31.08.1942
Ukhtomsky Alexey Alekseevich
Soviet physiologist
Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR
Alexey Ukhtomsky was born on June 25, 1875 in the Yaroslavl region. He was the fourth child in the family, and early childhood he was given to be raised by his father's lonely sister, Anna Ukhtomskaya.
At the age of 13, Alexei entered the Nizhny Novgorod Cadet Corps, where he became interested in philosophy, psychology, ethics and literature. Later, while studying at the verbal department of the Moscow Theological Academy, physiology entered the circle of his interests. After graduating from the academy, he abandoned his church career, planning to further study physiology. But the law that existed at that time forbade graduates of theological academies to enter the natural departments of universities. Ukhtomsky overtook him, entering the Oriental Faculty of St. Petersburg University as a volunteer, and a year later he transferred to the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of the same university to study physiology.
In 1902, the future scientist met Professor N.E. Vvedensky, with whom he later began to work on the reflexes of antagonists.
In 1911 he defended his master's thesis and until 1917 he lectured at the Psychoneurological Institute. In December of the same year, he left for Rybinsk, to his native home - to wait out the "Time of Troubles", where he was engaged in reading religious literature and gardening.
At the end of 1918, the Bolsheviks took away Ukhtomsky's house, leaving the scientist, at the request of the university and the Petrograd Soviet, only two rooms. At the same time, documents of protection from the Petrosoviet saved Ukhtomsky from execution: the execution was replaced by a prison.
In January 1920, Ukhtomsky was released, and part of the house and some things were even returned to him, but he never returned to Rybinsk.
In 1920, he headed the laboratory of the Natural Science Institute.
In 1922, after the death of N.E. Vvedensky, became the head of the Department of Human and Animal Physiology at Petrograd University. In subsequent years, he conducted active scientific work, lectured at a number of Leningrad universities.
Ukhtomsky met the Great Patriotic War in Leningrad: together with other scientists, he worked for the defense needs and led research on traumatic shock that was relevant for wartime.
Ukhtomsky's main scientific discovery was the principle of dominance - a theory that explains a number of fundamental aspects of human behavior and mental processes. Thanks to his research, the doctrine of the dominant went beyond the framework of physiology, becoming a separate direction in philosophical anthropology and psychology. For his scientific research, the scientist was awarded the Lenin Prize, elected a corresponding member, and later, in 1935, a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
In addition to his main scientific activities, he was also well versed in theology, philosophy, political economy, architecture, was a painter and icon painter, spoke seven languages and played the violin.
The outstanding scientist Aleksey Alekseevich Ukhtomsky died on August 31, 1942 in Leningrad besieged by the Nazis.
... read more >Sergei Lebedev is rightfully considered the leading designer and developer of domestic electronic computers. His contribution to this branch of science is compared with the role of Korolev in rocket science and Kurchatov in creating nuclear weapons. Except scientific work he was active in teaching and trained many young scientists of world renown.
Childhood and youth
Sergey Alekseevich Lebedev was born on November 2, 1902. His father, Alexei Ivanovich, having graduated with honors from a school for orphans and a teacher's institute, taught in the village of Rodniki, Ivanovo-Voznesensk province. Sergei Lebedev's mother, Anastasia Petrovna, was a hereditary noblewoman. She left her rich estate to also become a teacher.
Sergey had three sisters, one of whom - Tatyana - is a world famous artist. The parents of the future scientist tried to be a model for their students and children. Such qualities as diligence, decency and honesty were placed at the head of education. There were a lot of books in the Lebedev's house, and children were instilled with love for the theater, music and folklore.
Sergei's favorite pastimes as a child were swimming, music, reading, chess and carpentry, which his uncle taught him. Even then, he was fond of electrical engineering - he made a dynamo, an electric bell, a Leyden jar.
After the revolution in 1917, the family of teachers was transferred from one city to another. In 1919, Sergei moved to Moscow with his father, who was entrusted with the organization of the production of transparencies for educational and propaganda purposes. In 1921, S. A. Lebedev passed the exams in the school curriculum and was admitted to the Moscow State Technical University. N. E. Bauman.
Studying at the institute
In his student years, the young scientist was fond of sports: he went to the mountains, skied, and kayaked. An active lifestyle did not prevent him from doing science - in his graduation project, he developed the problem of the stability of the operation of large power plants in a system where consumers and producers of electricity were located at great distances.
This was his first serious scientific work, the work on which took 2 years. At the age of 26, having defended his diploma at Moscow Higher Technical School, he became the most competent specialist in this matter.
Work in the prewar years
The work biography of Sergei Lebedev begins with teaching at the Moscow Higher Technical School. At the same time, he was on the staff of the All-Union Electrotechnical Institute (VEI). Under his leadership, a special laboratory was created, in which the scientist continued to work on the chosen topic. Its complexity lay in the fact that when designing main power networks, it was necessary to make very complex calculations. This prompted the young scientist to develop models electrical networks and searching for new methods to calculate their mode of operation.
In 1935, Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev was awarded the title of professor. The basis of his doctoral dissertation, which he defended in 1939, was a new theory of the sustainability of energy systems. In 1939-1940. he participated in the design of the Kuibyshev hydroelectric complex. In addition, he was engaged in the creation of a device for solving differential equations, and then began to develop an electronic computer, which is based on the binary number system.
The Great Patriotic War
In 1941, Lebedev signed up for the people's militia, since he was no longer subject to military conscription due to age. He was not allowed to go to the front, and VEI was evacuated to Sverdlovsk. The work switched to defense topics. In a short time, the scientist mastered aerodynamics and began developing homing aircraft torpedoes, as well as a system for stabilizing a tank gun during aiming.
Like all VEI employees, in winter Sergey Alekseevich worked at logging sites. During the evacuation, the Lebedev family was in poverty: they had to live in a waiting room, the children were often sick. In 1943, when the threat of a Nazi attack on Moscow had passed, the institute was transferred back to the capital.
There Lebedev continued his teaching and scientific activity. In 1943, he was appointed head of the Department of Automation of Electrical Systems of the Moscow Power Engineering Institute, and in 1944 - head of the Central Design Bureau of Electric Drives and Automation. In 1945, the scientist was elected a member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR.
On the way to computers
In 1945, the scientist made the first attempt to organize work on the design of digital machines. But the leadership of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks did not take Sergei Lebedev's idea seriously. Under the patronage of acquaintances, he was offered to move to Kyiv and head the Institute of Energy, which made it possible to develop this work.
In 1947, this institution was divided into two institutes - thermal power engineering and electrical engineering. S. A. Lebedev became the director of the latter. Here he finally created a laboratory for solving problems related to electronic computing.
Even during the design of the Kuibyshev power line, the scientist was simultaneously developing the basics of the binary number system, but because of the war, he had to interrupt his research. At that time, there were no computers in the world yet. It was only in 1942 that Atanasov's computer was assembled in the USA, designed to solve systems of simple linear equations. Lebedev came to his technical solution on his own, so he can be called a pioneer of domestic computer technology. If not for the war, the first computer could have been created in Russia.
BESM and MESM - large and small electronic computing machine
In 1949, S. A. Lebedev began work on the design of MESM. It was conceived as a fixed-point layout rather than a floating-point one, since the latter option resulted in a 30% increase in hardware size. Initially, it was decided to stop at 17 binary digits, then they were increased to 21.
The first circuits were cumbersome, and many nodes had to be reinvented, since standard reference books on the circuitry of digital devices simply did not exist then. Suitable schemes were entered into a journal. Due to lack financial resources household electronic lamps were installed in the car. Debugging of the MESM went around the clock, and Lebedev himself worked continuously for 20 hours. In 1951, the first working computer in the USSR and Europe was built. She could perform 3000 operations per minute, and the data was read from a punched card. The area occupied by the machine was 60 m 2 .
Since 1951, MESM has been used to solve important defense and theoretical problems in the field of space flight, mechanics, and thermonuclear processes. For Lebedev, the creation of this machine was only a stepping stone on the way to the development of BESM. Its performance was 2-3 times higher than that of the MESM, and in 1953 it became the most productive computer in Europe. BESM could work with floating point numbers, and the number of digits was 39.
In 1953, Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev was elected an academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, and then he was appointed head of ITMiVT (Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Technology), where he worked almost until his death.
Further developments
Following MESM and BESM, Lebedev designed more advanced electronic computers (BESM-2 - BESM-6, M-20, M-40, M-50, 5E92b, 5E51, 5E26). Some of them were used in the defense and space industries. M-20, built using semiconductors, became the prototype for the mass-produced BESM-4.
In 1969, Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, was given a very difficult task for those times: to create a computer with a performance of 100 million operations per second. There were no analogues with such characteristics even abroad. The scientist called his project to create a super-productive computer "Elbrus", in memory of the summit conquered in his youth.
The first step towards the goal was the Elbrus-1 computer, which was put into operation after the death of the scientist in 1979. Its performance was still far from the required one - almost 7 times less. The second modification that followed it demonstrated already 1.25 times the speed of work than required. The Elbrus computer, a development of Soviet engineers, was 14 years ahead of the first superscalar computer Pentium-I.
Personal qualities
Relatives and colleagues of Sergei Alekseevich Lebedev noted his kindness, modesty, directness and adherence to principles in everything: from household trifles to work. He easily found a common language with young people and was respected among students and graduate students.
The scientist never fawned over the authorities, and one of the revealing facts is that when he was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1962, he sat next to each other. None of the invitees wanted to compromise themselves by communicating with the head of the church.
Many friends always came to the Lebedev's house, among them were eminent actors and musicians. He never retired to work in the office, but studied in the common room while talking to the children.
With his future wife, 16-year-old cellist Alisa Shteinberg, Sergey Alekseevich met in 1927, and after 2 years they got married. The scientist treated his wife with respect and addressed her as you. After the birth of the first child - the son of Seryozha - Alisa Grigorievna fell ill and ended up in the hospital. Lebedev himself looked after the baby and carried it twice a day to his wife so that she would breastfeed the baby. In 1939, the twins Katya and Natasha were born into the Lebedev family, and in 1950 an adopted son, Yakov, appeared.
Lebedev Sergey Alekseevich: awards
For his fruitful work, the scientist received many awards, including the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, the Lenin and State Prizes of the USSR, and others.
For merits in the development of Soviet electronic computing technology, Lebedev was awarded the Order of Lenin 4 times during his lifetime, and in 1996 (posthumously) he was awarded the Pioneer of Computer Technology medal.
Memory of Sergei Alekseevich
In 1974, after a long illness, the scientist died. Sergei Alekseevich was buried at the Novodevichy cemetery in Moscow. Now the ashes of his wife, who outlived her husband by only 5 years, and her son also rest there.
In Moscow, the S. A. Lebedev Institute of Fine Mechanics and Computer Engineering is still functioning and graduating specialists. RAS (Russian Academy of Sciences) awards them every year. Lebedev for the developments of domestic scientists in the field of information systems. In honor of Sergei Alekseevich, streets are also named in his hometown - Nizhny Novgorod and in Kyiv, where he worked.
The Academy of Sciences of the USSR was formed by the decision of the Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of July 27, 1925 on the basis of Russian Academy Sciences (up to February Revolution- Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences). In the early years Soviet Russia The Institute of the Academy of Sciences was perceived very ambiguously as a closed and elite scientific education. However, in 1918, after negotiations with the then leadership of the Academy of Sciences, already renamed from "imperial" to "Russian", cooperation with the new government began. The financing of the Academy was entrusted to the People's Commissariat of Education and the Central Commission for the Improvement of the Life of Scientists (TSEKUBU). In 1925, its 200th anniversary was solemnly celebrated. By this date, a new charter was adopted.
Graftio Heinrich Osipovich (1869, (Dinaburg) - 1949, Leningrad) - Russian power engineer, specialist in the electrification of railways, builder of the first hydroelectric power stations in the USSR, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1932).
Derzhavin Nikolai Sevastyanovich (December 3, 1877, Preslav, now the Zaporozhye region of Ukraine - February 26, 1953, Leningrad) - Soviet Slavic philologist and historian, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1931).
Kistyakovsky Vladimir Alexandrovich (September 30 (October 12), 1865, Kyiv - October 19, 1952, Moscow) - Russian and Soviet physical chemist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929, corresponding member since 1925).
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Petrushevsky Dmitry Moiseevich (September 1, 1863, Kobrinovo, Kiev province - December 12, 1942, Kazan) - Russian, Soviet medievalist historian, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1929).
Sukachev Vladimir Nikolaevich (May 26 (June 7), 1880, the village of Alexandrovka Kharkov province- February 9, 1967, Moscow) - Russian, Soviet geobotanist, arborist, geographer, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1920; since 1925 - the USSR Academy of Sciences).
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Britske Ergard Viktorovich (or Edgard (January 20, 1877 - September 28, 1953, Moscow) - Russian and Soviet chemist, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1932), Academician of the All-Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1934).
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Galerkin Boris Grigoryevich (February 20 (March 4), 1871, Polotsk - July 12, 1945, Leningrad) - Russian and Soviet mechanic and mathematician (best known for his results in the field of elasticity theory); Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1935; corresponding member since 1928).
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Obraztsov Vladimir Nikolaevich (1874 - 1949) - Russian and Soviet scientist in the field of transport. Winner of two Stalin Prizes (1942, 1943). Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR since 1939.
Obruchev Vladimir Afanasyevich (1863-1956) - Russian geologist, paleontologist, geomorphologist, geographer, prose writer and science fiction writer, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). Winner of two Stalin Prizes of the First Degree (1941 and 1950).
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Abram Fedorovich Ioffe (October 17 (29), 1880, Romny, Poltava province - October 14, 1960, Leningrad) - Russian and Soviet physicist, organizer of science, commonly referred to as the "father of Soviet physics", academician (1920), vice president of the USSR Academy of Sciences ( 1942-1945), founder of a scientific school that gave rise to many outstanding Soviet physicists, such as A. Aleksandrov, M. Bronstein, J. Dorfman, P. Kapitsa, I. Kikoin, B. Konstantinov, I. Kurchatov, N. Semyonov, Ya Frenkel, G. B. Abdullaev and others. Hero of Socialist Labor. Laureate of the Lenin Prize.
Vladimir Nikolaevich Ipatiev (November 9 (21), 1867, Moscow - November 29, 1952, Chicago) - Russian-American chemist, lieutenant general, doctor of chemical sciences, professor, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences / Russian Academy of Sciences / Academy of Sciences USSR (1916).
Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov (1869-1945) - Russian Soviet botanist and geographer, teacher and public figure.
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Mathematics Scientific research in mathematics began in Russia in the 18th century, when L. Euler, D. Bernoulli, and other Western European scientists became members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. According to the plan of Peter I, academicians foreigners ... ...
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