Dosybaeva I Schmidt L Romanenko V.
Research work of students
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Municipal budgetary educational institution
Lyceum No. 6
Chemistry project
Study of the composition and properties of mineral water
The authors:
7th grade students
Baskovskaya Julia
Romanenko Valeriya
Schmidt Elizabeth
Dosybaeva Irina
Teacher - Dunaeva I.I.
Nevinnomyssk - 2012
Slides captions:
"The waters are like the lands they pass through." Aristotle
Purpose: to study the composition and properties of mineral waters of various production. In our work, we set the following tasks: to study the literary sources on the topic, to investigate the composition of the Volzhanka water. "Essentuki 17", "Narzan", "Novoterskaya healing", comparing the data of the labels with the data of an experimental study using qualitative analysis methods. We consider the topic relevant, since at present the issues of water purification, human health, and falsification are more acute than ever.
Mineral water and its purpose
Mineral waters are primarily underground (sometimes surface) waters characterized by high content biologically active mineral (rarely organic) components and (or) having specific physical and chemical properties (chemical composition, temperature, radioactivity, etc.), due to which they have a therapeutic effect on the human body.
Mineral water is water containing biologically active mineral and organic components, which has specific physical and chemical properties. In these waters, some substances are contained in the form of non-dissociated molecules, others in the form of ions, and colloidal particles may also be present in them.
Daily requirement for certain minerals Population category Calcium, mg Phosphorus, mg Magnesium, mg Up to 1 year 1000 1500 - 1-3 years 1000 1500 140 4-6 years 1000 1500 220 7-10 years 1200 2000 360 11-13 years 1500 2500 400 14-17 years 1400 2000 530 Adults 800 1600 500 Pregnant 1500 3000 925 Lactating 1900 3800 1250
The origin of mineral waters The composition of any mineral water directly reflects the various geological processes that took place in the area where there is a source. Therefore, we can say that this water recorded in its composition the history of the transformation of the Earth.
Classification of mineral waters
EXPERIMENTAL Qualitative reactions of inorganic compounds form the basis of the methodology for studying the qualitative composition and properties of mineral water. chemical reactions, suitable for qualitative analysis, should be accompanied by a noticeable external effect. This may be the evolution of gas, a change in the color of the solution, the precipitation of a precipitate, the dissolution of the precipitate, the formation of crystals of a characteristic shape.
Qualitative analysis results
1. To determine bicarbonate ions HCO 3-, hydrochloric acid. The evolution of gas and its intensity makes it possible to judge the presence of this anion. HCO 3- + H + \u003d H 2 O + CO 2
2. Determination of chloride ions and bromide ions was carried out using silver nitrate. A white precipitate indicates the presence of chloride ions, a yellow precipitate indicates the presence of bromide ions. Cl - + Ag \u003d AgCl, white precipitate Br - + Ag \u003d AgBr; yellow precipitate
3. The determination of sulfate ions was carried out using barium chloride. The precipitation of a white precipitate indicates the presence of these ions. SO42-+ Ba2+=BaSO4 , white precipitate.
How often do you buy mineral water.
Quenching your thirst, you drink mineral water
Specify the reason for the purchase of mineral water
Choosing mineral water, you prefer mineral water
Are you interested in recording the composition of water on the label
If you are interested in the data on the label, mark what you are looking for
By choosing mineral water, you prefer
Do you know how these waters differ from each other in composition, properties and effect on the body
Conclusion The results of the study of the chemical composition and properties of 5 types of mineral water used by the population of the city of Nevinnomyssk. In the course of the study, the following were studied and analyzed: the assortment list of mineral water in the grocery stores of the district; chemical composition of mineral water; mineralization level and gas composition; conducted a sociological survey. All results are entered into tables and diagrams are constructed. The analysis of the sources used, the study of the composition and properties of mineral water, the algorithm for detecting ions contained in mineral water made it possible to following conclusions: in the studied mineral water, by the method of qualitative analysis, ions were identified: chlorine, sulfate ions, carbonate ions, iodide and bromide ions, sodium and potassium ions, carbon dioxide. The range of mineral waters is not high and is represented by 5 names.
From the history of the use of mineral waters for the treatment of diseases
“Mineral waters of salt, ferrous, sulfuric, iodine, carbonic, etc. for the cure of ailments there is the same countless number as the sand at the bottom of the sea,- wrote a hundred years ago, M. Platen in his "Guide for living according to the laws of nature, for maintaining health and for treatment without the help of drugs." The term " mineral water" came into use in the 16th century, but in everyday life the word " water", and, just as in Ancient Rome « aquae", - in plural. Origin of the word " aquae" refers to the time when Thales of Miletus (c. 624 - c. 546 BC) - a Greek philosopher and mathematician from Miletus, trying to determine the basis of the material world, came to the conclusion that it is water. Word " aqua"- water, consists of two Greek words - "a" and "qua", a literal translation - from which (it is understood omnia constant- everything happened, everything consists).
The first attempt to classify mineral waters by composition belongs to the Greek scientist Archigen (II century). He distinguished four classes of waters: aquae nitrose, aluminose, saline and sulfurose (alkaline, ferruginous, saline and sulphurous). L.A. Seneca isolated sulfuric, iron, alum waters and believed that the taste indicates their properties. Archigen recommended sulfur baths for gout, and for diseases of the bladder, he prescribed drinking mineral waters up to 5 liters per day. He believed that it was enough to know the composition of water in order to prescribe it for treatment. It should be noted that the composition of water at that time could not be known even approximately.
G. Fallopius, the author of one of the first manuals on mineral waters that have come down to our times, published after his death, speaks about the composition of mineral waters (“ De thermalibus aquis atque metallis", 1556). However, the composition of the waters of Italy, described by Fallopius, was far from true, since the science of the 16th century. many chemical elements were not yet known. A real breakthrough in the doctrine of mineral waters occurred in the 18th century, after the revolutionary discoveries in chemistry, which are mainly associated with the name of A. Lavoisier. The very concept of "mineral water" (from lat. minari- dig) was formed during the 19th-20th centuries, when the foundations of balneology (health resort) and the scientific justification for the use of groundwater for medical purposes were laid.
The first resort in Russia was built by the Decree of Peter the Great on the sources of ferruginous Marcial waters. Peter I on his return from Belgium, where he was successfully treated with the waters of the Spa resort. In honor of the Russian Emperor, a drinking pavilion, Pouhon Pierre Le Grand, was built at the resort. Peter I called the waters of the Belgian resort a source of salvation, and when he returned to Russia, he issued a decree to look for key waters in Russia that can be used to treat diseases. The first Russian resort was built in Karelia on the Olonets waters, called Marcial. Martial waters in terms of the content of ferrous ferrous iron - up to 100 mg / l surpass all known ferruginous sources in the world. The content of iron in the waters of the Belgian founder of spas - Spa, is only 21 mg / l (ferruginous waters - Fe 10 mg / l).
The first cadastre of mineral waters in Russia was compiled by scientists of the Mineralogical Society, established in 1817 in St. Petersburg. Among its founders were Academician V.M. Severgin and Professor D.I. Sokolov. According to the research of numerous academic expeditions of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. V.M. Severgin described the mineral springs and lakes of Russia, gave their classification according to the totality of features, and compiled instructions for their research. The results of the research were summarized in the book "A Method for Testing Mineral Waters, composed on the basis of the latest observations on this subject", published in St. Petersburg in 1800. In 1825, the work of the Russian chemist G.I. Hess "Study of the chemical composition and healing effect of mineral waters in Russia", which became the basis of his dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Medicine.
An important role in the study of medicinal mineral waters was played by the foundation in 1863 of the Russian Balneological Society in the Caucasus on the initiative of the Director of the Caucasian Mineral Waters resorts, Professor S.A. Smirnova. After 1917 (after the nationalization of the resorts), the intensive development of balneology began. In 1921, the Balneological Institute was established at the Caucasian Mineral Waters (in, in 1922 - the Tomsk Balneo-Physiotherapy Institute, and in 1926 the Central Institute of Balneology and Physiotherapy was opened in Moscow.
Chemical composition of mineral waters
Mineral water- complex solutions in which substances are contained in the form of ions, undissociated molecules, gases, colloidal particles.
For a long time, balneologists could not come to a consensus on the chemical composition of many waters, since the anions and cations of mineral waters form very unstable compounds. As Ernst Rutherford said, "ions are funny kids, you can almost observe them with your own eyes." Back in the 1860s. chemist O. Tan pointed out the incorrectness of the salt image of mineral waters, which is why Zheleznovodsk was long considered a resort with an “unsettled reputation”. Initially, the mineral waters of Zheleznovodsk were classified as alkaline-ferrous, then they began to combine carbonates with alkalis, and sulfates with alkaline lands, calling these waters “alkaline-ferrous (containing sodium carbonate and iron) with a predominance of gypsum (calcium sulfate) and soda (sodium bicarbonate). ). Subsequently, the composition of waters began to be determined by the main ions. The unique Zheleznovodsk springs in composition belong to carbonic hydrocarbonate-sulphate calcium-sodium high-thermal waters that contain little sodium chloride, which eliminates the risk of irritation of the kidney tissue when they are used for drinking. Currently, Zheleznovodsk is considered one of the best "kidney" resorts. The mineral waters of this resort contain relatively little iron, up to 6 mg / l, i.e. less than in specific ferruginous waters, in which there should be at least 10 mg / l.
In the German “Resort Book”, published in 1907, analyzes of the waters of mineral springs were presented for the first time in the form of ion tables. The same book about Austrian spas was published in 1914. This type of presentation of mineral waters is accepted in Europe at the present time. As an example, we give the ionic composition of the waters of one of the most popular sources of the French resort of Vichy, known since the time of the Roman Empire - Vichy Celestins (M - 3.325 g / l; pH - 6.8).
Criteria for classifying waters as "mineral"
Criteria for classifying waters as "mineral" differ to some extent among researchers. All of them are united by their origin: that is, mineral waters are waters extracted or brought to the surface from the bowels of the earth. At the state level, in a number of EU countries, certain criteria for classifying waters as mineral waters have been legally approved. In national regulations regarding the criteria for mineral waters, the hydrogeochemical features of the territories that are inherent in each country have found their reflection.
In the regulations of a number of European countries and international recommendations - the Codex Alimentarius, the Directives of the European Parliament and the European Council for EU member states, the definition of "mineral waters" has acquired a broader content.
For example, " Codex Alimentarius" gives the following definition of natural mineral water: natural mineral water is water that is clearly different from ordinary drinking water because:
- it is characterized by its composition, including certain mineral salts, in a certain ratio, and the presence of certain elements in trace amounts or other components
- it is directly obtained from natural or drilled sources from underground aquifers, for which all precautions must be taken within the protection zone to avoid any contamination or external influence on the chemical, physical properties of mineral waters;
- it is characterized by the constancy of its composition and the stability of the flow rate, a certain temperature and the corresponding cycles of secondary natural fluctuations.
In Russia, the definition of V.V. Ivanova and G.A. Nevraev, given in the work "Classification of underground mineral waters" (1964).
Medicinal mineral waters are natural waters that contain certain mineral (rarely organic) components and gases in high concentrations and (or) have some physical properties (radioactivity, environmental reaction, etc.), due to which these waters have an effect on the body. human therapeutic effect in varying degrees, which differs from the action of "fresh" water.
Mineral drinking waters (in accordance with) include waters with a total mineralization of at least 1 g / l or with a lower mineralization, containing biologically active microcomponents in an amount not lower than balneological standards.
Mineral water is literally a source of health. It is able to have a healing effect, which people in many countries have been resorting to for many centuries.
History of the use of mineral waters.
The waters of healing springs have been used by people since time immemorial. They used mineral water for both therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. It had a healing effect both externally and internally.
The first information about the beneficial properties of mineral waters can be found in the Indian Vedas, which date back to the 15th century. BC e. The ancient Babylonians, Egyptians, Jews, Assyrians used mineral and fresh water for medicinal and hygienic purposes. Groundwater has always been highly valued. In ancient times, the Greeks built sanctuaries dedicated to the god Asclepius near the healing springs.
Hippocrates improved the technique of treatment with water, which later began to be used not only in Ancient Greece. It was transferred to Rome and began to gradually spread to other countries.
In the distant past, people attributed the healing power of underground waters to some underground creatures that live in the springs.
The remains of ancient structures near healing reservoirs are found in the Caucasus, where they not only bathed, but were also treated with mineral waters. From generation to generation, oral traditions were passed down here about the miraculous properties of waters gushing out of the ground. The properties of these wonderful waters are also evidenced by the names of many sources, the drink from which bears the same name, for example, “Narzan” (“Nart-sana”) in Balkar means “heroic drink”.
The role of Peter I in the creation of the first mineral water resort in Russia is known. It was built by his order in Zaonezhie on Marcial Waters. The king himself repeatedly resorted to treatment with these glandular waters. By his order, "Doctor's Rules on how to act in these waters" were drawn up.
There are recollections of Pushkin, who twice visited the Caucasian Mineral Waters on the way to Arzrum (1820 and 1829): “... the baths were in hastily built shacks. The springs, mostly in their original form, spouted, smoked and flowed down from the mountains in different directions, leaving behind white and reddish traces. We scooped boiling water with a ladle of bark or the bottom of a broken bottle ... "
In the middle of the ninth century according to tradition, it was customary to be treated at the Caucasian Mineral Waters, first in Pyatigorsk with “dead” water at its sulfur springs, then in Zheleznovodsk with “living” water. The course was completed in Kislovodsk, taking narzan (according to surviving evidence) in huge quantities - more than 30 glasses a day.
By a special decree of Emperor Alexander I in 1803, the area was declared curative, and now the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody region has the status of a specially protected eco-resort region of Russia.
Scientific research the effects of mineral waters on the human body were carried out in the 19th century. In particular, Russian doctors B. Grzhimailo (1859), A. Nikitin (1825) and many other scientists focused their efforts on studying issues related to the physiological effects of hydrotherapy on health.
In 1920, the State Balneological Institute was established in Pyatigorsk, where work began on a comprehensive study of mineral waters. Currently, institutes of balneology work in this area in many cities (Moscow, Tomsk, Sverdlovsk, etc.).
What are mineral waters.
Mineral waters are waters that differ from fresh water in the increased content of minerals present in them, as well as in a number of other properties. In these waters, some substances are contained in the form of undissociated molecules, others in the form of ions, and colloidal particles may also be present in them.
The water located in the soil and under it is involved in chemical processes, dissolving some substances, leaching others. It combines different chemical elements and itself, mineralizing, takes on new properties. For example, thanks to carbon dioxide, water acquires a pleasant, refreshing taste.
A sample taken from underground sources may be similar in composition to a sample taken from a river, but may also have a higher content of alkalis, sulfur, gases, iron, bromine, iodine, etc., which give the water a special taste and healing properties. This water is mineral.
Drinking mineral waters come from natural sources, the solution of which contains various therapeutic gases and salts. They hit from the ground, often have a high temperature. After the discovery of underground deposits, with the help of boreholes, the depth of which can reach several kilometers, mineral waters of therapeutic value are removed from the bowels.
Not only underground, but sometimes on its surface, mineral waters can be found, which are characterized by a high content of biologically active components. Many of them have special physical and chemical properties. Mineral waters from different sources may have different temperature, chemical composition, radioactivity and other indicators. It is they that provide a therapeutic effect on the human body, while the use of mineral waters as an internal or external remedy is determined on the basis of their physical properties and chemical composition.
It should be noted that these waters can be divided into 7 groups according to their physicochemical and medicinal properties:
1) the so-called indifferent waters, acratotherms. Poor in salts (Ragats, Gastein, Teplitz, Warmbrunn);
3) alkaline waters are subdivided into carbonic ones (the main component is carbonic acid) (Narzan, Apollinaris); alkaline carbon dioxide (the main component is carbon dioxide and sodium carbonate) (Bilin, Vichy, Fakhingen, Borjomi); alkaline hydrochloric acid (Essentuki, Ems);
4) bitter waters, which include magnesium sulphate (Franz-Josef, Pulna);
6) sulfurous waters containing hydrogen sulfide, calcium sulfide, sodium, magnesium and potassium (Baden near Vienna, Aachen, Baden in Switzerland);
7) ferruginous waters are characterized by the content of ferrous bicarbonate (Spa, Pyrmont, Elster, Marienbad, Franzensbad).
The waters of different sources, as a rule, have different properties, which are determined by many features of the area where the deposit is located. A unique phenomenon in this regard is a small area where Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki, Kislovodsk, Pyatigorsk are located. There are about 80 springs with mineral water of 21 types (Narzan, Smirnovskaya, Essentuki No. 17, Essentuki No. 4, Batalinskaya, etc.) which are so varied.
Origin of mineral waters.
The processes by which mineral waters are formed are still insufficiently studied and rather complex. When studying this issue, they investigate the reasons that led to the appearance of this mass of water formed underground, and then find out the origin of its ionic-salt composition and the processes of formation of gases dissolved in it.
When forming the composition of mineral water, processes associated with infiltration of surface waters, volcanic processes and many others occur.
The composition of mineral water is determined by the history of geological processes, it is influenced by the nature of tectonic structures, geothermal conditions and other features of the territory where the deposit is formed.
The processes of formation of the gas composition of mineral water are most powerfully influenced by volcanic and metamorphic factors. During the passage of complex geological processes in the thickness of the Earth, such volatile products as CO 2, HC1, etc., are released, which droop into The groundwater and make them highly aggressive. Such waters contribute to the leaching of neighboring rocks.
In this case, the formation of the chemical composition of waters, their mineralization and saturation with gases occurs.
By what gases are dissolved in a sample of mineral water, one can judge the geochemical conditions in which it was formed.
If mineral water contains gases of the so-called air origin - oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide (in small volumes), then the occurrence of this mineral water is associated with the upper zone of the Earth's crust, since oxidation processes prevail there.
Hydrocarbon gases and hydrogen sulfide serve as indicators of the formation of water in a reducing chemical environment, which is characteristic of the deep bowels of the Earth. High concentrations of carbonic acid indicate that the water containing it was formed under the influence of the factors of the metamorphic environment.
Artificial mineral waters.
At present, the production of artificial mineral water has become quite widespread.
This applies primarily to carbon dioxide, nitrogen and hydrogen sulfide samples, which are used mainly as baths.
Mineral waters, made artificially from chemically pure salts, have a composition similar to the composition of natural waters, although it has not yet been possible to achieve complete identity. The industry is faced with the challenge of overcoming some of the difficulties that arise when simulating the properties of colloids and the composition of gas solutions. The first experiments in the production of artificial mineral water were carried out in Geneva in 1788.
In Russia, methods have been developed for the preparation of drinking mineral waters such as Essentuki, Batalinskaya, Borjomi, which have a high therapeutic activity. And yet, artificial mineral drinking water is inferior in popularity to natural.
Table mineral waters.
It is necessary to distinguish between medicinal and table mineral waters. In the latter, the degree of mineralization is noticeably lower. Bottled table mineral waters can be successfully used as table drinks. Due to their high saturation with carbon dioxide, they are better than plain water, quench their thirst, taste good, increase appetite (sodium chloride type or bicarbonate). They can be used instead of ordinary fresh water, and without special medical indications.
If mineral waters are used as table waters, then those in which the level of mineralization is low, up to 4–4.5 g / l (bicarbonate waters - about 6 g / l) are chosen. The use of highly mineralized waters can lead to undesirable results.
It should be borne in mind that some mineral waters can only be used for treatment, in doses that a doctor will prescribe. For example, a single dose of the unique mineral water "Lugela" is only 1 tablespoon or even a teaspoon.
When buying mineral water for dinner, you should pay attention to the label. It usually indicates the composition, properties of this mineral water and recommendations for use.
Mineral waters that can be used as table drinks are briefly described below - because they are not only pleasant to the taste, but also very healthy.
"Alma-Atinskaya" - chloride-sulfate, sodium mineral water. Recommended for diseases of the stomach and liver. It can also be used as a dining room. Its source is located on the banks of the Ili River, 165 km from Alma-Ata.
"Arzni" - medicinal and table carbonic chloride bicarbonate-sodium mineral water. It has a pleasant, slightly sour taste. Its source is located in the Arzni resort, in the gorge of the Hrazdan River, 24 km from Yerevan.
"Arshan" - carbonate-sulfate calcium-magnesium water of medium mineralization. The source is located on the territory of the Arshan resort.
"Achaluki" - bicarbonate-sodium mineral water of low mineralization with a high content of sulfates. The spring is located in the village of Srednie Achaluki, 45 km from Grozny. This table drink tastes good and quenches thirst well.
"Badamlinskaya" - carbonic hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium mineral water of low mineralization. Its source is located 2 km from the village of Badamli. This water perfectly refreshes, quenches thirst well, ideal for dinner.
Borjomi - carbonic hydrocarbonate sodium alkaline mineral water. It is world famous, very pleasant to the taste, perfectly quenches thirst. Its source is located in Georgia on the territory of the Borjomi resort.
"Bukovinskaya" - ferruginous sulfate calcium water of low mineralization. Known in the western regions of Ukraine as a good remedy for various diseases. It can also be used as a great addition to lunch.
"Burkut" - carbonate hydrocarbonate-chloride calcium-sodium mineral water. Very pleasant to the taste. The source is located in the gorge of the river Shtifulets, in the Ivanovo-Frankivsk region.
"Darasun" - carbonic ferruginous bicarbonate-calcium-magnesium water with a high content of free carbon dioxide. Its source is located on the territory of one of the oldest resorts in Siberia - Darasun in the Crimean district of the Chita region. In translation, "darasun" means "red water". In its composition, it is close to the Kislovodsk narzan, but differs from it in the almost complete absence of sulfates and lower mineralization. This mineral water is widely known in Transbaikalia as a wonderfully refreshing table water. It can also be used for medicinal purposes.
"Jermuk" - carbonate hydrocarbonate sulfate-sodium mineral water. The hot spring is located on the territory of the mountainous resort of Jermuk, 175 km from Yerevan. This water is a fairly close analogue of the well-known waters of the Czechoslovakian resort of Karlovy Vary, but is distinguished by lower mineralization and a high content of calcium. In composition, it is close to the waters "Slavyanovskaya" and "Smirnovskaya". It has medicinal properties, and is also used as a table mineral.
Essentuki - common name groups of medicinal and table mineral waters. The numbering of waters is carried out according to the sources of origin, which are located in the Stavropol Territory in the resort of Essentuki.
Essentuki No. 20 - table mineral water, belongs to the type of low-mineralized sulfate hydrocarbonate calcium-magnesium waters. It tastes bitter-salty, with a sour taste of carbonic acid.
"Izhevskaya" - sulfate-chloride-sodium-magnesium mineral water. It can be used both for treatment and as table water. Its source is located 2 km from the Izhevsk Mineralnye Vody resort in the village of Izhevka in Tatarstan.
"Karmadon" - sodium chloride thermal mineral water with a high content of bicarbonates.
It belongs to medicinal waters, but is often used as table water. The source of this mineral water is located 35 km from Ordzhonikidze.
"Kievskaya" - table mineral water of hydrocarbonate-calcium-magnesium type. Produced by pilot plant soft drinks, where water treatment was introduced using an ionizer with silver ions (0.2 mg/l).
"Kishinevskaya" - low-mineralized sulfate-hydrocarbonate magnesium-sodium-calcium mineral water. This drink is perfect for lunch, it is very refreshing and quenches thirst.
"Krainka" - sulfate-calcium mineral water with a high content of magnesium. This water has been known for its medicinal properties since the last century, but today it is often used as a table water.
"Kuyalnik" - chloride-hydrocarbonate sodium water, comes from a source located in the Kuyalnik resort in Odessa. This water is successfully used in the treatment of various diseases, and also has a pleasant taste that quenches thirst well.
"Mirgorodskaya" - sodium chloride water of low mineralization. It has valuable medicinal properties. This water perfectly quenches thirst and tastes good, so it can be served at the table.
Narzan - carbonate hydrocarbonate-sulfate calcium-magnesium water. It has won world fame, is an excellent table refreshing water. It quenches thirst very well and promotes a good appetite, it is also highly valued for its medicinal qualities. The sources of this mineral water are located in Kislovodsk.
"Obolonskaya" - chloride-hydrocarbonate sodium-magnesium medicinal table water. This water is bottled in Kyiv at the Obolon brewery. It not only tastes good, but is also very refreshing, so it can be served at the table on a hot summer day.
"Polyustrovskaya" - ferruginous low-mineralized water, known since 1718. Due to the high content of iron, it is used for anemia, loss of strength. The intake of this water helps to increase blood hemoglobin. It can also be used as table water, as it perfectly quenches thirst. The source of this water is located near St. Petersburg.
"Sairme" - carbonic ferruginous hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium medicinal mineral water. Due to its medicinal properties, this drink is used in the treatment of various diseases, for example, it is recommended to take it for obesity. In addition, this water tastes very good, so it can be served at the table. The source is located in Georgia, on the territory of the Sairme resort.
"Svalyava" - carbonic bicarbonate sodium water, from biologically active components, contains boron. This water has become popular for a very long time. Since 1800, Svalyava has been exported to Vienna and Paris as the finest table water. Its source is located on the right bank of the Latoritsa River in the village of Svalyava, Transcarpathian region.
"Slavyanovskaya" - carbonate hydrocarbonate-sulfate sodium-calcium water of low mineralization. Its temperature at the exit to the surface is 38–39 °C.
"Smirnovskaya" in chemical composition and mineralization is close to the water of the Slavyanovsk spring. It differs from it by a higher temperature (55 ° C) and a higher content of natural carbon dioxide. Both mineral waters can be used as a remedy.
"Kharkovskaya" is the name under which two types of mineral water are produced from springs near Kharkov.
"Kharkovskaya No. 1" - hydrocarbonate calcium-sodium low-mineralized water. Her medicinal properties can be used for metabolic disorders and other diseases, as well as excellent table water.
"Kharkovskaya No. 2" - sulfate-bicarbonate calcium-sodium-magnesium low-mineralized water. It has an original taste, perfectly refreshes, quenches thirst and is suitable after hot dishes.
"Kherson" - ferruginous low-mineralized chloride-sulphate-hydrocarbonate sodium-calcium-magnesium water.
Basically, this water is table water: it tastes very good and quenches thirst well. In addition, this glandular water can be used for various forms of anemia and general loss of strength.
Treatment, hardening with water | Tempering children with water |
Warning: you can’t drink mineral water spontaneously, just because “you felt like it” or “she helped improve the health of your friends”, first you need to consult your doctor who will prescribe what is right for you. For drinking treatment, bottled mineral waters can be used, in which the water is packaged in glass containers, as a rule, they are sold in a pharmacy.
How mineral water is formed
Spring water, passing through various rocks saturated with minerals, acquires invaluable taste and healing qualities and becomes mineral on the surface. Science has established that according to the degree of mineralization, all natural waters are divided into fresh (up to 1 g / kg), brackish (1-25 g / kg), salty (25-50 g / kg) and brines (more than 50 g / kg), and according to the chemical composition of water - into carbonate, sulfate and chloride. Each of the properties of water helps in the treatment of certain diseases and is also used differently.
How to drink mineral water
Drinking mineral water can be divided into table, medical-table and medicinal - it depends on its composition.
Table mineral water should not contain more than 1 g of salts / liter, such water can be drunk daily, without the risk of harming the body, it cleanses and tones well. Doctors consider the optimal intake of mineral water three times: in the morning - on an empty stomach, in the afternoon - before lunch and before dinner.
Therapeutic-table mineral water is distinguished by a higher concentration (from 1 to 10 g of salts / liter). It can be consumed as a table drink or for the prevention of diseases, following the recommendations of a doctor.
Healing mineral water has a concentration of more than 10 g of salts / liter. Such water can only be prescribed by a doctor in a sanatorium or a gastroenterologist. This water you need to drink slowly, slowly, in small sips. In sanatoriums in the morning, while still in bed, the patient is given to drink 500 ml of slightly warmed mineral water, which is drunk in two doses of 250 ml with a time interval of 15 minutes. After taking mineral water, it is necessary to stay in bed for more effective health benefits.
Drinking treatment with mineral waters is prescribed for the following diseases:
Indications for treatment with mineral waters:
1) diseases of the stomach and duodenum;
2) diseases of the intestines, diseases of the liver and biliary tract (hepatitis, cholecystitis)
3). Metabolic disorders: diabetes, obesity, gout, urinary diathesis.
4). Diseases of the upper respiratory tract, pharynx, oral cavity.
Contraindications to drinking treatment include:
1) cardiovascular diseases, accompanied by circulatory disorders;
2) acute kidney disease;
3) acute diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
4) bleeding of any origin.
How to choose high-quality mineral water
Original mineral water, as a rule, contains a label with detailed information about the manufacturer, its location, terms and conditions of water storage, well number, sedimentation, as well as the time and date of storage. Be sure to indicate on the labels the groups of diseases in which this category of water is shown.
MUNICIPAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION - SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL S. Mechetnoye SOVIET DISTRICT OF THE SARATOV REGION
Municipal Internet Conference: "My research in the field of natural sciences"
field of chemistry
Work theme: "Research on the composition of mineral water"
Work completed
Supervisor:
chemistry teacher.
1. Introduction. Some historical data………………………….page
2. The main part. Experiments. ………………………………………p. 11-12
3. Conclusion. Findings. …………………………………………………….….page 12
4. List of used literature……………………………………….….... p. thirteen
Introduction.
Mineral water is a wonderful gift of nature.
When buying mineral water in a store, we sometimes do not even think about its healing properties. The history of the use of mineral waters dates back to ancient times. Many wonderful legends and tales have been created about "living" and "dead water", which resurrects the dead, restores youth and strength, beauty and health.
Mineral waters are usually called natural, usually underground waters, characterized by a high content of biologically active mineral or organic components and having a certain chemical composition and physico-chemical properties (temperature, radioactivity, etc.), due to which they have a therapeutic effect. The branch of medicine that studies the origin of the properties of mineral waters, the methods of their use for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, is called balneology. (from lat. balneum bath, swimming
The formation of balneology as a science dates back to the 5th century. BC e., when the ancient Greek scientist Herodotus developed methods of application and indications for the appointment of mineral waters. On the treatment of river, salt and sea water mentioned in the writings of Hippocrates. The Roman physician Archigen (1st century) first classified mineral waters. In the XV century. J. Savonarola issued a Treatise on Italian Mineral Waters, containing instructions on the use of mineral baths. Italian doctor G. Fallopia in the 16th century. published Seven Books on Warm Waters, in which he made an attempt to analyze the chemical composition of mineral waters.
The basis of scientific balneology in its modern sense was laid by the German scientist F. Hoffmann, who was the first to establish the chemical composition of mineral waters and the presence of carbonic acid salts, table salt, magnesium sulfate, etc. in them. Close friend and an adviser to the great poet, a Jena professor, analyzed the gypsum waters of Bad Berk (Germany). He put forward a hypothesis that the reason for the formation of natural sulfurous waters is the reduction of gypsum. The process of restoring gypsum Debereiner associated with the "galvanic activity" of the globe.
The physicist and chemist T. Grotgus investigated the chemical composition of the Smardon spring (Northern Lithuania) and the Baldon spring (Latvia). he began studying the Smardon spring at the request of his friend, a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, a chemist who compiled a review of all the healing springs of the Russian state. In his works, Grotgus describes the source of Smardon and its environs, the results of physical and chemical studies of water, considerations about the reasons for its healing effect, and outlines his views on the origin of sulfur sources. The scientist proposed new methods for the analysis of mineral waters. For the simultaneous determination of chlorides and sulfides, he proposed using an ammonia solution of silver nitrate, while silver sulfide precipitates, and chlorides remain in solution. He precipitated hydrogen sulfide and carbonates with a solution of lead (II) acetate, and then
separated lead sulfide. Grotgus suggested abandoning the proposed method for the analysis of sulfur sources using copper salts.
More recent studies have shown that Grotgus's water analyzes are fairly accurate. The scientist saw the reason for the presence of hydrogen sulfide in mineral water in the reduction of gypsum by hydrogen into calcium sulfide, which is hydrolyzed by water to hydrogen sulfide. To confirm this idea, Grotgus conducted a simple experiment. He mixed the wine with gypsum water and fermented it in a sealed bottle. As a result, vinegar and hydrogen sulfide, a product of sulfate reduction, were formed. “Many natural sulphurous waters can be produced in a similar way, namely by the fermentation of plant substances,” Grotgus concluded once again.
In 1822, a Swedish chemist made an accurate chemical analysis of the mineral springs of Karlsbad in Bohemia and developed methods for determining the composition of mineral waters. Carlsbad resort has gained worldwide fame due to its numerous warm mineral springs (40-72.50C), belonging to the group of hot sulfate-carbonate waters. Numerous sources of this resort are similar in composition of water, but differ in temperature.
Here is how one of them is described in the encyclopedia and:
“The famous and at the same time the oldest and most abundant spring of Sprudel at a temperature of 72.5 0 C contains 1.298 parts of sodium carbonate, 2.405 sodium sulfate, 1.042 common salt, 0.186 potassium sulfate, 0.166 magnesium carbonate, 0.776 semi-bound and 0.189 free carbon dioxide. This spring delivers over 2200 liters per minute; deposits of this water, hardening, form a kind of stone, which is polished, ground and used for various crafts.
The water of the Karlsbad springs is used mainly for drinking, it tastes slightly salty, slightly alkaline, but not unpleasant. It is used to treat obesity, arthritis, diseases of the liver and gastrointestinal tract. The so-called Carlsbad or Karlovy Vary salt is obtained by evaporation from Carlsbad water, which is used to treat diseases of the intestines and liver. Since 1984 the water of the Carlsbad springs is bottled. In 1992 1.6 million bottles of such water and 50,000 kg of Karlovy Vary salt have already entered the distribution network.
A great contribution to the study of the mineral waters of Russia was made by (), who defended his dissertation in 1825 on the chemical composition and healing effect of mineral waters. In the same year, he received his doctorate in medicine. Later, over the course of a number of years, he analyzed the water of the Sagiz and Neva rivers, analyzed the mother liquors of Staraya Russa. The culmination of the study of the chemical composition of mineral waters was the discovery of two chemical elements- cesium (1860) and rubidium (1861). Both elements were discovered by the spectral method () in the healing mineral waters of the Black Forest (Germany). Later, Bunsen even managed to isolate rubidium from such mineral water in an individual state. The content of this element in mineral water was so low that in order to obtain appreciable amounts of its compounds, Bunsen had to evaporate over 40 m3 of mineral water. From evaporated
water, he precipitated a mixture of potassium, rubidium and cesium chloroplatinates. To separate rubidium from its closest "relatives", the scientist subjected the precipitate to multiple fractional recrystallization and obtained rubidium and cesium chlorides from the least soluble fraction. The conversion of rubidium and cesium into carbonate and tartrate (salts of tartaric acid) form made it possible to purify rubidium from the bulk of cesium. Initially, Bunsen managed to obtain an amalgam of rubidium, and later, by electrolysis of a melt of rubidium chloride, and an individual metal. Currently, mineral waters are divided into the following groups according to their chemical composition and medicinal properties:
1) without specific components;
2) carbon dioxide;
3) sulfide or hydrogen sulfide;
4)high in iron (ferrous), arsenic (arsenic), manganese, copper, aluminum, zinc;
5) bromine, iodine or with a high content of organic substances;
6) radon;
7) siliceous thermal.
Each of these groups is divided into nitrogen, methane and carbonic waters according to the gas composition. According to the anionic composition, bicarbonate, sulfate and chloride mineral waters are distinguished, as well as waters containing a mixture of these anions. According to the cationic composition, waters with a predominance of calcium (calcium) and sodium (sodium) cations, as well as waters of a mixed cationic composition, are distinguished. The sum of cations, anions, non-dissociated molecules and biologically active substances in water (with the exception of dissolved gases) is called total mineralization. There are mineral waters of weak (1-2 g/l), low (2-5 g/l), medium (5-15 g/l) and high (15-30 g/l) salinity, as well as brine (35- 150 g/l) and strong brine (over 150 g/l). According to the pH value, strongly acidic (pH< 3,5), кислые (3,5-5,5), слабокислые (5,5-6,8), нейтральные (6,8-7,2), слабощелочные (7,2-8,5) и щелочные (рН >8.5) mineral waters. By temperature, cold (up to 20 °C), warm or low-thermal (20-35 °C), hot or thermal (35-42 °C), very hot or high-thermal (above 42 °C) mineral waters are distinguished.
The formation of mineral waters is associated with the infiltration of surface waters, the burial of sea and lake waters during sedimentation, the release of constitutional (bound) water during metamorphic processes, and volcanic processes. The gas composition of mineral water can be of atmospheric, biogenic, volcanic and metamorphic origin. The presence of small amounts of nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide in mineral water indicates that the water was formed in the near-surface part of the earth's crust. The presence of hydrocarbons and hydrogen sulfide in the water indicates its formation in the deep parts of the artesian basin. Water formed in the area of modern or recently extinct volcanic activity has a high content
carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide.
Medicinal mineral waters are considered natural waters that have a therapeutic effect on the human body due to their physical and chemical properties. Among the signs that determine the physiological and, consequently, the therapeutic effect of water on a living organism, balneologists include water mineralization, the ionic composition of mineral waters, the content of active microcomponents (mineral and organic) in waters, gas composition, radioactivity of waters, acidity, temperature. Medicinal mineral waters are used for drinking (total mineralization - up to 20 g / l), taking baths, showers, inhalations, rinsing. The range of diseases in which procedures with the use of mineral waters are indicated is extensive. Suffice it to say that this includes diseases of the organs of the musculoskeletal system, central and peripheral nervous system, peripheral blood vessels, reproductive organs, ENT organs, cardiovascular system, kidneys, urinary tract, metabolic disorders.
It must be remembered that the intake of mineral water for medicinal purposes must be agreed with the doctor and carried out under his supervision. When the mineralization of water is from 2 to 10 g / l, the recommended single dose is 3.3 g per 1 kg of the patient's body weight (from 150 to 350 ml per 1 dose). The daily dose should not exceed 750 ml. With a total mineralization of water of more than 10 g / l, its administration inside requires special attention. The total duration of the course of drinking treatment with mineral water should not exceed six weeks. The duration of mineral baths recommended by doctors is no more than 15 minutes.
Unfortunately, most types of mineral water lose their properties within half an hour after flowing to the Earth's surface. healing properties. Therefore, treatment with such waters is possible only in places where they come to the surface.
The origin of the resort business in Russia fell on the period of the reign of Peter I. In the years. he was treated at the hot springs in the famous spa Karlsbad in Bohemia (now Karlovy Vary, Czech Republic). Therapeutic procedures at the water resorts of that time were peculiar. Arriving at the resort, the patient prepared for water procedures for 1-2 days, limiting himself to food. Then, for 6-7 days, he drank water, increasing its daily intake from 3 to 12-16 glasses (3-4 liters). The final stage of treatment was 10-12-hour healing baths taken for 3-4 days.
In 1717, Peter I, traveling through Belgium and Holland, visited another resort - the small village of Spa. Its hot mineral springs were widely used to treat wounded or war-weary soldiers. The Russian Tsar liked the resort so much that he stayed there for a month. Returning to Russia on April 24, 1717, Peter I instructed the court physicians "to search in our state for spring waters that can be used for various diseases."
In the Olonets province, 50 kilometers from Petrozavodsk, Ivan Ryaboev discovered martial waters. A palace was built nearby, in which the king lived with his family during treatment. In 1719, by decree of Peter I, “pre-Khtur rules on how to act in these waters” were drawn up. Karelian ferruginous waters, named martial in honor of the god Mars, helped with scurvy, anemia, heart
vascular diseases. Setting an example for his subjects, the autocrat visited the first Russian resort four times and was satisfied with the treatment. After the death of the king, the resort fell into disrepair and was forgotten.
In parallel with the use of martial waters, other sources were also studied. Life physician G. Schober traveled around the Middle and Lower Volga, North Caucasus and described a number of geographical areas where there are natural resources, including Sergievsky, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk and Essentuki mineral waters.
The next stage in the study of Russian mineral waters is associated with the names of members of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences () and (). To study the geography of the natural healing wealth of the empire in the years. A number of expeditions were organized under the leadership of the Academy of Sciences. One of the detachments of such an expedition was led by a doctor who in his diaries described the region of Pyatigorsk and its natural resources.
At the end of the XVIII century. traveler, naturalist and ethnographer Iv. Iv. Georgi (Johann Gottlieb) () compiled a systematic list of all the natural healing wealth of Russia and classified them. The development of balneology in Russia was influenced by outstanding doctors () and G. A. Zakharyin (). The next step in the study of medicinal mineral waters was the creation, on the initiative of the Russian Balneological Society in the Caucasus. A significant part of the work on the study of the effect of mineral waters on the secretion of the digestive glands was carried out in the laboratory of the Nobel laureate.
A surge of interest in recreation at water resorts in Russia occurred in the first third of the 19th century. and was associated with the "conquest" of the Caucasus. A steady social demand for resort services has formed in society: the Russian nobility, traveling the world, adopted the European fashion for treatment and relaxation “on the waters”. A visit to such resorts was regarded as an essential attribute of social life: “on the waters” they got acquainted, flirted, wooed, gossiped and intrigued, lost and acquired fortunes, joined music and literature. Here it is appropriate to recall Montov's novel "A Hero of Our Time", in which the author, who had vacationed more than once in the resorts of the Caucasus, very accurately and colorfully depicted the life of the "water society".
The industrial use of mineral waters in Russia began long before the Petrine era and was associated with the mineral springs of Staraya Russa, located in the Priilmenye. This area is rich in various mineral waters, sodium chloride waters are especially important. From time immemorial until 1861, "Staraya Russian springs supplied the entire north-west of Russia with edible table salt. Here they received the so-called cooking salt.
The production of cooking salt in the factory consists of four stages: obtaining brines, their purification, evaporation of solutions, drying and storage of salt. In the XVI century .. according to foreigners, “ best salt and obtained in large quantities
in Staraya Russa. During this period, there were 1,500 households and 500 varnitsa in Russa. In the documents that have come down to us, it is reported that Russa “has a salt spring, which citizens lock into a wide pool like a lake, from where each one conducts water for himself to his house through channels and boils salt out of it.” A hundred years later, the canals were replaced with wooden pipelines. Salt production required huge material resources, which were provided by the peasants of the Starorussky and Novgorod districts. The main extra earnings of the peasants of these counties were the production of firewood, firewood, linen, matting and other materials and equipment.
The scale of salt production in Staraya Russa can be judged from the data given in the treatise "On the Russian State", written by Fletcher, the envoy of the English Queen Elizabeth to Tsar Fedor Ioannovich (1588). Fletcher wrote that the city of Moscow pays pipes. annual trade duty to the royal treasury, Smolensk - 8000 rubles, Pskov - rubles, Novgorod the Great - 6000 rubles, Staraya Russa - rubles. The Staraya Russa salt mine was of strategic importance for the state; Peter I, Catherine II, Alexander I personally visited it. However, in parallel with the salt industry, in 1829 a resort was opened in Staraya Russa at mineral springs, which still exists today.
Caucasian Mineralnye Vody - the most famous resort Russia, where treatment with mineral waters is carried out. The resort unites five cities: Mineralnye Vody, Pyatigorsk, Zheleznovodsk, Essentuki and Kislovodsk. The reserves of mineral water concentrated in this area are huge and varied. Suffice it to say that there are 40 enterprises and specialized workshops for bottling mineral water in the region of the Caucasian Mineral Waters. The product range exceeds 25 items. In 2005, the total volume of industrial bottling of mineral water amounted to over 331 million liters. The symbol of the Caucasian Mineral Waters is an eagle killing a snake. The locals tell a beautiful legend about this eagle. Returning from a military campaign, the Narts (heroes of the epic of the Caucasian peoples) made a halt at one of the mineral springs. The eagle, which had hovered all the way back over the army, also descended to the source. There, a snake attacked him, inflicting many bites. To the surprise of the Narts, the eagle did not die, the "living" water of the source healed his wounds, gave strength. After that, he soared into the sky and from a height of flight rushed at the snake, killing it. It is said that since then the sledges began to be treated with healing water, and the eagle marked the power of mineral springs that overcome human diseases, the symbol of which is the snake.
Each of the cities of the Caucasian Mineralnye Vody is unique in its own way. Zheleznovodsk is a balneological and mud resort. Water from over 20 mineral springs is used for treatment. The doctor () became the discoverer of the Zheleznovodsk sources. He was helped to find sources by the Kabardian prince Izmail-Bey Atazhukov, who served as the prototype for the hero of the poem "Izmail-Bey". Having made a chemical analysis of water, Haas wrote:
"Iron hot spring, discovered by me, is one of the most interesting in the world. In Europe, not a single mineral water is known that had a temperature of 34 degrees. The properties of water determined the geographical name of the area. The soldiers of the Constantinogorsk fortress named Mount Zheleznaya (Zheleznovodsk is located at its foot) for the sediment, which resembles rust in color and forms in the water flowing from nearby sources. The precipitate consists of iron (III) hydroxide and is formed by the slow oxidation of iron (I) contained in this water with atmospheric oxygen. Since 1908, bottling of Smirnovskaya and Slavyanskaya brands has been carried out in Zheleznovodsk. The most versatile resort of the Caucasian Mineral Waters is Pyatigorsk, which has a variety of natural healing resources. More than 40 mineral springs differ in chemical composition and water temperature. There are carbon dioxide waters (hot, warm, cold), carbon dioxide-hydrogen sulfide waters of a complex ion-salt composition, and radon waters. The last group is the most unique. A large amount of radon in water accumulates due to radium contained in increased concentration in water-bearing rocks. The content of radon is negligible compared to other gases present in mineral waters. Radon is found in water only in a dissolved state. Its healing properties are based on the radiation of α-rays, as well as the formation of active plaque from the decay products of radon, which enhance the effect of radon itself.
The story about the mineral waters of Pyatigorsk would be incomplete without mentioning the Pyatigorsk failure. Everyone remembers very well how the hero of the novel by Ilf and Petrov "The Twelve Chairs" Ostap Bender sold tickets for its restoration. A visit to a sinkhole leaves a lasting impression. A tunnel carved into the mountain with uneven stone vaults leads to a small platform fenced off by a metal grate from the cave. Through the funnel in the ceiling of the cave you can see the sky, below a warm lake with muddy blue water. Bubbles of gas constantly rise from the bottom of the lake, the smell of hydrogen sulfide is felt. In the pre-revolutionary period, vacationers took healing baths in this lake, later the sinkhole was closed for swimming and vacationers began to take baths in the warm water of the stream flowing from the lake to the surface. The peculiar color of the lake water is due to the smallest particles of colloidal sulfur present in the water.
The balneological and mud resort of Essentuki is famous for its mineral water "Essentuki No. 17" and "Essentuki No. 4". Where do these names come from and what are the differences between these waters? In 1823, having arrived in the vicinity of the future Essentuki, the professor () found continuous grassy swamps in this area, among which puddles stood out with a characteristic mineral coating along the edges. Nelyubin moved step by step through the swamp, noted all the slightly noticeable outlets of mineral water, counting 23 sources. He assigned them numbers in order from 1 to 23. The numbering of sources adopted by Professor Nelyubin is still used. Many sources were not used due to scarcity, which explains the gaps in the numbering. Mineral water "Essentuki No. 17" and "Essentuki No. 4" differ in general mineralization. For the first, it is 11.1-13.6 g / l, for
the second - 7.8-10.4 g / l. The southernmost and largest resort of Mineralnye Vody - Kislovodsk - is famous for its narzan. The healing waters of the Narzan spring have been known since time immemorial and were revered by the highlanders. "Narzan" from the Kabardian language is translated as "a drink of heroes." The first mention of an acidic source is found in G. Schober, but a detailed description of the source is given: “Just scooped up water emits from itself with a hiss, like the best champagne wine, a large number of small air bubbles ... You can drink so much of it without disgust and harm, As much as you want". The narzans existing in Kislovodsk (dolomite, sulfate, Zhelyabovsky) contain the same elements in different proportions and differ in the degree of saturation with gases and general mineralization.
Probably the first bottling of mineral water dates back to the end of the 18th century. N: Ekaterininskiye Vody resort /\1 verst about: the city of Tsaritsyn, now Volgograd) mineral: water was poured into glass bottles and transported to various cities and villages of Rossig: “every year, taking four kopecks from the bottle.” Later, bottling of mineral water was mastered in other resorts. So, in 1847, for the first time in the Caucasian Mineral Waters, on the initiative and instructions of the governor of the Caucasus, 300 bottles of Essentuki No. 17 water were bottled, some of which were sent to the city of Nikolaev to the admiral bottles with Essentuki water were delivered to Moscow, St. Petersburg, Rostov, Vladikavkaz, Tiflis. By the beginning of the 1870s: a permanent sale of water was established in (all major cities Russia. It is interesting that already in 1852, in order to avoid forgery and fraud, mineral bath water began to be dispensed in barrels only on special tickets. The reason for this was the enterprising Cossacks. They came to the Pod-Kumok River (flowing through the Kavkazsky! Mineralnye Vody region), collected water there, threw table salt into it, which was stirred along the road. Home-made bathtubs were heated by cast-iron cores or stones red-hot on a fire. If there was little salt, then the water was given out as Essentuki No. 4, if there was a lot - for Essentuki No. 17.
The modern production of bottled mineral water begins with the process of its extraction in the deposits. A deposit of mineral water is usually called its accumulation in volumes that meet the needs of the national economy. On the surface of the Earth, mineral waters form springs or are removed by wells. mineral water bottling plant, where it is pre-filtered with sand Then it is disinfected with bactericidal, lamps or silver sulfate. In disinfected water, iron (I) is stabilized with ascorbic or citric acid. To remove foreign odors (hydrogen sulfide, bromine), water is passed through an anion exchanger. The water thus obtained is cooled on a cooler and filtered again using sand, titanium, ceramic or paper filters.After all the purifications, the mineral water is saturated with carbon dioxide.
(saturation process), bottled and hermetically sealed. Bottled mineral waters are divided into two groups: medicinal table waters with a mineralization of 2-8 g/l and medicinal waters with a mineralization of 8-12 g/l. Drinking medicinal waters also include waters with a mineralization of less than 8 g / l, if they contain biologically active trace elements (iron, arsenic, bromine, iodine, etc.) in quantities exceeding the established norms.
The facts given in the article will be useful to a chemistry teacher when considering water, solutions, alkali and alkaline earth metals, carbon, sulfur, halogens. The inclusion of such material in the lesson will help to establish interdisciplinary links between chemistry and school courses in biology (valeological aspect), geography, history,
literature..
Information often slips in the media that the mineral water offered to the buyer by the distribution network turns out to be a fake. I decided to see how objective this opinion is.
Main part.
I studied the quality of four types of water: Mercury, Underground gift, Essentuki 4 (mineral water purchased at a pharmacy), Nartpsyne.
Conducted research on the presence of ions in their composition: K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42-, HCO3-.
The presence of K ions was determined by the change in the color of the flame. I took a glass rod with a wire fused into it, moistened the wire with HCl solution and ignited until the coloring disappeared. After that, I lower the red-hot wire into mineral water. Then I bring a wire into the non-luminous part of the flame and examine the characteristic pale purple color.
So, the results showed me that in all the mineral waters I purchased, there are K ions.
Na ions color the flame bright yellow. The reaction is very characteristic, it was carried out in the same way as a similar reaction of potassium. The result showed me that in this case not all waters contain sodium ions. Only three types of water (Mercury, Nartpsyn, Essentuki) contained these ions.
To detect Mg ions, I ran a drip reaction. To perform it, a drop of the water under study and a drop of 2 N were applied to a strip of phenolphthalein paper. ammonia solution. the paper turns red, which depends both on the presence of an excess of NH4OH and on the formation of magnesium hydroxide.
Then, holding the paper over the flame, she carefully dried it. In this case, ammonia and water evaporate and the red color disappears. If paper is treated with a drop of water, then in the presence of Mg ions it will turn red again, in the absence of Mg the paper will remain colorless.
The results of the experiments performed show that magnesium ions are indeed present in them.
To find the Ca ions, I used the flame color reaction. In the presence of these ions, the flame should turn brick red. Only in 3 water samples did such a result come out (Mercury, Essentuki, Nartpsyne).
To detect sulfates and chlorides, I conducted the following experiments: I added barium chloride to various water samples (if a white precipitate forms when added, then the water has a high content of sulfates) and got the following results:
Essentuki 4 - the precipitate did not fall out, but the liquid turned cloudy white.
Nartpsyne - no signs of the presence of the studied ions were observed.
My experiments have shown that only two samples contain sulfates.
Essentuki 4 - a precipitate formed.
Nartpsyne - there is no sediment, but the liquid turned cloudy white, which indicates a low content of chlorides.
Mercury - a white gelatinous precipitate formed.
Underground gift - no signs of the presence of the studied ions were observed.
Conclusion. Findings.
Based on experimental experiments, I concluded that the data on the composition of mineral waters (Essentuki, Mercury, Podzemny Dar, Nartpsyne), given on the labels by the manufacturer, is true.
Bibliography.
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5. Stradyn Grotgus. - M.: Nauka, 1966.
6. Chemical Encyclopedia: In 5 vols. T. 3 // Ch. ed. . - M.: Bolshaya Russian encyclopedia, 1992.-p. 89.
7. Tsarfis of the natural healing wealth of the USSR (health resort aspect). - M.: Thought, 1986.
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