GERMANY(Federal Republic of Germany) - state in Central Europe with a population of 82.4 million people (2003). The territory of Germany is 356.9 thousand km 2. The capital of the country is a city Berlin. The state of Germany consists of several "lands" - administrative units, the same as in the Russian region.
The main population of Germany - Germans(Deutsch, Deutsche) (95% or 75.5 million people, 2004) Significant groups of Germans also live in Hungary, Poland, Kazakhstan, Russia. Total population There are about 80 million Germans in the world. In the US, 45.5 million citizens are recognized as descendants of immigrants from Germany. In the north and east of Germany, the majority of believers are Lutherans, in the south - Catholics.
In Germany official language- German, which is spoken by the majority of the population. In everyday life, along with the literary language, the Germans use dialects. The Germans are very proud of the fact that each land has managed to preserve the features of its language. Literary German was founded in the 16th century when a monk Martin Luther translated the Bible from Latin into the Saxon dialect.
The process of national consolidation of the Germans was hampered by the long fragmentation and economic disunity of the country. Until the 19th century, we cannot speak of a united Germany. On its territory there were dozens of small principalities, whose inhabitants were descendants of the ancient Germanic tribes - the Bavarians, Saxons, Swabians and others. They spoke different dialects German language sometimes very different from each other. Germany like single state takes shape only in the 19th century, during the reign of Bismarck, whom his contemporaries called the "iron Bismarck". The 20th century and the Second World War again make changes to the map of Germany. And only in the 90s. 20th century, after the fall of the Berlin Wall, Germany emerges within its modern borders.
In the 1st century BC. ancient Germanic tribes already lived in Central Europe. Two Roman authors tell about the life of these tribes - Caesar, who encountered them half a century BC, and Tacitus, who wrote a historical work about the Germans called "Germany". In 9 AD Arminius, leader of the German tribe of the Cherusci, inflicted the largest defeat on the Romans in the Teutoburg Forest. The Roman conquests had an impact on the cultural development of the Rhine Germans. Then the tribal unions of the Alemanni, Bavarians, Thuringians, Saxons were included in the 6th-8th centuries. into the Frankish kingdom. Later, it was these tribes that formed the ethnic basis of the Germans. Elements of the unity of the German people can be traced from the 10th century.
The German country proper, located east of the Rhine, was formed after the division of the Kingdom of the Franks between the grandchildren of Charlemagne in 843. Ludwig the German took possession of the so-called East Frankish kingdom with a predominantly German-speaking population. On its basis, the German kingdom was formed, which was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty. It included the duchies: in the north - Saxony, in the central part - Franconia and Thuringia, in the south - Swabia and Bavaria. The duchies were named after the tribes that inhabited their territory.
Under Otto the Great, the German kingdom owned Bohemia, Lorraine and the Slavic lands in the east. Having annexed Langobardia by marriage, Otto the Great crowned in 962 with the crown of the Roman emperor. This is how Holy Roman Empire which lasted until 1806.
In 1024, Conrad II of the Salian dynasty came to the throne, during whose reign the empire reached its highest degree of power. Conrad II achieved the crown of the Burgundian kingdom, which, along with Germany and Italy, became part of the Holy Roman Empire. Henry III (1017-1056) reformed the church and placed German bishops on the papal throne. At the first weakening of the power of Emperor Henry IV, Pope Gregory VII unleashed a dispute over the right to appoint bishops. After the “walk to Canossa” of Henry IV, who retained his power as a result of humiliating repentance and received the support of the pope, the emperor’s clashes with the German princes, who were striving for independence, continued. During the reign of the last representative of the Salian dynasty, Henry V, in 1122, a peace agreement was reached with the church, according to which the German king received the right to appoint bishops in Germany, but not in Italy and not in Burgundy.
Returned the former greatness of the German kingdom Frederick I Barbarossa, but he also failed in the fight against the papacy and the Lombard cities and was forced to give the cities independence, subject to the preservation of the supreme power of the emperor. In the 12th-13th centuries. there was a powerful spread of German domination in the east. Part of the West Slavic and Baltic tribes (Prussians), whose lands were captured by German knights in the 10-13 centuries, became part of the emerging German people. The Slavic princes in Mecklenburg and Pomerania became directly subordinate to the emperor, and Silesia, which had previously belonged to Poland, was peacefully annexed.
In 1226, the Teutonic (German) Order settled in Prussia and founded its own state there, to which Courland and Livonia were subordinated. In the late Middle Ages, German history was no longer made in the empire, but in strongly fortified principalities. But the decline of the empire did not affect the economic and spiritual development of the country. The imperial cities flourished, both the Hanseatic cities of Cologne and Lübeck, and the southern German cities of Augsburg, Ulm, and Nuremberg. In 1348 the first German university was founded in Prague. It was followed by universities in Heidelberg (1386), Cologne (1388). The Germans took a lively and fruitful part in the new art that came from Italy (the Renaissance) and in science.
In the 16th century, a powerful religious Reformation movement. The political leadership of the Reformation was seized by the princes of the land. They were opposed by imperial knights and peasants who sought to turn religious opposition into socio-political transformations (the Peasant War in Germany).
Germany split into Catholic and Protestant principalities. According to the Augsburg Religious Peace (1555), the principle was established: "whose land, that is faith." The religious confrontation between the Protestant Union and the Catholic League resulted in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), which turned into a pan-European struggle for power between the Habsburgs, France and Sweden in Germany. The war ended with the conclusion of the Peace of Westphalia, as a result, Germany was thrown back in its development 100 years ago: the empire practically collapsed, a third of the population died, the economy fell into complete decline.
France seized the possessions of the Habsburgs in Alsace, Sweden received the lower reaches of the Oder, Elbe and Weser rivers. Switzerland and the Netherlands formally withdrew from the Holy Empire. The Peace of Westphalia actually recognized the independence of the German princes and consolidated the feudal fragmentation of Germany.
The newly independent German states participated or were involved in all major European conflicts. These were the War of the Spanish Succession, as a result of which the hegemony of France in Europe was broken, the War of the Austrian Succession, the Northern War, the struggle for the Polish throne. At this time, the Electors of Brandenburg received the title of kings of Prussia, which, under Frederick II the Great, moved to the forefront of European politics. This rise of Prussia led to a bitter rivalry with Austria for dominance in Germany, which led to the Silesian Wars and the Seven Years' War.
At the end of the 18th century in Prussia, Saxony and the Rhenish-Westphalian states, an economic upsurge and the growth of national self-consciousness began, accompanied by a desire to unite the country, as well as the flourishing of science and art. It was a century of strengthening absolutism in the German lands: in Prussia, Austria, Saxony, Bavaria. After the French Revolution of 1789, coalition wars began and Napoleon invaded Germany. At his request, Emperor Franz II in 1806 laid down the crown of the German emperors, thereby the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation ceased to exist.
After the defeat of Napoleon, on the site of the empire, the German Confederation was created by decision of the Congress of Vienna, in which Austria played the leading role. The struggle with Prussia for hegemony in the unification of the German states ended with the Austro-Prussian War of 1866, in which Austria was defeated. The German Confederation was dissolved, and instead the North German Confederation (without Austria) was created, headed by Prussia. The policy of Prussian Chancellor Otto von Bismarck led to the Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871), which ended with the victory of Prussia and the proclamation of the German Empire. In 1871, under the auspices of Prussia, the formation of the German nation was basically completed.
Despite a number of European crises, Bismarck managed to keep the peace through the conclusion of political and economic unions and acquire colonies in Africa. The contradictions between the leading European powers led to the First World War (1914-1918), in which Germany played an important role.
After the defeat in the war and the November Revolution of 1918, the monarchy was overthrown in Germany and proclaimed Weimar Republic. The Treaty of Versailles, humiliating for Germany, caused sharp discontent in all sections of the German people, which ensured the coming to power of the fascist party led by Hitler. Hitler forced the victorious countries to agree to renegotiate the terms Versailles Peace. In 1938 Austria was annexed. In 1939, Czechoslovakia was occupied. September 1, 1939 Nazi Germany unleashed the Second world war provoked attack on Poland, and on June 22, 1941 treacherously attacked Soviet Union.
During the Second World War, Germany was defeated. According to the decision taken by the victorious Powers on Yalta Conference In 1945, Germany was divided into 4 zones of occupation: American, British, French and Soviet. The main problems in Germany in subsequent years were the problems of refugees and displaced persons, problems of food and housing. The western zones under the Marshall plan received a large financial assistance. On May 23, 1949, the formation of Federal Republic of Germany, and on October 7, the third German Congress proclaimed the Constitution German Democratic Republic. In 1950, the Christian Democratic Party of Germany was formed, whose leaders L. Erhard and K. Adenauer carried out successful reforms. Berlin was also divided into 4 sectors, and its status was a constant stumbling block in resolving the Berlin question, since Berlin itself was in the Soviet zone. To prevent the mass transition of the inhabitants of the GDR to the west in 1961, a Berlin Wall. In 1955, Germany was admitted to NATO, and the GDR became a member of the Warsaw Pact socialist countries. In 1955, the Soviet Union established diplomatic relations with the FRG, recognizing the existence of two independent German states.
One owner had a donkey, and for many years he tirelessly dragged sacks to the mill, but with old age he became weak and not as fit for work as before.
The owner thought that it was probably not worth feeding him now; and the donkey, noticing that things were not going well, took it and ran away from the owner and moved along the road to Bremen - he thought that he would be able to become a street musician there. So he walked a little, and he happened to meet a hunting dog on the way: she lay, breathing heavily, sticking out her tongue, apparently tired of running.
- What are you, Grab it, breathing so hard? the donkey asks her.
- Ox, - the dog answers, - I have become old, every day I get weaker and weaker, I can no longer go hunting; so the owner planned to kill me, but I ran away from him. How can I earn a living now?
There lived at the edge of a dense forest a poor woodcutter with his wife and two children; the boy's name was Hansel, and the girl's name was Gretel. The woodcutter lived from hand to mouth; one day, such a high cost came in that land that he had nothing to buy even bread for food.
And so, in the evening, lying in bed, he began to think, and all kinds of thoughts and concerns overcame him; he sighed and said to his wife:
- What will happen to us now? How can we feed the poor children, after all, we ourselves have nothing to eat!
“You know what,” answered the wife, “let’s go early in the morning, as soon as it starts to get light, let’s take the children into the forest, into the most remote thicket; let's build a fire for them, give each a piece of bread, and we ourselves will go to work and leave them alone. They won't find their way home, so we'll get rid of them.
No wonder people say that habit is second nature.
Over time, our Schildburgers became so accustomed to buffoonery that they could not keep up with it. Everything they did turned out to be stupidity. Therefore, you can’t joke with buffoonery, otherwise you will remain a fool forever.
One Schildburger heard that no one should be loaded with more than he can carry, and since then he has never loaded his mare. No, he put the sack of flour on his shoulders, and only after that he got on his horse and rode straight home from the mill. I thought it would be easier for the mare. Here he is driving along the road and sees - at the very border of the Schild lands there is a tree. And a cuckoo sits on a tree. Sits and cackles. And on the other side of the border is another tree. And a cuckoo also sits on it, but someone else's, and also cuckoos.
Our Schildburger listened, listened, and suddenly noticed that someone else's cuckoo began to cuckoo the Schild's one. He got angry here, jumped off his horse, climbed a tree and let his cuckoo help someone else's cuckoo.
The field under Schilda turned green, then bloomed, and in the end what the inhabitants of the city took for salt ripened and, to tell the truth, most of all resembled thistles, nettles, in a word, weeds.
One day, the Schildburgers all over the world went around their salt field: in front of them was the mayor, followed by advisers, judges, and then the common people. They walked around the field on one side, walked around on the other, and decided that it was time to start harvesting. And they began to sharpen the sickle, some to harness the horses, some to get on the cart, and some to prepare the flails - it was necessary to thresh the salt.
The Schildburgers cut through the windows in their town hall and set to work on the interior.
First of all, they decided to clean up the Shutov's Chamber, and then to take up the Chamber for poring and, after all, for the Chamber for sweating.
Not much time passed, and the triangular town hall, to the glory of all the jesters, was arranged and re-lit.
Winter came, the first snow fell, and the mayor blew his famous horn. Hearing him, the Schildburgers hurried to the town hall in a crowd. And it must be said that they have now become so wiser that none of them forgot to grab a piece of wood—it was necessary to heat the oven, but it is not worth burdening the treasury with expenses for firewood. But when they gathered in the Shutov's Chamber, they saw: not only is there no stove in the town hall, but even the place for it has not been determined.
For a long time, the inhabitants of Schilda could not get enough of their town hall and sat in it from morning to night. Luckily for them, it never rained until autumn, and therefore a hole in the roof did not prevent them from making many important decisions.
But then the gentle summer passed, and the sun often began to hide its cheerful face behind gray clouds - winter was approaching, severe and unmerciful, and more and more often it began to drip in the Shutovskaya chamber.
The real fools would have set to work, but stocked up with neither logs, nor stone, nor lime, sand, everything that is needed for a good building.
It’s not like the Schildburgers, because their mind should b: fade away not suddenly, but gradually, as a tallow candle burns out.
And so they all set off in a crowd into the valley behind the mountain, and began to cut down trees.
And when the trunks were cleared of branches and bark, some of them, daydreaming, thought: “Oh, if I now had such a crossbow so that I could put a log into it and shoot it all the way to the market square. .."
German fairy tale
Nowhere has such serious attention been paid
on the monuments of folk literature, as in Germany.
Afanasiev A.N. Folk Russian fairy tales
Still, it is a pity that historians did not deal with fairy tales. There would have been fewer original hypotheses and unexpected discoveries then, but the characters of fairy tales would have begun to live a historical, that is, real, life. Perhaps there would be evidence of the existence of certain situations described in a fairy tale somewhere in the Middle Ages ...
fairy tale like historical document originates in the 16th century. Giovanni Straparola (1480–1557), the author of Pleasant Nights (1550–1553), an extremely popular collection in Renaissance Italy, is considered the creator of the corresponding book genre in Europe. Another Italian, Giambattista Basile (1575–1632), whose collection of fairy tales Pentameron was published posthumously in 1634, continued his work. Tales of Mother Goose. Parallel to him, Madame d'Onois (1651–1705) published Fairy Tales (1697) and New Fairy Tales (1698). These collections caused many imitations, mainly in France. In addition to them, the first European translation of the Arabian tales "A Thousand and One Nights" into French served as a source of inspiration for the French. French. The works of these authors, together with the tales of Marie Léritier de Villodon (1664–1734), Henriette de Murat (1676–1716), Jacques Prechac (1647–1693), Jean de Melly (? -1724) and Antoine Hamilton (1646–1720), amounted to the grandiose 41-volume collection "Cabinet of Fairies".
A knowledgeable reader will grin: they say, if you want historicity - get it! Are there many real horrors in these "gallant" and "enchanting" fables? I agree. This fusion of a courtly novel and oriental wonders is extremely viscous and cloying. This confirms the insufficiency of the documentary approach. The folk roots of the tale are also confirmed. Literary unction existed in aristocratic salons, and the terrible legends that collectors of fairy tales turned to were oral. However, it should be remembered that the Renaissance aristocracy differed from the medieval aristocracy, which, together with the people, participated in the formation of fairy tales.
For the time being, German fairy tales resembled Italian and French ones. True, the first collection published in Germany - the collection of Johann Pretorius (1630-1680) - was not addressed to ladies and children. It contained a lot of rudeness and flat jokes gleaned from "folk books". In the XVIII century. the situation has changed. In 1782–1787 I.K.A. Museus (1735-1787), influenced by the French tradition, created the five-volume collection "Folk Tales of the Germans". There is little folk in these tales, mainly literary opuses of the salon type. The tabloid tales of K.B.E. suffered from the same disease. Naubert (1756–1819), fairy tale collections of Wilhelm Günther (1755–1826) and Otmar Nachtigal (1753–1819), anonymous Fairy Tales and Tales from Bohemian Antiquity. The first romantics, writers of fairy tales - I.G. paid tribute to courtesy and moralizing. Jung-Stilling (1740–1817), Novalis (1772–1801), Ludwig Tieck (1773–1853).
Imitating the French, German fairy tales were much inferior to them in popularity. The hearts of the burghers were conquered by the Beautiful Melusina and Saint Genevieve, fairies and Egyptian magicians. They remembered their tradition only by indulging in the coarse humor of the Shvanks. In less than a hundred years, all this "extravaganza" will seem tiresome nonsense. In the preface to The Purple Book of Fairy Tales, E. Lang speaks of such storytellers: “They always start with how a little boy or girl goes for a walk and meets a gardenia fairy, or an apple blossom fairy, or a porridge fairy. These fairies are trying to cheer up the child, but they don’t know how; but they succeed when they read morals to him.
A turning point in the views on the fairy tale occurred at the beginning of the 19th century. in Germany. By and large, we owe the best of our fairy tales to the Germans. Their example inspired collectors of folklore from Great Britain, Norway, Russia and other countries. What happened? According to Zhirmunsky, in poetic folklore, “German romantics discovered relic art of the era of feudalism, ideologically close to them, “living” national antiquity” . The epithet “national” confuses - where could it come from in the era of feudalism? - but for the romantics he was holy.
The first experiments did not bring significant results. In Heidelberg, collections of fairy tales and folk songs by A.L. Grimm (1786–1872), Joachim von Arnim (1781–1831) and Clemens Brentano (1778–1842). Grimm diligently adapted fairy tales to the tastes of the burghers and reproached his namesakes for blindly following the oral folklore source. Arnim and Brentano were inspired mainly by "folk" songs and German ballads of the 15th-16th centuries, that is, material that had already been processed. The songs and stories of their collections are entirely love, everyday, religious and moralizing, although there was also a place for terrible ballads about the rat-catcher from Hameln and Bishop Gatton. The most touching of ballads were almost rewritten like the story of the river maiden Lorelei, which became the figment of Brentano's imagination.
The fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm - Jacob (1785-1863) and Wilhelm (1786-1859) - appeared in three volumes in 1812, 1815 and 1822. From these dates, the era of the reconstruction of the old fairy tale should be counted. Having criticized Fairy Cabinet and pseudo folk tales of all previous authors up to the namesake from Heidelberg, the brothers proudly presented to the reader their own version, received directly from the narrators. Somewhere the dialect was preserved. Wilhelm carried out a light processing of texts, leveling them to a somewhat conventional folk style, but he did it with great tact and taste, without affecting the plot. These texts were recognized as authentic even by such an experienced and strict expert as Propp.
For later editions, the texts were changed to be more clear and expressive, achieved through extended descriptions and complication of syntax. In view of the deep knowledge of the brothers in mythology and linguistics, all the additions organically fit into the original source without distorting its meaning. Some critics like M. Luth reproached Jakob and Wilhelm for "betraying the style of a real fairy tale when they talk about the witch's red eyes and shaking head, about her long nose, on which glasses are hoisted." Lyuta is right: the folk tale speaks only of “an ugly old woman, an old witch”, but in her contemporary sources one can find both red eyes and a long nose, which are no less justified - historically and mythologically - attributes of a witch than vileness and old age. It is much more dangerous for a fairy tale in its original form to insert psychological motivations, poems and proverbs, grandiloquent metaphors, religious or social morality. Unfortunately, the brothers were addicted to it. However, such innovations had little effect on the content - if desired, they can be tracked. The authors resorted to the restoration of the lost fragments and the merging of several variants into one in exceptional cases.
Romantics sought to revive the traditions of the German people. The Brothers Grimm are no exception. And even if they did not always catch the similarity of German fairy tales with Slavic, British, Scandinavian fairy tales - this is important for a scientist, but is it important for a storyteller and reader? - but the flavor of the "magic world", which, according to Wilhelm, "preserved in us, in our native forests, underground caves, in the depths of the sea", they conveyed in full. Nevertheless, the brothers removed the epithet "German" from the title of "Tales", which is present in the titles of all their other books.
They also spoke out against the thesis of lies, once admitting that they did not find it in the "traditions and songs of the people." The confession was made in the style of the mythological school with a reservation about authenticity and purity "from the point of view of true poetry", but it was meant - it's a joke to say! - evidence of ghosts, kobolds, demons, dwarfs, giants, elves, mermaids.
one serious problem the brothers did not decide, and she became the reason for the relatively low popularity of the first editions of their tales. Initially, the book was prepared under the title "Children's and Household Tales", but then the authors abandoned it. And not only because the words “folk” and “childish” are synonymous, not only because fairy tales are “suitable for both old people and children, and what children do not yet understand, their soul skips until won't get it." Not because of incomprehensibility, parents, according to the authors themselves, did not want to give their book to children. Baby souls didn't miss anything, but there were things they couldn't learn. Terrible things. The children were afraid of the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm.
In the preface to the second volume, Jakob and Wilhelm lamented the parents' excessive concern about "certain circumstances or relationships." Proving them wrong, the brothers appealed to nature itself, which “colored certain flowers and leaves precisely in this suitable color and gave them that shape." You cannot demand that "everything be redrawn and repainted." Naive argument! Since for adults a fairy tale is an undoubted lie, there is nothing by nature in its monsters: sheer prejudices and superstitions. Already the closest follower of the brothers, Ludwig Bechschgain (1801-1860), made fairy tales more "childish" and for half a century successfully competed with his teachers.
But E.T.A. Hoffmann (1776–1822) and Wilhelm Hauff (1802–1827) did not present their tales as fantasies. For them, the area of demonic influences, gradually determining the fate of people, was even more real than life's prose. Gauf considered not a fairy tale to be fantastic, but life itself, therefore miracles and everyday life are closely intertwined with him. Hoffmann, according to the apt remark of Meletinsky, did not separate the fairy tale from the myth, and in his scary stories the mythical element was present not in the form of poetry and ideal, but as a "chaotic, demonic, nocturnal, destructive force".
Nightmares originating in Germany irritated the well-bred people of Europe. Sir Walter Scott warned the Germans against the abuse of the supernatural and recommended to the late Hoffmann "bloodletting and purgatives, combined with the improvement of his mind and strict supervision". In Germany itself, fairy tale horrors were remembered after 1945. Opponents of fairy tales argued that the ancient "creations of folk fantasy" contributed to Nazi atrocities. Their opponents, who equally despised "primitive culture", assured that fairy tales were not originally addressed to children, which means that one should be more indulgent towards their authors.
Today's psychologists have softened their attitude towards horrors, which, in their opinion, are perceived by children not as real, but as games. Well, fine! Let smart adults think so. Play, kids!
From the book History of Foreign Literature of the 17th century author Stupnikov Igor VasilievichSection III GERMAN LITERATURE
From the book "Valhalla white wine ..." [German theme in the poetry of O. Mandelstam] author Kirshbaum HeinrichChapter 16 integral part German culture of the 17th century, although in Germany there were no conditions for the flourishing of a national theater, as in France and Holland. However, all strata were covered by theatrical spectacles.
From the book Theory and Methodology of Foreign Literary Studies: tutorial author Turysheva Olga Naumovna1. The German theme in the works of the 1910s
From the book 100 great literary heroes [with illustrations] author Eremin Viktor Nikolaevich1.3.1. Aestheticization of the war in the poem "German helmet" In the second half of 1914, Mandelstam wrote a number of poems in which he relates to the events of the First World War. These are the poems "Europe", "German helmet", "Polacy!", "Reims and Cologne", "Before the war" and the already mentioned
From the book Literature Grade 5. Textbook-reader for schools with in-depth study of literature. Part 1 author Team of authors1.3.2. The opposition "German culture - German military" in the poem "Reims and Cologne" If the front-line reports from Poland were reflected in the "German helmet", then the poem "Reims and Cologne" was based on the news received in September 1914 that when taking
From the author's book1.4.5. The German Theme in the Poems of 1918–1921 In 1918–1922, the presence of the German theme in Mandelstam's poetry weakened. The poet writes mournful elegies about parting with the old culture, Petropolis, etc.: hence the predominance of ancient themes. German motifs are present in them
From the author's book2. The German theme in the works of the 1920s 2.1. Gap. Mandelstam in the 1920s: Preliminary Remarks
§ 3. German romantic hermeneutics: F. Schleiermacher, W. Dilthey
From the author's bookGerman Literature Baron Munchausen Baron Munchausen is the main liar of world literature. Notice, not a liar, not a malicious deceiver, but a liar - "a talker, a teller, a funny idle talker, a joker, a joker" or "one who likes to tell absurd, absurd
From the author's bookSnow White German folk tale (translated by G. Petrikov) It was in the middle of winter. Snowflakes fell like fluff from the sky, and the queen was sitting at the window - its frame was of ebony - and the queen was sewing. When she was sewing, she looked at the snow and pricked her finger with a needle, and three
From the author's bookSix swans German folk tale (translated by G. Petrikov) Once a king hunted in a large dense forest; he tirelessly chased the beast, and none of his people could keep up with him. And the evening has already come; Then the king held back his horse, looked back and saw that he had lost his way.
The birdie-groom sits on top of a thin birch. The mouse-bride walks about the door of her earthen tent. The metal ornaments on her braid tinkle, the mouse's head is pulled back. Read...
There lived two brothers, two people. One was rich, the other was poor. The poor man has only an old chum and an old mother. And the rich man has nine thousand deer, they are grazed by nine shepherds who live in nine tents. Moreover, the rich man has a large tent, in which his nine wives live. And the poor brother has no wife. Read...
An old owl lived with his old woman, and they had one and only son. Read...
The brave Vai lived on the very edge of the earth, in the tundra, by the sea. And the sea was terrible: big, wide, waves walked on it, sea animals lived under the waves. Read...
There lived a poor woman. She had three sons. Sons have grown up. They became strong, strong, and the mother grew old. A mother once said to her sons: Read...
We lived only together with my sister at the very mouth of Kharyuchi-Yaga. And our surname was Kharyuchi. I was single, she is a girl. Read...
In the royal city there lived a boy named Kolenka. If he eats in the morning, there is nothing to eat in the evening; If he eats in the evening, there is nothing to eat in the morning. He lived in a house that looked like a bathhouse. His clothes are all torn. So he lived. He didn't have anyone. Read...
There once lived a fox, and a bear lived nearby in the forest. Often they met, lived together, like brothers. In those days, the bear had a fluffy and long tail. Read...
A mouse was running somewhere. How long, how short ran, met Oleshka. Read...
once upon a forest Brown bear went north to the sea. At this time, the sea polar bear walked across the ice to the south, to the land. They met at the very edge of the sea. At polar bear the fur stood on end. Read...
There lived a poor woman. And she had four children. The children did not obey their mother. They ran and played in the snow from morning to evening, but did not help their mothers. They will return to the tent, they will drag whole snowdrifts of snow on pims, and take the mother away. The clothes will be wetted, and the mother will be sushi. It was difficult for the mother. From such a life, from hard work, she fell ill. Read...
At the fork of the river, the plague stood. There lived in that plague a woman with two little sons. Once a woman left to get food and did not return. What became of her is unknown. Maybe the bear pulled up, maybe she drowned in the river. Only her little sons were left alone in the plague.
