All of us schoolchildren are very happy when the summer holidays. And if this wonderful time with family or friends was spent at sea, then there will be enough impressions for the entire next school year.
I really like to relax by the sea. We were a family on the Black Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, and dad was also on the Red Sea. Each sea is beautiful in its own way. Each sea has its own name, history, Marine life. So I decided to collect all the known inhabitants of the seas that wash the country in which I live, the Russian Federation
1. BLACK SEA
The most famous of all the seas washing Russia is the Black Sea.
An important feature of the Black Sea, which determines most of its other unusual properties: it is an almost closed sea, separated from the Ocean, into which many deep rivers flow.
The modern name of the sea is the Black Sea, first mentioned in chronicles in the 13th century. There are many hypotheses why the sea is called Black.
According to one of them, the Turks and Tatars, who decided to conquer the local population, met fierce resistance from wild tribes, and at first they called this sea Pontos Aksenos - an inhospitable, hostile sea. True, having lived here longer, they renamed it - Pontos Euxinos - fertile, favorable sea.
There is a Turkish legend according to which a heroic sword rests in the waters of the Black Sea, which was thrown there at the request of the dying wizard Ali. Because of this, the sea is agitated, trying to throw out deadly weapons from its depths, and turns black.
Another reason, according to some researchers, may be the fact that during storms the water in the sea becomes very dark. In cloudy weather, under black clouds, the surface of the sea darkens - it is believed that this is why the Black Sea got its name: Turkic nomads who came here from Central Asia, they called it Kara-Deniz - Black Sea, and later this name migrated to other languages: in Bulgarian - Black Sea, in Ukrainian - Chorne More, in Romanian - Marea Neagra.
IN Ancient Rus' In the 10th-16th centuries the name “Russian Sea” was found in chronicles.
There is another plausible assumption about the origin of the name of the Black Sea. It has been known since ancient times that all objects that have been in its abyss turn black. This is due to the fact that the Black Sea water at a depth of more than 200 meters is enriched with hydrogen sulfide. Therefore, shell shells lying in the ground also turn black - they can always be found on the beach. At great depths, due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide, there is no vegetation or animals, only bacteria are found that feed on it, and therefore the Black Sea is sometimes called the sea of “dead depths”.
In winter, the Black Sea does not freeze completely. Only in the northwestern part (near Odessa) a small area of the sea freezes for a short time. True, in the Byzantine chronicles there are references to the complete freezing of the Black Sea in 401 and 762 AD. e.
Animals of the Black Sea are represented by 2.5 thousand species.
At the bottom of the Black Sea live mussels, oysters, and also the predator mollusk rapana.
Numerous crabs live in the crevices of the coastal rocks and among the stones, there are shrimps, various types of jellyfish are found (the most common are Corneros and Aurelia), sea anemones, and sponges.
Among the fish found in the Black Sea: various types of gobies, Black Sea anchovy (anchovy), flounder-gloss, mullet of five species, bluefish, hake (hake), sea ruff, red mullet, haddock, mackerel, horse mackerel, etc. There are sturgeon ( beluga, Black Sea-Azov sturgeon).
Among the dangerous fish of the Black Sea are the sea dragon (the most dangerous - the spines of the dorsal fin and gill covers are poisonous), the stingray (sea cat) with poisonous spines on the tail, the sea fox, as well as the Black Sea spiny shark (katran) - rarely grows more than one meters in length, is afraid of people and rarely comes to the shore. At the same time, the katran is a rather valuable fishing trophy (it is believed that the liver oil of this shark has healing properties). Echinoderms are also dangerous: sea urchins, cucumbers)
Mammals are represented in the Black Sea by two species of dolphins (the common dolphin and the bottlenose dolphin), the Azov-Black Sea harbor porpoise (often called the Azov dolphin), and the white-bellied seal.
The bottlenose dolphin is the largest Black Sea dolphin. It has a body length of up to 3 m and a weight of about 300 kg (average - 120). It feeds on bottom fish. Bottlenose dolphins are easy to train and live happily in the dolphinarium.
The common dolphin is the most common dolphin in the Black Sea. It has a body length of up to 2.5 m, weight up to 100 kg. The common whitetail lives in small herds, swims relatively quickly, and plays often. Dolphins feed their young with milk for up to 4 months; the milk is very fatty, up to 50%, and very high in calories. Dolphins breathe oxygen from the air, have a well-developed brain, and have a variety of features that can be used by humans in exploring the depths of the sea.
Since ancient times, the Black Sea has created not only aesthetic pleasure, but also provides material wealth - fish, plants, gems, various salts, Construction Materials. The sea, with its healing waters, heals people from ailments and improves health. Great are the gifts of the Black Sea to man. And many more treasures are hidden by the waters and secretly kept in the depths of the sea. Science is constantly searching for keys to underwater storehouses of sea treasures.
Every year on October 31, all countries of the Black Sea region celebrate International Black Sea Day.
2. 1. 2. SEA OF AZOV
Yours modern name The Sea of Azov received somewhere in the middle of the 13th century - its name comes from the name of the ancient shopping center Azak.
Because of his geographical location– the peoples inhabiting its shores were constantly changing – the Sea of Azov has changed a large number of names in the past:
The Scythians called it Kargulak - rich in fish;
The Meotians called Timirinda - the mother of the sea;
The ancient Greeks called him Maeotis - nurse;
The ancient Romans called Palus Meotis - Meotian swamp;
Arabs - Bahr el-Azov, (dark blue sea);
Eastern Slavs - Blue.
One of the most interesting features Sea of Azov is the variety of coastal forms. Along coastline you can see spits, sandbanks, small islands, floodplains and much more. The spits of the Azov Sea are sandbanks that extend tens of kilometers into the open sea.
The Sea of Azov is the smallest on our planet. Maximum depth Sea of Azov - 14.4 meters. The average depth level of 5 meters is located 2 kilometers from the shore. To summarize, we can add that the average depth of the Azov Sea is within 6-8 meters.
The Sea of Azov remains an amazing, unique sea where thousands of Russians come to vacation. Just think about it, the most valuable fish of the Azov Sea are sturgeon: beluga (length up to 9 m, weight up to 1000 kg); sturgeon (length up to 5m, weight up to 200kg); and stellate sturgeon are animal contemporaries of ichthyosaurs, dinosaurs and pterodactyls. They have existed on our planet for sixty million years.
Along the banks of rivers and reservoirs, on the spits of the Azov Sea there are a lot of waterfowl - geese, ducks, steppe waders, lapwings, red-breasted geese, mute swans, curlews, black-headed gulls, laughing gulls, quacks.
The steppe reservoirs are home to the marsh turtle, lake frog, pond frog, pond snail, lawn snail, crayfish, some reel clams and about 80 species of fish. The most important species are bream, pike perch, herring, ram, anchovy, large flounder, goby, common eel, and catfish. Pike, one of the most famous freshwater fish, is widespread in the Azov Sea basin. The group of predators in the Sea of Azov includes: spiny shark (sea dog), stingray (sea fox), and sea cat.
3. BALTIC SEA
Until the 11th century. the Vikings were the only one large force in the region Baltic Sea, that is why the ancient Slavs called the Sea Varangian. There is also a hypothesis by an Italian scientist who derives the name of the Baltic Sea from the word “balta” - swamp, pond, standing water.
The geographical location of the Baltic Sea, its shallowness and difficult water exchange are the main factors that play a vital role in the formation natural features Baltic Sea and determining it extremely low ability to self-purification (the average time for a complete replacement of water in it is about 30-50 years), therefore the ecology of the sea is very bad and if the rate of pollution is the same, then for 10 years the water will not be able to be used for food purposes, and the fauna risks disappearing forever.
Basic environmental problem The Baltic Sea is due to its pollution from the era of the Second World War. After World War II, about 3 million tons were dumped into the Baltic Sea chemical weapons, which contained 14 toxic substances. According to experts, at the bottom of the Baltic Sea there are 267 thousand tons of bombs, shells and mines, sunk after the end of World War II, inside of which there are more than 50 thousand tons of chemical warfare agents. For more than half a century, ammunition has been lying on the bottom of the Baltic Sea, creating a potentially dangerous threat to the environment and human health. Due to insufficient self-purification ability, hazardous substances from landfills and sewage basins end up in the Baltic Sea. In addition, several sunken Soviet nuclear submarines lie in the depths of the Baltic Sea. All this has led to the fact that fish caught in the Baltic Sea contains a lot of toxic substances.
All this resulted in the emergence of toxic algae in the sea, due to which animal world The sea is dying out, as well as the presence of poisonous jellyfish. The thin tentacles of cross jellyfish contain stinging cells. When you come into contact with them, a burn occurs. As a result, a person’s temperature rises, weakness and chills appear. From all of the above it follows that the fauna of the Baltic Sea is poor in diversity.
The lack of diversity of Baltic animals is compensated by the number of fish living in it. Fish live in the sea: Baltic herring, three-spined stickleback (up to 9cm).
Another celebrity of the Baltic is the Baltic sprat, or sprat (up to 5 cm). An important commercial fish, widely known in the form of canned food “Sprats in Oil”. One of the most numerous fish was salmon, or noble salmon. salmon (up to 39 kg).
A delicacy in our time, salmon used to be an ordinary dish on the table of the poorest peasant, and farm laborers, when hired, even made it a condition not to feed them salmon too often.
Baltic commercial fish include sabrefish (up to 2-3 kg), whitefish (up to 60 cm) and European vendace (30-40 cm up to 1.2 kg). Since ancient times, European vendace has been highly valued for its unsurpassed taste qualities. It was even delivered to the table of the Russian tsars, and then it was proudly called “royal herring”.
Despite environmental situation, on the eastern and southern coasts of the sea there are still many resorts where people relax and receive treatment: Jurmala in Latvia, Palanga in Lithuania, and others. Vacationers are attracted by pine forests, sandy beaches, soft maritime climate without the sweltering summer heat.
2. 2. SEA OF THE ARCTIC OCEAN
The seas of the Arctic Ocean are marginal; only the White Sea is inland. The seas of the Arctic Ocean are separated from each other and by islands.
The brightest distinctive feature northern seas is the year-round presence of ice in all Arctic seas. Most of the Arctic Ocean all year round bound by ice. Off the coast in winter, young, motionless ice forms, attached to the shore; this is coastal fast ice. In addition to sea ice, powerful blocks of continental ice - icebergs - are found in the polar seas.
1. WHITE SEA
The White Sea belongs to the inland seas of the Arctic Ocean, that is, it is located in the northern hemisphere, it is limited by land on almost all sides and is only separated by a water boundary on the northern side.
The White Sea is an ocean bay deeply cut into the mainland. In ancient times, the White Sea was called Icy (before the 18th century), Solovetsky, Northern, Calm, and sometimes it was called the White Bay. The White Sea does not freeze completely: a strip of ice fast ice forms around all land areas, the width of which, although it depends on the winds, temperature regime and other reasons.
The fauna of the White Sea, although it is poorer than other northern seas, is extremely interesting and unique. On the treeless rocks of the islands there are various species composition bird colonies - cormorants, gulls, terns and others nest here. There are especially many cormorants here - in August chicks of different ages sit in their nests.
The underwater world of the White Sea is rich and unique. The surface of the rocks is overgrown with soft corals and sponges. They crawl in cracks and between stones sea stars, crabs and shrimp. Common fish include catfish, cod, sea bass, flounder, salmon, brown trout, pink salmon and lumpfish. You can see hermit crabs and the rare brittle star with exotic name- head of a gorgon.
Biological resources of the White Sea are widely used in the food industry. Extensive fishing (up to 600 tons); caught: herring, salmon, cod, navaga, smelt, etc. Significant marine fisheries - they kill seals (coots); They collect eggs and beat wild birds - seagulls, barks (eider down).
For people who love the beauty, severity of the north and fishing, the White Sea is a great place to relax.
2. 2. 2. BARENTS SEA
The Barents Sea was named in 1853 in honor of the Dutch navigator Willem Barents, and until 1853 it was called the Murmansk Sea, Murman is the marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. Scientific study of the sea began at the beginning of the 20th century.
The Barents Sea is one of the Arctic seas, but unlike other Arctic seas, it is never completely covered with ice. This occurs due to the influx of Atlantic waters, bringing such an amount of heat that does not allow the water to cool to freezing temperature.
The sea is highly productive, with developed fishing: capelin, cod, navaga, catfish, flounder, halibut (all year round), herring, cod, pollock, haddock (in summer), salmonids - salmon, char, nelma. Seals, walruses, ringed seals, and crested seals live at the edge of the ice. Beluga whales, killer whales, blue whales, sperm whales, porpoises, bottlenose, white-sided and white-faced dolphins come to visit.
2. 2. 3. CHUKOTKA SEA
The Chukchi Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean, located between Chukotka and Alaska, that is, the sea that washes Chukotka.
This is the easternmost of the seas washing the northern coast of Eurasia. Floating ice covers it most of the year. In autumn, winds contribute to the appearance of waves up to 7 meters high. But despite the extremeness and diversity climatic conditions The fauna of the sea is diverse.
Due to its coastal position with access to the Arctic and Pacific Oceans, The Chukotka Peninsula has rich habitats for marine mammals: Pacific walrus, bowhead, blue and gray whales, humpback whale, killer whale, beluga whale, ringed seal, bearded seal, white-winged porpoise, etc. And on the coast you can see countless bird colonies - murres (thin-billed and thick-billed), guillemots, auklets, kittiwake gulls.
In the depths of the icy kingdom of the Chukchi Sea, polar bears bask in the rays of the polar sun and breed.
2. 2. 4. LAPTEV SEA AND EAST SIBERIAN SEA
East Siberian Sea, marginal sea of the North. Arctic Ocean, between the New Siberian Islands and about. Wrangel. The name was assigned in 1935 according to the assumption of Yu. M. Shokalsky by the Russian Geographical Society.
The Laptev Sea was named in 1935 in honor of the Russian explorers of the North, the brothers Khariton and Dmitry Laptev. This is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. Located between the Taimyr Peninsula and the New Siberian Islands. One of the most severe arctic seas, the surface of which is covered with ice almost all year round.
These seas are the harshest northern seas, since they are almost not influenced by warm ocean waters. Their fauna is not rich.
The zooplankton contains mostly ciliates, crustaceans and chaetognaths - “sea shooters”.
Both marine and migratory fish are found in the open sea. The most common species are Siberian vendace, char, omul, musk, nelma, smelt, navaga, polar flounder, cod, and sturgeon.
Some mammals also live here: seals, bearded seals, narwhals, walruses and polar bears (New Siberian Islands).
The coast and islands are home to many birds, including the white-fronted goose and the bean goose, the common eider, and a rare bird - the brent goose. Some birds, such as guillemots, kittiwakes, and gulls, form huge bird colonies.
2. 2. 5. KARA SEA
The Kara Sea is a marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean. The name of the sea comes from the name of the Kara River, which flows into it.
The Kara Sea is home to a large number of invertebrates, and, consequently, fish. Here you can find navaga, omul, nelma, muksun, whitefish, cod, char and flounder. Walruses, seals, sea hares and beluga whales live in the waters of the sea.
Birds nest on the banks: razorbills, guillemots and little auks. You can see noisy bird colonies.
The island's mammals are visited by polar bears and arctic foxes.
2. 3. PACIFIC SEA
2. 3. 1. BERING SEA
On Russian maps of the 18th century, the sea is called the Kamchatka, or Beaver Sea. The name Bering Sea first appeared in the last quarter of the 18th century.
The famous Vitus Bering, who was ordered to find the strait dividing Asia with America, failed to cope with the task. But the strait separating the two continents received the name of an unlucky navigator, just like the northernmost sea of the Pacific, or as they said in the old days of the Great Ocean in 1725. However, it was introduced into wide use only in 1818 by the Russian navigator V. M. Golovnin.
The Bering Sea completes the top ten largest seas on the planet.
The fauna of the Bering Sea is very diverse.
The Bering Sea is home to 402 species of fish, 50 of which are commercial species. The most important of them include herring, salmon (chum salmon, pink salmon, chinook salmon, sockeye salmon), smelt, cod, pollock, pike, navaga, halibut, and flounder.
Fishing objects also include 4 types of crabs, 4 types of shrimp, 2 types of octopus, and mussels.
Marine mammals live in the sea: whales, seals, including sea lions, walruses, fur seals, etc. However, their numbers are relatively small, so the production of whales and sea animals is limited and is carried out for the needs of the local population.
2. 3. 2. SEA OF OKHOTSK
The Sea of Okhotsk got its name from the small Okhota River flowing into it. The Okhota River is rich in fish. Previously called the Lama Sea, as well as the Kamchatka Sea. The Japanese call this sea "Ohotsuku-kai" (オホーツク海).
The Sea of Okhotsk holds many living treasures, but its main wealth is the Kamchatka crab, it is called the knight of the Far Eastern seas.
The Sea of Okhotsk is home to about 300 species of fish, including herring, flounder, cod, pollock, naga, capelin, pink salmon, chum salmon, coho salmon, chinook salmon; seals, sea lions, sperm whales.
In addition to humans, the northern fur seal hunts salmon in the Sea of Okhotsk. Salmon is not the main food for seals; much more often they come across cod, pollock or flounder. Having fattened up over the winter in the open sea and gained strength, seals head to the shores for rookeries, opening the mating season. Male loppers gather harems, fighting fiercely for females. Northern fur seals are the smallest in the eared seal family, their males do not exceed 2 m and weigh no more than 180 kg.
Seals live on Tyulenev Island, which is located in the Sea of Okhotsk. Length 636 m, width 40-90 m. height up to 18 m. Abrasion remnant of a coastal terrace, composed of clastic rocks of the Upper Cretaceous age. Completely devoid of fresh water and woody vegetation.
Unregulated use of the rookery by humans in late XIX century, when tens of thousands of seals were hunted, led to the threat of their complete extinction
On the rocks there are huge bird colonies, formed mainly by guillemots. Also nesting here are: puffin puffin, rhinoceros puffin, mottled mottled auklet, great auklet, white-bellied auklet, fulmar, cormorant, and kittiwake. Large vessels are prohibited from approaching within 30 miles of Seal Island or sounding horns in its area, and airplanes and helicopters are prohibited from flying over it.
2. 3. 3. SEA OF JAPAN
IN South Korea The Sea of Japan is called the "East Sea" (Korean: 동해), and in the North - the Korean East Sea (Korean: 조선동해). The Korean side claims that the name “Sea of Japan” was imposed on the world community by the Empire of Japan. The Japanese side, in turn, shows that the name “Sea of Japan” has been found on most maps since the first half of the 19th century and is generally accepted.
Flora and fauna. The Sea of Japan is home to more than 800 species of plants and more than 3.5 thousand species of animals, including more than 900 crustaceans, about 1000 fish, and 26 species of mammals.
Among the valuable animals: crustaceans - shrimp and crabs, shellfish - oysters, scallops, mussels, cuttlefish, squid, etc.; from echinoderms - sea cucumbers, from fish - flounder, herring, saury, cod, pollock, mackerel, smelt, etc.
In modern Japan, they take great care in preserving marine fauna.
The Japanese are perhaps the greatest connoisseurs of seafood, so marine fishing in the Sea of Japan has been developed for thousands of years. The uniqueness of Japanese cuisine lies in the ability to make a delicacy from any product obtained from the sea. The Japanese even turned poisonous fish, called dogfish, into a signature dish of oriental cuisine - fugu. The venom of dogfish is deadly, so chefs are specially trained in the art of cooking fugu. Only a certified specialist is allowed to handle this complex matter.
Another delight of oriental cuisine is sea cucumber. Several types of sea cucumbers used as food are called sea cucumbers. Its meat is soft, lean and rich in vitamins and minerals. Sea cucumbers are eaten raw, as well as salted and dried.
Shellfish play a significant role in Japanese cuisine - squid, cuttlefish, octopus, as well as oysters, mussels and scallops.
The Japanese spider crab lives in the Sea of Japan, each leg of which reaches 1.5 m in length. This crab is not only the largest of all crustaceans, it is the largest arthropod in the world. Adult spider crabs are not hunted, as they live at depths of more than 300 m, do not form large aggregations, and their meat has a rough taste. But young spiderlings stay in shallow water, their tender meat is highly prized, so they are caught in large quantities using baited traps. If measures to protect the crab are not taken as soon as possible, the giant arthropod will disappear in nature.
There are dangerous inhabitants in the Sea of Japan. Occasionally large sharks, poisonous sea snakes and stingrays come here from the south. You should be wary of injections sea urchins. They are very painful, and if the needles are not removed immediately, they can remain in the body for a long time.
In the waters of the Sea of Japan there are also other large animals that pose a danger to swimmers. It is very unpleasant to meet a jellyfish - the cross. These jellyfish are difficult to see in the water. Its “bite” can incapacitate a person for several days. To minimize the possibility of encountering a jellyfish, you should avoid areas with abundant thickets of sea grass. In coastal waters, another jellyfish that is dangerous to humans is often found - Aurelia eared. Her body has the shape of an umbrella, which thickens towards the middle. Aurelia's size is 40 cm in diameter. The venom of this jellyfish in large quantities leads to a skin reaction that will last for many hours. In this case, the person experiences unpleasant sensations.
2. 4. CASPIAN SEA-LAKE
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest closed lake, on the border of Europe and Asia, called a sea for its size (371 thousand km2) and salinity of water.
The Caspian Sea had about 70 names: Hyrkan, Khvalyn, Khazar. Abeskunskoe, Saraiskoe, Sikhai, Derbentskoe and others. The sea received its modern name in honor of the ancient Caspian tribes (horse breeders) who lived in the 1st century BC. e. on the northwest coast.
101 species of fish have been recorded in the Caspian Sea, where most of the world's sturgeon stocks are concentrated.
Sturgeons existed 200 million years ago, during the time of dinosaurs, so they can be called living fossils. At that time, sturgeon lived in many ancient seas. Later, in the process of evolution, perhaps due to competition with bony fish, sturgeon began to die out, but were able to survive in the Caspian Sea. This giant lake contains more than 90% of the world's sturgeon stocks. Moreover, the Caspian Sea is home to many rare species crustaceans and molluscs. The Caspian Sea is world famous for its fish stocks and especially the delicious Caspian sturgeon caviar. Also in the sea there are fish such as roach, carp, and pike perch.
The Caspian Sea is the habitat of such fish as carp, mullet, sprat, kutum, bream, salmon, perch, pike, roach, carp, pike perch. The Caspian Sea is home to a marine mammal - the Caspian seal.
The fish resources of the sea are known all over the world, being the main source of proteins in the diet of the coastal population.
3. CONCLUSION
In the first part of this work, I collected material on marine inhabitants that live in the seas surrounding the Russian Federation. They are all different and unique. In some ways they are similar, in some ways they are different, since their living conditions are different. And they depend on the climate, the location of the seas, where they are located. But despite this, they all need our protection and protection.
I devoted the second part of the work to studying techniques for creating applications and made crafts using different techniques. They are located in Appendices No. 2 to No. 15 with illustrations and descriptions.
In the course of all the work, I can conclude that we must take care of “our little brothers,” nature, and it will thank us.
Shipbuilders like to speculate that their field of mechanical engineering is one of the most conservative. However, from the outside, everything seems to be the opposite - there are all kinds of ships: catamarans, trimarans, hydrofoils, hovercraft, with sails, with outboard engines. Even ekranoplanes are classified as ships. Therefore, the words of the sales director of the Finnish company Aker Arctic Arto Uuskallio that shipbuilding professes conservative thinking and it is difficult to prove the advantages of an innovative approach did not evoke the proper response in us.
True, Artaud spoke not just about ships, but about icebreakers, unusual ships, which have many things that are different from their brothers. For example, they move equally well both bow and stern forward, and the thickest ice passes just astern. There are only two companies in the world with a powerful research base that invent and develop new icebreaker concepts: the St. Petersburg Krylov State Research Center and the Finnish company Aker Arctic. But it was the Finns who, in 1996, came up with the idea of a new icebreaker capable of working bow or stern forward, as well as at an angle to the centreline. The idea was tested using a conventional icebreaker, which was pulled by a lag. The test results were positive, and at the end of 1996 a new triangular hull shape was developed. And in 1997, the idea of an icebreaker operating at an angle won an innovation prize from the Norwegian giant Kvaerner, which, by the way, made a sea platform for the Sea Launch space project.
Triangular icebreaker
However, the project stalled - there were no orders for the triangular icebreaker. The Scandinavians refined the idea: in 2002, they decided to use the asymmetrical hull shape not only for breaking ice, but also for combating oil spills and conducting rescue operations at sea. The convex left side was adapted for breaking ice, and the flat right side was intended for collecting oil. It didn’t matter to the new icebreaker which way to sail - three asymmetrically located rotary rudder columns were designed for it, one of which was located in the bow. The result was a multifunctional rescue icebreaker vessel, but no one needed it either.
But then, fortunately for the Finns, our relations with the Baltic states began to worsen, and the Russian government decided to redirect cargo flows from the Baltic ports to Russian ones - in particular, to Primorsk - the most modern sea trade port in the Baltic, capable of receiving ships with a displacement of up to 150,000 tons with maximum draft, which can enter the Baltic Sea from the ocean. (Due to the limited depths in the Danish Straits, supertankers cannot enter the Baltic.) This option is good for everyone, except for one thing: Primorsk is located significantly north of the Baltic ports, and its waters must be cleared of ice in winter. When transporting tankers to the port on ice, a channel about 50 m wide is needed, which requires two traditional icebreakers. This is where the Finnish idea came in handy - an asymmetrical icebreaker could lay channels 50 m wide in one pass, moving “sideways forward”. In October 2011, a contract was signed between the Russian Maritime and River Transport Agency, the Kaliningrad Baltic Shipyard Yantar and the Finnish Arctech Helsinki Shipyard, and in the spring of 2014 the world's first asymmetric icebreaker, called Baltika, was launched.
Jack of all trades
The Baltika is not a specialized icebreaker, but a multifunctional vessel capable of extinguishing fires, collecting oil after emergency spills, and rescuing both people and ships. The vessel has a standard built-in system of brush collectors, with the help of which oil is separated from water. The vertical side of the vessel acts as a cleaning barrier that directs oily waters onto the vessel through the port. The oil is collected in holding tanks, and the purified water is pumped back into the sea. The ship has a helipad for evacuation operations, equipment for firefighting and towing. Thanks to three rotary rudders, the Baltika has unique maneuverability and, as a port tug, can give a hundred points ahead to traditional tugs. Well, it clears the ice in the port waters no worse than a real janitor. According to Igor Zubakov, who is leading the Baltika construction project at the Yantar plant, the ship is capable of moving as desired: forward, backward, with a log at an angle of 90°. Tests have shown that the most optimal option is when the Baltika turns its hull at 30-40° from the course and moves stern forward. On thin ice, up to half a meter, the ship calmly turns on the spot and breaks the ice with its bow. As Igor Zubakov says, the asymmetrical body has significantly expanded its capabilities. For example, a ship is capable of turning around on the spot, although “classically” icebreakers turn around in a “star” pattern.
In fact, the seven-megawatt Baltika, designed for the Baltic Sea, turned out to be a trial balloon for a new icebreaker design. And quite successful. Now the Aker Arctic company is actively offering potential customers an asymmetrical, powerful 25-megawatt icebreaker for work in the Arctic. It is quite possible that he will also receive registration in our country. Such powerful ice, like ours, we still need to look.
A resident of Omsk has been keen on hardening for a year and shocks passersby - he walks around the city barefoot, and in cold weather he feels fine in just a T-shirt.
As 17-year-old Nikita Maksimov told NGS.OMSK, he has been into hardening and walking barefoot for a year and has been into a raw food diet for two years now. Nikita admits that he is interested in testing himself for strength and experiencing everything on himself. A resident of Moskovka loves minimalism in everything - he sleeps on the floor, does not smoke or drink alcohol, and gets by with a minimum of clothing.
In the summer, Nikita can be found on the street barefoot, bare-chested and in shorts, and in the fall he dresses warmer - he puts on a T-shirt over a sweater from his thermal underwear set. In winter, Nikita wears sneakers, jeans, a T-shirt and a thin jumper, sometimes without a hat. He travels, like everyone else, on minibuses and buses, and waits for his transport in the same way, standing at a bus stop. Nikita learned to tolerate the cold. The idea to accustom his body to thermoregulation and stop being afraid of the cold came to the guy after he saw a video on the Internet.
This is how Omsk residents travel on public transport.
“I was surfing the Internet and saw an interview with a man who was walking barefoot in the snow without a T-shirt, wearing only shorts, and it was minus 10 degrees outside...And I thought - is this possible? And away we go. I haven’t read any information about this, I do everything through my own experience, based on my feelings,” says Nikita. He gradually got used to the cold and now plans to train his body to such an extent that he can do without shoes in winter.
"What a fine fellow!" - a passerby admired, looking at Nikita, who, as if nothing had happened, was standing on the marble at +2 degrees
“According to my feelings, this requires another 8 years to truly not feel the cold. This all needs to be done very gradually. Last winter I wore a jacket 10 times, and at -24 degrees I wore a T-shirt for 1.5 months. I realized: there is nothing scary about the cold. I stopped getting sick, I went to the pharmacy once in two years - to get a band-aid, I injured my leg. And before, when I went to school, I was constantly sick, colds, acute respiratory infections... Now this is not the case,” says the Omsk resident, standing barefoot on the granite paving of Chokan Valikhanov Street. He believes that all diseases are due to poor nutrition.
“I studied the topic of nutrition for a long time and realized that a person needs fruits - fruits, vegetables, the healthy pulp around the seeds, seeds. When a person starts eating in his own way, all illnesses go away,” argues the Omsk resident, and passers-by continue to look askance at the strange guy who walks down the street barefoot. Every day he eats persimmons and grapes and drinks only water - Nikita does not accept tea, coffee and other drinks.
Nikita is already accustomed to the reaction of passers-by who turn around looking at him
He is supported by his family and friends. He was able to convince his mother that if she wanted to help him, then she should not interfere with hardening the body. “My mother is the best, she worries about me, of course. Now, when I come home, she jokes: “Why are you without clothes?”,” the Omsk resident says, smiling. He has a younger three-year-old sister. Nikita left school after ninth grade and entered medical college, but was unable to study there: he was disappointed. After working at the vegetarian cafe Govinda, Nikita left and decided to prepare for university. Now he lives separately from his parents, rents a small family from friends and works part-time. The young man admits: for a month, 8-10 thousand rubles are enough for him to cover all his needs - utilities, food and travel. Nikita is already accustomed to the reaction of passers-by who offer their help in winter.
Nikita learned to tolerate the cold. 2 years ago he was no different from other schoolchildren and often had colds
“Often in winter they come up and ask if you need clothes, if everything is okay. Once the police came up and took me to the police station - they thought I was on something. I had to sit at the police station and explain. And the police called my relatives and asked if I was interested in hardening. Today the police came up again - they recognized me, so there were no questions,” Nikita laughs. His photos have been circulating on social networks for a long time - since 2015, the guy is often photographed on the street in cool weather. Last year in winter, eyewitnesses shot a video of a guy in a hat and T-shirt coming out of the entrance. Then in the comments, users suggested that the guy’s jacket was taken away from him at school.
“Walking through puddles is so cool! This is my favorite part of the walk,” Nikita says enthusiastically, looking at the puddles.
“I’m not cold, I’m fine, no one took my jacket. My favorite weather is when the sun is shining and the cool wind is blowing. I love walking through puddles. In summer I also like the weather, I love the sun, but I miss the cold. It’s great for me: you walk, your legs hurt, your hands are burning, but it’s cool, I enjoy it: every time I become more resilient,” the guy smiles. After the conversation, he goes to the stop straight through the puddles and gets on his bus.
Omsk is happy to leave footprints on Chokan Valikhanov Street - he also loves rain, but does not recognize winter swimming
NGS.OMSK contacted several institutions for comment. Doctors are very cautious about the case of Nikita Maksimov and are reluctant to comment on such hardening methods.
“As a doctor, I cannot comment on this. I think that such examples need to be covered very carefully. What can you say from medicine: yes, I trained. There is such a person, and this does not mean that go ahead [everyone barefoot on the street]. Hardening should be in moderation,” says Nadezhda Gulyeva, head of the medical and physical education clinic. “This is something unique for Siberia, of course. I don't want to say it's great and promote these things. Each body is individual, I don’t know what abilities and capabilities it has, but apparently it can. The average person does not have such things,” the specialist concluded.
The underwater world is mysterious and unique. It contains secrets that have not yet been solved by man. We invite you to get acquainted with the most unusual sea creatures and plunge into the unknown depths water world and see her beauty.
1. Atoll Jellyfish (Atolla vanhoeffeni)
The unusually beautiful Atoll jellyfish lives at such depths where sunlight does not penetrate. In times of danger, it can glow, attracting large predators. Jellyfish do not seem tasty to them, and predators eat their enemies with pleasure. 
This jellyfish is capable of emitting a bright red glow, which is a consequence of the breakdown of proteins in its body. As a rule, large jellyfish are dangerous creatures, but you should not be afraid of the Atoll, because its habitat is where no swimmer can reach.
2. Blue Angel (Glaucus atlanticus)
This very tiny mollusk rightfully deserves its name; it seems to float on the water surface. To become lighter and stay at the very edge of the water, it swallows air bubbles from time to time. 
These unusual creatures have an outlandish body shape. They are blue above and silver below. It is not for nothing that nature has provided such camouflage - the Blue Angel remains unnoticed by birds and sea predators. A thick layer of mucus around the mouth allows it to feed on small, poisonous sea creatures.
3. Harp sponge (Chondrocladia lyra)
This mysterious one sea predator has not yet been sufficiently studied. The structure of its body resembles a harp, hence the name. The sponge is inactive. It clings to the sediment of the seabed and hunts by gluing small underwater inhabitants to its sticky tips. 
The harp sponge covers its prey with a bactericidal film and gradually digests it. There are individuals with two or more lobes, which are connected in the center of the body. The more blades, the more food the sponge will catch.
4. Dumbo Octopus (Grimpoteuthis)
The octopus got its name because of its resemblance to the Disney hero, Dumbo the elephant, although it has a semi-gelatinous body of rather modest size. Its fins resemble elephant ears. He waves them around as he swims, which looks quite funny. 
Not only the “ears” help to move, but also the peculiar funnels located on the octopus’ body, through which it releases water under pressure. Dumbo lives at very great depths, so we don’t know much about him. Its diet consists of all kinds of mollusks and worms.
Octopus Dumbo
5. Yeti Crab (Kiwa hirsuta)
The name of this animal speaks for itself. A crab covered with white shaggy fur actually resembles Bigfoot. It lives in cold waters at such depths where there is no access to light, so it is completely blind. 
These amazing animals grow microorganisms on their claws. Some scientists believe that the crab needs these bacteria to purify the water from toxic substances, others suggest that the crabs grow food for themselves on the bristles.
6. Short-snouted pipistrelle (Ogcocephalus)
This fashionable fish with bright red lips can't swim at all. Living at a depth of more than two hundred meters, it has a flat body covered with a shell and fin-like legs, thanks to which the short-snouted bat slowly walks along the bottom. 
It obtains food using a special growth - a kind of retractable fishing rod with an odorous bait that attracts prey. The discreet coloring and spiked shell help the fish hide from predators. Perhaps this is the funniest animal among the inhabitants of the world's oceans.
7. Sea slug Felimare Picta
Felimare Picta is a species of sea slug that lives in Mediterranean waters. He looks very extravagant. The yellow-blue body seems to be surrounded by a delicate airy frill. 
Felimare Picta, although a mollusk, does without a shell. And why does he need her? In case of danger, the sea slug has something much more interesting. For example, acidic sweat that is released on the surface of the body. It's really bad luck for anyone who wants to treat themselves to this mysterious mollusk!
8. Flamingo tongue clam (Cyphoma gibbosum)
This creature is found on the western coast of the Atlantic Ocean. Having a brightly colored mantle, the mollusk completely covers its plain shell with it and thus protects it from the negative influence of marine organisms. 
Like common snail, “Flamingo tongue” hides in its shell in case of impending danger. By the way, the mollusk received this name due to its bright color with characteristic spots. It prefers poisonous gongonaria as food. While eating, the snail absorbs the poison of its prey, after which it becomes poisonous itself.
9. Leafy sea dragon (Phycodurus eques)
The sea dragon is a true virtuoso of mimicry. It is all covered with “leaves”, which help it appear invisible against the backdrop of the underwater landscape. It is interesting that such abundant vegetation does not help the dragon move at all. Only two tiny fins located on its chest and back are responsible for its speed. The leaf dragon is a predator. It feeds by sucking prey into itself. 
Dragons feel comfortable in the shallow waters of warm seas. And these sea inhabitants are also known as excellent fathers, because it is the males who bear the offspring and take care of them.
10. Salps (Salpidae)
Salps are invertebrate marine inhabitants that have a barrel-shaped body, through the transparent shell of which the internal organs are visible. 
In the ocean depths, animals form long chains of colonies, which are easily broken even by a minor wave shock. Salps reproduce by budding.
11. Piglet squid (Helicocranchia pfefferi)
This strange and little-studied underwater creature resembles “Piglet” from the famous cartoon. The completely transparent body of the piglet squid is covered with pigment spots, the combination of which sometimes gives it a cheerful appearance. Around the eyes there are so-called photophores - organs of luminescence. 
This mollusk is leisurely. It's funny that the piggy squid moves upside down, which is why its tentacles look like forelocks. He lives at a depth of one hundred meters.
12. Ribbon moray eel (Rhinomuraena guaesita)
This underwater inhabitant is quite unusual. Throughout its life, the ribbon moray eel is capable of changing sex and color three times, depending on the stages of its development. So, when the individual is still immature, it is colored black or dark blue.walks sideways along the bottom
Alternative descriptionsdecapod crustacean animal
Marine arthropod
Crayfish
The world's first Russian underwater minelayer
Forced migrant from shell to tin can
Russian submarine, the world's first underwater minelayer
Raw materials for sea sticks (delicacy)
Arthropod on a cap
Emblem on the sailors' uniform cap (colloquial)
Walks along the bottom barefoot
Palm thief
Russian submarine
Who was Sebastian in the cartoon "The Little Mermaid"?
. "sea" hairpin
. "live" hairpin
Short-tailed crayfish
Who in the animal world is called a “palm thief”?
Sailor's badge
Crustacean animal
Underwater minelayer
Clawbearer
Claw "clack-clack"
Clawbearer in the breakwater
Hair clip
Seafood on the table
Delicacy from Nakhodka
Type of hairpin
Antenna splitter
Antenna splitter
Thing with claws
Someone with claws
sea creature
Pincer claw
Handshake
Sebastian, Ariel's friend
Badge on a sailor's cap
He has a claw
Gift of the sea to the table
. "palm thief" in the world of fauna
His meat supposedly goes on sticks
Cancer's relatives
Minelayer
He claws “clack-clack”
Shell with claws
Holder of the claws
Marine Edible Sticks Supplier
Arthropod on a sailor's cap
Cockade in nautical jargon
What do sailors call a cockade?
Sea Swift
A relative of crayfish and lobster
Moves sideways along the bottom
Sticks
Sailor's cockade
Sea brother crayfish
Delicacy with claws
Cockade on a midshipman's cap
. "arthropod" cockade
Cockade in the mouth of a sailor
Sea relative of the crayfish
A relative of the crayfish running sideways
Cancer for sticks
Cartoon Sebastian
. seafood Kamchadal
Cancer's relatives
. "sea" cockade
One of the sea crayfish
Sea Claw Bearer
Treat with claws
Marine relatives of crayfish
Cancer without a cervix
. "shaped cancer"
Sea Cancer Companion
The emblem on the sailors' uniform cap
decapod crustacean animal
Short-tailed crayfish
Genus of sea crayfish
Marine arthropod
Cap emblem
The world's first Russian underwater minelayer (commissioned in 1915)
Seafood
. "Live" hairpin
. Seafood Kamchadal
. "Sea" hairpin
. "Marine" cockade
. "Palm thief" in the world of fauna
. "Shaped Cancer"
. "Arthropod" cockade
Claw hairpin
What do sailors call a cockade?
What is called a "palm thief" in the animal world?
M. round sea crustacean, different sizes and types
Bark backwards
Anagram for the word "marriage"
Bark backwards
Anagram for the word "marriage"
Marine supplier edible chopsticks
