It was 1 million 436 thousand people; more than 55% of them live in the Chuvash Republic.
Chuvash language studied as a subject in the schools of the Chuvash Republic, some regions of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan, studied as a subject for one (two in some faculties) semester in a number of universities in Chuvashia (ChSU, ChSPU, ChGSHA, ChKI RUK). In the Chuvash Republic, regional radio and television programs are broadcast in the Chuvash language, and periodicals are published. Newspapers in some regions of Bashkortostan and Tatarstan are also published in the Chuvash language. Official office work in the republic is conducted in Russian.
Some researchers (for example, N. N. Poppe) define the Chuvash language and extinct related idioms as a transitional link between Mongolian and Turkic.
The Chuvash language is located on the periphery of the Turkic-speaking world and is marked by the most significant differences from the "general Turkic standard". The phonetics of the Chuvash language is characterized by the pronunciation R and l instead of h and w related Turkic languages (apparently, this is a reflection of the ancient state), the tendency towards the openness of the final syllable, as well as the system of different-placed longitude-force stress, characteristic of the upper dialect and which came from there into the literary language. Among the grammatical features is the presence of a special suffix plural -sem instead of available in all Turkic languages -lar(with phonetic variants), as well as special forms some tenses of the verb, cases, bases of demonstrative pronouns that do not coincide with the common Turkic ones. The phonetics, grammar and vocabulary of the Chuvash language reflected the influence of other Turkic languages, as well as Mongolian, Finno-Ugric, Iranian and Russian. In the context of widespread Chuvash-Russian bilingualism (according to the census, 88% of the Chuvashs are fluent in Russian), new Russian borrowings enter the vocabulary of the Chuvash language, preserving the Russian phonetic appearance.
The Chuvash language goes back to the ancient (4th-11th centuries) and Middle Bulgarian (13th-16th centuries) languages.
The ancient Bulgarian language is the language of the ancient Bulgarians (Bulgars) of the 7th-13th centuries, that is, before the invasion of the Mongols. It belongs to the Bulgar group of Turkic languages.
The Middle Bulgarian language is the language of the Bulgarians (Bulgars) of the XIII-XIV centuries. and up to the 16th century, when the ethnonym was first mentioned in the historical annals Chuvash. Judging by the surviving epitaphs on tombstones of the 2nd style, which appeared after the Mongol invasion, it is closest to the modern Chuvash language, with which it is united by a number of phonetic and morphological features: the correspondence of "r" and "l" to the common Turkic "z" and "sh" , the presence of two forms of ordinal numbers, the use of participial forms on -mouse/-mish(instead of the form on -en, -en/-gun, -gen) and forms on -sun/-sn(instead of forms on -ik/-y/-to. Bulgar borrowings are found in the vocabulary of the Mari, Udmurt, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Russian and other languages.
The modern literary Chuvash language was formed on the basis of a grassroots dialect, starting from the 70s of the XIX century. (Before this period, the old literary language based on the upper dialect was in use). The activities of I. Ya. Yakovlev and the Simbirsk Chuvash teacher's school (end of the 19th century) played a major role in the development of the literary language.
The linguistic landscape of the Chuvash language is quite homogeneous, the differences between the dialects are insignificant. Currently, the differences between dialects are even more leveled.
The absence of sharp differences between dialects turned out to be a favorable factor in the creation of a new Chuvash script and the development of written language norms. When developing lexical and grammar rules of the Chuvash literary language, preference was given to those means that, due to their reflection in traditional folklore genres, have become public property.
In the 1930s, the situation changed dramatically. The article on the state status of the Chuvash language is excluded from the Constitution of the Chuvash ASSR. According to the 1989 census, of all the Chuvash living on the territory of the former USSR, almost a fourth of them called a non-Chuvash language their native language, even in the Chuvash ASSR itself, the share of Chuvash who do not speak their native language was about 15%.
According to the Ministry of Education of Chuvashia, in the 2009-2010 academic year in the republic there were 65% of schools with Chuvash, 31% with Russian, 3% with Tatar languages learning. The Chuvash language was taught as a native language in 344 (325) Chuvash schools and as the state language - in all the rest 198. In grades 1-5 of the Chuvash, Tatar national schools, teaching was conducted in the native language. There are no Chuvash schools in the city of Alatyr, the city of Shumerlya and in the Poretsky district.
Before the abolition in 2007, the teaching of the native (non-Russian) language in the schools of the republic was carried out within the framework of the national-regional component. Although the level of knowledge of the Chuvash language by graduates of Russian-language schools remained very low, but, according to the former Minister of Education of the Chuvash Republic G.P. Chernova, she said in 2000, there is no need to increase the number of hours of teaching the Chuvash language in Russian-language schools.
In the Concept of the National School of the Chuvash Republic in modern system education and upbringing, approved by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic of June 1, 2000 No. 109 and invalidated by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Chuvash Republic of June 29, 2011 No. 263, the following definition of the national school is given: “The national school is a educational institution located on the territory of the Chuvash Republic in places of compact residence of representatives of different nationalities, implementing educational programs based on the principle of including students in their native ethno-cultural environment and containing an appropriate national-regional component” . Subsequently this definition was clarified in the Law of January 8, 1993 "On Education" in red. Law of October 18, 2004, where a national educational institution is an institution that implements educational programs based on the principle of including students in their native ethno-cultural environment and national traditions (Article 12.2) . The latest edition of the Law of the Czech Republic "On Education" does not contain the concept of "national school".
In 2017, the Irĕklĕkh society offered the leaders of the Chuvash Republic Mikhail Ignatiev, Ivan Motorin, Vladimir Filimonov to monitor the knowledge of the Chuvash language among state and municipal employees. An appeal was also sent to the address of the State Council of the Republic.
Half of the Chuvash people live outside the Chuvash Republic. In the second half of the XIX - early XX centuries. Several educational institutions were opened that trained primary school teachers and subject teachers for schools with the Chuvash language of instruction located outside the Chuvash Republic. They were liquidated by 1956, with the exception of the Chuvash branch of the Belebeevsky Pedagogical College, which lasted a little longer.
On October 28, 1868, the Simbirsk Chuvash teacher's school was opened in the city of Simbirsk. In 1917 it was transformed into the Simbirsk Chuvash teacher's seminary. In 1920 it was transformed into the Chuvash Institute of Public Education. In 1923, it was transformed into the Ulyanovsk Chuvash Pedagogical School named after. I. Ya. Yakovlev, which was liquidated in 1956 in connection with the transfer of education in national schools into Russian.
In 1874, at the Kazan Teachers' Seminary, NI Ilminsky opened the Kazan Chuvash Primary School and was the basic school for teaching seminary students. Many of its graduates entered the teacher's seminary. The school closed in the spring of 1918 due to the abolition of the teacher's seminary, closed in October 1922.
In October 1921, on the basis of the Chuvash pedagogical courses organized in November 1919, the Kazan Chuvash Pedagogical College was opened, which until 1923 had a branch in the village of Suncheleevo, Chistopol district. In 1930, the technical school was merged with the Tatar and Russian pedagogical technical schools of Kazan, in which the Chuvash department functioned until 1936.
On November 1, 1918, in Ufa, on the basis of three-year pedagogical courses, the Ufa Chuvash Teachers' Seminary was organized, which trained teachers for schools in the Chuvash villages of the Urals. On February 20, 1922, it was transformed into the Ural Chuvash Pedagogical College with a course of study of 4 years. In 1930, the technical school was transferred to the city of Belebey with the transition to a three-year course of study, with which a Mordovian branch was opened. In 1941, it was merged with the Belebeevsky Tatar Pedagogical College and became the Chuvash branch of the Belebeevsky Pedagogical School. At present, there is no Chuvash branch in the Belebeevsky Pedagogical College.
The lack of teaching staff was one of the reasons for the decrease in the level of knowledge of the Chuvash language among the Chuvash living outside the Chuvash Republic.
According to representatives of the Chuvash of the Ulyanovsk region, outside the Chuvash Republic there is a high need for teachers of the Chuvash language and literature:
In the first years of Soviet power, for the training of teachers of Chuvash schools, in addition to the pedagogical institute, pedagogical college and pedagogical schools on the territory of the Chuvash ASSR, special Chuvash educational establishments(pedagogical schools) were in Ulyanovsk, Samara, Kazan, Sengilei, Pokhvistnev, Belebey, Tetyushi, Aksubaev, etc. And all these pedagogical schools that trained specialists of the Chuvash ethnoculture were closed for last years The government of the "new" Russia. Newspapers were published in their native language, Chuvash theaters and choirs worked. The authorities are currently preparing to close the Chuvash language and literature department at Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, although the need for teachers of the Chuvash language and literature is great.
The linguistic study of the Chuvash language began in the 18th century, the first printed grammar appeared in (Veniamin Putsek-Grigorovich). The foundations of the scientific study of the Chuvash language were laid by N. I. Ashmarin, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (late 19th - early 20th centuries); an important contribution to its study was made by I. A. Andreev, V. G. Egorov, J. Benzing and other researchers.
The Chuvash language is the only living representative of the Oguz group of Turkic languages, which previously also included the Khazar, Avar, Bulgar and Hun languages. This is the native language of the Chuvash and official language Republic of Chuvashia. It is spoken by about 1 million 640 thousand people in Russia and about 34 thousand people in other countries. During the last census, 86% of ethnic Chuvash and 8% of other nationalities living in Chuvashia declared that they knew the Chuvash language. But although the Chuvash language is taught in schools and occasionally used in the media, it is considered endangered because Russian dominates most areas of life.
The Chuvash language is very different from other representatives of its language family, and speakers of other Turkic languages understand it with great difficulty. Previously, linguists believed that the Chuvash language does not even belong to the Turkic, but to the Finno-Ugric (Uralic) languages. The classification is greatly hampered by the fact that there are very few written monuments in other languages of the Oguz group.
The Cyrillic Chuvash alphabet was created in 1873 by school inspector Ivan Yakovlev. In 1938, this alphabet underwent a major modification and acquired its current form. The most ancient system letters, the so-called Orkhon script, disappeared after the Chuvashs converted to Islam - and, accordingly, switched to the Arabic alphabet. It is the Arabic alphabet that made the inscriptions on the gravestones of the Volga Bulgars - the ancestors of the current Chuvash (13-14 centuries). After the Mongol invasion, the Chuvash writing fell into decline, and after the reforms of Peter the Great, the Chuvash switched to Cyrillic. Now the Chuvash alphabet consists of 33 letters of the Russian alphabet, to which 4 more letters have been added to designate characteristic Chuvash phonemes.
In the Chuvash language, two dialects are distinguished: anatri (lower, or “singing”), in which the phonemes [u] and [o] are distinguished, and viryal (riding, or “surrounding”), in which there is only the phoneme [u]: tota ("full"), tuta ("smell") - tuta ("full; smell").
The literary language is based on both of these dialects. The Chuvash language was strongly influenced by the Tatar, Russian, Mari, Mongolian, Arabic and Persian languages, which greatly enriched its vocabulary. In turn, through the Chuvash language, words of Khazar origin penetrated into neighboring languages - Russian, Mari, Tatar, etc. Therefore, individual Russian and Chuvash words are similar in phonetic composition, like the Russian “book” and the Chuvash “keneke”.
The Chuvash language is agglutinative, so it has a lot of suffixes, but no prefixes at all - with the exception of a prefix with an amplification value (shura - "white", shap-shura - "very white"). Suffixes are used to form new words or to indicate the grammatical function of a word.
There are 9 cases in the Chuvash system of declensions: nominative, genitive, local, ablative, instrumental, causal, limiting, remnants of distributive and semblative. The latter is formed by adding the suffix -la/-le to the noun and has a comparative meaning: Leninla ("like Lenin"). Possession is conveyed by constructions based on the verbs "to exist" (pur) and "not to exist" (suk).
The Chuvash word is built on the principle of vowel harmony (vowel harmony), that is, all vowels in a word can be either only the front or only the back row. That is why most Chuvash suffixes have 2 forms: Shupashkarta (“in Cheboksary”), but kilt (“in the house”). Compound words are an exception, and therefore forms such as setelpukan ("furniture") are acceptable. In addition, the rule of synharmonism does not apply to borrowings and individual unchanging suffixes. This rule is not respected in certain native Chuvash words, for example, anna (“mother”). The suffixes in such words harmonize with the final vowel: annepe ("with mother").
CHUVASH LANGUAGE, one of the Turkic languages, the only living representative of the Bulgar group, which also included the Bulgar and Khazar languages. Distributed in the Chuvash Republic, where it is a state language along with Russian, in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Samara, Orenburg and Ulyanovsk regions, as well as in some other regions, territories and republics of the Urals, the Volga region and Siberia. The number of speakers is about 1.5 million people; while the number of ethnic Chuvash according to the 1989 census was 1 million 842 thousand people; about half of them live in the Chuvash Republic. There are two slightly different dialects: grassroots (anatri, “singing”) in the southern regions of the republic and riding (turi, “surrounding”) in the northern, i.e. upstream of the Volga.
The Chuvash language is located on the periphery of the Turkic-speaking world and is marked by the most significant differences from the "general Turkic standard". The phonetics of the Chuvash language is characterized by the pronunciation R and l instead of h and w related Turkic languages (apparently, this is a reflection of the ancient state), the tendency towards the openness of the final syllable, as well as the system of different-placed longitude-force stress, characteristic of the upper dialect and which came from there into the literary language. Among the grammatical features is the presence of a special plural suffix -sem instead of available in all Turkic languages - lar(with phonetic variants), as well as special forms of some tenses of the verb, cases, bases of demonstrative pronouns that do not coincide with common Turkic ones. The phonetics, grammar and vocabulary of the Chuvash language reflected the influence of other Turkic languages, primarily Tatar (in the lower dialect), as well as Mongolian, Finno-Ugric (Mari and Udmurt), Iranian and Russian. In the conditions of widespread Chuvash-Russian bilingualism (according to the 1989 census, 88% of Chuvashs are fluent in Russian), new Russian borrowings enter the vocabulary of the Chuvash language, preserving the Russian phonetic appearance.
The Chuvash language goes back to the ancient (4th–11th centuries) and Middle Bulgarian (13th–16th centuries) languages. The literary (Novo-Bulgarian) Chuvash language was formed on the basis of a grassroots dialect. The activities of I.Ya. Yakovlev and the Simbirsk Chuvash teacher's school he headed (late 19th century) played an important role in the development of the literary language. Writing based on the Cyrillic alphabet has existed since the 18th century. and was used for purely religious purposes; in the 1870s it was radically reformed by I.Ya. Yakovlev, later changed several more times, the last variant was adopted in 1933. The modern Chuvash letter includes 33 letters of the Russian alphabet and 4 additional letters with diacritics. The Chuvash language is taught in primary school, in secondary and higher schools it is studied as a subject. In the Chuvash Republic, radio and television broadcasts are conducted in the Chuvash language; periodicals in Chuvash are published, in addition to Chuvashia, also in Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, and the Ulyanovsk region.
The study of the Chuvash language began in the 18th century, the first printed grammar appeared in 1769 (V. Putsek-Grigorovich). The foundations of the scientific study of the Chuvash language were laid by N.I. Ashmarin (late 19th - early 20th centuries); an important contribution to its study was made by I.A. Andreev, V.G. Egorov, J. Benzing and other researchers.
Aptranӑ kӑvakal kutӑn chӑmnӑ –
The bewildered duck dived backwards
(Chuvash proverb)
According to the August order of the President of Russia, by December 1, 2017, the highest officials of the country's subjects must ensure that schoolchildren study their native (non-Russian) languages on a voluntary basis at the choice of their parents, that is, they must again prove the uselessness of national languages in schools. How this long-standing "innovation" will affect the fate of the Chuvash language, one of the two official languages of the Chuvash Republic, is still difficult to predict.
Disrespect for foreigners, i.e. non-Russian peoples, the belittling of their cultures and languages in Russia is not at all a novelty. A purposeful Russification policy in the country has been carried out since the time of Ivan the Terrible, since the 16th century. Missionary system of education and upbringing for non-Russian peoples N.I. Ilminsky (19th century) cunningly introduced foreigners to the Russian-European culture and way of life through the preservation of national languages. “Do not rush to ridicule, as if it were a logical inconsistency, our system - to Russify foreigners through their native languages,” wrote the Russifier Ilminsky in 1868 in the Kazan Provincial Gazette.
Now has come new stage Russification of non-Russian peoples: national languages of peoples Russian Federation those who have completed their initial tasks are expelled from schools. President Vladimir Putin ordered the heads of the highest executive bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation to implement this state policy in the territories of municipalities, and the employees of Rosobrnadzor and the Prosecutor General's Office to check the statements of parents for consent to learn their national language by their child.
Of course, the Chuvash follow the language policy that has developed in Russia and, in particular, in our multinational Volga region. But, unlike in Tatarstan and Bashkortostan, after Putin's August "linguistic" instructions, the situation in the Chuvash Republic does not show any significant changes. The situation is stable, there are no protest actions - neither in the ethnic media, nor in the Chuvash National Congress, nor in educational institutions.
Despite the fact that discussions and rallies initiated by the Chuvash intelligentsia in defense of their native language and national school have been going on since the Khrushchev era, when the construction of the “united Soviet people” began and ethnic classes and schools began to close, now, apart from individual outbursts of emotions on personal Facebook pages, nothing. Individuals inconspicuously remark that "another anti-constitutional coup in the field of language policy has begun", "there is a violation of the Constitution of Russia and Chuvashia, as well as the Law on Languages in the Chuvash Republic", "the introduction of the norm of voluntary study of the state language will kill the disappearing Chuvash language"...
On September 14, 2017, a meeting of the Central Council of Chuvash Elders will be held at the National Library of the Chuvash Republic, where a discussion of the language policy of Chuvashia is expected. The Chuvash people's website turned to its chairman, a well-known aksakal Vitaliy Stanyalu with some questions.
- What do you think, Vitaly Petrovich, about the right of parents to choose the language of schooling?
- This right has long been granted to them by laws and documents. There is no point in arguing about this. But about the necessity or uselessness of the second state languages in the national republics, about the voluntary nature of learning languages, they have been arguing for decades. If we adhere to the principle of voluntariness, then we should not force schoolchildren to learn neither Russian, nor English, nor Tatar, nor Chuvash, and some - not physics and chemistry, because they will never need them.
In school education and upbringing of children, relying only on the wishes of the parents cannot be justified. There are rights and obligations, there is expediency and necessity for state training and the formation of a full-fledged, harmoniously developed person and citizen.
– But after all, you can force something to be done from under the stick, but you can’t learn and grow wiser in any way ...
Yes, we need an incentive. desire and conditions. In the 1920s, the Chuvash government did its best to develop the native language. At that time, the Republican Regulations on Languages made much stricter requirements for knowledge of the Chuvash language by the population of the region, specialists and officials at all levels. There was a significant leap in cultural and intellectual development.
Soon the great construction projects of the “five-year plans” demanded an intensive mastery of the Russian language. Without decrees and prosecutorial checks to the Great Patriotic war the younger generation has successfully mastered the Russian language. In the 1960s, the General Secretary of the Communist Party N.S. Khrushchev did much harm to national schools. I remember how the teachers of the Chuvash language and literature cried...
The collapse of the USSR caused a new decline in the study of native languages and cultures of the national republics. In trampled Russia, their native languages and centuries-old traditions have again become an outlet and a talisman for small peoples. But in the future, not even the Russian language will be needed, but a foreign one - English, Turkish, Chinese.
And now they have announced a campaign against the languages of the indigenous peoples. But are the languages of the Bashkirs, Tatars, Chuvash, Mari, Erzya and Moksha, Udmurts, Kalmyks, Buryats, Sakha to blame for the decline in the prestige of the Russian language? The root of evil is not there, not at all.
- For example, in Tatarstan, Russian-speaking parents are against the study of national languages by their children - they write petitions, hold demonstrations, organize associations ...
- You can organize everything and scribble everything. I think that this is happening at the direction of the center. If they don't want to study or can't learn languages, don't deport foreign-speaking citizens from the national republics! On the Ekho Moskvy radio, Alexei Venediktov openly said to dissatisfied Russian-speakers on September 2: “What are you doing in Chuvashia? Move to Lipetsk – there will be no problems.” To live in a national republic, to disdain the indigenous people and neglect their culture is complete lack of culture.
Under the sun all people, languages and peoples are equal. There is no fairer law in society. We Chuvashs have been citizens of Russia for many centuries, but we cannot become Slavs! We are Russian-speaking, but it is impossible to mold us into Russians in the near future. Everything has its time. No need to go backwards and fight against nature. They fight from short-sightedness and ambition. It seems to me that Moscow launched an attack on the national republics for administrative and political reasons, but the effect of language checks and infringements may turn out to be negative.
- Do you think that a confrontation between ethnic groups and peoples may arise in Chuvashia?
- Not. The Chuvash are too ancient a people, they have gone through all the fires, waters and copper pipes of history. Such a people must find a normal way out of this artificially created confrontation, save face and their family.
The Chuvash did not and do not have discord between ethnic groups and dialects. And the Anatri and Viryal dialects themselves are already going down in history. Everywhere (in Chuvashia and the diaspora) the written language is the same - literary, rich, pure. Enlightener Ivan Yakovlev successfully solved this problem back in the 19th century.
The Chuvash people do not have linguistic friction, which exists between the meadow and mountain Mari, Bashkirs and Tatars of Bashkortostan, between Erzey and Moksha in Mordovia. Intensified attempts at the end of the 20th century to oppose the Chuvash groups of anatri and viryal, inciting the Batyrev-Yalchik youth detachments against the Yadrinsky-Morgaush girls and boys were not successful. There were attempts to quarrel the Tatars and the Chuvashs, but absolutely nothing came of it: the Shemurshinsky, Batyrevskaya, Kazyalsky, Ibresinsky Chuvash and Tatars know each other's languages and are on friendly terms stronger than the Chuvashs themselves!
On the other hand, the authorities successfully cracked down on teacher rallies, dissenting school principals, advanced young scientists, and recalcitrant journalists, ruthlessly expelling them from work and arranging trials.
- Therefore, probably, complaints from Chuvashia fly in all directions ...
- It gives the impression that local authority does not have time to listen to the khurah halakh (to the working people), and sometimes even acts contrary to the aspirations of the inhabitants of the republic. Chuvash national congress, the Central Council of Chuvash Elders, the Chuvash Folk Academy of Sciences and Arts made many constructive proposals for the protection of Russian and national languages, for improving the organization of the education and training process, but none of these proposals was accepted by the ministries or the Cabinet of Ministers for implementation. None! On the contrary, as soon as any sensible project appears, its initiators immediately stop breathing.
When the writers raised the issue of magazines and fees, in retaliation for their courage, the authorities closed the old, popular literary and art magazine Suntal (Yalav), which had existed since 1924, and the Writers' Union was divided into four parts! When the projects of the "Small Academy" for gifted children and the National Humanitarian Lyceum, the Chuvash Humanitarian Faculty arose, the wonderful Yadrinsky Gymnasium, the Chuvash Lyceum named after G.S. Lebedev, Trakovsky Chuvash-German and Cheboksary Chuvash-Turkish lyceums, Chuvash faculties of two universities.
As soon as neat textbooks and manuals on culture appeared native land and students everywhere fell in love with this subject, immediately, referring to federal guidelines, they were removed from the curriculum. Moreover, they also created an artificial problem with the Chuvash spelling and confused the entire Chuvash school, and there is no end to this mess in sight. They are waiting for the interdepartmental commission, consisting entirely of the "authors" of the problem and indifferent officials, to begin work.
There are plenty of examples of the negative attitude of the authorities towards the Chuvash culture, but so far the Chuvash have not specifically named any of the ideologists of this hostile non-national policy. Either the time has not come, or they are afraid of the return of the “troika” of 1937.
- What, in your opinion, is the position of the modern Chuvash school?
- Almost all city, district center and village schools do not teach the Chuvash language. There is no national school. Many rural schools have chosen the 4th Model Curriculum, which dedicates several hours to the regional component. Under various pretexts, these hours are cut from year to year. Either they are needed for the lessons of Orthodoxy or physical education, then with the transition to a five-day school week, the lessons of the Chuvash language, literature and culture of the native land will certainly be superfluous. There are practically no Chuvash kindergartens even in the villages. Only in ministerial reports it appears that two state languages are used in all kindergartens and colorful books and magazines are published for them. Indeed, wonderful bilingual books are being published! But in fact, Chuvash children, everywhere deprived of a full-fledged family education, are now in an absolutely foreign language environment.
The Chuvash schools of the diaspora are on the verge of extinction: a hundred years ago there were 98 Chuvash schools in Bashkortostan, now there are no more than a dozen of them left. The same in the Ulyanovsk region. In the Samara side ten years ago there were 72 Chuvash educational institutions: 68 general education and 4 Sunday schools. Despite the enormous efforts of the Samara Chuvash Cultural Autonomy and the Samar'en newspaper to preserve them, they are shrinking like shagreen leather, and now the newspaper itself has been closed. Before the revolution, 14 Chuvash schools were famous in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, now they are gone. The same picture is in the Orenburg, Omsk, Tyumen and other regions.
A new tsunami is approaching small peoples and their languages. Under the guise of protecting the Russian language. The national languages of the peoples of Russia, you see, were to blame for the decline in the prestige of the great, mighty, state Russian language. There was no sadness, but the devils pumped up, and now I have to take my hat under my arm and bow my head meekly.
- Recently you praised the teachers of the Chuvash language, literature and culture, but after the clash over the "neo-reforms" of the Chuvash spelling, your attitude towards them has cooled noticeably. What's the matter?
- There are many good Chuvash teachers in Chuvashia - conscientious, honest, hardworking, loving their students. Grants, titles, awards, diplomas, benefits, positions and direct bribery from the Chuvash scholars formed a "power support group". This immediately reduced general level school work. The official newspapers, radio and television of Chuvashia are full of ceremonial reports from concerts and agaduys, olympiads and festivals, competitions and conferences, announce the winners, repeat quotes that have set the teeth on edge about the greatness of languages and the richness of cultures, but not a single serious appeal from individual activists and public organizations do not print.
The Central Council of the Chuvash Elders turned to the leadership of the republic and the media, for example, with a proposal to announce an accompanying action of “family Chuvash communication” in the Year of Parents. Only the Chuvash People's Website responded and the diaspora newspapers published our letter. The newspapers of Chuvashia defiantly refused.
There is no analysis of the situation with languages and a review of the problems of school education in the republican media, as if there are no questions and the people are satisfied. Serious publications in the diaspora newspapers "Suvar" (Kazan), "Kanash" (Ulyanovsk), "Ural Sassi" (Belebey), "Samarien" (Samara) are simply ignored. For example, journalist Konstantin Malyshev rightly pointed out in his analysis of “The Lament of the Goddess of Language” (“Suvar”, April 28, 2017) that the government of the Chuvash Republic is concerned about ordering a keyboard with Chuvash letters and a Chuvash font, training teachers, providing textbooks and teaching aids... There was no answer. The ostrich did not raise his head.
The language barometer in Russia clearly points to bad weather: evil clouds hang over national cultures and languages. Already in the near future, the Chuvash children will completely tear themselves away from their native roots, and, apparently, they will have to wait, as they, strengthening the unity of the Russian nation, will turn into free "tumbleweeds" in the vastness of a great country.
,Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below
Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.
FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION
Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education
"Chuvash State University named after I.N. Ulyanov"
Technical Institute
Faculty of Design and Computer Technologies
Department of Design
on the topic: "The history of the emergence of the Chuvash language"
Completed by: student gr. DiKT 61-07
Ilyina A.A.
Checked by: Semenova G.N.
Cheboksary
The Chuvamsh language (Chuvash. Chgvash chelkhi) is the national language of the Chuvash people, the state language of the Chuvash Republic, the language of the Chuvash communities living outside the Chuvash Republic. In the genealogical classification of the languages of the world, it belongs to the Bulgar group of the Turkic language family (according to some researchers, the Western Xiongnu branch) and is the only living language of this group.
Distributed in Chuvashia, Tatarstan, Bashkiria, Samara, Ulyanovsk, Saratov, Penza regions, as well as in some other regions, territories and republics of the Urals, the Volga region and Siberia. In the Chuvash Republic, it is the state language (along with Russian).
The number of speakers is about 1.3 million. people (2002 census); while the number of ethnic Chuvash according to the 2002 census was 1 million 637 thousand people; approximately 55% of them live in the Chuvash Republic.
The Chuvash language is studied as a subject in the schools of the Chuvash Republic, studied as a subject for two semesters in a number of higher educational institutions of the republic (ChGU, ChSPU, ChKI RUK). In the Chuvash Republic, regional radio and television programs are broadcast in the Chuvash language, and periodicals are published. Official office work in the republic is conducted in Russian.
History of Chuvash lexicography
In the history of Chuvash lexicography, Russian-Chuvash dictionaries occupied and continue to occupy a priority place.
Studies of Chuvash words begin in the 18th century - scientists and clergymen include Chuvash words in multilingual dictionaries in order to collect and study the vocabulary of peoples Russian Empire("Description of three pagan peoples living in the Kazan province, as if: Cheremis, Chuvashs and Votyaks ..." G.F. Miller (St. Petersburg, German ed. 1759; contains 313 Chuvash words) and "Comparative dictionaries of all languages and dialects" under the editorship of P. S. Pallas (St. Petersburg, vol. I, 1787; vol. II, 1789; 285 words with translation and in the Chuvash language).
In the 18th century, many handwritten dictionary collections were compiled. The most famous of them is the Dictionary of Languages different peoples, in the Nizhny Novgorod diocese living, namely: Russians, Tatars, Chuvash, Mordovians and Cheremis ... ", compiled under the guidance of Bishop Damaskin.
AT late XIX century - the beginning of the 20th century, native speakers of the Chuvash language, as well as persons who are fluent in it, are involved in the creation of dictionaries. Notable works from this period:
· "Root Chuvash-Russian Dictionary" by N.I. Zolotnitsky (Kazan, 1875);
· "Manual for the study of the Chuvash language" from the Chuvash.-Russian. dictionary by N. Lebedev (Kazan, 1894);
· "Chuvash Dictionary" H. Paasonen (1908);
· "Russian-Chuvash Dictionary" (Kazan, 1909) and "Chuvash-Russian Dictionary" (Kazan, 1919) by N. V. Nikolsky and others.
In the Chuvash lexicography of the 30s of the last century, significant events were the "Russian-Chuvash Educational Dictionary" edited by T. M. Matveev (Cheboksary, 1931; 7 thousand words) and "Chuvash-Russian Dictionary" by V. G. Egorov (Cheboksary , 1936, 25 thousand words).
A truly invaluable contribution to the Chuvash lexicography was made by N. I. Ashmarin: his titanic work - the 17-volume Dictionary of the Chuvash Language - became a treasury of the Chuvash language and culture all over the world. The dictionary contains over 55 thousand entries. In the future, the development of Chuvash lexicography is based on Ashmarin's dictionary.
In the post-war period, dictionaries of a higher scientific and methodological level were developed. In this regard, it is worth noting the works of V. G. Egorov: his 2nd, substantially revised edition of the Chuvash-Russian Dictionary (1954), two editions of the Russian-Chuvash Dictionary of an educational type (1960, 1972) and the Etymological Dictionary Chuvash language" (1964). Also in Moscow, the Russian-Chuvash Dictionary, ed. N. K. Dmitrieva (1951), Russian-Chuvash Dictionary, ed. I. A. Andreeva and N. P. Petrova (1971). In Moscow, complete Chuvash-Russian dictionaries were published: in 1961, ed. M. Ya. Sirotkin, and 1982 and 1985, ed. M. I. Skvortsova (the first illustrated dictionary in the country).
Classification
Among the related Turkic languages, the Chuvash language occupies a separate position: despite the common structure and lexical core, mutual understanding between the speakers of the Chuvash language and the rest of the Turks is not achieved. Some phonetic features of the Chuvash language, in particular the so-called rotacism and lambdaism, that is, the pronunciation of [r] and [l], instead of the common Turkic [s] and [w], date back to ancient times, to the period of existence of a single Proto-Turkic language with its dialects. At the same time, much of what distinguishes the Chuvash language from the ancient Turkic ones is undoubtedly the result of subsequent development, which, due to its peripheral position in relation to the rest of the Turkic languages, took place in conditions of long-term interaction with other system languages - Iranian, Finno-Ugric, Slavic.
Some researchers (for example, N.N. Poppe) define the Chuvash language and extinct related idioms as a transitional link between Mongolian and Turkic.
The Chuvash language is located on the periphery of the Turkic-speaking world and is marked by the most significant differences from the "general Turkic standard". The phonetics of the Chuvash language is characterized by the pronunciation of r and l instead of z and sh of the related Turkic languages (apparently, this is a reflection of the ancient state), a tendency towards the openness of the final syllable, as well as a system of different-place longitude-strength stress, which is characteristic of the upper dialect and came from there to literary language. Among the grammatical features are the presence of a special plural suffix -sem instead of the existing in all Turkic languages -lar (with phonetic variants), as well as special forms of some tenses of the verb, cases, bases of demonstrative pronouns that do not coincide with common Turkic ones. The phonetics, grammar and vocabulary of the Chuvash language reflected the influence of other Turkic languages, as well as Mongolian, Finno-Ugric, Iranian and Russian. In the conditions of widespread Chuvash-Russian bilingualism (according to the 1989 census, 88% of Chuvashs are fluent in Russian), new Russian borrowings enter the vocabulary of the Chuvash language, preserving the Russian phonetic appearance.
Vocabulary
In the vocabulary, primordial, common Turkic and borrowed layers are distinguished. Among the borrowings are Mongolian, Iranian, Finno-Ugric, Armenian, Georgian, Jewish, Slavic words. A significant layer is made up of Russian words, which are conditionally divided into old borrowings and new borrowings. The former are phonetically adapted (translated "log", fixed "rake"), the latter are either not adapted at all (delegate, progress), or partially adapted (constitutions, geographers). Russian borrowings penetrate mainly into terminological, and partially into everyday vocabulary (coat, suit).
Dialects
The linguistic landscape of the Chuvash language is quite homogeneous, the differences between the dialects are insignificant. Currently, the differences between dialects are even more leveled.
Researchers distinguish two dialects:
riding ("surrounding") - upstream of the Volga;
· Grassroots ("poking") - downstream of the Volga.
A separate position is occupied by the Malaya Karachi dialect.
The absence of sharp differences between dialects turned out to be a favorable factor in the creation of a new Chuvash script and the development of written language norms. When developing the lexical and grammatical norms of the Chuvash literary language, preference was given to those means that, due to their reflection in traditional folklore genres, have become public property.
Worship.
The Chuvash language is the language of worship in the Chuvash ethno-religion, and is also used during church services, writing church literature and in religious education in the Russian Orthodox Church. In Cheboksary, services in the Chuvash language are held in the Church of the Resurrection.
foreign influence.
The influence of unrelated languages can be traced at all levels of the Chuvash language - phonetic, lexical and grammatical. Variable stress in the upper dialect, which has become the norm for literary pronunciation, has developed, in all likelihood, not without the influence of the Finno-Ugric languages \u200b\u200bof the Volga region. The influence of the latter is also found in the case forms of the name, in the system of personal and impersonal forms of the verb. In the last century, due to the steady expansion of the Chuvash-Russian bilingualism, which entailed a massive influx of Russian and international vocabulary, there have been noticeable shifts in the phonetic system and syntactic structures. Under the influence of the Russian language, many word-formation models have become productive. A phonological subsystem has developed, which is characteristic only for borrowed vocabulary. The accent system became twofold: one - within the original vocabulary and phonetically adapted old borrowings, the other - within the phonetically unadapted borrowed vocabulary. Two-system character is also characteristic of the Chuvash orthography. There are about five hundred Arabic words in the Chuvash language.
Similar Documents
Language is the best, never fading and ever-re-blooming flower of the people and their entire spiritual life. The language spiritualizes the whole nation, its whole life, history, customs. Language is the history of the people, the path of civilization and culture from the origins to the present day.
abstract, added 03/06/2009
The Russian language is the national language of the great Russian people. With the help of the Russian language, you can express the subtlest shades of thought, reveal the deepest feelings. Linguistic taste, like the whole cultural image of a person, is the result of experience, life.
lecture, added 03/26/2007
Literary and non-literary forms of the Russian language. Culture of speech and literary language. Non-literary language - the concept and role in communication. Characteristics of non-literary language: main elements and features. Dialects and vernacular.
term paper, added 10/26/2003
Russian is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world. Russian language as the language of interethnic communication of the peoples of the USSR and the language of international communication. Features of the origin of the Russian language. The role of the Old Church Slavonic language in the development of the Russian language.
abstract, added 04/26/2011
The single language of the Russian nation, the language of international communication in modern world. The growing influence of the Russian language on other languages. A wonderful language of the world in terms of the variety of grammatical forms and the richness of the dictionary, the richest fiction.
essay, added 04.10.2008
Old Church Slavonic as a common literary language of the Slavic peoples, the oldest fixation of Slavic speech. The history of the emergence and development of Old Slavonic writing. ABCs, surviving and non-preserved monuments of Old Slavonic writing.
abstract, added 11/23/2014
The essence of linguistic competence. The evolution of the language in connection with the change in human consciousness and thinking. The close relationship between language and the history of society. The dependence of the structural features of individual languages on the specific forms of culture of a given people.
abstract, added 10/29/2012
France: geographical position, regions. French, historical and modern aspects. Dialects and languages of the "langue d'oil", "langue d'oc", "langue franco-provencale" group. Gascon language. The use of Franco-Provençal in France.
home
