despite the relatively small number of tribes, to field large forces. Military expeditions undertaken by ancient empires against nomads most often turned out to be pointless. Easily hiding from heavy, slow-moving infantry in the vast steppes, the nomads inflicted surprise attacks on the enemy.
The nomadic lifestyle did not mean that the pastoral tribes had no permanent settlements at all. In the territory they controlled, there were separate centers of agriculture (for example, the Huns forced captives enslaved to grow millet), centers of trade and crafts. Property stratification reached significant development among the nomads. The main indicator of wealth was livestock and slaves.
One of the most powerful nomadic peoples in the beginning new era there were Huns. The first large association - a union of 24 tribes - arose among the Huns back in the 1st century BC. Under their rule were the territories from Transbaikalia to the Yellow River.
The Huns were a serious threat to China, carrying off tens of thousands of prisoners in each raid. The settled population of northern China paid tribute to the Huns. However, in the 1st century, the Han Empire created strong mounted armies capable of fighting the nomads. At the same time, methods of diplomacy, bribery of tribal leaders, and their disunity were used. They turned out to be quite effective, the Huns suffered serious defeats by the middle of the 1st century, and their tribal union split. Some of the Hunnic tribes recognized themselves as tributaries of China, some migrated to the west, to the steppes of Kazakhstan, and then to the shores of the Caspian and Azov seas, pushing back the tribes who lived here, in particular the Goths and Alans.
Beginning of the Great Migration
In the 2nd century, global climate change began, with a cooling event that reached its maximum in the 5th century. During the so-called small ice age In the south, the onset of deserts began; in the north, the area became swampy, and the nature of the vegetation changed. These changes had a great impact on the life of the peoples of Eurasia.
The struggle for land between nomadic tribes intensified. The Huns began to move west and south, resuming attacks on China. The Han Empire found it much more difficult to resist their onslaught.
Climate change caused a drop in crop yields, a reduction in cultivated areas in China, famine, the spread of vagrancy, cases of cannibalism were accompanied by epidemics, including the plague. The number of uprisings and food riots increased. The population blamed the emperor and officials for their disasters. In 184, China was engulfed by the uprising of the “Yellow Turbans,” which was barely suppressed by 208. ».
His main slogan was the demand for a new, happy life. Yellow was considered its symbol.
From the middle of the 2nd to the middle of the 3rd century, due to famine, epidemics and uprisings, the size of the tax-paying population of China decreased from 50 million to 7.5 million people. The small peasantry was completely ruined, only “strong houses” survived, which switched to subsistence farming. The authorities were forced to collect taxes in kind (grain and handicraft products). Money was abolished, having lost its significance as a means of exchange.
The military leaders who gained great influence during the fight against the uprising ceased to take into account the imperial court. The ensuing struggle for power led to the collapse of the Han Empire, on the ruins of which three independent states. At the same time, climate change has increased economic importance southern China, where highly productive agriculture remains possible.
Under the blows of nomadic tribes and due to the deterioration of agricultural conditions, by the 3rd century the states of Central Asia (Kyshan Empire and Khorezm) fell into decay. The Parthian kingdom collapsed, and the state of the Sassanid dynasty arose on its lands.
To the least extent climate change and raids affected India, only its northern part was engulfed by waves of raids.
The emergence of Christianity
Christian teaching originated in the Judean province of the Roman Empire, where the majority of the population were Jews who professed one of the religions of salvation - Judaism.
Judea repeatedly experienced invasions by the conquerors of the Egyptians, Assyrians, Persians, Macedonians, and Romans. The Jews considered themselves a special, chosen people and hoped that the one God, Yahweh, would send them a savior, the Messiah, who would punish their offenders. However, when Jesus Christ(now science recognizes that he was a real historical figure), who called himself the Son of God, began to preach his teachings, performing miracles, Yahweh’s followers considered him an impostor, posing as the Messiah. They did not accept the teachings of Jesus. He argued that people of all nationalities, poor and rich, are equal before God, and called for mercy on enemies and forgiveness.
At the insistence of the high priests of the Jewish church, Jesus was accused of blasphemy and sentenced by the Roman authorities to crucifixion. Subsequently, the cross became a symbol of Christianity.
The disciples carried the body of Jesus to a tomb carved into the rock. According to the New Testament, on the third day after his death, Jesus returned to the world and left covenants with his disciples. These covenants play a special role in Christian doctrine.
The death of the Son of God was considered by Christians as a Great Sacrifice, which the Creator made as a sign of reconciliation with people, showing that their suffering and experiences were close and understandable to him. The resurrection was supposed to free people from the fear of physical death and encourage them to primarily care about spiritual life. According to Christian views, not only observance of church rituals, but also humility and non-resistance to evil by force opens a person’s way to the Kingdom of God. Belonging to him gives consolation from everyday hardships during life and salvation of the soul after death. Christians believed that when all people come to the Kingdom of God and live according to the covenants of Jesus, he will return in a halo of glory (second coming) to judge sinners and have mercy on the righteous .
In the I - II centuries. Christian teaching gradually spread both in Asian countries and in the Roman Empire. It was initially especially popular among the poorest segments of the population and slaves.
Questions and tasks
1. Indicate the demographic and climatic factors that led to the Great Migration.
2. Describe the social structure of the tribes that the Romans called “barbarians.” How natural conditions influenced the peculiarities of farming of the Germanic tribes? What prerequisites for the formation of statehood took place in the tribal associations of “barbarians”?
3. Compare the lifestyle of nomadic and sedentary tribes. Why did the Huns displace agricultural tribes from their habitats? Explain the reasons why the states of Central Asia and China could not resist the invasion of the Huns.
4. Tell us about the emergence and spread of Christianity. Which segments of the population of the Roman Empire became followers of the new faith?
Zaladin N.V., Simonia N.A. , Story. History of Russia and the world from ancient times to late XIX century: Textbook for grade 10 general education institutions. - 8th ed. - M.: LLC TID Russian Word - RS., 2008.
Calendar-thematic planning in history, video on history online, Geography at school
teachers of history and social studies at Staroanninsky secondary school, Novoanninsky district
Volgograd region
Danilina Galina Alexandrovna
Detailed lesson plan in 10th grade based on the textbook Zagladina N.V., Simonia N.A. General history from ancient times to the end of the 19th century. – M.: LLC “TID” Russian word- R S", 2009.
Lesson topic: “Changing the conditions for the development of the peoples of Eurasia” (p. 12).
History extracurricular activity event.
Creative report.
Lesson topic: “Changing conditions for the development of the peoples of Eurasia.”
Lesson objectives: 1. Students need to get an idea of what
The 2nd-4th centuries were a time of change associated with the Great Migration of Peoples.
2. Students must characterize the factors that led to the Great Migration of Peoples, the social way of the “barbarians”, highlight the features of farming, compare the lifestyle of nomadic and sedentary tribes; reveal the essence of Christianity and indicate the reasons for its popularity among the poor.
3. Students work with a map, educational text, message. (a message about the emergence of Christianity is given to the learner in advance).
Equipment: Textbook, map “The Great Migration of Peoples”.
Memo " Algorithm for revealing the development of tribes.”
Homework: paragraph 12, questions, map, notes.
Lesson type: learning new material.
Lesson plan.
Comparative characteristics of the lifestyle of sedentary and nomadic tribes.
The Great Migration of Nations and its consequences.
The history of the emergence of Christianity and its essence.
The teacher names the tasks facing the students in this lesson.
Algorithm for revealing the development of tribes.
The influence of natural conditions on economic development.
Features of farming.
Development of forms of ownership.
Lifestyle.
Prerequisites for the formation of statehood.
To summarize: at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. e. The ancient Germans and other tribal unions (including Slavic) had the prerequisites for the emergence of a state. They caused the disintegration of the tribal system.
And what changes occur at this time among nomadic peoples?
To answer this question, students are tasked with comparing the lifestyles of nomadic and sedentary tribes.
Further work continues with the algorithm for studying tribes according to the second paragraph of the textbook “Nomadic Tribes of Asia and China.” Students make the necessary notes in notebooks, and then orally conduct a comparative analysis of the lifestyle of nomadic and sedentary peoples. As the discussion progresses, the teacher makes clarifications and additions. Students come to the conclusion that both nomadic peoples and sedentary peoples underwent similar processes of statehood formation.
One of the most powerful nomadic peoples of this period, the Huns took an active part in the Great Migration of Peoples, which began in the III-IV centuries. n. e. The task is posed: how did this event influence the development of the peoples of Europe and Asia? During the conversation with the class, the second question “The Beginning of the Great Migration of Peoples” is studied:
Remember why this stage in the development of peoples and states received such a name?
What demographic and climatic factors led to the Great Migration? After the teacher explained about climate change - the Little Ice Age, famine, epidemics, uprisings in China (the "Yellow Turban" uprising of 184-208)
What are the reasons why the states of Central Asia and China could not resist the invasion of the Huns?
On the territory of the Roman Empire, many changes were also taking place in the economy, politics, and spiritual life. In the Judean province of the Roman state in the 1st century AD. e. Christian teaching was born.
Class assignment - based on the message, write down the main tenets of Christian doctrine and answer the question: which segments of the population of the Roman Empire became followers of the new faith and why?
After hearing the message, the disciples respond that at first Christianity was especially popular among the poor and slaves because it met their aspirations.
At the end of the lesson, students summarize their activities in learning new material. The conclusion is made about the Great Migration of Peoples as a time of major changes in the life of European and Asian tribes and states; the consequences of these changes are reflected in the settlement of peoples, their way of life, and culture.
Extracurricular history event for high school.
Historical KVN.
Goals: broaden horizons, supplement material school curriculum, promote the development of a sustainable interest in history, teach how to compare facts; continue to develop teamwork skills.
Design: 1) Dates are placed on the board,
2) names of historical figures interspersed with task No. 3,
3) names on the sheets for task No. 4.
The class is divided into 3 teams.
Categories:
Chronological tasks.
Catchphrases.
Names.
Did they live?
Unsent dispatches.
Pranks.
Crossword.
Summing up.
The teams introduce themselves. Each team determines who will work at the board with dates, and at this time the rest of the team members complete task No. 2.
I Chronological tasks.
| I team | II team | III team |
| 1) 1242 - | 1) 1380 - | 1) 862 - |
| 2) 882 - | 2) 1649- | 2) 1480 - |
| 3) 1147 - | ||
| 4) 1097 g,- | 3) 1709 - | 3) 1812- |
| 4) 1881- | 4) 1861- |
|
| 5) 1914- | ||
| 5) 1905- | 5) 1918- |
II Catchphrases (in what cases are they spoken?)
| 1 team | 2nd team | Team 3 |
| 1. Hannibal at the gates. | 1. Draconian laws. | 1. Between Scylla and Charybdis. |
| 2. And you, Brutus! | 2. Go to Canossa. | 2. Trojan horse. |
| 3. Augean stables. | 3. Achilles' heel. | 3. Pyrrhic victory. |
The names of historical characters are written in advance on the board.
Teams must match the names and passages to descriptions of their lives and activities.
III Do you know their names?
1. The only literate peasant in the village of Bezdna Kazanskaya
province, having read the tsarist law on the abolition of serfdom, he told his fellow villagers that the “real will” was being hidden from them, that in fact the whole land should go to the people. For this he was put on trial and shot.
2. An outstanding fighter against slavery in America, the son of a poor farmer, who lived a difficult life, was elected President of the United States in 1860. He was killed in 1865.
4. A great fighter for the liberation and unification of Italy, a man of exceptional courage and inexhaustible energy. Refused the post of head of state.
One of the leaders of the French Revolution, a doctor by profession, fought for decisive revolutionary action and published the newspaper “Friend of the People,” beloved by the workers.
He led the American army, which fought for freedom in 1775-1783. against England. A talented commander, he became the first president of the United States.
In 1882, he translated Marx’s “Manifesto...” into Russian, and the following year he created the first Marxist group “Emancipation of Labor” in Geneva.
8. Founder and head of the Southern Society of Decembrists, author of the “Russian Truth” program. Executed along with other Decembrists in July 1826.
9. Favorite writer of the youth of his time. Author of the stories “The Thieving Magpie” and “Who is to Blame?” While living abroad, he published the newspaper “Bell” and the almanac “Polar Star”, in which he denounced serfdom.
Names: Ignatius Grinevitsky, Abraham: Lincoln, P. I. Pestel,
Jean Paul Marat, Anton Petrov, G. V. Plekhanov, A. I. Herzen,
George Washington, Giuseppe Garibaldi.
IV Did they live?
Sheets with names are hung on the board; teams must determine which of them existed in reality.
| 1 team | 2nd team | Team 3 |
| Hammurabi | Poseidon | Dionysus |
| Cheops | Hercules | Herodotus |
| Apollo | Spartacus | Democritus |
| Set | Odysseus | Pericles |
| Solon | Thutmose III | Prometheus |
V Unsent dispatches.
Teams receive envelopes with messages. They must establish who, when and in connection with what could have sent each of these reports.
| 1 team | 2nd team | Team 3 |
| 1.Moscow is burning. No people are visible. Cold. Hungry. 2. Bring the troops to full readiness. Publish the Manifesto. 3. The impregnable fortress was taken. The enemy was defeated. Russia is a Black Sea power. | 1. Huge hordes are drawn to the city. From the creaking of wheels and the neighing of horses, no human voice can be heard. 2. He went out to the Neva with his squad. The militia is keeping pace. 3. We founded a good shipyard in Voronezh, we are building good galleys. Azov will be taken. | 1. We passed Yaroslavl. Replenishment has arrived. Let's go liberate Moscow. 2. The enemy is completely defeated. His generals were captured. Karl himself is wounded. 3. The troops were brought to the square. Where is Trubetskoy? |
VI Draws.
Teams determine a historical fact based on a humorous question.
VII Crossword.
1. Peter. 2. Nikolai. 3. Mikhail. 4. Ekaterina. 5. Alexander. 6. Konstantin. 7. Pavel. 8. Son. Keyword: ROMANOVS.
Crossword
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
This tsar became famous for his numerous reforms, thanks to which Russia entered a new path of development.
The name of the last Tsar of Russia.
Name the first king of the Romanov dynasty, who was crowned king on March 14, 1613.
Under this queen, Russia experienced an “era of enlightened absolutism.”
Name the king who became famous for freeing the peasants.
Who was supposed to take the throne after the death of Alexander I, but refused in order to enter into an unequal marriage.
Son Peter III and Catherine II, strengthened absolute power, introduced strict censorship and supported domestic producers.
Who was Peter I related to Alexei Mikhailovich?
Summing up
Answers: I Chronological tasks.
1242 - Battle of the Ice, 1380 - Battle of Kulikovo,
882 – foundation Kievan Rus, 1649 - Cathedral Code,
1147 - foundation of Moscow, 1709 - Battle of Poltava,
1097 - Lyubech Congress, 1881 - assassination of Alexander II
1914 – beginning of World War I. 1905 – Bloody Sunday.
862 – Calling of the Varangians,
1480 – Standing on the Ugra,
1812 – Battle of Borodino,
1861 – abolition of serfdom,
1918 – end of World War I.
II Catchphrases
Team
Danger is near
Vile betrayal
Cluttered, dirty place.
Team
Cruel laws
Go for humiliation
Weak, vulnerable place.
Team
To be between two dangers
A gift with intention
Victory equals defeat.
III Do you know their names?
Anton Petrov,
Abraham Lincoln
Ignatius Grinevitsky,
Giuseppe Garibaldi,
Jean Paul Marat,
George Washington
G. V. Plekhanov,
P. I. Pestel,
A. I. Herzen.
Lived: Hammurabi, Cheops, Solon, Spartacus, Thutmose III, Herodotus, Democritus, Pericles.
V Unsent dispatches
Moscow fire during Patriotic War 1812
Decembrist uprising.
Russian-Turkish War 1787-1791, Suvorov A.V.
Capture of Kyiv by Batu Khan.
Battle of the Neva, Prince Alexander Yaroslavich.
Peter I, before the second Azov campaign.
People's militia of 1612, Minin and Pozharsky.
Peter I, Battle of Poltava.
Uprising on Senate Square 1825
England, XVI century
This is the same city.
According to feudal
At Kozelsk.
Khan of the Golden Horde.
About Nicolaus Copernicus.
This is the same city.
Ivan Kalita, XIV century.
Battle of the Ice 1242
Learning new material:
Today in class we will look at a new topic: “Changing conditions for the development of the peoples of Eurasia.” Let's look at the main points in the development of the peoples of Eurasia. Let us remember why the Great Migration of Peoples occurred and how Christianity arose.
Students write down the topic of the lesson in their notebooks.
stage of goal setting and motivation:
Plan for learning new material:
The peoples of Europe at the beginning of the new era
Nomadic tribes of Asia and China
Beginning of the Great Migration
The emergence of Christianity
The study of the first question, “The peoples of Europe at the beginning of the new era,” is based on working with the text according to the memo. Students characterize the social structure and features of the economic development of the Germanic tribes (“barbarians”) at the beginning of our era.
Algorithm for revealing the development of tribes.
The influence of natural conditions on economic development.
Features of farming.
Development of forms of ownership.
Lifestyle.
Prerequisites for the formation of statehood.
To summarize: at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD. e. The ancient Germans and other tribal unions (including Slavic) had the prerequisites for the emergence of a state. They caused the disintegration of the tribal system.
And what changes occur at this time among nomadic peoples?
One of the most powerful nomadic peoples of this period, the Huns took an active part in the Great Migration of Peoples, which began in the III-IV centuries. n. e. The task is posed: how did this event influence the development of the peoples of Europe and Asia?
During the conversation with the class, the second question “The Beginning of the Great Migration of Peoples” is studied:
Remember why this stage in the development of peoples and states received such a name?
What demographic and climatic factors led to the Great Migration? After the teacher explained about climate change - the Little Ice Age, famine, epidemics, uprisings in China (the "Yellow Turban" uprising of 184-208)
What are the reasons why the states of Central Asia and China could not resist the invasion of the Huns?
Students conclude that under the blows of nomadic tribes, the states of Central Asia (Kushan kingdom and Khorezm) fell into decay, and the Parthian kingdom collapsed. Nomads began to threaten European peoples.
On the territory of the Roman Empire, many changes were also taking place in the economy, politics, and spiritual life. In the Judean province of the Roman state in the 1st century AD. e. Christian teaching was born.
Question for students:
Which segments of the population of the Roman Empire became followers of the new faith and why?
Religious beliefs in Ancient world before the emergence of Christianity. Religion of Rome.
The Gospel is a sacred book about the life of Jesus Christ.
The first Christians in Rome.
Spread and adoption of Christianity.
Religious beliefs in the ancient world before the rise of Christianity. Religion of Rome.
What beliefs did the ancient peoples of the world have? What united them? What is paganism?
Who did the ancient Romans worship, they conclude that
IN Ancient Rome The gods protecting the family were especially revered: the goddess Vesta (goddess of the hearth and fire), Lares (patron spirits of the family, clan, crossroads, city), Penates (patron gods of the hearth). It is known that the Romans could worship not only their own, but also eastern gods. Students are asked to explain why interest in Eastern beliefs was particularly widespread during imperial times. Next, schoolchildren will learn that in Ancient Rome a temple dedicated to all gods was erected - the Pantheon, where everyone could pray to their revered god.
What was evidence of government control over religious beliefs? What was the name of the position of the High Priest? Which emperors who held this position do you know?
What people believed in one god and when did this belief originate?
What did the Jews call their god? What was the name of the holy book of the Jews?
The Gospel is a sacred book about the life of Jesus Christ.
A new religion, Christianity, also arose in Judea. Judea in the 1st century AD e. was a Roman province, they determine on the map the location of Jerusalem and Nazareth - the cities where Christianity was born, as well as the birthplace of Jesus Christ - Bethlehem. Students are introduced to a new concept – the Gospel. When Jesus Christ grew up, his destiny was revealed to him - to be a preacher of goodness and love for people. The painting “Christ in the Desert” by artist I. N. Kramskoy depicts the moment when Jesus makes a difficult decision: to follow this destiny, to devote his whole life to bringing people words of goodness and mercy. It was a choice of the difficult path of selfless service to people in a world where there was a lot of violence, cruelty, and lies. Jesus and his 12 disciples (apostles) in different cities addressed the people, urging them to take care of their souls by doing good deeds. Most known to people became his Sermon on the Mount.
The first Christians in Rome.
The teachings of Christ were not forgotten after his execution on the cross. His students continued to bring the ideas of their teacher to people. They argued that Christ, the son of God, would return to Earth. The first followers of Christ were the inhabitants of Rome - the poor people of Rome. Among the Christians there were also people from noble families.
Who were called Christians?
Why did the Roman authorities persecute Christians?
Spread and adoption of Christianity
Over time, statesmen in power began to accept the Christian faith. Roman Emperor Constantine in 313 AD. e. made Christianity official religion states. (Konstantinov's gift).
Subsequently, the Christian religion began to spread, first in Europe, and then in other parts of the world.
Why did the pagan beliefs of ancient peoples become a thing of the past, and the Christian religion exists today?
Conclusion:
Thus, the Great Migration was a time of major changes in the life of European and Asian tribes and states; the consequences of these changes were reflected in the settlement of peoples, their way of life, and culture.
2 slide
STUDY QUESTIONS. ADVANCE OF THE BARBARIANS IN EURASIA. DECLINE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. REASONS FOR THE DECLINE OF ROME
3 slide
BASIC TERMS AND CONCEPTS. GREAT MIGRATION OF PEOPLES, BARBARIANS, HUNS, CHRISTIANITY, SOLDIER EMPERORS, COLONA, GOTHES, VANDALS, WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE, EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE,
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THE PEOPLES OF EUROPE IN THE 1st-2nd centuries -- THE TOTAL NUMBER OF THE WORLD WAS 250 MILLION. HUMAN. MAIN PART IN EURASIA. IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE ABOUT 50 MILLION. PEOPLE, THE SAME IN CHINA, IN INDIA – 40 MILLION. FOR SEVERAL MILLIONS IN AMERICA, AFRICA AND SOUTH-EAST ASIA ON THE NORTHERN BORDERS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE ALONG THE RHINE AND DANUBE, CELTIC AND GERMAN TRIBES LIVED, AND TO THE EAST THE SLAVS AND FINNO-UGRIANS. BETWEEN THE DANUBE AND THE DNIEPR THE READY TRIBES. THE POPULATION OF CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE IS ONLY 5 MILLION. THE GERMANS PROVIDED STRONG RESISTANCE TO THE ROMAN LEGIONS, WHO CALLED THEM BARBARIANS (THAT DON'T UNDERSTAND LATIN). THE TRIBES OF EUROPE WERE FARMERS LEADING IN SUBSTANCE FARMING. POWER WAS IN THE HANDS OF THE TRIBAL NOBLE AND MILITARY LEADERS OF THE *KINGS.” THEIR POWER BECAME HEREDITARY.
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NOMADIC TRIBES OF ASIA AND CHINA. EURASIA (FROM DANUBE TO JUAN JE) THE TYPE OF ECONOMY OF THE LIVING TRIBES WAS DETERMINED BY NATURAL CONDITIONS. THERE WAS NOMADIC FARMING IN THE STEPPE. THE RELATIONS OF THE NOMADS WITH THE AGRICULTURAL TRIBES WERE NOT SIMPLE. IN RESPONSE TO RAIDS, ANCIENT EMPIRES ORGANIZED EXPEDITIONS, BUT WITHOUT SUCCESS. THE NOMADS HAD PERMANENT SETTLEMENTS AND FORCED PRISONERS TO GROW MILLET. THE MAIN WEALTH WERE CATTLE AND SLAVES. THE PROPERTY DISTRIBUTION WAS SIGNIFICANT. THE LARGEST NOMADIC UNION AT THE BEGINNING OF THE NEW ERA WERE THE HUNS. UNION OF THE HUNS FROM 24 TRIBES. POSITED A SERIOUS THREAT TO CHINA. THE POPULATION OF CHINA PAID TRIBUTES TO THEM. IN THE 1ST CENTURY, THE HAN EMPIRE CREATED CAVALRY AND DEFAULTED THE GUNS. PART OF THEM RECOGNIZED THE AUTHORITY OF THE EMPIRE. AND OTHERS WENT TO THE WEST.
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THE BEGINNING OF THE GREAT MIGRATION OF PEOPLES IN THE 2ND CENTURY AS A RESULT OF CLIMATE CHANGE, A COOLING OCCURRED THAT REACHED A MAXIMUM BY THE 5TH CENTURY. THIS AFFECTED PEOPLE'S ENTIRE LIVES. AS A RESULT OF CLIMATE CHANGE, THE ADVANCE OF DESERTS AND SWAMPS IN THE NORTH BEGAN. HUNN ATTACKS ON THE HAN EMPIRE RESUMED. IN CHINA, THE REDUCTION IN GROWING AREA CAUSED HUNGER. POPULATION HAS REDUCED FROM 50 MILLION. UP TO 7.5 MIL. THE EMERGING STRUGGLE FOR POWER AND THE PEASANT UPRISING LEAD TO THE DESTRUCTION OF THE EMPIRE. UNDER THE IMPACTS OF THE NOMADS, THE STATES OF CENTRAL ASIAN CAME TO DECLINE. THE PARTHIAN KINGDOM FALLED. INDIA WAS LEAST AFFECTED BY RAIDS AND CLIMATE CHANGES.
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THE RISE OF CHRISTIANITY. CHRISTIANITY ORIGINED IN JUDEA, A PROVINCE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. THE JEWS DID NOT ACCEPT THE TEACHINGS OF CHRIST, WHO WERE CONSIDERED AS THE MESSIAH (SAVIOR). HE CLAIMED THAT PEOPLE OF ALL NATIONALITIES, POOR, RICH, ARE EQUAL BEFORE GOD, AND CALLED TO SHOW MERCY TO THEIR ENEMIES, TO FORGIVE THEM. AT THE INSISTENCE OF THE HIGH PRIESTS OF THE JUDIAN CHURCH HE WAS CRUCIFIED ON THE CROSS. THE DISCIPLES TRANSFERED HIS BODY TO THE CAVE. ACCORDING TO THE NEW TESTAMENT, ON THE THIRD DAY AFTER DEATH HE RISED UP AND LEFT HIS COVENANTS TO THE DISCIPLES. HIS DEATH IS AS A SACRIFICE FOR THE SINS OF PEOPLE. ACCORDING TO CHRISTIANITY, ONLY HUMILITY OPENES THE WAY TO THE KINGDOM OF GOD. IN THE 1st – 2nd CENTURIES, CHRISTIANITY GOT WIDESPREAD IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE AMONG THE POOR POPULATION AND SLAVES.
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DECLINE OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. GOLDEN AGE OF ROME. CRISIS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE. CHRISTIANITY IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE. THE FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE.
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THE GOLDEN AGE OF ROME THE SHOCKS THAT GRAVED ASIA DID NOT SPEND THE ROMAN EMPIRE, BUT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 2nd CENTURY IT REACHED ITS POWER. ROMAN CULTURE RECEIVED HUGE DEVELOPMENT. VIRGIL, HORACE, JUVENALS, LUCIAN - THESE NAMES WENT INTO HISTORY FOREVER. THE PHILOSOPHY OF STOICISM WAS DEVELOPED: SENECA, EPICTETUS, MARCUS AURELIUS.
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CRISIS OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE CRISIS OF THE EMPIRE BY THE END OF THE 2ND CENTURY, CLIMATE CHANGES HIT THE ROMAN EMPIRE. DESERTS UNDERMINED THE ECONOMIES OF NORTH AFRICA, COLD COLD HIT HIT ITALY, GAUL, AND SPAIN. THE PLAGUE, UPRISING OF SLAVES AND PEASANTS, DIFFICULTIES WITH TAXES RESULTED IN CIVIL WARS. THE SOLDIER EMPERORS CHANGED IN POWER. IN THESE CONDITIONS, LAND OWNERS EMPERORS BEGAN TO ALLOW LAND TO VETERANS - LEGIONARIES, LAND OWNERS ALLOWED SLAVES FREE LAND SLAVES AND COLUMN DID NOT PAY TAXES, ALL CALCULATIONS TOOK THE OWNER OF THE LAND. INSTEAD OF TRADE, IN-KIND EXCHANGE. THE BASIS OF THE ECONOMY BECOMED HUGE ESTATES, WHICH CRAFT CENTERS ARISE. THESE CHANGES LEAD TO POLITICAL STABILIZATION. THE COLUMNS BECAME THE MAIN SOURCE OF SOLDIERS FOR THE ARMY. UNDER DIOCLETIAN (284 – 305) THE POWER OF THE EMPIRE WAS RESTORED. THE ENTIRE POPULATION RECEIVED CITIZEN RIGHTS. THE EMPIRE INTO FOUR PARTS: GAUL, ITALY, ILLYRIA AND THE EAST. DIOCLETIAN TOOK GOVERNMENT OF THE EAST, AND HIS SUCCESSOR CONSTANTINE BYZANTIUS
Lesson objectives: Identify the causes of the Great Migration; characterize the social structure and economic life of the Germanic tribes. Continue to develop students’ skills in analyzing historical information presented in different sign systems(text, map, table, diagram).
Rock type: combined.
Basic concepts and terms: The Great Migration of Peoples, Christianity.
Lesson progress Checking homework.
Questions: Tell us about Rome’s subjugation of Italy. What are the characteristics of Rome during the Republican period? Tell us about civil wars in Rome in the 1st century BC. gt;. Studying a new topic.
PLAN Peoples of Europe. Nomadic tribes of Asia and China. The beginning of the Great Migration. The emergence of Christianity.
L Peoples of Europe. Nomadic tribes of Asia and China.
At the beginning of studying a new topic, the teacher organizes the students’ work with a map and a textbook.
Exercise:
- Name the features public organization Germanic tribes. Describe the way of life of the nomadic tribes of Asia. The beginning of the Great Migration.
The teacher organizes a discussion of the problem “The Great Migration” with a story.
The first millennium of European history is full of important events related to the crisis of the Roman state and the beginning of the resettlement of nomadic tribes.
Many peoples, in search of new habitats and easy money, left their homes and “embarked on those great and fabulous journeys that laid the foundation for the formation of peoples in ancient and modern Europe.”
The Roman Empire, torn apart by internal contradictions, became the object of the aspirations of barbarian tribes. At first they were the Germans, who were replaced by the Huns, and later by the Avars and Slavs.
During the Great Migration of Peoples, the death of ancient civilization and the fall of the Roman Empire occurred. In its western part, “barbarian kingdoms” were formed, created by the Germans. In the eastern Byzantine Empire, resigned to the loss of a significant part of its territory south of the Danube, occupied by the Slavs (and partly by the Turkic-speaking Bulgarians).
During the Migration, the Germans and Slavs settled over a vast territory from Britain, Gaul and Spain to the Gulf of Finland, the Upper Volga and the Don. A new medieval civilization was formed. As a result of the mixing of the Latinized population of the former Roman provinces with barbarians, Romanesque peoples were formed.
All this significantly affected the ethnic map of Europe: many peoples disappeared from the face of the earth. The political and ethnic map of Europe, formed after the Great Migration, basically continues to exist to this day, because the history of Europe no longer knew geopolitical metamorphoses similar to the Great Migration.
A systematic study of the Great Migration of Peoples allows us to define it as a special period of historical development, when in a significant historical space (no longer Antiquity, but not yet the Middle Ages), limited by a specific chronological framework (II-VII centuries) and a certain territory (Europe, Asia, Africa) ), the interaction between barbarism and civilization reached its most intense phase.
The result of this interaction as a consequence of the interpenetration and mutual destruction of the Roman and barbarian worlds was the emergence of a new type of civilization.
What caused the displacement of entire peoples for such significant distances? To the Sh-GU centuries. n. e. the population of barbarians increased to such an extent that they began to lack land.
The territory of the Roman Empire, which had fertile lands, became the target of constant attacks. The same reasons forced the steppe dwellers to look for new lands for pasture.
There are other explanations for the reasons for the migration of nomadic peoples. Some scientists believe that the reasons lie in economic and social processes nomadic societies. These are, first of all, the overpopulation of the steppe for extensive nomadic cattle breeding, the growth of social contradictions, and the need to replenish the meager economy by raiding agricultural communities and cities.
The Great Migration of Peoples is divided into three stages. The first (GG-GU centuries) is “Germanic”. Second (GU-V centuries) - “Hunnic”. The third stage (VI-UGG centuries) is “Slavic”. The stages of the Resettlement differ in the nature of the ethnic composition of the participants in the Resettlement, the position of the migrating tribes, the main emphasis of confrontation and interaction, the direction of migrations and their results.
Questions:
- What factors led to the Great Migration? Express your point of view on the causes of the Great Migration. The emergence of Christianity.
Students study the question of the emergence of Christianity independently, relying on the text of the textbook and additional information.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR STUDENTS
The emergence of Christianity.
Since the time of Emperor Augustus, the worship of eastern gods began to spread in Rome. The most popular goddess was the Egyptian Isis, the mother of the baby Horus. Temples were erected to her in Rome, in the cities of Italy, and even on the edge of the Roman circle of lands - in Britain. The expectation of a dying and resurrecting savior god spread throughout the empire. Even the Roman emperors began to be called saviors and were given divine honors.
During the reign of Augustus, an event occurred in distant Judea that few people noticed at first. However, it had a huge impact on the entire future of humanity.
The young Jewish woman Mary gave birth to a boy who was named Jesus. Later he will be called the Son of God and Christ - the Messiah (anointed), the messenger of God. Our era will begin from the birth of Christ, and modern reckoning will begin.
Judea is the southern part of Palestine. In the 1st century BC. e. The Romans conquered Judea, but retained the power of the local king there. The story of Jesus Christ takes place in Judea during the time of Emperors Augustus and Tiberius during the reign of King Herod. The Romans did not pursue ancient religion Jews, the highest council of Jewish priests, the Sanhedrin, was preserved.
He was in charge of internal affairs. The supreme administration of Judea was carried out by the Roman governor - the procurator. Galilee, where Jesus was born, is the northern region of Judea. Here was the town of Bethlehem, where, as the Jews believed, the Messiah (in Greek - Christ) would be born.
Scientists have argued for many years about whether Jesus Christ really lived or whether information about him is legendary. Now scientists have come to the conclusion that Jesus lived and preached his teachings in Judea.
The life of Jesus Christ and the foundations of his teachings are set out in the four Gospels (“Gospel” in Greek - Good News). The authors of the Gospels were the evangelists Matthew, Mark and Luke and the Apostle John the Theologian. Christ is also reported in the Epistles of the Apostles, which, like the Gospels, are included in the New Testament. New Testament- This is part of the Bible - the Holy Scriptures of Christians.
Christians believe that the Archangel Gabriel was sent by God to the Galilean city of Nazareth to the Virgin Mary, who was betrothed to the carpenter Joseph. The Archangel told Mary the good news that she would give birth to the Son of God.
During the Roman census, Mary and Joseph were to go to the city of Bethlehem. Here, on the night of December 24-25, baby Jesus was born. There was no room at the inn, so Mary gave birth to a son in a manger where there were domestic animals. The birth of Jesus the Savior was announced by the Star of Bethlehem. Three wise men from the East came to worship the divine child.
Forty days after his birth, Jesus, according to Jewish custom, was brought to the temple in Jerusalem. Here Elder Simeon recognized him as the Messiah. King Herod, fearing the predicted appearance of a new king of the Jews, ordered all the babies to be killed. Mary and her son and Joseph fled to Egypt. When Jesus was twelve years old, he arrived in Jerusalem with Mary and Joseph. Here he left them and went to the temple, where he amazed those present with his wise reasoning. In the temple, the boy Jesus called himself the Son of God.
Prophet John the Baptist (Baptist), who lived in the desert, predicted the appearance of Christ. He performed the baptism of Jesus, during which the Spirit of God descended on him in the form of a dove. After baptism, Jesus Christ begins preaching his teachings.
After his baptism, Jesus goes into the desert for forty days. Here he was tempted by the devil, but Jesus overcame all temptations.
Then Jesus began to preach his doctrine. He spoke to those gathered around him about great love God to people, about people’s love for God and the need to love each other. Only in faith and love can people become perfect.
Jesus urged people not to accumulate wealth. He taught not to judge other people and to treat others the way you want them to treat you.
Jesus was listened to by his disciples - the apostles (in Greek - messengers) and many people.
Jesus reveals to his disciples his destiny: to atone for the sins of men. Jesus performs various miracles and even raises the dead Lazarus.
Christ and his disciples went to Jerusalem. Before this, the Transfiguration took place. Jesus Christ appeared to his closest disciples in divine form, and the voice of God was heard from heaven: “This is my beloved son.”
Before the Jewish Passover, Jesus Christ rode into Jerusalem on a donkey. The people welcomed him as the king of the Jews, the Messiah, called to free the Jews from the power of the Romans.
The Jewish priests were frightened by the rejoicing of the people. They considered this poor preacher from Nazareth to be a violator of Jewish law, an impostor. They decided that Jesus should appear before the Sanhedrin for his trial.
On the eve of the trial, Jesus held his last meal with his disciples - the Last Supper. Having treated them to bread and wine, Jesus said that this was his body and blood. This was the first rite of communion.
Jesus revealed to the disciples that one of them would betray him. The night in the Garden of Gethsemane that followed the Last Supper was heavy and full of melancholy. Anticipating the inevitable, Jesus turned to God with a prayer to pass the cup of suffering past him. His tension was so great that he broke out in a bloody sweat.
The disciple of Christ, Judas Iscariot, became a traitor. He brought Roman soldiers. So that they would recognize Christ, Judas kissed him. Christ was taken into custody.
At the trial of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish high priests sentenced Christ to death because he openly declared that he was the Messiah. This sentence had to be approved by the Roman procurator Pontius Pilate.
Pilate was greatly impressed by the wisdom and dignity of the condemned man. He invited the gathered people to have mercy on Christ. However, the people, who had recently enthusiastically greeted Christ, chose the robber for pardon, and Christ was sentenced to crucifixion.
Crucifixion was a Roman execution for outcasts, slaves, and beggars. Christ was scourged. The Roman guards mocked him. They put a crown of thorns on Christ, mocking the king of the Jews, as the believers called him. The wounded Christ himself had to carry his cross to the place of crucifixion - Golgotha. Simon of Cyrene took pity on him and helped him.
The guards crucified Christ by driving nails into his hands and feet and then left him to die on the cross. Two robbers were crucified next to him. One of them mocked Christ, and the other recognized him as the Lord. Christ promised the prudent thief that he would go to heaven with him today.
A few hours later Christ died. Darkness suddenly fell on the earth, the sacred curtain in the Jerusalem temple was torn, and the earth shook. The Roman soldiers, who had recently mocked Christ, were horrified.
The body of Christ was taken down from the cross, wrapped in a shroud and buried in a cave. The entrance to it was blocked with a heavy stone. When on the third day Mary Magdalene and the myrrh-bearing virgins came to the burial place. she saw that the stone at the entrance had been rolled away, and the body of Christ had disappeared. Christ appeared to her, but she mistook him for a gardener.
On the road to the town of Emmaus, the risen Christ talked with the disciples he met. The Apostle Thomas even plunged his fingers into his wounds to make sure that the Teacher was in front of him.
Christians believe that Christ atoned for all human sins by dying on the cross. Thus, he saved humanity and every person, opening the way to eternal life. For this Christ is called the Savior.
Forty days later Christ ascended to heaven. Christians believe that at the end of time, Jesus Christ will appear on earth again and will carry out Last Judgment.
From the New Testament we know that Christ appointed the apostles to preach his teaching. The apostles were simple, unlearned people. When, as Christians believe, the Holy Spirit descended on them, they spoke different languages.
The Apostle Peter first preached in Jerusalem and then went to Rome. Here he gathered the Christian community. The Apostle Peter is considered the founder of the Christian Church. According to legend, the Apostle Peter, being not a very brave man, was afraid of persecution and left Rome. On the Appian Way he sat down to rest. At this time Christ appeared before him. The Apostle asked him: “Where are you going, Lord?” Christ answered: “I am going to Rome to be crucified again.” Peter was ashamed of his weakness and returned to Rome, where he suffered martyrdom on the cross. St. Peter's Basilica was later erected at the site of his execution.
The Apostle Paul did a lot to spread Christianity. During the life of Christ he was not his disciple. The Jew Saul, that was the name of the future apostle before baptism, persecuted Christians. One day on his way to Damascus, where he was going to
arrest Christians. Christ appeared to Paul. This was a turning point in Paul's life. He became a tireless preacher of Christianity and organized Christian communities. Paul proclaimed universal equality in Christ: before God there is “neither Greek nor Jew, slave or free, male or female.” Paul was arrested and brought to Rome, where he was executed. As a Roman citizen, they could not crucify him and cut off his head.
The Apostle Andrew was the first to be called by Christ to be a disciple. For this he is called the First-Called. According to legend. Andrei preached in those lands where the Slavs later began to live. An ancient Russian chronicle tells that Andrei reached the place where Kyiv was founded several centuries later, and predicted that there would be a city adorned with many Christian churches. Andrew the First-Called is considered the baptist of Rus' and its patron saint.
The first communities arose in Judea and the East. In the second half of the 1st century they appeared in Rome and Italy. Those who belonged to the communities called each other brothers and sisters. Christians gathered for joint prayer and meals, which had a sacred meaning. The forms of Christian worship and everyday behavior of Christians, who had to strictly follow the gospel precepts, were just emerging.
Christianity was persecuted in Rome. The first persecution of Christians took place under Emperor Nero. During the Nero persecutions, the apostles Peter and Paul were executed. The first Christian communities hid in catacombs - underground caves. Here Christians gathered, here they set up modest prayer houses and buried their dead. The Roman catacombs have survived to this day and have been turned into museums.
During persecution, Christians were thrown to lions and other wild animals. They were tortured and executed, but they did not renounce their faith. IN I-III centuries BC e. Christianity has produced many holy martyrs.
Gradually, Christian communities grew. Everything entered into them more people, not only the poor, but also wealthy Romans of noble birth. From the communities arose the church - a special religious organization, uniting priests and ordinary believers - the laity. Subsequently, Christian temples - special buildings for worship - began to be called churches.
The highest Christian priests were bishops. The elders of Christian communities were presbyters. Their assistants were deacons.
The brutal persecution of Christians not only did not destroy the church, but, on the contrary, contributed to its strengthening. Consolidation of the studied material.
A conversation on issues is organized. How did natural conditions influence the characteristics of the economic life of the Germanic tribes? Why couldn't the states of Asia resist the invasion of the Huns? What segments of the population of the Roman Empire and why became followers of the new faith?
Homework: §11, questions.
