In the event of an extreme situation of autonomous existence, a fire made in time can be of great benefit. It will make it possible to warm up at low air temperatures, prepare hot food and drink, which is especially important if there are wounded in the group. A bonfire is also a purely psychological calmer, from which one breathes hope, confidence in the successful outcome of the case. In a word, it is very important to be able to make a fire in any place and under any weather conditions.
But there are situations when none of the victims has lighters, matches, or they are hopelessly damp, i.e. one of the elements of the "triangle of fire" is missing (see 1.3). In this case, you will have to make fire in one of the ways indicated in figures 140-144.
The easiest way to make a fire is by inflicting glancing blows on a hard rock (silicon, sulfur pyrite, etc.) with a flintlock. As an armchair, you can use metal objects: a file, the back of a knife blade, an ax blade. The direction of blows should be such that sparks fall on
tinder - a flammable or smoldering material (Fig. 140). The success of the business depends on its quality. Therefore, tinder can be prepared in advance and carried with you in an airtight package.
You can make tinder from a piece of medical cotton wool by soaking it with a concentrated solution of potassium nitrate and drying it well. Tinder can also be made from a piece of pure wool or cotton fabric. It is dried over low heat until it starts to burn around the edges. Without letting the fabric ignite, it is removed from the fire and placed in a sealed package.
If there is no pre-prepared tinder, then it can be made in an extreme situation, using fine dry birch bark, primary pine or cedar bark, wood dust from a trunk eaten by insects, reed and bird fluff - in a word, everything that begins to smolder or ignite when sparks hit them.
If possible, tinder can be moistened with gasoline, alcohol, or some other combustible material before use.
Several other methods of making fire are based on the effect of heat generation from friction. The most productive of them is the drilling method. To do this, it is necessary to make a bow, a “drill”, a support and a thrust bearing (Fig. 141). A bow can be made from any branch about a meter long, 2 - 3 cm in diameter. As a bowstring, it can have a strong rope, a narrow strip from a cut belt.
To make a support, you need to split a block of hardwood in half ( best material- dry larch). It is desirable to make a “drill” from the same type of wood. For this, a dry branch with a diameter of 1 - 2 cm and a length of 15 - 20 cm is suitable. The upper part of the "drill" should be turned into a sphere or cone with an angle of about 60 °, the lower one - in the form of a cone with an angle of 30 °. At the same angle, on the surface of the support, 1.5 - 2 cm from the edge, a small recess is made, where the “drill” is inserted with the lower end. The “drill” is pressed against the support with a thrust bearing. Therefore, it should also be made of hard wood, and it is better to use a stone with a slight indentation. After that, the “drill” is overwhelmed with a bowstring.
To rotate the “drill”, moving the bow back and forth, it is necessary at first slowly, gradually increasing the speed. In this case, the “drill” is not pressed too hard through the thrust bearing to the support. First appears in the place of deepening of smoke. But the work must be continued for some time, until a certain amount of brown powder appears in the recess. The heated powder may flare up along the edges of the recess. If this does not happen, then you should carefully inflate the powder, attach a pre-prepared tinder to it. Working together (Fig. 142), you can do without a bow. The rest of the workflow remains the same.
The simplicity of this method does not guarantee quick success. And it depends on many factors: the correct selection of wood, the quality of the tinder, the force of pressure on the “drill”, the weather, etc. As a rule, this method can only be successful in summer in dry weather.
If the victims have a gun, you can set fire to the tinder with a shot. To do this, a bullet or shot is removed from the cartridge, as well as part of the gunpowder. The sleeve is clogged with cotton wool, dry moss, a ball of fabric or small birch bark. A shot is fired into the ground next to the laid tinder. You can pour some of the gunpowder onto tinder and try to set it on fire, carving sparks with flint.
If during an accident vehicle the battery or batteries remain intact, then they can be used to produce fire (Fig. 143). Shorting the positive and negative contacts will give a powerful spark that can ignite the tinder.
The task is greatly simplified in clear sunny weather. Using a lens from a camera, binoculars, glasses, you can focus the sun's rays on tinder and thereby ignite it. Focusing the rays on the tinder, the lens should be kept still (Fig. 144). To do this, you can pre-prepare some kind of emphasis for the hand.
There are also chemical methods of making fire, based on the spontaneous combustion of various mixtures. In the event of a motor vehicle accident, you can use antifreeze (radiator coolant) and potassium permanganate (potassium permanganate), which should be in the car's first aid kit. To do this, pour a teaspoon of potassium permanganate onto paper or cloth, drip 2-3 drops of antifreeze onto it. After that, the sheet must be tightly rolled up, put on the ground, put tinder on top. During the oxidation process, a large amount of heat is released that can ignite the paper and set fire to the tinder. Do not pour a lot of liquid - this reduces the heating rate. The heating rate also decreases when the paper is loosely folded.
The same effect is produced by the combination of potassium permanganate with glycerin, which can be found in a medicine cabinet as a remedy used to soften the skin and mucous membrane in case of its illness. In this case, potassium permanganate is poured onto a dry surface, a few drops of glycerin are dripped onto it. After the appearance of smoke, a few more drops of glycerin are added, which may turn out to be critical - a bright flash occurs, from which the cooked tinder is set on fire.
In all cases of making fire, one must first carefully prepare. To do this, it is necessary to prepare tinder, small kindling, small and large branches for the subsequent fire after the tinder has been ignited. A place for a fire must also be prepared.
When lighting a fire, one must take into account the weather conditions and try to eliminate them as much as possible. negative impact. In case of wind, find a quiet, sheltered place or build a windbreak. It is difficult to start a fire when it rains, because the humidity of the air is very high and the tinder cannot be kept dry. In such a situation, the methods of making fire by friction become ineffective, and if it is not possible to use another method, then it is worth waiting for the rain to stop.
Building a fire without matches requires skill, a lot of patience, and sometimes this process takes quite a long time. Once having kindled a fire, one must try to keep it for the entire period of autonomous existence. So did our ancestors, regarding the preservation of fire as a sacred duty. Keeping a fire in place is easy. Constant duty is required to maintain it (firewood should always be at hand). At night, you need to collect smoldering firebrands and coals in a heap, cover them with a layer of ash, and heat dry earth from above. In case of rain, you can cover the fire place with an awning. In the morning, it is enough to rake up the earth and ashes and inflate the firebrands. After that, it is easy to re-light the fire. Care must be taken that in the evening firewood is used that gives good coals, and does not burn out completely. You can use a knotted log or the root of a small tree for this.
It's harder to keep the fire going if the group (or one person) is on the move. Smoldering coals covered with ashes can be carried in a pot, bucket or tin can. In the absence of containers, another method is used. The bark is removed from the birch for its entire thickness - to the wood. A layer of dry earth is poured onto the straightened bark, then a layer of ash. It is necessary to lay smoldering coals on the ashes and cover them with a layer of ash, then earth. After that, the birch bark must be carefully rolled into a roll, tightly tied and the ends of the roll closed with birch bark, wooden plugs (Fig. 145). It is necessary to transfer such a roll in a vertical position, protecting it from shaking.
A torch is also used, in which thin splinteres are shifted with dry moss, tightly wrapped in bark. Such a torch, up to 15 cm thick and 70 cm long, will keep the fire for about 6 hours.
Even a small spark can cause a destructive fire that will destroy not only kilometers of green areas, but also deprive many animals of their usual habitats, and even bring them death.What to kindle a fire?
The rules for making a fire begin with the process of lighting a fire. In cloudy or rainy weather, only the lower branches of trees are taken for this. But only dead and dry. Birch bark is well suited for kindling. But you can not peel it from living trees. There is enough birch bark on the ground. Chips of dry logs, stumps, resinous bark, etc. are used to kindle a fire. Before going into the forest, you can take candles, dry alcohol, or plexiglass trimmings.
Many shops sell a special liquid for kindling a fire. Matches before going to the forest are packed in waterproof packaging. To quickly start a fire, you can lower the paper-wrapped box into paraffin or melted wax.
How to build a fire in the forest?
There are safety rules for making a fire. This should only be done by adults. Bonfires should not be lit in strong winds, next to coniferous trees, on dry grass and peat bogs. To kindle a fire, you must first prepare the place. To do this, a small layer of soil is removed with a shovel, in which there are roots and insects.
For a fire, you can not break the branches of living trees. Only dry branches lying on the ground are used. Before leaving, the fire is abundantly filled with water until the coals cool completely. Then it is covered with an initially removed layer of earth.
What to support
The rules for making a fire begin with the collection of deadwood for it. It is impossible to break and cut. Only dry branches are collected, of which there are many on the ground. For a fire, you can use trees split by lightning. And dry branches break off from the living. Sometimes trees break strong wind, which can also be used for a fire, like rotten stumps. The deadwood of dead conifers and deciduous trees. Except standing in swamps or lying on damp ground.
Raw logs are used when the fire is already fully lit. In this case, the tree will burn for a long time. In the tundra, a bush is used for a fire. Fin is collected from the banks of rivers. These are trees brought by the flood, lying on the ground and already dried up under the sun. In semi-desert and mountainous areas, dried animal manure is used for fires.
Fire Safety
There are certain rules for making a fire in the forest and watching the fire. This is an elementary safety technique that protects not only humans, but also animals and vegetable world. Burning fires must not be left unattended overnight. Because a flame with a suddenly rising wind can spread to neighboring vegetation. You need to put out the fire as soon as you start to feel sleepy. Otherwise, a sleeping person may fall into the fire and receive serious burns and injuries. And sparks from a fire can set fire not only to clothes and tents, but also to neighboring vegetation.
Bonfires should be lit at a distance of 10 meters from the tent. In the direction of the wind. To him, the tent is installed only by the back wall, and to the fire - by the entrance. In the mountains, you need to take into account that in the morning the wind blows from the valley, and in the evening - from the mountains. Therefore, the fire should be located closer to the river.
The rules for making a fire prescribe a ban on the use of fir or spruce branches for a fire in order to avoid a large number of large sparks. In addition, charcoal is "shot" by fire over long distances. Birch bark is used only for kindling fires. Pine and cedar create an even burn. No sparks, but with soot. It is not present when using alder firewood. And they burn evenly, without smoke. Birch firewood sparks strongly, but gives a great heat.
If, nevertheless, a fire is kindled in a coniferous forest, then a large fire cannot be made. Sparks, rising up, can lead to a strong one which is considered the most dangerous. Therefore, a fire in coniferous places is bred at least 15 meters from the trees.
What is prohibited during the fire season?
The rules for making a fire during a fire hazard period have many prohibitions. It is impossible (even with a strong need) to kindle a fire in forest areas during periods of increased fire danger. This situation can occur from May to September. It is strictly forbidden to make fires by the rules:
- in coniferous and pine young growth;
- on windblows;
- in windbreaks;
- on logging sites where logging residues occur or are present;
- in the fields with ears of crops;
- in the steppes with dried grass;
- in clearings with dry grass;
- next to reeds, moss and reeds;
- on or near peatlands;
- under the crowns of trees;
- on old burners.
Bonfires should be located only in open places, at a decent distance from thickets of vegetation and shrubs. And first of all - away from dry grass. During the fire hazard period, it is forbidden to use barbecue grills or any cooking devices in the forest.
You can not smoke and throw cigarette butts and burning matches, shake out the ashes from the pipes. It is forbidden to use pyrotechnics and fire from firearms. Do not leave material impregnated and oiled with combustible substances in the forests. It is forbidden to fill tanks with fuel and leave glass bottles, their fragments and other debris in the open space.
Experienced tourists, fishermen, hunters are well aware of how important fire is in extreme conditions and are perfectly able to get it and maintain it. There are many types of bonfires with different purposes and breeding methods. Some are ideal for heating, some for cooking and each has its own tricks for breeding.
Bonfires can be divided into three types:
— fiery. They create a large flame and burn out quickly.
— Flame. They burn for a long time and create a good heat. Suitable for heating and drying.
— Signal. Designed for signaling. It can also be used to repel mosquitoes.
The main types of fires
People who are far from traveling and outdoor activities may not realize that there are a considerable number of types of fires with different characteristics and purposes. In various weather conditions and situations, one or another type of fire may be needed, so you need to know and be able to make them.
Bonfire "hut"
This type of fire is known to many. The most affordable fire that can be built for cooking or heating.
To make such a fire, firewood is laid out in a hut. In the middle of such a fire, where the kindling will be placed, thin branches are placed, and then thick ones. The campfire "hut" is ideal for warming up, cooking, drying.
The fire flares up quickly, gives a good heat, but it is not very economical, you will need a fairly large amount of firewood. This is one of the reasons why it is not suitable for an overnight stay.
The fire "hut" can be used to give a signal. To do this, put raw grass, branches on top to get a lot of smoke. It can also be used to create a smoke screen or to repel mosquitoes and midges.
Another type of bonfire "hut" is the "pyramid". It is an enlarged copy. For construction, two large logs are taken and laid parallel to each other. Why do they begin to lay smaller logs across until a pyramid is formed. Such a fire gives a lot of light.
Taiga bonfire
This type of fire burns for a long time up to 6-8 hours. "Taiga bonfire" is common name for such fires as "gun" and "hunter's hearth". These fires are mainly used for heating.
The fire "gun" is laid out as follows:
- on a large log (the so-called subyurlock) lay out several smaller logs
- lay the upper logs in a fan and slightly push above the main log, while on the log they should be together and on the ground apart
- as it burns, it pushes the upper logs forward so that the fire does not go out
The “hearth of the hunter” is arranged with a slightly different way. Between two large logs lays out thinner firewood. It turns out something similar to a brazier. Large logs limit the burning of small ones.
Bonfire "nodya"
This type of fire is ideal for heating. It is laid out from several large logs. Thick logs can burn up to 36 hours.
The fire is placed next to the bed. To do this, lay next to 2 dry logs with a diameter of 30 cm and a few meters long. Be sure to leave a small space of 10 cm between the logs. Kindling is placed in this space - dry leaves, branches, brushwood. Sometimes logs can be secured with pegs to keep them from coming apart.
When the main logs flare up, another one is placed on top. If necessary, a reflective screen can be built on one side. For this, snow, an awning, a foil blanket are suitable.
"Nodya" can be made up of 1, 2, 3, 4 or more logs.
Special types of fires
In addition to the main bonfires listed above, there are special ones. They can be a combination of fires or very specific designs.
Made from large logs. It makes cuts with a depth of 3/4 of the length of the log. The core is cleaned and a fire is kindled in it.
There is another option for preparing a “Finnish candle”. The log is sawn into 4 parts and the core is scraped out. In the lower part, at the junction of logs, you can make a chute, it is needed to feed the fire with oxygen. Logs are tied with wire. Kindling is placed in the core and set on fire.
"Kamelek"
This type of fire is used in conditions where there is little good firewood, but stones or bricks are present. Firewood from 3 sides is covered with stones or bricks. This type of fire is suitable for boiling water.
"Trench"
This type of fire is used to obtain coals for subsequent cooking on them. For the preparation of coal, they dig a ditch 1m * 0.5m and a depth of about 30 cm. Line the bottom of the pit with stones. Firewood is placed in the hole and set on fire. The resulting coals are used for cooking. You can also fill up the trench and place your overnight stay above it.
Exotic types of campfires
Not the most common types of fires. They may not be used in all situations and are often not particularly effective.
Bonfire "well"
Short logs are folded in a rectangle, forming a semblance of a well. Kindling and small branches, logs are placed inside. Such a fire is suitable for cooking, drying. Over time, it fails, so the bowler must be hung up.
Bonfire "star"
To prepare such a fire, the logs are stacked with a star. You may need 3-5 logs. The structure takes up a lot of space. It burns slowly, gives but without heat. As the burnout, the logs are pushed inward.
Polynesian bonfire
On the territory of Russia, a rather exotic version of the fire. For cooking, you need a hole 30 cm deep. The walls are lined with stones. Firewood is stacked in the middle, it can be a hut. Such a fire burns for a long time.
No matter how romantic it may seem to be in the woods by the fire, you should come to terms with the fact that the desire for romance can cause a serious tragedy -. In 2016, the damage from such fires in the Russian Federation is estimated at about 15 billion rubles. On the whole planet in the same year there were 300 thousand forest fires. If we consider a five-year period, the largest territorial incident was observed in Canada (504.4 thousand ha). Not only in Russia, but also in North America, Finland, Portugal, Spain, Australia, significant forest areas burned down.
Equipping special areas with public grills and campfire sites is much easier in those countries where forests do not grow in such vast areas as in Russia. Therefore, in the Russian Federation, they clearly operate and prevent fires in forests and park areas during the entire fire hazard period, which can be defined differently in different regions, depending on weather and climatic conditions.
Picnic lovers should remember about the fire hazard of a fire and what are the sizes of administrative fines for a fire built in nature. Safety is the main condition for staying in the forest, because each burned hectare of forest is commensurate with a loss of 1 million rubles, not to mention how irresponsible it is in relation to the dead inhabitants of the forest and the owners of buildings caught in the path of the fire.
If the actions of vacationers who kindled a fire did not cause significant damage, citizens can get off with a warning. But most often their punishment is a fine in the amount of 2-4 thousand rubles. Officials may be punished with a fine of 15-30 thousand rubles, legal entities- 250-500 thousand rubles.
Since the regions and individual territories have their own legislative acts, the amount of fines in the Russian Federation fluctuates. For example, the Administrative Code of Moscow defines a penalty in the amount of 5,000 rubles for placing a barbecue in the courtyard of a house or in a park area. Anyone who kindles a fire in the wrong place is fined 4.5 thousand rubles. The spread of garbage (500 rubles) and damage to plants (4.5 thousand rubles) are strictly punished. In Moscow, there are special zones reserved for barbecue lovers.
Requirements
If someone is going to make a fire in the forest during a non-fire period, he must know and follow certain safety requirements (measures):
- The choice of a place for a camp hearth depends on the availability of natural shelter from rain and wind. It may be a rock, but in no case the crowns of trees. It is desirable that there is a reservoir near the fire, and the fire itself is 15-20 m away from the edge of the forest. The ideal place is the sandy spit of the river.
- The following fire safety measures when making a fire in the forest are recommended so that there are no risk factors such as dead wood and newly emerged young growth, accumulations of debris between stones, as well as huts, sheds, tents nearby.
- Tourist accommodation points should be located no closer than 3 m from the fire, on the windward side.
- In order to avoid (and just spread the fire) it is better to remove the top layer of turf from an area slightly larger than the intended hearth (from 30 to 40 cm in each direction). If it turns out that in the chosen place there are peaty marshy soils, even dried ones, it is better to look for another place. Peat fires do not appear immediately and can last for decades deep in the ground.
- When a fire is kindled in the snow, a thin layer of snow is cleared, a deep layer is trampled down, it is not forbidden to make a floor from wet logs.
- A proper campfire depends on properly collected fuel. The main thing that is required for the hearth in your camp is the ability to warm and cook, while not forcing you to hide from the abundant smoke. It is this heat that dry firewood from such hardwoods as oak, birch gives.
- Experienced fishermen and hunters, knowing that healthy trees are not allowed to be cut down in young forests, bring fuel with them.
- Dry brushwood will burn quickly and will not provide enough calories for cooking. In places with sparse vegetation in the form of trees, you can use dry grass twisted into bundles, dried droppings, peat, and animal fat for hunting.
- If the river is nearby, you can collect a fin. If you are in the desert, any shrub will do.
- The larger the fire, the more fuel will be required. And if there is not enough firewood, you should think in advance about the size of the fire, a fire 30-40 cm high is sufficient for cooking tea and food.
- Fuel is collected in advance, and not when the fire is already lit. Keep the collected firewood dry, cover with bark, needles, polyethylene.
- Wet, rotten pieces of trees are placed in the fire only when it is necessary to signal for help with thick, abundant smoke.
rules
In order for the fire to flare up quickly, there are special fire safety rules for making fires:
- pre-prepared kindling, consisting of flammable substances, preferably of origin (birch bark, rot found in a hollow, conifer bark with resin), gasoline, diesel fuel and other petroleum products are prohibited during a fire hazard period and are not recommended at other times, as they can cause scorched face, eyebrows;
- a pyramid made of pieces of kindling is guaranteed to catch fire if a lit match is inserted into one of the holes in its base, another way to kindle a fire is dry chocks laid parallel to each other and perpendicular to the direction of the wind, kindling is formed between them, which may include a newspaper , and from above the structure is covered with brushwood;
- around the fire, raw firewood can be laid out to dry; a campfire must be on duty at the hearth all the time until the fire is extinguished;
- so that a lost or wet match does not have to maintain a fire around the clock, you should take care of this in advance;
- the top of the match with the head is dipped in molten wax and then dried;
- a fragment of an ignition box and processed matches are best stored in a hermetically sealed tin case;
- to light a fire with the help of lenses, you need a bright sun and collected bird fluff, dry dust of leaves, moss;
- before leaving the parking lot, make sure that the fire is extinguished well, it is best to touch the fire with your hands, and do not leave garbage in it and around it.
Knowing the requirements of fire safety when making a fire in nature, it is impossible to ignore the generally accepted conditions of behavior in the forest during a fire hazard period:
Forbidden:
- scatter burning matches, cigarette butts, pieces of glass;
- clear fields and summer cottages the method of "burning";
- make fires;
- drive on forest roads in vehicles not equipped with a spark arrester;
- use wads from flammable raw materials;
- leave used cleaning material outside special areas;
- to carry out refueling of aircraft engines that are in operating mode;
- light matches, smoke near refueling cars.
If a fire started
In addition to the above prohibitions, there are also recommendations calling for action to those who were in the area of the fire:
- call the fire and rescue services (numbers "01", "112", district mobiles, if you know the numbers of forestry workers, you can call the police - "02"), be sure to tell if you have decided to hide or put out the fire;
- use the existing reservoir for getting wet (yourself + clothes for wrapping);
- breathing through a wet cloth and moving as close to the ground as possible is required to prevent oxygen deficiency;
- the best way to move in relation to the direction of the wind is transverse, but it is worth looking around how the fire spreads;
- wait out in places where the grass has already burned out;
- before the arrival of fire brigades, it is advisable when the fire has not spread to a significant area and does not threaten your life;
- as fire-fighting objects, you can use: water from a reservoir, bundles of branches, from 1.5-2 m long, with a wet cloth;
- fire can be trampled down, thrown with sand, knocked down with a shovel, sharply sprinkled with earth.
The most fire hazardous regions of Russia are considered Far East, Siberia, Ural, Volga region. Residents of these territories have to show special awareness.
6th grade
Subject:"Making fire, making a fire"
Lesson Objectives: 1) learn how to choose and prepare a place for a fire.
2) to familiarize students with the types of kindling, different types of fires and mandatory fire safety rules.
Lesson type: combined (testing knowledge and explaining new material).
Equipment: a textbook, a notebook, wooden blanks for making incendiary sticks or ready-made incendiary sticks, sticks for making fires.
During the classes
Organizing time
The teacher names the topic and purpose of the lesson.
Checking homework
But in order to understand how you learned the material on the topic: "The device of temporary shelters", I will conduct a test.
Before you cards with tests. Let's answer their questions. For each correct answer a token.
1 test.
What is the most important requirement for a place to build a temporary shelter (long-term camp)
A) The presence of water nearby.
B) Picturesque nature.
C) Parking lot security.
D) Absence of mosquitoes and midges.
2 test.
The boys from the 6th "A" class set up a tent on the river bank near the water, so as not to go far for water. At night they woke up from dampness. It turned out that the water in the river rose and flooded the tent. Why did it happen?
A) It was necessary not to sleep, but to monitor the condition of the water in the river.
B) The guys forgot to put piles under the tent.
c) The tent was pitched too close to the water.
D) The tent had to be waterproof.
3 test.
What kind of shelter will you make in the winter in the taiga in the absence of a fire:
A) A hut made of spruce branches and poles.
B) I will break the spruce branches and make a bed out of it under the spruce.
B) snow hole
D) Snow cave or lair.
4 test.
During the winter holidays, the guys from the 6th "B" went on a hike. With the onset of dusk, they began to prepare for the night. Knowing that the shelter is best done so that it is protected from the wind, the guys placed it under a rock canopy. In the morning they woke up in a huge snowdrift. Why did this happen?
A) The wind changed direction and they were covered.
B) A bear walked by at night and chose a den in the neighborhood, filling up the tent.
C) A snowball fell on the guys, falling from a rock canopy.
Well done! You have mastered the material well.
Now listen riddle
Tourists will come to their camp,
He will be divorced in the evening
It will burn for a long time
Warm them with your warmth (bonfire)
That's right, fire. And the topic of our lesson is "Making fire, making a fire." Written in front of you on the board plan lesson. (read and write in notebook).
1. Campfire site
2. Making fire
3. Kindling a fire
4. Types of fires. Saving fire.
3. Explanation of new material
introductory word teachers
After building the shelter, you need to take care of the fire. His meaning extremely large because it is a possibility:
Warm up, dry clothes and shoes;
Prepare food;
Give a signal to the rescuers;
Scare off predators;
Feel more secure, calm down.
Why is it so important to be able to choose a place for a fire?
This is the first point of our plan.
Because in the worst case, with the wrong choice of place, a fire can start.
Where are you not allowed to make fires?
Answer please.
Let's get acquainted with memo.(on the tables of the students). Read out.
You can not make a fire in the field among the dry grass, especially if the wind is blowing. The grass will catch fire, and the flame will be carried by the wind to neighboring areas of the field.
Campfires must not be built in dry pine forests during the dry season.
It is impossible to build a fire on stony placers during a dry period, if twigs, dry grass, and dust have accumulated between the stones. The fire can spread under the stones through these dry layers of fuel, and a fire occurs.
You can not build a fire under the roots of trees, at the roots - all this can catch fire.
Please remember this.
Where can you build a fire? What do you think?
Let's take a look at the memo. Read out.
A place for a fire is prepared away from trees and bushes (no closer than 4-6 meters).
The site is thoroughly cleaned of forest debris.
The top layer of turf is removed.
The place is lined with stones (so that the fire does not spread)
In winter, the place is cleared from snow to the ground, the snow is trampled down, and the flooring is made of damp logs and branches.
So, we have chosen a place for a fire, now we are learning how to make fire.
Lighting a fire is an art. Life often depends on the presence of fire. There are several ways making fire with the help of improvised means:
1. Fire can be made with a magnifying glass, but this method will require two watch glasses, and this may not always be at hand.
2. You can get fire by friction. But for this you need a lot of effort and make a bow from the trunk of a young birch, a drill from a pine stick and a support from a dry pine log.
The easiest way:
3. With the help of two hard rock stones. Stones hit each other and make fire.
So, you can use any of these methods and get fire for kindling a fire.
This is the third question of our plan.
Wood preparation. What is suitable for this?
Gather plenty of dry firewood, brushwood, and enough dry kindling before starting a fire. The best firewood for a solid fire is the wood of pines, spruces, oaks, aspens, stumps of coniferous trees that have dried up on the vine.
Kindling. What is needed for this?
Everyone knows birch bark. Ribbons of dry birch bark light up instantly. If there is no birch bark, look for Christmas trees.
Kindling is folded in the form of a small pyramid in order to make it convenient to kindle a fire.
You should not build a fire under the branches of trees: in summer they can catch fire, and in winter snow can fall from them, extinguishing the fire.
Work with the textbook. Open page 74.
Read the memo“Preparing fuel for a fire” (p. 74.) - (students read aloud).
But you have to remember: When leaving, put out the fire, fill it with water, cover it with earth, cover it with turf.
And now we will get acquainted with the types of fires:
On the board types of fires.
Smoke Flames Flames
(diagram on the board and writing in notebooks)
smoke- in order to drive away mosquitoes and midges, to signal your location.
Zharovoy- for cooking, drying things, for heating.
fiery- for lighting the place, heating food, boiling water.
The board shows the types of fires . Let's consider them.
"Hut"
Short dry firewood is stacked obliquely towards the center, they partially lean against each other. With this design, the firewood burns out mainly from above, and the flame is high and hot. This type of fire is handy when you need to boil water or cook something in one bucket or pot. If you need to use several vessels, it is better to separate the "well".
"Well"
Put two logs parallel to each other at some distance, across them - two more. This design provides good air access to the fire, and the logs will burn evenly along the entire length. This fire is good wet weather.
"Star"
Lay the logs along the radii from the center. Combustion occurs mainly in the center. And as the firewood burns, they should be moved to the middle. This type of fire requires constant supervision, otherwise it will go out, so it is quite fireproof.
"Taiga"
It consists of several logs laid along or at an acute angle to each other. It does not require frequent laying of firewood.
"Nodya"
This fire bonfire consists of three large logs 2-2.5 meters long. Put two logs (the thicker the better) close together, achieving a minimum gap between them. Kindling is placed on this gap. After the kindling flares up well, put the third log on top. It is desirable that this log be thicker than the lower ones, as it will burn out faster. A node made of thick logs can burn for several hours.
Such types of fires exist. And now we will check how you learned the material.
4. Consolidation of the studied material
Open the tutorial on page 78
1.Test. Where is the best place to make a fire? (Page 78)
2. What methods of making fire do you know? (using a magnifying glass, using friction (bow, drill, support), using two stones.
3. Fun test ( page 80)
5. Practical task "Lay down the fire"
From the prepared sticks, add the types of fires you know (p. 77)
6. Summing up the lesson
What did you learn new in the lesson?
And so we must remember that when leaving, the fire must be put out.
Rating with comments. Who got the most tokens? Who was active in the class?
Paragraph 16, questions to the paragraph.
