How often do we ask ourselves questions and reflect on them? We are thinking, and not looking for ready-made answers from relatives, friends, in literature or on the Internet?
AT modern life serious employers are always in demand for employees who are able to find creative solutions to problems. These people are often referred to as creatives. In modern management, the term "creative class" has even formed.
Where do they come from and why is it “not given to everyone”? Why are most people great performers? Why non-standard solutions to ordinary problems or unique pieces of music do not occur to every person? And what is creativity? What is its value?
From the point of view of scientific knowledge, the definition of the term "creativity" is as follows: "creativity is the creation of new cultural or material values according to the plan"
Wikipedia gives a more detailed description of this concept:
“Creativity is a process of activity that creates qualitatively new material and spiritual values or the result of creating an objectively new one. The main criterion that distinguishes creativity from manufacturing (production) is the uniqueness of its result. The result of creativity cannot be directly deduced from the initial conditions. No one, except perhaps the author, can get exactly the same result if the same initial situation is created for him. Thus, in the process of creativity, the author puts into the material some possibilities that are not reducible to labor operations or a logical conclusion, expresses some aspects of his personality in the final result. It is this fact that gives the products of creativity an additional value in comparison with the products of production.
Creativity is:
- activity that generates something qualitatively new, which has never existed before;
- creating something new, valuable not only for this person but also for others;
- the process of creating subjective values.
The branch of knowledge that studies creativity is heuristics. Heuristics (from other Greek ευρίσκω (heuristiko), lat. Evrica - “I search”, “discover”) is a branch of knowledge that studies the creative, unconscious thinking of a person. Heuristics is associated with psychology, physiology of higher nervous activity, cybernetics and other sciences, but itself as a science has not yet been fully formed.
AT Ancient Greece heuristics was understood as the learning system practiced by Socrates, when the teacher leads the student to independently solve a problem by asking him leading questions. The concept of "heuristics" is found in the treatise of the Greek mathematician Pappus "The Art of Solving Problems" (300 AD).
For a long time, creativity was based on trial and error, sorting through possible options, waiting for insight and working by analogy. So, Thomas Edison conducted about 50 thousand experiments while developing an alkaline battery device. And about the inventor of vulcanized rubber, Charles Goodyear (Goodyear), they wrote that he mixed raw rubber (rubber) with any substance that came to his hand: salt, pepper, sugar, sand, castor oil, even soup. He followed the logical conclusion that sooner or later he would try everything on earth and, finally, stumble upon a successful combination. However, over time, such methods began to come into conflict with the pace of creation and the scale of modern facilities.
The most intensive search and development of heuristic methods has been taken up since the second half of the 20th century, and not only by studying the techniques and sequence of actions of engineers and other creative workers, but also based on the achievements of the psychology and physiology of the brain.
In my opinion, the understanding of creativity as an experiment is the most correct. As in any experiment, there are initially certain components, ingredients. And there is a purpose. Most often, the experimenter does not have specific exact characteristics of the final product and does not know in advance how long it will take to obtain it.
Moreover, any experimenter cannot give an absolute guarantee that the result of the experiment will be positive. And yet he goes to this experiment, searches and creates.
What for? Why? What drives them? Why doesn't he want to go the beaten path? Do you want fame and recognition? Or is it the need of the soul, the only acceptable way of life?
Let's try to figure this out together.
A newborn baby is completely dependent on the environment and is an "open book". He absorbs the culture, language, traditions of his family. Then the social circle increases, the child is included in society.
At some stage, there comes a moment when the child begins to show individual personality traits that do not coincide with the qualities of those around him. And then adults say: "Character shows ...".
During childhood, the process of creativity for any child is natural. Children do not think about how beautifully they draw or sing. They just do it wholeheartedly, completely immersed in the process. And the task of adults at this stage is not to teach the child, but to create conditions and direct his energy in a positive, creative direction.
In the process of growing up, a person acquires new experience, new qualities, while losing character traits child. Including the need for creativity and openness to the outside world. And we take this process of development for granted. On the contrary, if an adult person shows signs of a child, we are surprised, perplexed, and even sometimes condemn: "fell into childhood", "behaves like a child." There are certain stereotypes, patterns of behavior that "normal" adults must comply with. And people who are creative, musical, literary or scientific geniuses, as a rule, "hover in the clouds", "not of this world", "white crows", etc.
If we take a closer look at the "white crows", we can see that these are people who boldly express their views and ideas that are different from the generally accepted ones. They are far from worries about their daily bread, they care little about human passions. There are many examples when a person in the process of creation forgot about time, food, sleep, and those around him. And in this state he is “like a child”, he is free, he floats along the river of inspiration, trusting in its flow.
One night I had a dream. I sit behind the wheel and drive the car along the road. I feel light and free, I am confident in myself. There are other participants in the movement on the road, but we easily move each in our own direction, without crossing each other's trajectories. And suddenly, at some point, the thought comes to me: “Why am I driving without changing speed and without stopping at intersections? Am I breaking the rules? I look at the speedometer and try to slow down, but the car does not obey, it moves by itself, the brakes do not work. Then I, with maximum effort, turn off the asphalt onto a dirt road. Moreover, I deliberately look for dirt, puddles, obstacles in order to slow down the car and stop naturally.
The dream was so vivid that it did not leave my head for a long time. Any driver will say that in a similar situation in real life, my reaction was correct.
After some thought, I came to the conclusion that in fact my dream is very similar to real life. As long as any person is free in his soul, completely devotes himself to the creativity of life, he easily, quickly, without hindrance and most safely achieves his goals. But as soon as we remember the rules and restrictions, we immediately have fear, panic. We begin to "lose control of the situation." As a result, we not only turn off the path, but independently direct our lives into "dirt", suffering, we ourselves look for obstacles in our path. And in some cases, we collide with other "traffic members", injuring them and causing damage. And in the end, depending on the efforts made, we either “slow down” or completely stop.
Creativity and fear are incompatible. They cannot exist at the same time. For creativity knows no fear, and fear cannot be creative.
What is fear and why is it needed, we will talk in the article.
Tuesday, February 15, 2011 10:20 am + to quote pad
The article was written based on the materials of the site "Country of Masters" (mostly).
Studying the recently discovered site "Country of Masters" and never ceasing to be surprised and admired by the variety of applied art techniques and the talent of our people, I decided to systematize the techniques.
The list will be updated as new techniques are discovered.
* Techniques related to the use of paper:
1. Iris folding ("Rainbow folding") - paper folding technique. Appeared in Holland. The technique requires attention and accuracy, but at the same time it allows you to easily make spectacular postcards or decorate the pages of a memorable album (scrapbooking) with interesting decorative elements.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/776
2. Paper plastics in terms of creativity is very similar to sculpture. But, in paper plastic, all products are empty inside, all products are shells of the depicted object. And in sculpture, either the volume is increased with additional elements, or the excess is removed (cut off).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/462
3. Corrugated tubes - this is the name of the technique for making products, in which corrugated paper tubes are used to decorate surfaces or create three-dimensional figures. Corrugated tubes are obtained by winding a strip of paper on a stick, pencil or knitting needle, followed by compression. The compressed corrugated tube holds its shape well and has many options for execution and use.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1492
4. Quilling (from the English quilling - from the word quil "bird feather") - the art of paper rolling. Originated in medieval Europe, where the nuns created medallions by twisting paper strips with gilded edges on the tip of a bird's feather, which created an imitation of a gold miniature.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/587
http://stranamasterov.ru/node/1364
4. Origami (from Japanese letters: “folded paper”) is the ancient art of folding paper figures. The art of origami has its roots in ancient China, where paper was discovered.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/560
Kinds:
- Kirigami - a type of origami that allows the use of scissors and paper cutting in the process of making a model. This is the main difference between kirigami and other paper folding techniques, which is emphasized in the name: kiru - cut, kami - paper.
Pop-up is a whole trend in art. This technique combines elements of techniques.
- Kirigami and Cutouts and allows you to create three-dimensional designs and postcards that fold into a flat figure.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1723
- Kusudama (Japanese: "medicine ball") - a paper model, which is usually (but not always) formed by sewing together the ends of many identical pyramidal modules (usually stylized flowers folded from a square sheet of paper), so that a spherical body is obtained forms. Alternatively, individual components can be glued together (for example, the kusudama in the bottom photo is completely glued, not sewn). Sometimes, as a decoration, a tassel is attached from below.
The art of kusudama comes from an ancient Japanese tradition where kusudama was used for incense and a mixture of dry petals; these may have been the first true bouquets of flowers or herbs. The word itself is a combination of the two Japanese words kusuri (medicine) and tama (ball). Currently, kusudami are usually used for decoration or as gifts.
Kusudama is an important part of origami, particularly as a precursor to modular origami. It is often confused with modular origami, which is incorrect, since the elements that make up kusudama are sewn or glued, and not nested into each other, as modular origami suggests.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/850
- Origami from circles - folding origami from a paper circle. Usually, an appliqué is then glued from the folded parts.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1636
- Origami modular - the creation of three-dimensional figures from triangular origami modules - was invented in China. The whole figure is assembled from many identical parts (modules). Each module is folded according to the rules of classic origami from one sheet of paper, and then the modules are connected by nesting them into each other. The resulting friction force does not allow the structure to disintegrate.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/15
5. Papier-mâché (French papier-mâché “chewed paper”) is an easily shaped mass obtained from a mixture of fibrous materials (paper, cardboard) with adhesives, starch, gypsum, etc. Papier-mâché is used to make dummies , masks, study guides, toys, theatrical props, boxes. In some cases, even furniture.
In Fedoskino, Palekh, and Kholui papier-mâché is used to make the basis for traditional lacquer miniatures.
You can decorate a papier-mache blank not only with paints, painting like famous artists, but using decoupage or assemblage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/561
7. Embossing (another name is "embossing") - mechanical extrusion that creates images on paper, cardboard, polymeric material or plastic, foil, parchment (the technique is called "parchment", see below), as well as on leather or birch bark, in which the material itself is embossed with a convex or concave stamp with or without heating, sometimes with the additional use of foil and paint. Embossing is carried out mainly on book covers, postcards, invitation cards, labels, soft packaging, etc.
This type of work can be determined by many factors: force, texture and thickness of the material, the direction of its cutting, layout and other factors.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1626
Kinds:
- Pergamano - parchment paper(thick waxed tracing paper) is processed with an embossing tool and becomes convex and whitens during processing. In this technique, interesting postcards are obtained, and this technique can also be used to design a scrappage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1705
- Texturing - applying an image using a cliche on a smooth material, usually metallized paper, in order to simulate foil stamping. Also used to imitate the skin of certain breeds (for example, a cliché with a pattern that imitates the skin of a crocodile, etc.)
* Techniques related to weaving:
Man learned weaving much earlier than pottery. At first, he wove dwellings (roofs, fences, furniture), all kinds of baskets for various needs (cradles, tuesas, wagons, turtles, baskets) and shoes from long flexible branches. Man has learned to braid his hair.
With the development of this type of needlework, more and more different materials for application appeared. It turned out that you can weave from everything that comes across: from vines and reeds, from ropes and threads, from leather and birch bark, from wire and beads, from newspapers .... Such weaving techniques as weaving, weaving from birch bark and reeds appeared. , tatting, macrame knot weaving, bobbin weaving, beading, ganutel, kumihimo cord weaving, chain mail weaving, net weaving, Indian mandala weaving, their imitations (weaving from paper strips and candy wrappers, weaving from newspapers and magazines)...
As it turned out, this type of needlework is still popular, because using it, you can weave a lot of beautiful and useful things, decorating our home with them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/302
1. Beading, like the beads themselves, has a long history. The ancient Egyptians were the first to learn how to weave necklaces from beaded threads, string bracelets and cover women's dresses with beaded nets. But only in the 19th century did the real flourishing of bead production begin. For a long time, the Venetians carefully guarded the secrets of creating a glass miracle. Craftsmen and craftswomen decorated clothes and shoes, purses and handbags, cases for fans and eyeglasses, as well as other elegant things with beads.
With the advent of beads in America, the natives began to use it instead of traditional Indian familiar materials. For ritual belt, cradle, headband, basket, hairnet, earrings, snuff boxes..
In the Far North, beaded embroidery was used to decorate fur coats, high fur boots, hats, reindeer harness, leather sunglasses...
Our great-grandmothers were very inventive. Among the huge variety of elegant trinkets, there are amazing items. Brushes and covers for chalk, cases for a toothpick (!), an inkwell, a pen and a pencil, a collar for your favorite dog, a cup holder, lace collars, Easter eggs, chess boards and much, much, much more.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1355
2. Ganutel - exclusive Maltese needlework. It is in the monasteries of the Mediterranean that this technique of creating beautiful flowers to decorate the altar has been preserved to this day.
The ganutel uses thin spiral wire and silk threads to wind parts, as well as beads, pearls or seed beads. Brilliant flowers are elegant and light.
In the 16th century, a spiral wire made of gold or silver was called in Italian “canutiglia”, and in Spanish “canutillo”, in Russian this word probably transformed into “gimp”.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1170
3. Macrame (from Arabic - braid, fringe, lace or from Turkish - scarf or napkin with fringe) - nodular weaving technique.
The technique of this nodular weaving has been known since antiquity. According to some reports, macrame came to Europe in the VIII-IX centuries from the East. This technique was known in Ancient Egypt, Assyria, Iran, Peru, China, Ancient Greece.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/750
4. Lace weaving on bobbin. In Russia, the Vologda, Yelets, Kirov, Belevsky, Mikhailovsky crafts are still known.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1687
5. Tatting is a woven nodular lace. It is also called shuttle lace, because this lace is woven with a special shuttle.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1728
* Techniques related to painting, various types of painting and creating images:
Drawing is a genre in the visual arts and a corresponding technique that creates a visual image (image) on a surface or object using graphic means, drawing elements (as opposed to pictorial elements), mainly from lines and strokes.
For example: charcoal drawing, pencil drawing, ink and pen drawing...
Painting - view visual arts associated with the transmission of visual images by applying paints to a solid or flexible base; creating an image using digital technology; as well as works of art made in such ways.
The most common works of painting are made on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, cardboard, paper, treated wall surfaces, etc. Paintings also include images made with paints on decorative and ceremonial vessels. whose surfaces can have complex shapes.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1218
1. Batik - hand-painted on fabric using reserve compositions.
The batik technique is based on the fact that paraffin, rubber glue, as well as some other resins and varnishes, when applied to a fabric (silk, cotton, wool, synthetics), do not allow paint to pass through - or, as the artists say, "reserve" from staining individual sections of the fabric.
There are several types of batik - hot, cold, nodular, free painting, free painting using saline, shibori.
Batik - batik is an Indonesian word. Translated from Indonesian, the word "ba" means cotton fabric, and "-tik" means "dot" or "drop". Ambatik - draw, cover with drops, hatch.
Painting "batik" has long been known among the peoples of Indonesia, India, etc. In Europe - since the twentieth century.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/916
2. Stained glass (lat. Vitrum - glass) - this is one of the types decorative arts. Glass or other transparent material is the base material. The history of stained-glass windows begins from ancient times. Initially, glass was inserted into a window or doorway, then the first mosaic paintings and independent decorative compositions appeared, panels made from colored pieces of glass or painted with special paints on plain glass.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/886
3. Blowing - a technique based on blowing paint through a tube (on a sheet of paper). This ancient technique was traditional both for the creators of ancient images (bone tubes were used).
Modern tubes for juice are no worse in use. They help to blow recognizable, unusual, and sometimes fantastic drawings from a small amount of liquid paint onto a sheet of paper.
4. Guilloche - the technique of burning an openwork pattern on fabric manually using a burning apparatus was developed and patented by Zinaida Petrovna Kotenkova.
Guilloche requires precision in work. It should be made in a single color scheme and correspond to the ornamental style of a given composition.
Napkins, panels with appliqués, bookmarks for books, handkerchiefs, collars - all this and much more that your imagination will tell you, will decorate any home!
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1342
5. Grattage (from the French gratter - scrape, scratch) - scratching technique.
The drawing is highlighted by scratching with a pen or a sharp instrument on paper or cardboard filled with ink (to avoid blurring, you need to add a little detergent or shampoo, just a few drops).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/686
6. Mosaic is one of the most ancient arts. This is a way to create an image from small elements. Putting together a mosaic is very important for mental development child.
It can be from different materials: bottle caps, beads, buttons, plastic chips, wooden saw cuts of twigs or matches, magnetic pieces, glass, ceramic pieces, small stones, shells, thermo-mosaic, Tetris-mosaic, coins, pieces of fabric or paper, grain, cereals, maple seeds, pasta, any natural material (cone scales, needles, watermelon and melon seeds), pencil shavings, bird feathers, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/438
7. Monotype (from the Greek monos - one, single and tupos - print) - one of the simplest graphic techniques.
On a smooth surface of glass or thick glossy paper (it should not let water through) - a drawing is made with gouache paint or paints. A sheet of paper is placed on top and pressed against the surface. The result is a mirror image.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/663
8. Thread graphics (thread, thread image, thread design) - graphic image, made in a special way with threads on cardboard or other solid base. Thread graphics are also sometimes called isography or cardboard embroidery. You can also use velvet (velvet paper) or thick paper as a base. Threads can be ordinary sewing, woolen, floss or others. You can also use colored silk threads.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/452
9. Ornament (Latin ornamentum - decoration) - a pattern based on the repetition and alternation of its constituent elements; designed to decorate various items (utensils, tools and weapons, textiles, furniture, books, etc.), architectural structures (both from the outside and in the interior), works of plastic arts (mainly applied), among primitive peoples as well the human body itself (coloring, tattoo). Associated with the surface that it decorates and visually organizes, the ornament, as a rule, reveals or accentuates the architectonics of the object on which it is applied. The ornament either operates with abstract forms or stylizes real motifs, often schematizing them beyond recognition.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1222
10. Print.
Kinds:
- Sponge printing. For this, both a sea sponge and a regular one intended for washing dishes are suitable.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1094
Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops ...
- Stamp (stamping). Wood is usually used as the starting material for stamping with a cliche print, so that it is convenient to take it in hand. One side is made even, because. cardboard is pasted on it, and patterns on cardboard. They (patterns) can be from paper, from a rope, from an old eraser, from root crops, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1068
11. Pointillism (fr. Pointillisme, literally “dottedness”) is a style of writing in painting that uses pure paints that do not mix on the palette, applied in small strokes of a rectangular or round shape, based on their optical mixing in the eye of the viewer, in contrast to mixing paints on the palette. Optical mixing of three primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and pairs of additional colors (red - green, blue - orange, yellow - violet) gives a much greater brightness than a mechanical mixture of pigments. Mixing colors with the formation of shades occurs at the stage of perception of the picture by the viewer from a distance or in a reduced form.
Georges Seurat was the founder of the style.
Another name for pointillism is divisionism (from Latin divisio - division, crushing).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/700
12. Drawing with palms. It is difficult for small children to use a paint brush. There is a very exciting activity that will give the child new sensations, develop fine motor skills of the hands, and provide an opportunity to discover a new and magical world. artistic creativity This is hand painting. Drawing with their hands, little artists develop their imagination and abstract thinking.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1315
13. Drawing with leaf prints. Having collected various fallen leaves, smear each leaf with gouache from the side of the veins. The paper you are going to print on can be colored or white. Press the sheet with the painted side against the sheet of paper, carefully remove it, taking the "tail" (petiole). This process can be repeated over and over. And now, having finished the details, you already have a butterfly flying over the flower.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/667
14. Painting. One of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for several centuries have been an integral part of Everyday life and original culture of the people. In Russian folk art There are a large number of varieties of this type of arts and crafts.
Here are some of them:
- Zhostovo painting - an old Russian folk craft, originated at the beginning of the 19th century, in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. Is one of the most known species Russian folk painting. Zhostovo trays are painted by hand. Usually bouquets of flowers are depicted on a black background.
- Gorodets painting - Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century. near the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made with a free brushstroke with white and black graphic strokes, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors.
- Khokhloma painting - an old Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod.
Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in black and red (and, occasionally, green) on a golden background. When painting a tree, silver tin powder is applied to the tree. After that, the product is coated with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, which gives the effect of massiveness to light wooden utensils. The traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and animals.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/301
15. Encaustic (from ancient Greek “the art of burning”) is a painting technique in which wax is the binder of paints. Painting is done with paints in molten form (hence the name). A variety of encaustic is wax tempera, which is distinguished by its brightness and richness of colors. Many early Christian icons were painted in this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1485
*Techniques related to sewing, embroidery and the use of fabrics:
Sewing is a colloquial form of the verb "to sew", i.e. what is sewn or sewn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1136
2. Patchwork, Quilting, Quilting or Patchwork is a folk arts and crafts, with centuries-old traditions and stylistic features. This is a technique that uses pieces of multi-colored fabrics or knitted elements of geometric shapes to be connected in a bedspread, blouse or bag.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1347
Kinds:
- Artichoke is a type of patchwork that got its name because of its resemblance to the fruit of the artichoke. This technique has other names - “teeth”, “corners”, “scales”, “feathers”.
By and large, in this technique, it all comes down to folding the cut out parts and sewing them onto the base in a certain sequence. Or, using paper, compose (glue) various panels of a rounded (or polyhedral shape) on a plane or in volume.
There are two ways to sew: the tip of the blanks is directed to the center of the main part, or to its edges. This is if you sew a flat product. For products of a volumetric nature - with a tip to a narrower part. The parts to be folded are not necessarily cut into squares. It can be both rectangles and circles. In any case, we meet with the folding of cut-out blanks, therefore, it can be argued that these patchwork techniques belong to the origami patchwork family, and since they create volume, therefore, they also belong to the "3d" technique.
Example: http://stranamasterov.ru/node/137446?tid=1419
- Crazy quilt. I recently came across this one as well. I think it's a multimethod.
The bottom line is that the product is created from a combination of various techniques: patchwork + embroidery + painting, etc.
Example:
3. Tsumami Kanzashi. Tsumami is based on origami. Only they fold not paper, but squares of natural silk. The word "Tsumami" means "to pinch": the master takes a piece of folded silk using tweezers or tweezers. The petals of future flowers are then glued onto the base.
Hairpin (kanzashi), decorated with a silk flower, gave the name to a whole new kind of arts and crafts. This technique was used to make decorations for combs, and for individual sticks, as well as for complex structures made up of various accessories.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1724
* Techniques related to knitting:
What is knitting? This is the process of making products from continuous threads by bending them into loops and connecting the loops to each other using simple tools by hand (crochet hook, knitting needles).
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/729
1. Knitting on a fork. An interesting way to crochet using a special device - a fork, curved in the shape of the letter U. The result is light, airy patterns.
2. Crochet (tambour) - the process of hand-made fabric or lace from threads using a crochet hook. creating not only dense, embossed patterns, but also thin, openwork, reminiscent of a lace fabric. Knitting patterns consist of different combinations of loops and columns. The correct ratio - the thickness of the hook should be almost twice the thickness of the thread.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/858
3. Simple (European) knitting allows you to combine several types of loops, which creates simple and complex openwork patterns.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1157
4. Tunisian knitting with a long hook (both one and several loops can simultaneously participate to create a pattern).
5. Jacquard knitting - patterns are knitted on knitting needles from threads of several colors.
6. Fillet knitting - imitates fillet-guipure embroidery on a special grid.
7. Guipure knitting (Irish or Brussels lace) crochet.
2. Sawing. One type is sawing with a jigsaw. Decorating your life and home with handicrafts or children's toys convenient for everyday life, you experience the joy of appearance and enjoy the process of creating them.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1418
3. Carving - a kind of arts and crafts. It is one of the types of artistic processing of wood along with sawing, turning.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1113
* Other self-sufficient techniques:
1. Application (from Latin “attaching”) is a way of working with colored pieces of various materials: paper, fabric, leather, fur, felt, colored beads, beads, woolen threads, chased metal plates, all kinds of fabric (velvet, satin, silk), dried leaves... This use of various materials and structures in order to enhance expressive possibilities is very close to another means of representation - collage.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/364
Also exist:
- Application from plasticine - plasticineography - a new kind of arts and crafts. It is a creation of stucco paintings depicting more or less convex, semi-voluminous objects on a horizontal surface. In essence, this is a rare, very expressive type of “painting.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1243
- Application from "palms". Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/612
- Breakaway appliqué is one of the types of multifaceted appliqué technique. Everything is simple and accessible, like laying out a mosaic. The base is a sheet of cardboard, the material is a sheet of colored paper torn into pieces (several colors), the tool is glue and your hands. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1346
2. Assemblage (fr. assemblage) - a technique of visual art, akin to collage, but using three-dimensional details or whole objects, appliquely arranged on a plane like a picture. Allows pictorial additions with paints, as well as metal, wood, fabric and other structures. Sometimes it is applied to other works, from photomontage to spatial compositions, because the terminology of the latest visual art is not well established.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1412
3. Paper tunnel. The original English name for this technique is tunnel book, which can be translated as a book or paper tunnel. The essence of the technique is well traced from the English name tunnel - a tunnel - a through hole. The multi-layered nature of the “books” (book) that is being compiled conveys the feeling of the tunnel well. There is a three-dimensional postcard. By the way, this technique successfully combines different types techniques, such as - scrapbooking, appliqué, cutting, creating layouts and voluminous books. It is somewhat akin to origami, because. aimed at folding paper in a certain way.
The first paper tunnel was dated to the middle of the 18th century. and was the epitome of theatrical scenes.
Traditionally, paper tunnels are created to commemorate an event or sold as souvenirs for tourists.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1411
4. Cutting is a very broad term.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/701
Cut out of paper, foam, foam rubber, birch bark, plastic bottles, from soap, from plywood (although this is already called sawing), from fruits and vegetables, as well as from other different materials. Various tools are used: scissors, mock knives, scalpel. They cut out masks, hats, toys, postcards, panels, flowers, figurines and much more.
Kinds:
- Silhouette cutting is a cutting technique in which objects of an asymmetric structure are cut out by eye, with curvilinear contours (fish, birds, animals, etc.), with complex outlines of figures and smooth transitions from one part to another. Silhouettes are easily recognizable and expressive, they should be without small details and as if in motion. Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1416
- The cut is symmetrical. With symmetrical cutting, we repeat the contours of the image, which must fit exactly into the plane of the sheet of paper folded in half, consistently complicating the outline of the figure in order to correctly convey in applications external features stylized objects.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/466
- Vytynanka - the art of cutting openwork patterns from colored, white or black paper has existed since the time when paper was invented in China. And this type of carving became known as jianzhi. This art has spread all over the world: China, Japan, Vietnam, Mexico, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Ukraine, Lithuania and many other countries.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/563
- Carving (see below).
5. Decoupage (from the French decoupage - noun, “what is cut out”) is a technique for decorating, appliqué, decorating with cut paper motifs. Chinese peasants in the XII century. began to decorate furniture in this way. And in addition to cut out pictures from thin colorful paper, they began to cover it with varnish to make it look like a painting! So, along with beautiful furniture, this technique also came to Europe.
Today, the most popular material for decoupage is three-layer napkins. Hence the other name - "napkin technology". The application can be absolutely limitless - dishes, books, caskets, candles, vessels, musical instruments, flower pots, bottles, furniture, shoes and even clothes! Any surface - leather, wood, metal, ceramics, cardboard, textiles, gypsum - must be plain and light, because. the pattern cut out of the napkin should be clearly visible.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/722
6. Carving (from the English carvу - cut, cut, engrave, cut; carving - carving, carved work, carved ornament, carved figure) in cooking is simplest form sculptures or engravings on the surface of vegetable and fruit products, such short-lived table decorations.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1339
7. Collage is a creative genre when a work is created from a wide variety of cut out images pasted onto paper, canvas or digitally. Comes from fr. papier collée - pasted paper. Very quickly, this concept began to be used in an expanded sense - a mixture of various elements, a bright and expressive message from fragments of other texts, fragments collected on the same plane.
The collage can be completed by any other means - ink, watercolor, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/324
8. Constructor (from lat. constructor "builder") - an ambiguous term. For our profile, this is a set of mating parts. i.e. details or elements of some future layout, information about which is collected by the author, analyzed and embodied in a beautiful, artistically executed product.
Designers differ in the type of material - metal, wood, plastic and even paper (for example, paper origami modules). The combination of various elements creates interesting designs for games and fun.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/984
9. Modeling - shaping plastic material (plasticine, clay, plastic, salt dough, snowball, sand, etc.) with the help of hands and auxiliary tools. This is one of the basic techniques of sculpture, which is designed to master the primary principles of this technique.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/670
10. A layout is a copy of an object with resizing (usually reduced), which is made with the preservation of proportions. The layout should also convey the main features of the object.
To create this unique work, you can use various materials, it all depends on its functional purpose (exhibition layout, gift, presentation, etc.). It can be paper, cardboard, plywood, wooden blocks, plaster and clay parts, wire.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1397
Layout view - a model is a valid layout that depicts (imitates) any significant features of the original. Moreover, attention is focused on certain aspects of the modeled object or in equally details of it. The model is created to be used, for example, for visual-model teaching of mathematics, physics, chemistry and other school subjects, for a sea or air club. A variety of materials are used in modeling: balloons, light and plastic mass, wax, clay, gypsum, papier-mâché, salt dough, paper, foam plastic, foam rubber, matches, knitting threads, fabric ...
Modeling is the creation of a model that is reliably close to the original.
"Models" are those layouts that are in effect. And models that do not work, i.e. "strand" - usually called a layout.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1353
11. Soap making. Animal and vegetable fats, fat substitutes (synthetic fatty acids, rosin, naphthenic acids, tall oil) can be used as raw materials for obtaining the main component of soap.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1631
12. Sculpture (lat. sculptura, from sculpo - cut, carve) - sculpture, plastic - a type of fine art, the works of which have a three-dimensional shape and are made of solid or plastic materials (metal, stone, clay, wood, plaster, ice, snow , sand, foam rubber, soap). Processing methods - molding, carving, casting, forging, chasing, cutting, etc.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1399
13. Weaving - production of fabrics and textiles from yarn.
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/1318
14. Filting (or felting, or felting) - felting wool. There is "wet" and "dry".
Examples: http://stranamasterov.ru/taxonomy/term/736
15. Flat chasing is one of the types of arts and crafts, as a result of knocking out a certain ornamental relief, drawing, inscription or a round figured image, sometimes close to engraving, on a plate, a new work of art is created.
The processing of the material is carried out with the help of a rod - a chasing, which is placed vertically, on the upper end of which they hit with a hammer. Moving the coinage gradually manifested new form. The material must have a certain plasticity and the ability to change under the influence of force.
Examples:
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CREATION. Creativity is usually understood as artistic, scientific and technical creativity. But the creative element takes place in any kind of activity: in business, sports, games, in a simple thought process, in daily communication, as the famous physicist, academician P. Kapitsa says, wherever a person does not act according to instructions. The essence of creativity is in the discovery and creation of a qualitatively new, having some value. In scientific creativity, new facts and laws are discovered, what exists, but what was not known. Technical creativity invents something that was not there, new devices. In art, new spiritual, aesthetic values are discovered and new artistic images, new artistic forms are created, “invented”. Philosophical creativity combines the features of scientific and artistic creativity.
Different types of creativity differ in results, products of creativity, but obey the same psychological laws. Any process of creativity presupposes a subject of creativity, a creator motivated to creativity by certain needs, motives, incentives, possessing certain knowledge, skills, and creative abilities. Common are the main stages of the creative process: preparation, maturation (“incubation”), insight (“insight”) and verification.
The natural inclinations of creative abilities are inherent in every person. But in order to reveal them and develop them to the full, certain objective and subjective conditions are needed: early and skillful training, a creative climate, strong-willed qualities of a person (perseverance, efficiency, courage, etc.).
The biggest enemy of creativity is fear. Fear of failure stifles imagination and initiative. Another enemy of creativity is too high self-criticism, fear of mistakes and imperfections. Anyone who seeks to develop creative abilities should remember that dissatisfaction is the ferment of the new. She renews creativity. Mistakes are common and inevitable companions of achievement. From the point of view of drawing lessons, the shortcomings are even “more interesting” than the merits, they are devoid of the same perfection, they are diverse, they reflect the personality of the creator. Being able to find your mistakes is just as important as keeping the good in your work. The third serious enemy of creativity is laziness and passivity. Even a small task must be completed with full dedication.
The core of creativity, the peak of the creative act is “enlightenment”, insight, when it penetrates into consciousness, it is generated (generated) new idea- scientific, philosophical, technical or artistic. But this often leads to a long path of preliminary work, during which the prerequisites for the birth of the new are created.
One of them is vigilance in search of problems, the ability and desire to see what does not fit into the framework of previously learned. This is a special observation, characterized by a fresh look. The basis of such observation is the verbalization of visual (or auditory) experience, that is, its expression with the help of words or other information codes.
It can be important to capture the whole picture, the whole chain of reasoning, to “fold” to one generalizing concept or symbol with one glance. The economical symbolic - whether it is a scientific or artistic symbol - the designation of information is essential condition creative, productive thinking.
Of essential importance is the ability that can and should be trained, to apply the skill acquired in solving one problem to solving another. It is necessary to develop generalizing strategies and algorithms. For example, in chess creativity, this is facilitated by the solution of chess problems and the analysis of etudes. It is useful to seek analogies. For example, in technical creativity, a whole trend called "bionics" is based on the use of samples taken from wildlife. The myth of Daedalus speaks of his nephew, who invented the saw, taking the backbone of a bony fish as a model.
Analogy widely distributes attention, creates conditions for "lateral thinking", the ability to "think about", to see the path to a solution using "outside" information. The analogy is successful when the problem becomes a stable goal of activity, its dominant.
Purpose, i.e. the question of the task is an important factor in distant association, establishing a connection between distant areas and concepts. The ability to “link” concepts and images is important and necessary for creativity, but it must be balanced by the ability to tear observed facts from habitual associations. On the one hand, one must be able to combine newly perceived information with what was previously known, to include them in an already established system of knowledge, but on the other hand, to be able to get rid of the pressure of prior knowledge. This facilitates the generation of new ideas, eliminates inertia, rigidity of thinking. Inert, inflexible thinking gets used to the normal functioning of things. The transition to other possible functions is difficult for him. In this case, enumeration exercises are useful. possible ways using everyday items such as a hammer, brick, canned food, etc.
For creative thinking, the ability to break away from a consistent, logical consideration of facts and combine the elements of thought into new holistic images is important. This allows you to see the new in the long-familiar. Logical thinking is a tool for analyzing, dismembering incoming information into elements and connecting them into mental chains. This discursive way of processing information is determined by the work of the left ("speech") hemisphere of the brain. This hemisphere governs right hand. The other, right hemisphere processes information not in parts, but holistically with the help of images. It controls the left hand. Each person, as a rule, is dominated by one or the other hemisphere, and people are divided into "right-handed" and "left-handed". Creativity is carried out as a result of the work of both hemispheres, but the "right-handed" are inclined and more "suitable" for logical, analytical, scientific thinking. "Left-handers" operate more successfully in the sphere of figurative, holistic, artistic thinking. It is important for a person to know what type of mental activity he belongs to. According to the classification of I.P. Pavlov, people are divided into mental and artistic types. Knowing yourself, you can better choose a more successful area of creative activity. When "left-brain people" (thinking type) think about the answer to a question, their gaze deviates to the right, for "right-brain" people - to the left. “Right-brained” people perceive music better; in speech, not only the meaning of words is important for them, but especially intonation.
The path to solving the problem, as a rule, is not direct and unambiguous. You have to choose between many alternatives. Some psychologists generally reduce creativity to the selection and enumeration of options. But the selection process requires a transition from one search "field" to another, sometimes a radical change in point of view. This is where the feedback principle comes into play to change the direction of the search. Creativity consists of a certain number of cycles, and each subsequent one involves an assessment of the success of the previous one. The ability to evaluate is an extremely important ability to evaluate an idea before it is tested. Among the evaluation criteria, one can single out logical consistency, compliance with previously accumulated experience, as well as aesthetic criteria for elegance, simplicity and cost savings.
The ability to evaluate is inextricably linked with the central creative ability - creative fantasy. The most important significance of this ability lies in the fact that it makes it possible to imagine the future result of a creative search before the end of the activity, as if to foresee it. The presentation of the expected result fundamentally distinguishes human creativity from the search activity of animals, which is mainly instinctive in nature. ()
In addition to abilities, motives are the most important side of creativity. Creativity by itself does not translate into creative achievement. To get results, you need desire and will. Motives are divided into external and internal. The former include the desire for material benefits, to secure one's position. This also includes “pressure of circumstances”, the presence of problematic situations, the presentation of a task, competition, the desire to surpass colleagues and comrades, rivals, etc.
Much more important are internal motives, which, of course, are connected with external circumstances and manifest themselves due to them. The basis of internal motives is an innate need for search activity, a tendency to novelty and innovation, the need for new experiences. For people who are creatively gifted, the very search for something new brings much more satisfaction than achieved result and especially its material benefits.
According to psychoanalysis, the most important motive for creativity is unsatisfied actual desires that cause tension in the psyche. For example, artists, writers, poets seek to solve some personal problem in their work, reduce tension within the psyche, overcome any internal conflict. Dissatisfaction also arises on the basis of a constant desire for clarity, simplicity, orderliness, completeness.
The leading motive of creativity is also the desire for self-expression, or self-actualization, the desire to assert one's personality, to defend one's self. This is also connected with the desire of some people to act contrary to the existing and generally recognized, the tendency to the opposite, to opposition.
As a natural, innate, creative principle in man, it opposes technical rationalism, the technical activity of design. This was clearly manifested in attempts to model creative processes on a computer (heuristic programming). It turned out that the creative processes themselves cannot be formalized in the form of an algorithm.
The bearer of creativity as a socio-cultural phenomenon is the human personality. It is evidence of the spiritual and personal nature of creativity. In creativity, personality manifests itself as something free, integral, indivisible and unique.
In a concentrated form, creativity is present in artistic, scientific and technical creativity. Here creative activity goes beyond the profession and becomes a vocation, often the ideal of life and destiny. Successes and failures become here the main events of life. In creativity, a person is, as it were, "more than himself." The larger the creator, the more clearly universal, general cultural tasks and problems are manifested in his work.
Evgeny Basin
“Only the realization of creative potential, whatever its scale, makes a person mentally normal and emotionally stable” Zharikov E.S.
I, as a creative person, thought about this question: “What is creativity for?”. What gives people creativity, that despite the 21st century it remains relevant and in demand.
After all, creativity is not only art (dance, song, painting, writing), it is also the birth of ideas, creativity in business, science, everyday life, with the help of which people manage to make discoveries, create something from nothing. After all, it is the creativity of thinking that gives a very successful growth in a career, business, and one's own business. I myself was a witness in a situation where an employee was asked to show his creativity in solving complex problems. So creativity, creativity is necessary and I think everyone has these qualities. I agree with the opinion of the American psychologist Abraham Maslow “creativity is a creative orientation that is innately characteristic of everyone, but lost by the majority under the influence of the existing system of upbringing, education and social practice. “ 
This is probably why art therapy is becoming so popular today. With the help of which everyone has the opportunity to reveal their creative potential and not only. After all, drawing, dancing or writing a fairy tale can help find answers to many questions. A drawing or a fairy tale is a direct path to the unconscious, through them we plunge into our inner world, open up for ourselves, get to know our inner world, and by showing the work to other people, in this way we tell about ourselves, we give the opportunity to get to know our personality through a drawing, a fairy tale, dance. The richness of colors, lines, shapes, rhythms, movements, textures and spaces have a favorable, resource and developing potential: they contribute to the harmonization of emotional states, recuperation, and also allow discovering new horizons of human creativity.
The ability to express the same emotional state with the help of different types of art is exactly what everyone who wants to enter the temple of art should strive for.
Creativity is one of the ways to preserve oneself as a person, of course there are other judgments on this issue, but I am of the opinion that creating, and creating means creating, a person does not just exist - he lives, develops himself, his personality and his skills, abilities , which are most likely peculiar to him alone in the world.
As Wikipedia says:
“Creativity is a process of activity that creates qualitatively new material and spiritual values or the result of creating a subjectively new one. The main criterion that distinguishes creativity from manufacturing (production) is the uniqueness of its result.”
And if we take world painting or the works of the great classics, then they received world fame and popularity precisely thanks to their creativity, which famous people arts were taken from the depths of their personality and presented to the whole world, otherwise nothing. Franz Kafka said that the book must be an ax, breaking the frozen sea, which is located inside us, Dostoevsky believed that the purpose of the novel should be the rebirth of the reader, and Robert Schumann said this phrase: “ To send light into the depths of the human heart - this is the purpose of the artist “. Those. after reading a book, a fairy tale, watching a movie or a picture, a person must somehow change, something must happen in him or him, then this is art.
This is the conclusion I made while working and reflecting on the question “What is creativity for?” When a person knows himself, he can achieve any desired results in our material and social world. And the task for me as an artist is to convey this essence of creativity through my paintings, to show the uniqueness of each person, nature and provoke a desire to change my life for the better, to bring to the surface all the best that is in the human soul. 
what is creativity and who is a creative person?
- Creativity is primarily a human ability
find a special look at familiar and everyday things or tasks.
This ability is directly dependent on the horizons of a person.
The more he knows, the easier it is for him to look at the question under investigation with
different angles.A creative person is constantly striving to learn more about the environment.
world, not only in the field of its core activity, but also in related
industries.In most cases, a creative person is first and foremost
original thinking person, capable of non-standard solutions. - The main criterion that distinguishes creativity from manufacturing (production) is the uniqueness of its result. The result of creativity cannot be directly deduced from the initial conditions. No one, except perhaps the author, can get exactly the same result if the same initial situation is created for him. Thus, in the process of creativity, the author puts into the material some possibilities that are not reducible to labor operations or a logical conclusion, expresses some aspects of his personality in the final result. It is this fact that gives the products of creativity an additional value in comparison with the products of production.
Creativity is:
activity that generates something qualitatively new, which has never existed before;
creating something new, valuable not only for this person, but also for others;
the process of creating subjective values.The branch of knowledge that studies creativity is heuristics.
Types and functions of creativity
There are different types of creativity:
production and technical
inventive
scientific
political
organizational
philosophical
artistic
mythological
religious
everyday household, etc.in other words, the types of creativity correspond to the types of practical and spiritual activity.
Vitaly Tepikin, a researcher of the creative factor of man and the phenomenon of the intelligentsia, singles out artistic, scientific, technical, sports-tactical, and military-tactical creativity as independent types.
S. L. Rubinshtein for the first time correctly pointed out characteristics inventive creativity: The specificity of an invention that distinguishes it from other forms of creativity. intellectual activity, lies in the fact that it must create a thing, a real object, mechanism or prim, which solves a certain problem. This defines the originality creative work inventor: the inventor must introduce something new into the context of reality, into the actual course of some kind of activity. This is something essentially different than solving a theoretical problem in which a limited number of abstractly distinguished conditions must be taken into account. At the same time, reality is historically mediated by human activity, technology: it embodies the historical development of scientific thought. Therefore, in the process of invention, one must proceed from the context of reality, in which something new must be introduced, and take into account the corresponding scientific context. This determines the general direction and the specific character of the various links in the process of invention...
- Creativity - from the word "create", that is, to create something new. So a creative person is someone who has created something that no one has thought of creating before him.
- like lady gaga
- creativity is a process of activity that creates qualitatively new material and spiritual values or the result of creating an objectively new one. The result of creativity cannot be directly derived from the initial conditions.
