Why the relief of Kabardino Balkaria is very diverse. From Kislovodsk to Elbrus

17.11.201927.05.2017

Relief of Kabardino-Balkaria

Main Caucasian Range

The Caucasus is a typically mountainous country. It extends from the Caspian Sea in the east to the Black Sea in the west and from the left bank of the Kuban and the right bank of the Terek, in their downstream, in the north to the southern border of our country with Turkey and Iran. The Greater Caucasus consists of a system of ridges stretching from the northwest, from the region of Novorossiysk, to the southeast, to the Absheron Peninsula. This system includes the Main Caucasian, or Dividing Range, the Lateral, or Frontal, located north of the Main, Rocky, north of the Lateral, and Melovor, or Pasture, the northernmost range of the system.

Carried out in red GKH, above it in blue and yellow colors are displayed scattered into fragments side ridge and Rocky Range. The green line represents the state border crossing from GKH on the side ridge. Areas are highlighted in shades of color: 1- Elbrus region, 2- Chegem, 3- Bezengi, 4- Fytnargin, 5- Digoria, 6- Karaug, 7- Tsey , 8- Tepli-Jimaray, 9- order, 10- Kelskoe volcanic plateau. Heights 5642, 5205 and 5034 mark the peaks side ridge - Elbrus , Dykhtau and Kazbek, height 5203 marks the highest peak GKH Shkhara .

The Greater Caucasus stretches for almost 1500 km along the line of the Main Caucasian Range. Its width is unstable (maximum in the Elbrus region - up to 180 km). Total area 145,000 sq. km. ridges Greater Caucasus in their middle part they are covered with eternal snows. The height of the snow line ranges from 2850 m in the west to 3800 m in the east. The total area of glaciation reaches 2000 sq. km, of which 144 sq. km is occupied by the glaciation of the Elbrus massif. The total number of glaciers is about 1400. Some glaciers are up to 12 km long - Dykhsu, Bezengi, Karaugom, Tsanner. The height of the ridges of the Greater Caucasus is different. Particularly high are the Lateral and Main ridges, which have several five thousandths, including Elbrus, Dykhtau, Koshtantau, Kazbek, Shkhara, Dzhangitau. More than 200 peaks rise above 4 km - 15 of them exceed 4810 m (the height of Mont Blanc) and 30 - 4500 m.

Bezengi wall and Bezengi glacier. Bezengi wall- 13 km mountain range, the highest section Main Caucasian (Dividing) Range, between per. zanner(3887.0 m) in the west and per. Dykhniaush(3836.1 m) in the east. Above Bezengi glacier, forming a "wall", from west to east there are peaks: Lalver(4355.0 m), Yesenin Peak(4346.3 m), Gestola(4859.9 m), Katyntau(4979.0 m), Peak 4859 , Dzhangitau Western (5058.8), Dzhangitau Main (5085 m), Dzhangitau Eastern (5033.6 m), Shota Rustaveli Peak(~4900 m), Shkhara Western (5068.8 m), Shkhara Main (5193.2 m), Shkhara Eastern (4866.5 m). The name "Bezengi" goes back centuries. It is assumed that this Iranian word - an ethnonym - denoted one of the Turkic tribes that were part of the Alans union, who dominated the Caucasus at the end of the 1st millennium AD

Northern slope mountain range Greater Caucasus, in the western and central parts. Extends latitudinally between side ridge(in the south) and pasture range(in the north) Altitude in the west 1200-1700 m, in the east up to 3000 m, the highest altitude is 3646 m (Karakaya, between the Chegem and Cherek Bezengi rivers). The peak Sokhauzskaya between the rivers Cherek Bezengi and Cherek Balkar reaches a height of 3497 m.

The rocky ridge is cuestu(with a steep steep southern and gentle northern slopes), dissected by numerous narrow valleys of the river basin Kuban , Terek on north-sloping plateaus. On the northern slope - broad-leaved forests, on the southern and above the border of the forest - mountain steppes and meadows. Developed karst. Many peaks of the Rocky Range are interesting for mountaineering with their sheer south kilometer walls. flowing north from GKH and with side ridge rivers, crossing the Rocky Range, form narrow gorges. The Cherek gorge on the river is especially impressive with sheer walls (above and under the road). Cherek Balkarsky between Blue Lakes and Upper Balkaria.

Peak name

River in the west

Souhauzskaya

River in the east

Mehtygen

Khaznybashi

Cherek Bezengi

Cherek Balkarsky

Psygansu

wooded ridge- the lowest advanced ridge of the northern slope Greater Caucasus in its western and central parts. Is an cuestoy, composed of Neogene limestone-shell rocks and conglomerates. The height of the ridge is up to 900 m. Between the rivers Kuma and Baksan spine is interrupted. The ridge is mostly wooded, which is why it got its name.

Cherek Gorge

pasture ridge-consists of intermittent mountain ridges running parallel Main Caucasian Range. Three advanced northern ranges - Rocky, Pasture and Wooded - are quite clearly expressed in relief mountain system of the Greater Caucasus. They do not carry modern glaciation and differ from other mountain ridges in height: Skalisty is much lower than the Main Caucasian Range, Pasture is lower than Rocky, and Wooded is lower than Pasture. From the western end of the ranges to the Ardon River basin, they represent cuesta , characteristic feature which is asymmetric - the ridges gently descend to the north and abruptly break off to the south. The northern slopes of the ridges have the appearance of slightly inclined plateaus with hilly rugged terrain. To the east of the Ardon basin, the structure of these three advanced ridges is more complicated - here the cuesto-folded area begins. The Dzhinalsky Ridge is the local name for the Pasture Range, which is located on the territory of the Stavropol Territory and Kabardino-Balkaria. Its spurs adjoin the city of Kislovodsk from the east and south (the Kichmalinsky Range is located here). The pasture ridge is part of the second advanced ridge of the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus system, it is quite clearly expressed in the relief of the mountain system. Dzhinalsky, the ridge is an asymmetric cuesta, composed of limestones and sandstones, which date back to the Cretaceous period. The highest point of the ridge is Mount Upper Jinal, which is 1542 meters high. There are a large number of caves on the ridge. Its slopes are covered with grassy steppe vegetation, which attracts representatives of the local fauna here. In addition, the lands overgrown with grass are used for pastures, which explains the name of the range. On the western and northern slopes of the ridge, the rivers Yutsa, Zolka and a number of smaller rivers originate.

It originates on the slope of the Main Caucasian Range in the Trusovsky Gorge, from the glacier of Mount Zilga-Khokh at an altitude of 2,713 m above sea level. It flows through the territories of Georgia, North Ossetia, Kabardino-Balkaria, Stavropol Territory, Chechnya and Dagestan. The length of the river is 623 km, the basin area is 43,200 km². From the Kargaly hydroelectric complex it is called Novy Terek (sometimes the name Kargalinka is also used in the literature). In the lower reaches it is called Alikazgan (the name is presumably given by the village of Alikazgan, which was located near the modern Krainovsky bridge). The average slope is 4.40 m/km.

The first 30 km flows between the Main and Side ranges, then turns north and crosses the Side (in the Darial Gorge), the Rocky Range and the Black Mountains; near the city of Vladikavkaz, it reaches the foothill plain, where it receives full-flowing tributaries Gizeldon, Ardon, Urukh, Malka (with Baksan).

From the mouth of the Malka, it flows in a sandy-clay channel with numerous islands, spits and shoals; below the mouth of the Sunzha, it is divided into a number of branches and channels. It flows into the Agrakhan Gulf and the Caspian Sea, forming a delta (an area of about 4,000 km²); the position of the main channel in the section of the delta has repeatedly changed (since 1914, most of the flow has passed along the channel of the Kargaly breakthrough). The oxbows of the river are the rivers now turned into canals - Sullu-Chubutla, Stary Terek (Deltovy canal), Srednyaya, Talovka, Kuru-Terek, Kardonka and others. which supplies water to the old branches of the Terek.

Hydrology

The feeding of the river is mixed, about 70% of the flow falls on the spring-summer period. The highest water content is in July-August, the lowest is in February. The average annual water flow is 34 m³/s 530 km from the mouth (near Vladikavkaz), 305 m³/s 16 km from the mouth. Turbidity 400-500 g/m³. During the year, the Terek carries out from 9 to 26 million tons of suspended sediments. The ice regime is unstable (freezing occurs only in some severe winters).

The main tributaries: the left ones are the Ardon and the Gizeldon (the Gizeldon flows into the Ardon 0.2 km from the confluence of the Ardon with the Terek, therefore it is often referred to as the left tributary of the Terek.), Urukh, Malka, the right one is the Sunzha.

The Main Caucasian (Dividing) Range is a continuous mountain range stretching for more than 1100 km from the northwest to the southeast from the Black Sea (Anapa region) to the Caspian Sea (Mount Ilkhydag northwest of Baku). The Caucasian Range divides the Caucasus into two parts: Ciscaucasia (Northern Caucasus) and Transcaucasia (South Caucasus).

The Main Caucasian Range separates the basins of the Kuban, Terek, Sulak and Samur rivers in the north and the Inguri, Rioni and Kura rivers in the south.

The mountain system, which includes is called the Greater Caucasus (or the Greater Caucasian Range), in contrast to the Lesser Caucasus - a vast highland located south of the Rioni and Kura valleys and directly connected with the uplands of Western Asia.

A more enlarged division is also adopted:

Western Caucasus (limited from the east by Elbrus);

Central Caucasus;

Eastern Caucasus (limited from the west by Kazbek).

The Elbrus region is a balneological resort area in Kabardino-Balkaria, a region of the central Caucasus (Northern Caucasus), the immediate vicinity at the foot of the highest mountain in Europe, the gray-haired patriarch of the Caucasus Mountains - Elbrus, and Mount Cheget (Azau-Gitche-Cheget-Karabashi), as well as an area located in the upper reaches of the Baksan River (Terek basin),

at an altitude of 1850-2000-2340 m, 144 km from Nalchik.

"Elbrus region" is the tourist name of a part of the greater Caucasus located in the Baksan Gorge (in tourist and excursion bureaus it is often called the Baksan Gorge) on the territory of Elbrus [South Elbrus Region - the Pearl of the Caucasus; southern slopes of the Lateral and northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus Range] and Zolsky districts [Northern Elbrus region, northern slopes of the Lateral Caucasian ridge] of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic. The sometimes encountered term Karachay-Cherkess, or Western, Elbrus refers to the adjacent areas of the western slopes of Mount Elbrus, located in Karachay-Cherkessia.

In Kabardino-Balkaria, this is the only gorge where a convenient asphalt highway rises to a height of 2340 m above sea level (from ≈ 500 m near the city of Baksan). The Elbrus region is a world-famous center of mountaineering, skiing and tourism.

Elbrus during the Great Patriotic War

Along the mountain range and the right bank of the river. Baksan in the summer and autumn of 1942 passed the Baksan line of defense of the Soviet troops.

At the Stariy Krugozor station (height 3000 m) there is the Museum of military glory of the defenders of Elbrus and the Caucasian passes during the Great Patriotic War.

On the Kyrtykaush pass (3232 m; in the gorge of the river Kyrtyk (from the village of Upper Baksan); tourist routes "Around Elbrus" and in the Northern Elbrus region) an obelisk was erected in memory of the events of the Great Patriotic War - in August 1942 soviet soldiers 70 pupils of the orphanage in the city of Armavir, exhausted by many days of crossings, were transferred across the pass.

The climate is temperate continental, with low (up to 590 mm) atmospheric pressure, increased solar radiation. Winter is moderately mild, with a large number of sunny days; average temperature January −6 °C (minus). Spring is characterized by significant temperature fluctuations, cloudy weather, short-term but frequent precipitation. Summer is cool, rains are frequent; the average July temperature is 15 °C. Autumn is dry, with fogs; cloudy weather prevails. Relative Humidity(cf.) 67%. Number of hours of sunshine 1849 per year. Mountain-valley winds prevail (average speed 2 m/s).

At the beginning of summer in the Elbrus region, the weather is unstable, with frequent rains and a lot of snow in the highlands, which greatly complicates not only tourist routes, but also ford crossings. In this regard, traveling on mountain routes earlier than July and later than September (without preparation and experience) is not recommended.

Polyana Narzanov

Along with the climate, the most important natural healing factor is carbon dioxide. mineral water(the so-called narzans) of numerous sources (in the area of the Irik glacier, the Adyl-Su glade, the Azau valley and the village of Baidayevka [near the mountain Donguzorun-Gitche-ChatBashi, 3367 m] - the Baksan-Bashi-Ullu-Gara field), the total debit of which is - 9 sources - 5 million l / day.

The most promising for sanatorium use are the sources of Baksan-Bashi-Ullu-Gara (100 km from the M29 motorway Pyatigorsk - Baksan - Nalchik); their flow rate is about 1.5 million l/day. The waters of these sources are classified as carbonic hydrocarbonate-chloride sodium-calcium.

On the Narzanov Glade you can relax (there is a cafe), enjoy the mountain beauty and clean air, drink refreshing healing narzan right at the natural spring springs.

The most promising for resort and sanatorium construction (and recreation) are the Adyl-Su Polyana and the Tegenekli area. Glade Adyl-Su (length about 15 km, width up to 600 m) is located mainly in the gorge of the river. Baksan (altitude 1850-2000 m above sea level), covered with coniferous forests, turning with height into alpine meadows; is located 130 km northwest of Nalchik and 155 km southwest of Pyatigorsk (bus service). The Tegenekli area is located near the village of the same name, near the Yusengi and Tegenekli Bashi mountains (3501 m).

In the village Elbrus has a hospital, in Upper Baksan and Terskol there are medical aid points.

To climb the northern slopes of Elbrus, you must have mountaineering training, and from the south along the Baksan Gorge, a sightseer (tourist) of any age and level of training can approach the snow giant.

The Elbrus resort area is very popular with skiers. It is one of the three largest ski areas in Russia. There are 12 km of cable cars in the Elbrus region (in the current realities - perhaps more) and 35 km of ski slopes, two main slopes - Mount Cheget and Mount Elbrus [their slopes are created by nature for skiing]. The slopes of the resort are served by 9 lifts. On Mount Cheget, chairlifts were built up to a height of 2719 m and height. 3040 m; on Elbrus - rope-pendulum roads up to a height of 2970 and 3450 m, now also up to 3850 m. There are several ski schools in the Elbrus region, which organize ski training with an instructor. The climate in the resort allows natural snow cover to form in November. The ski season lasts until April. In the upper zone of Elbrus, you can ride in May. White caps on the peaks lie all year round.

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria website
Russian Geography Textbook.
http://www.geografia.ru/

Sat. " Water resources Terek basin and their use”, Rostov-on-Don, 1983.

http://poxod.ru/

Wikipedia site.

KABARDINO-BALKARIA

Geographic overview.

Geographical address of the republic

The Kabardino-Balkarian Republic occupies the northern slopes of the central part of the Greater Caucasus. It borders in the north and northeast on the Stavropol Territory, in the west - on Karachay-Cherkessia, in the East and South-East - with the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, in the South and South-West - with Georgia. Kabardino-Balkaria is located in Asia. In the natural-territorial complex, it is included in the belt of mountains bordering the East European Plain from the South and South-West.

Geographical coordinates

Kabardino-Balkaria lies between 42053 "- 44001" northern latitude and within 42024 "- 44028" eastern longitude. It is interesting that the parallel 430 30 "N intersects with the meridian 430 30" E. length approximately in the middle of the republic. The geographical coordinates of Nalchik are 43030" N and 43037" E. Nalchinsk local time is ahead of Moscow by 24 minutes 28 seconds. The area of Kabardino-Balkaria is 12,500 km2.

Population

The most numerous people of the republic are the Kabardians. According to the latest census, there are 363.5 thousand of them (1970 - 264.7 thousand people). They call themselves "Circassians", they are "Circassians" abroad. Balkarians, according to the same census, make up 70.8 thousand people (1970 - 51.4 thousand people). They call themselves "taulu" - highlanders. The Russian population also stands out in terms of numbers - 240.8 thousand people (1970 - 218.6 thousand people). The remaining nationalities were: Ukrainians - 12.8 thousand people, Ossetians - 10.0, Germans - 8.6, Koreans -5.0, Turks - 4.2, Armenians - 3.5, Jews - 1.7, Tatars - 3.0, Gypsies - 2.4, Azerbaijanis - 2.3, Georgians - 2.1, Belarusians - 2.0, Tats - 1.9, peoples of Dagestan - 4.7 and other nationalities - 14.5 thousand . Human.

According to the 1921 census, the national composition of Kabardino-Balkaria was as follows: Kabardians - 116,057 people, Balkars - 27,482, Russians - 23,765, Ossetians - 2926, Kumyks 2558, other nationalities 5335 people.

For many years, the main factor in the growth of the republic's population was immigration. But since 1992, in connection with the ongoing events in the political and economic life countries and especially the North Caucasus, a migration decline began to be observed: the number of emigrants (departed) exceeded the number of immigrants (arrivals) by 2.1 thousand people. In 1993 this figure almost doubled and amounted to 4.1 thousand people. AT last years the excess of emigrants from the republic over immigrants is stable. Yes, in 1991. 10.2 thousand people left Kabardino-Balkaria; 1992 - 10.2; 1993 - 11.6; 1994 - 9.1 thousand people. At the same time, the number of arrivals decreased annually: respectively - 10.6; -8.1; -7.5; -6.3 thousand people. But in two districts - Prokhladnensky and Maisky - the number of arrivals exceeded the number of departures.

During 1991-1994. the largest migration flows were observed between the KBR and the Stavropol, Krasnodar Territories, Rostov Region, North Ossetia, Chechen Republic, Ingush Republic, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. In addition, there has been a trend towards a decrease in migration flows from the village to the city: 1991. -5.7 thousand, 1992 - 4 and 1993 - 3.8 thousand people. Moreover, the number of migrating from cities to the countryside is growing.

For the first time, the population from Kabardino-Balkaria began to emigrate for permanent residence in far abroad countries. At the same time, immigrants from far abroad appeared in the republic. Within 3 years (1991-1993) 6.1 thousand people went abroad; 53.3% of them are Germans, 19.3% Russians and 17.4% Jews. At the same time, 236 Circassians and 12 Balkars arrived in the republic from far abroad.

Rivers

The territory of the KBR has a fairly developed river network. However, its density is not the same everywhere: more in mountainous areas, less in the foothills and on the plains. The total area of river basins is 18,740 square kilometers.

The relief of the Greater Caucasus and Ciscaucasia influences the direction and nature of the flow, the structure of river valleys. All major rivers of the republic are characterized by the following features: - general orientation from the southwest to the northeast (with the exception of the Terek); - in the upper reaches, located in the highlands, the rivers flow in narrow, canyon-like valleys, have significant slopes, high flow rates; - runoff is formed in the highlands; - leaving the plains, the rivers expand their valleys, break into branches and channels; - almost all rivers have pronounced features of the mountain type; - all major rivers with their numerous tributaries, with the exception of the Zolka River, belong to the Terek River basin.

The main sources of food for the rivers of the KBR are snow, glacial, rain and soil (underground). Two types of rivers are distinguished according to the sources of food: - mixed with glacial predominance: Terek, Malka, Cherek and their tributaries; - mixed with a predominance of groundwater: Nalchik, Shalushka, Kurkuzhin, Lesken, Argudan, Kurp, Deyka and other small rivers.

According to the water regime, rivers are distinguished with spring-summer and summer floods associated with intensive melting of snow and glaciers in the highlands (all the main rivers of the republic) and flood regime (Nalchik, Urvan, Shalushka, etc.). During short-term heavy rains or prolonged (up to several days) rains, the water level in them rises sharply.

The runoff maximum is observed in June - August during the period of the most intensive melting of glaciers and precipitation. Annual runoff minima occur in December - March, the period of cessation of river feeding surface waters.

lakes

Despite the fact that there are more than 100 lakes in Kabardino-Balkaria, it cannot be called a lake region. A significant part of them, in terms of the area of the water surface, belongs to small lakes. There are no large lakes. Most of the lakes are located in the highlands (their formation is associated with glaciers and karst processes), and the lowland lakes are residual reservoirs - oxbow lakes in the lower reaches of the rivers. In the mountainous part, the Elbrus region and the watershed spaces of the Malka and Baksan rivers are considered to be the most lacustrine. There are 55 lakes here, they are very small, with an area of \u200b\u200bno more than 0.01 square kilometers. Among them, moraine-dammed lakes, formed as a result of damming of rivers by moraine deposits, predominate.

The most significant in terms of area is the elongated flowing lake Donguz-Orunkel, which is located on the northern slope of the Main Caucasian Range, near the Northern Donguz-Orun glacier. To the south, at the Donguz-Orun pass, there is another lake connected with the Donguz-Orunkel by a small channel. A short 5-kilometer river Donguz - Orunbaksan flows out of the lake and merges with Baksan. Lake Syltrankel, located at an altitude of 2950 m in an intermountain depression between the mountains Mukol (3899 m), Sarykol (2931 m) and Syltran (3539 m) in a rocky-scree basin, has a glacial-tectonic origin. The area of the water surface is about 30 hectares, the lake is flowing, the Syltransu River flows out of it, the right tributary of the Kyrtyk. Another glacial lake with an area of 10 hectares is located near the Bashkara glacier, in the upper reaches of the Adylsu River.

Vegetation

Vegetable world CBD is very rich. About half of the plant species growing in the entire Caucasus grow here. This wealth is due to many reasons. The territory of the republic has a vertical dissection of the relief, a variety of climatic and soil conditions. Plants of European forests, West Asian semi-deserts, and Western Asian upland deserts penetrate here. In addition, due to the peculiarities of the relief and local climates, for a long time, their own center of formation (endemics) was formed - species confined to a strictly defined territory, for example, poppy bracts, one-color ornamental primrose Leskensky, Nogmov's cornflowers, Kabardian snowdrop, comfrey and stonecrop Kabardian and others. Of the relics (species preserved from past geological eras) - yew, a beautiful coniferous tree. Rare, relict and endemic plants. And what is typical for our republic is the law of high zonation. The change of belts of the KBR changes vertically - from the plains to the peaks of the Dividing Range: the steppe zone, the forest-steppe subzone, the forest zone with subzones of broad-leaved and coniferous forests, the zones of subalpine and alpine meadows, the subnival and nival zones.

Steppe zone.

The steppe zone of the KBR can be divided into two parts: dry steppe and meadow-steppe. The herbaceous vegetation of the dry steppe part is represented by dried flowers, wormwood, farrier, wheatgrass, tartar, sage, sweet clover, kurai, and a field-bed. On the spurs of the Tersky Ridge, you can find bract poppy, Caucasian Yasinets, Kuzmichev grass, sage, thyme and others.

In the meadow-steppe part, where there is more precipitation, juicy grasses grow: various types of clovers, meadow fescue, bluegrass, meadow rank, yellow alfalfa, mouse peas, timothy grass, cocksfoot and others. In the swampy areas located in the floodplains, cattails, sedges, reeds, reeds, and willows grow. Numerous shrubs grow in floodplains and adjacent areas: blackthorn, sea buckthorn, viburnum, dog rose.

forest-steppe

The steppe zone gradually at an altitude of about 500 m above sea level passes into the forest-steppe. It is elongated in a narrow strip from northwest to southeast at an altitude of 500-1000 m above sea level, corresponding to the strip of foothills. The forests are dominated by wild fruit trees and shrubs: oriental apple tree, Caucasian pear, hazel, cherry plum, medlar, hawthorn, blackthorn, dogwood, euonymus, viburnum, wild rose. In places there are thickets of raspberries, blackberries, hops, wild grapes. Other trees include oak, linden, ash, aspen, and alder. From shrubs: black elderberry, joster, buckthorn, privet, honeysuckle, etc.

Broadleaf forest subzone

Broad-leaved forests cover both slopes of the Wooded Range, the northern slopes of the Pasture and Rocky Ranges, and much of the space between these ranges. The total area occupied by broad-leaved forests within Kabardino-Balkaria is about 80 thousand hectares. They grow beech, hornbeam, linden, maple, ash, elm, hop-hornbeam, alder, honeysuckle, Caucasian mountain ash, birch and other trees.

Hawthorn, dogwood, euonymus, wild rose, currant, Caucasian blueberry, azalea and others grow in the undergrowth of broad-leaved forests. In the herbaceous cover there are fern, fragrant woodruff, oxalis, forest bluegrass, blue gentian, umbrella hawk, high valerian and others.

Subzone of coniferous forests

Small-leaved and coniferous forests rise above the broad-leaved forests at an altitude of 1600 to 2400 m above sea level. The subzone of coniferous forests in Kabardino-Balkaria does not represent a continuous belt, but is scattered in separate massifs. In mixed forests, coniferous and small-leaved trees grow in a wide variety of proportions. Barberries, wild gooseberries, currants, blueberries, wolf's bast, blue honeysuckle and others are found in the undergrowth. In more humid and shady places, various ferns, buttercups, wild garlic and many other plants grow.

Subalpine meadow zone

Subalpine meadows are located at an altitude of 1600 to 2600 m above sea level. They begin with a broken line, covering the slopes of the Rocky, Lateral, Main Ranges and most of the Northern and Central Depression. Of the forage grasses, the most valuable are cereals: clover, exporcet, barley, fescue, ryegrass, bluegrass, motley bonfire, fragrant spikelet, reed grass, meadow timothy grass and others. Scabioses, anemones, primroses, cornflowers, aconites, lilies, bluebells grow in subalpine meadows.

Alpine meadow zone

Alpine meadows are located above the subalpine meadows at an altitude of 2600 to 3200 m above sea level. There are hazel grouses, sleep-grass, gentian, primroses, bluebells, forget-me-nots, mountain violets, mountain buttercups, partridge grass, young saxifers, stonecrops, rhododendrons, currants, individual barberry bushes and juniper spots.

Subnival and nival zone

The subnival zone starts from the line of 3200 m. Here you can find various lichens, mosses, cuckoo flax, snow cetraria, serpentine tamnolia. Above the subnival zone is the nival zone (glaciers), it is covered with snow, glaciers and devoid of vegetation.

Animal world

The fauna of the CBD is rich and varied. There are 62 species of mammals here, represented by 6 species of artiodactyls, 22 species of rodents, 9 species of insectivores, 10 species of bats, 10 species of predators. There are 15 species of reptiles, 7 species of amphibians, 10 species of fish. There are 316 species and subspecies of birds, of which 157 are nesting, 38 species come to us for wintering, 121 species are found on migration. Invertebrates are poorly studied in the republic.

climate-forming factors

The climate of the KBR is formed under the influence of the following main climate-forming factors: geographical latitude, terrain, direction of prevailing winds, underlying surface.

Like the entire North Caucasus, the KBR is located in the southern part of the temperate climate zone. According to the combination of heat and moisture, it is located in two climatic regions: in the Ciscaucasia and the High Caucasus. Located in relatively low southern latitudes (between 42051" and 44001" north latitude), the territory of the republic receives significant amounts of solar radiation, which determines the abundance of sunlight and heat. The relief and features of the circulation of the atmosphere cause received by different areas. The maximum amount of radiation comes in May-July at the highest sun heights and day length.

Located on the border of temperate and subtropical climatic zones, Caucasian mountains are an important climate change. The territory of the KBR, fenced off from the south and southwest by the mountains of the Greater Caucasus, is open from the north and northwest for free intrusion of cold air masses from the Arctic. The relief also has a great influence on the distribution of precipitation, increasing their precipitation when moist air masses enter the territory of the republic.

The mountainous terrain causes altitudinal zoning climate, especially pronounced in highland area Central Caucasus. The general change in air temperature and humidity with height is superimposed by a change in air circulation in the high layers of the atmosphere. In the mountains, starting from a height of about 2000m, the leading role belongs to the western air transport.

Vegetation to a large extent retains solar radiation reaching the soil surface. The amount of radiation retained by the cover depends on the nature of the vegetation, the height of the plants, the density of the cover, and so on. Location near CBD Black and Caspian Sea cannot have a significant impact on its climate. Their sizes are insufficient for formation on its climate. Nevertheless, the influence of the Black Sea is more tangible than that of the Caspian.

On the territory of the KBR, according to the conditions of heat supply and conditions of moisture, types of climates can be distinguished:

Continental (steppe zone, northeastern part);

Moderately continental (piedmont part);

Alpine (mountainous part).

Geography of the most important interbranch complexes.

The industrial and sectoral complex of the national economy specializes in the production of non-metal-intensive, but labor-intensive products: telemechanical, high-voltage, low-voltage, x-ray equipment, electrical appliances, etc. Such specific industrial productions are developing as the manufacture of artificial diamonds and abrasive products from them, cable products (mainly for the needs Agriculture). The republic stands out for the production of artificial leather, footwear, raincoats, clothing and technical fabrics, woodworking equipment, and confectionery. The importance of the mining and metallurgical complex for the extraction, enrichment and production of a tungsten-molybdenum product is especially great.

As the main branch of material production, the industrial-branch complex consists of groups "A" and "B". Group "A" (production of means of production) accounts for 58.7% of the gross output. The production of means of production is concentrated in enterprises of heavy industry, consisting of industries: energy, mining and hydrometallurgical, mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical, industry building materials, timber and confectionery.

The territorial structure of the industry of Kabardino-Balkaria is peculiar. In a single national economic complex, differences are noticeable in the industrial production of the plain-foothill and mountain parts. The most powerful development of the industry was in the plain-foothill zone, located near the North Caucasian railway. Only the share of the city of Nalchik, located in the geographical center of Kabardino-Balkaria and Prokhladny, located at the intersection of the railway line and the main transport arteries, accounts for about 82% of the gross output of the republic and about 76% of the number of industrial workers.

The main industrial centers are industrial hubs. These are mainly the cities of Nalchik, Prokhladny, Nartkala, Baksan, Maisky, Terek. In the mountainous part, only one highly specialized industrial hub stands out - the city of Tyrnyauz. It is the center of the mining industry with labor-intensive industries.

Agriculture

Agriculture of the Republic - component the national economy, which is engaged in the cultivation of plants (plant growing) and the breeding of animals (animal husbandry). The natural and climatic conditions of the republic favor the cultivation of grain, industrial, fodder, vegetable and other crops.

The presence of vast pastures and integrated forage production, a large amount of waste from food enterprises create favorable conditions for the successful development of productive livestock farming in all three areas (meat, dairy and meat and dairy). The development of agriculture is closely connected with the solution of the problems of irrigation and watering of arid lands. Land reclamation and water management play an important role in the agro-industrial complex of the republic. In addition to "Kabbalkvodstroy", which is engaged in the construction and reconstruction of large facilities, there are water management systems in the republic - mobile mechanical columns.

Each region of the country has its own set of types of agricultural products produced, which determines its agricultural specialization. The grain economy of the KBR is the main branch of agricultural production, which is represented by the production of wheat, corn, other grains and legumes. Soil and climatic conditions make it possible to cultivate sunflower, hemp, fodder beet, coriander from industrial crops in the republic. Of the oilseed crops, sunflower is the most common. In the Republic, vegetable growing is of great consumer, commercial and industrial importance.

The most widely used fodder crops, apart from natural ones, are corn, alfalfa, Sudanese grass, rapeseed, soybeans, fodder peas and others. The abundance of heat and moisture creates favorable conditions for growing apples, pears, apricots, plums, cherries, peaches.

History of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria

The roots of Russian-Adyghe relations can be traced back to 965, when the Kyiv prince Svyatoslav "went against the Khazars" and defeated them, and with them the Yasses (Alans) and Kosogs (Circassians). On the Taman Peninsula, the Tmutarakan Principality arose, lost at the beginning of the 12th century in battles with the Turkic-speaking Polovtsians. The middle of the 16th century was marked by an active attack on the North Caucasus by Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. To protect themselves from it, the first Adyghe ambassadors in Moscow in 1552 declared their desire to enter into an alliance with Russia.

A mutually beneficial military-political alliance between the Russian state and Kabarda was concluded in the summer of 1557. These relations became closer as a result of the marriage of Ivan the Terrible and the daughter of the Kabardian prince Temryuk Idarov Goshanya (after baptism - Maria), concluded in 1561. The descendants of her brothers, who went to the service of the tsar, founded the family of the princes Cherkassky, who gave our fatherland a galaxy of commanders and politicians. The roots of other well-known Russian surnames also stretch to the Adyghe nobility. Among their representatives is the great naval commander Admiral Ushakov.

The borders of Kabarda at that time were very different from the current ones. The Kabardians lived on the banks of the Sunzha, and Prince Temryuk also claimed land in the lower reaches of the Terek up to the Caspian Sea. At the same time, the formation of a stable political community of the Eastern Circassians and Balkars began, there was a tendency towards the formation of a single state under common name. At the same time, the peoples have retained their ethno-social traditions, ethno-cultural identity and extraterritorial stability. In the second half of the 16th century, fugitive Cossacks, peasants, disgraced archers, and religious sects also began to move to free lands along the Terek.

The final integration of the region into the Russian Empire began with the signing of the Bucharest peace treaty with Turkey (1812), Gulistan - with Iran (1813). The Treaty of Andrianopol was also concluded (1829). The transfer of the territory of the North Caucasus and Georgia to Russia was the political result of the struggle between Russia, Turkey and Iran for influence in the Caucasus in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. However, until the first quarter of the 19th century, Kabarda remained a full-fledged subject. Its independence was recognized by the Russian and Ottoman empires, France and Austria.

In the current territory of Kabardino-Balkaria, Russians and Ukrainians began to settle in the second half of the 18th century. In 1762, the Kabardian prince Kurgoko Kanchokin with his subjects moved to the Mozdok tract, where the construction of a Russian fortress soon began. After Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774, Russian power over Kabarda was recognized by the Crimean Khanate and Turkey. The construction of the Fortified Line (the so-called border Cossack settlements) continued from Mozdok to the west, up to Azov. On the territory of present-day Kabardino-Balkaria, at the confluence of Malka and Terek, in September 1777, the first fortress "in the name of St. Catherine" was laid (now the village of Ekaterinogradskaya). At the same time, all 7 Cossack villages were founded on the territory of the KBR.

The tragic outcome of the Caucasian War, which lasted for decades until 1864, was the criminal deportation of the Circassians (Circassians, Shapsugs, Khatukais, Abkhazians, Kabardians and other representatives of 12 ethnically related peoples who inhabited the Black Sea coast and the northwest of the Caucasus). Hundreds of thousands of families on fragile little boats were transported to Turkey as a result of a secret Anglo-Russian-Turkish treaty. A surge of migratory mood in Kabarda occurred at the end of 1866 - the beginning of 1867. At the end of the war, out of 1 million Adygs, no more than 100 thousand people remained in their homeland. It should be noted that Christians evicted from Turkey followed a counter course to the Caucasus. In particular, tens of thousands of Greeks arrived here.

“The Russian tsar gave 5 rubles to every family that left their dear homeland, abandoned their land, livestock, housing and went to their death in the bosom of a single Islamic religion. The English king provided for free the leaky ships decommissioned for firewood, along with which tens of thousands of people drowned. The Turkish Sultan allowed everyone who left the Sochi, Pyatigorsk, Kuban lands "defiled by giaurs" to die freely in sandy, waterless deserts, where even lizards did not survive. So, out of 600 thousand people who moved to Turkey, at least 80 died in a few years percent," historians write.

The Kabardian Autonomous Region was formed on September 1, 1921. On January 16, 1928, it was transformed into the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Region. From December 5, 1936, the republic was called the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. From 1944 to 1957, during the deportation of the Balkars, the republic was transformed into the Kabardian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. After the rehabilitation of the Balkar people In 1957, the former name. In January 1991, the Supreme Council of Kabardino-Balkaria adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty and proclaimed the Republic of Kabardino-Balkarian Soviet Socialist Republic. In August 1991, the post of president was introduced.

Geographical address of the republic

The Kabardino-Balkarian Republic occupies the northern slopes of the central part of the Greater Caucasus. It borders on the North and North-East with the Stavropol Territory, in the West - with Karachay-Cherkessia, in the East and South-East - with the Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, in the South and South-West - with Georgia. Kabardino-Balkaria is located in Asia. In the natural-territorial complex, it is included in the belt of mountains bordering the East European Plain from the South and South-West.

Geographical coordinates

Kabardino-Balkaria lies between 42053 "- 44001" northern latitude and within 42024 "- 44028" eastern longitude. It is interesting that the parallel 430 30 "N intersects with the meridian 430 30" E. length approximately in the middle of the republic. The geographical coordinates of Nalchik are 43030" N and 43037" E. Nalchinsk local time is ahead of Moscow by 24 minutes 28 seconds. The area of Kabardino-Balkaria is 12,500 km2.

Population

For many years, the main factor in the growth of the republic's population was immigration. But since 1992, in connection with the ongoing events in the political and economic life of the country, and especially in the North Caucasus, a migration decline began to be observed: the number of emigrants (departed) exceeded the number of immigrants (arrivals) by 2.1 thousand people. In 1993 this figure almost doubled and amounted to 4.1 thousand people. In recent years, the excess of emigrants from the republic over immigrants has been stable. Yes, in 1991. 10.2 thousand people left Kabardino-Balkaria; 1992 - 10.2; 1993 - 11.6; 1994 - 9.1 thousand people. At the same time, the number of arrivals decreased annually: respectively - 10.6; -8.1; -7.5; -6.3 thousand people. But in two districts - Prokhladnensky and Maisky - the number of arrivals exceeded the number of departures.

During 1991-1994. The largest migration flows were observed between the KBR and the Stavropol and Krasnodar Territories, the Rostov Region, North Ossetia, the Chechen Republic, the Ingush Republic, Ukraine and Kazakhstan. In addition, there has been a trend towards a decrease in migration flows from the village to the city: 1991. -5.7 thousand, 1992 - 4 and 1993 - 3.8 thousand people. Moreover, the number of migrating from cities to the countryside is growing.

Rivers

The territory of the KBR has a fairly developed river network. However, its density is not the same everywhere: more in mountainous areas, less in the foothills and on the plains. The total area of river basins is 18,740 square kilometers.

lakes

Southeast of the Elbrus region, the number of lakes is decreasing. So, in the Chegem basin there are 19 small moraine-dammed lakes, in the Cherek basin - 23, including the karst Blue Lakes of the northern slope of the rocky ridge: Tserikkel (Lower Blue Lake), etc.

Vegetation

The flora of the KBR is very rich. About half of the plant species growing in the entire Caucasus grow here. This wealth is due to many reasons. The territory of the republic has a vertical dissection of the relief, a variety of climatic and soil conditions. Plants of European forests, West Asian semi-deserts, and Western Asian upland deserts penetrate here. In addition, due to the peculiarities of the relief and local climates, for a long time, their own center of formation (endemics) was formed - species confined to a strictly defined territory, for example, poppy bracts, one-color ornamental primrose Leskensky, Nogmov's cornflowers, Kabardian snowdrop, comfrey and stonecrop Kabardian and others. Of the relics (species preserved from past geological eras) - yew, a beautiful coniferous tree. Rare, relict and endemic plants. And what is typical for our republic is the law of high zonation. The change of belts of the KBR changes vertically - from the plains to the peaks of the Dividing Range: the steppe zone, the forest-steppe subzone, the forest zone with subzones of broad-leaved and coniferous forests, the zones of subalpine and alpine meadows, the subnival and nival zones.

Steppe zone.

The steppe zone of the KBR can be divided into two parts: dry steppe and meadow-steppe. The herbaceous vegetation of the dry steppe part is represented by dried flowers, wormwood, farrier, wheatgrass, tartar, sage, sweet clover, kurai, and a field-bed. On the spurs of the Tersky Ridge, you can find bract poppy, Caucasian Yasinets, Kuzmichev grass, sage, thyme and others.

forest-steppe

The steppe zone gradually at an altitude of about 500 m above sea level passes into the forest-steppe. It is elongated in a narrow strip from northwest to southeast at an altitude of 500-1000 m above sea level, corresponding to the strip of foothills. Wild fruit trees and shrubs predominate in the forests: oriental apple tree, Caucasian pear, hazel, cherry plum, medlar, hawthorn, blackthorn, dogwood, euonymus, viburnum, wild rose. In places there are thickets of raspberries, blackberries, hops, wild grapes. Other trees include oak, linden, ash, aspen, and alder. From shrubs: black elderberry, joster, buckthorn, privet, honeysuckle, etc.

Broadleaf forest subzone

Subzone of coniferous forests

Small-leaved and coniferous forests rise above the broad-leaved forests at an altitude of 1600 to 2400 m above sea level. The subzone of coniferous forests in Kabardino-Balkaria does not represent a continuous belt, but is scattered in separate massifs. In mixed forests, coniferous and small-leaved trees grow in a wide variety of proportions. Barberries, wild gooseberries, currants, blueberries, wolf's bast, blue honeysuckle and others are found in the undergrowth. In more humid and shady places, various ferns, buttercups, wild garlic and many other plants grow.

Subalpine meadow zone

Subalpine meadows are located at an altitude of 1600 to 2600 m above sea level. They begin with a broken line, covering the slopes of the Rocky, Lateral, Main Ranges and most of the Northern and Central Depression. Of the forage grasses, the most valuable are cereals: clover, exporcet, barley, fescue, ryegrass, bluegrass, motley bonfire, fragrant spikelet, reed grass, meadow timothy grass and others. Scabioses, anemones, primroses, cornflowers, aconites, lilies, bluebells grow in subalpine meadows.

Alpine meadow zone

Subnival and nival zone

The subnival zone starts from the line of 3200 m. Here you can find various lichens, mosses, cuckoo flax, snow cetraria, serpentine tamnolia. Above the subnival zone is the nival zone (glaciers), it is covered with snow, glaciers and devoid of vegetation.

Animal world

climate-forming factors

The climate of the KBR is formed under the influence of the following main climate-forming factors: geographical latitude, terrain, direction of prevailing winds, underlying surface.

Located on the border of the temperate and subtropical climatic zones, the Caucasus Mountains are an important climate divide. The territory of the KBR, fenced off from the south and southwest by the mountains of the Greater Caucasus, is open from the north and northwest for free intrusion of cold air masses from the Arctic. The relief also has a great influence on the distribution of precipitation, increasing their precipitation when moist air masses enter the territory of the republic.

The mountainous relief causes the altitudinal zonality of the climate, which is especially pronounced in the high-mountainous region of the Central Caucasus. The general change in air temperature and humidity with height is superimposed by a change in air circulation in the high layers of the atmosphere. In the mountains, starting from a height of about 2000m, the leading role belongs to the western air transport.

Vegetation to a large extent retains solar radiation reaching the soil surface. The amount of radiation retained by the cover depends on the nature of the vegetation, the height of the plants, the density of the cover, and so on. The location of the Black and Caspian Seas near the KBR cannot have a significant impact on its climate. Their sizes are insufficient for formation on its climate. Nevertheless, the influence of the Black Sea is more tangible than that of the Caspian.

On the territory of the KBR, according to the conditions of heat supply and conditions of moisture, types of climates can be distinguished:

Continental (steppe zone, northeastern part);

Moderately continental (piedmont part);

Alpine (mountainous part).

Geography of the most important interbranch complexes.

The industrial and sectoral complex of the national economy specializes in the production of non-metal-intensive, but labor-intensive products: telemechanical, high-voltage, low-voltage, x-ray equipment, electrical appliances, etc. Such specific industrial productions are developing as the production of artificial diamonds and abrasive products from them, cable products (mainly for the needs of agriculture). The republic stands out for the production of artificial leather, footwear, raincoats, clothing and technical fabrics, woodworking equipment, and confectionery. The importance of the mining and metallurgical complex for the extraction, enrichment and production of a tungsten-molybdenum product is especially great.

The main industrial centers are industrial hubs. These are mainly the cities of Nalchik, Prokhladny, Nartkala, Baksan, Maisky, Terek.

In the mountainous part, only one highly specialized industrial hub stands out - the city of Tyrnyauz. It is the center of the mining industry with labor-intensive industries.

Agriculture

. Agriculture of the republic is an integral part of the national economy, which is occupied by the cultivation of plants (plant growing) and the breeding of animals (animal husbandry). The natural and climatic conditions of the republic favor the cultivation of grain, industrial, fodder, vegetable and other crops.

The development of agriculture is closely connected with the solution of the problems of irrigation and watering of arid lands. Land reclamation and water management play an important role in the agro-industrial complex of the republic.

In addition to "Kabbalkvodstroy", which is engaged in the construction and reconstruction of large facilities, there are water management systems in the republic - mobile mechanical columns.

History of the Republic of Kabardino-Balkaria

The borders of Kabarda at that time were very different from the current ones. The Kabardians lived on the banks of the Sunzha, and Prince Temryuk also claimed land in the lower reaches of the Terek up to the Caspian Sea. At the same time, the formation of a stable political community of the Eastern Circassians and Balkars began, there was a tendency towards the formation of a single state under a common name. At the same time, the peoples have retained their ethno-social traditions, ethno-cultural identity and extraterritorial stability. In the second half of the 16th century, fugitive Cossacks, peasants, disgraced archers, and religious sects also began to move to free lands along the Terek.

In the current territory of Kabardino-Balkaria, Russians and Ukrainians began to settle in the second half of the 18th century. In 1762, the Kabardian prince Kurgoko Kanchokin with his subjects moved to the Mozdok tract, where the construction of a Russian fortress soon began. After the Russian-Turkish war of 1768-1774, Russia's power over Kabarda was recognized by the Crimean Khanate and Turkey. The construction of the Fortified Line (the so-called border Cossack settlements) continued from Mozdok to the west, up to Azov. On the territory of present-day Kabardino-Balkaria, at the confluence of Malka and Terek, in September 1777, the first fortress "in the name of St. Catherine" was laid (now the village of Ekaterinogradskaya). At the same time, all 7 Cossack villages were founded on the territory of the KBR.

The Kabardian Autonomous Region was formed on September 1, 1921. On January 16, 1928, it was transformed into the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Region. From December 5, 1936, the republic was called the Kabardino-Balkarian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. From 1944 to 1957, during the deportation of the Balkars, the republic was transformed into the Kabardian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. After the rehabilitation of the Balkar people In 1957, the former name was restored. In January 1991, the Supreme Soviet of Kabardino-Balkaria adopted the Declaration of State Sovereignty and proclaimed the republic the Kabardino-Balkarian Soviet Socialist Republic. In August 1991, the post of president was introduced.

The republic occupies part of the Ciscaucasian plain. A significant part of the territory in the south of the republic is occupied by mountains (the northern slopes of the Greater Caucasus) - this area is of little use for permanent residence and economic activity.

The highest point is Mount Elbrus (5642 m).
In the south, four ridges of the Greater Caucasus stretch in parallel: Cretaceous, Rocky, Lateral (height up to 5642 m, Elbrus) and Main (or Dividing)

In the Central Caucasus, 5 parallel ridges are distinguished

1) The main Caucasian ridge - GKH (Vodorazdelny) (up to 5203, Shkhara),

2) Lateral ridge (up to 5642, Elbrus),

3) Rocky Range (until 3646, Karakaya),

4) Pasture Range (up to 1541 m);

5) Wooded ridge (up to 900 m).

The Main Caucasian Range limits the territory of the KBR from the south and southwest. It is composed of the most ancient Precambrian rocks: crystalline schists, gneisses, quartzites, intruded by granite intrusions. Their outcrops are found everywhere.

The main Caucasian ridge is a continuous mountain range covered with eternal snows and glaciers. In distant geological epochs, repeated vertical and horizontal movements took place here.

The crest of the Main Caucasian Range has a rocky, jagged surface with sharp saber-shaped and peaked peaks. Its average heights are 4000-5000 m. The most famous peaks within the KBR are Shkhelda (4368 m), Techtingen (4617 m), Dzhangitau (5058 m), Shkhara (5068 m).

tichtingen Cherek Gorge

In the saddle, the most lowered parts between the mountain ranges, there are passes through the Main Caucasian Range. They stretch from northwest to southwest in the following sequence: Nakra (Donguz - Orunbashi 3202 m), Becho (3367 m), Mestia (3757 m), Twiber (3607 m), Kitlod (3629 m), Tsanner (3887 m), Shariavtsag (3434 m), Gzewcek (3462 m). The passes have different degrees of passability, and the period of their action is determined by the warm season: from June to November - in the west and from June to August - in the east.

Elbrus (5642 m)
Dykhtau (5204 m)
Koshtantau (5152 m)
Dzhangitau (5058 m),
Pushkin Peak (5100 m),
Mizhirgi (5025 m),
Shkhara (5068 m),
Kazbek (5033 m),

Izdar-Saray mountain

The plain with barely noticeable uplifts in the west and almost flat in the east has a slight slope. Most of the plain surface does not reach a height of 450 m; The 450-meter horizontal line runs from northwest to southeast, skirting the hilly foothills, through the villages of Kuba and Kuba-Taba, the city of Baksan, the village of Chegem II, the northeastern outskirts of Nalchik, the villages of Psygansu, Argudan, Old Lesken, Urukh. From this line, the plain gradually decreases to the northeast, reaching 170-180 m in the interfluve of the Malka and Terek.

The lowest place within the KBR is located in the valley of the Terek River (150 m above sea level), north of the village of Khamidie, at the exit of the river beyond the borders of our republic. The main rivers of the republic and their tributaries flow along the Kabardian Plain.

From the south, the Tersky Range adjoins the Kabardin Range, which is the northern spur of the Sunzha Range. It rises above the surrounding plains by 150 - 200 m in the area of the villages of Upper Akbash and Lower Akbash. The ridge is strongly flattened in the upper part in the space up to the Upper Kurp, where one more uplift is observed - Mount Arik-Paptsa (510 m). Thus, the Kabardin Range in two steps, each approximately 180-200 m high, descends in the west to the valley of the Terek River.

The northeastern part of the KBR is occupied by the Kabardian Plain. In its geological structure, it is a platform structure with a Hercynian fold formation. From above, the foundation is covered with a thick cover (1000 - 2000 m) of Quaternary pebbles, sandy-argillaceous deposits and loess-like loams.

The Kabardian Plain is divided by the Terek River into two parts:
Big Kabarda on the left bank of the Terek and Small Kabarda on the right

The northern slopes gradually decrease to the Malo-Kabardinsky irrigation canal, while the southern slopes have a pronounced slope (20 degrees or more). Here, on an almost flat surface, the Urusheva (430 m) and Khutoko (133 m) peaks stand out.

In the north - foothills and the Kabardian Plain, crossed by river valleys. The main river is the Terek with its left tributaries:
Malkoy,
Baksan,
Chegem,
Cherek,
Urukh.

Malaya Kabarda is a plain turning into highlands in the northeast. It's cutting edge mountain ranges Terek and Kabardian. The Tersky Range with a western spur - the Arik Range has a latitudinal strike .

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