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Goals:
Generalize the knowledge of students about the types and functional styles of speech;
Update the skills of linguistic text analysis (task 8 of part B) and part C of the USE;
Determine your attitude to moral values, think about vital problems.
Technology:
Student-centered learning;
Equipment: dictionaries, interactive whiteboard, texts, electronic manuals.
Introductory speech of the teacher: “Life is the greatest value that a person has,” these are the words of Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, an amazing person, a famous academician, writer, teacher, public figure, famous scientist, defender of culture, who turns 100 this year, our lesson begins.
I. Student's report on the life of D.S. Likhachev. (On the screen is a portrait of the writer).
You are standing on the threshold adult life. It depends only on you, what kind of people you will grow up, what path you will choose. Each of us once necessarily thinks about the questions: How should I live my life? What is needed for this? What moral values should prevail in our lives?
II. During the discussion, students come to a common opinion that these values can be grouped around the words: life, love, kindness, friendship, motherland, art, soul, health.
On the screen is the text of D.S. Likhachev “The Value of Kindness”. (Appendix 1)
III. I suggest that the guys choose words based on the content of the text. Three groups are created, words are chosen life, goodness, art.
IV. The objectives of the lesson are announced, what types of activities students must demonstrate, what tasks must be completed.
Each task of our lesson today will be connected with the upcoming very crucial moment of your life - passing the exam.
1 group - life
group 2 - good
3 group - art
v.- And we will begin our work by determining the lexical meaning of each of the words.
Why did you choose these words?
Continue the thesis:
Life is…
Good is…
Art is…
(Going independent work students on the definition of these words)
VI. After discussing and voicing the theses of each group, students compare their definitions with a dictionary entry. S. Ozhegova, V. Dahl. The “Information Bureau” group performs.
VII. Students easily perform some of the points of complex text analysis: determining the topic, the main idea of the text, the type of text and the functional style of speech. The tasks proposed for the text make it possible to consolidate the skills of the part in the exam. VIII. After studying the text, students in groups discuss and share their thoughts. Then there is a small work on the exchange of views, problematic issues with other groups. The questions for a small discussion between the groups were formulated as follows:
- What is the concept of goodness in modern world? Today the world has changed, and people often began to do good deeds of convenience. Is it so?
- How do you understand the meaning of life? What goals should be set in life, what to strive for in order to become happy?
- The rich spiritual world of man forms art. Do you agree with this?
Students draw their own conclusions from the discussion. (Annex 2)
IX. We begin to consolidate the skills and abilities of linguistic analysis by completing the most difficult tasks in the USE, part B. Each group is given the following tasks:
Find phrases with types of connection in the text coordination, management, adjoining;
Find the NGN with a relative attributive;
Write sentences with introductory construction and produce parsing suggestions;
Determine the correct grammatical basis in one of the sentences;
A) a person becomes B) Art makes; C) A person makes friends more easily.
X. Presentation of the electronic manual.
Egorova Naryya: Together with Tatyana Sergeevna, we created the dictionary “Means of Expression”. When performing tasks, we experience difficulties in determining figurative and expressive means. In order to correctly complete the task, we need to know the definitions of terms. We hope that our scientific product will help us to correctly and quickly complete task 8 of part B.
For students, a reference repetition of the most actively used figures is carried out with reference to the dictionary, examples are analyzed according to the proposed text. Students find expressive means in the text:
Detailed comparison - 2 offer;
Epithets - amazing magic;
Lexical repetition - 9, 10 sentences;
Syntactic parallelism - 1, 2, 3 sentences.
XI. Work on the interactive whiteboard.
Task: match the examples with the terms:
XII. Work on essay-reasoning.
Students are asked to write an essay
(Algorithms are projected on the screen to determine the problem of the text, the types of introductory essays, speech clichés for each stage of work)
With the help of algorithms, groups choose which stage of the composition they will work on:
Group 1 - options for introductions;
Group 2 - definition and commentary of the problem;
Group 3 - argumentation.
Each group presented their project. The work performed is peer-reviewed by groups. Groups should identify the successful moments of the work, as well as note the shortcomings. For this activity, students are guided by the Part C assessment criteria.
XIII. To homework The teacher offers students a reasoning algorithm:
XIV. Generalization of the lesson, summing up.
Appendix 1
Text by D.S. Likhachev “The Value of Kindness”
Life is the greatest value a person has. (2) If we compare life with a palace with many halls, then the largest hall is the one in which art reigns. (3) This is a hall of amazing magic, endless festivities that make a person's life more interesting, more solemn, more significant. (4) But the greatest value that art bestows on a person is the value of kindness. (5) From communication with art, a person becomes morally better, and therefore happier. (6) Such a person is more easily friends with other cultures, with other nationalities, and it is easier for him to live. (7) Genuine art is a source of good, because it evokes empathy and sympathy for people in the reader and in the viewer. (8) Art, according to Leo Tolstoy, makes one treat other people's pain and joy with great understanding and attention, and in this sense it is humane! (9) It comes from a person and leads to a person - to the most living, good, best in him. (10) It serves the unity of human souls.
Annex 2
Student statements
“I do not understand my friends who say that you need to live for today and not think about the future. And it seems to me that already at our age, each of us should set a small, but a goal, to which we should go step by step on our own. A person who has no purpose in life cannot achieve anything for the sake of his happiness.” (Everstov Aisen).
“Good should be done at the call of the heart. But not everyone is able to do good for free. Now many believe that doing something good for a person should be for a reward, for some kind of payment. Nevertheless, in life we are often convinced that there are still many good people on earth.” (Atlasova Namina).
“Art undoubtedly affects the spiritual world of a person. And this is connected not only with visiting theaters or exhibitions, but a person himself can create around himself an atmosphere of his creative development, talent. I think that a person who has touched art at least once will never be indifferent to the spiritual world of another person.” (Egorova Naryya).
§ 2. Human life is the greatest value
Judge! Why is human life the highest value in the modern world?
Lee thought about the following questions:
What is life?
Why do we live?
What should a person's life be like?
Every person thinks about these questions.
Life is given to a person once. Life is a process of existence, gaining experience, broadening one's horizons. Each person chooses his own life path.
The meaning (meaning) of life is to work honestly, give people happiness, do good, develop intellectually and spiritually, be a decent and fair person. You need to constantly set a goal, achieve it and go to new horizons. You need to be self-sufficient, feel comfortable in the present and look positively into the future.
What your life will be like is up to you.
That is why human life is the most valuable thing that can be in the world. After all, there are people who daily have to deal with the consequences of serious illnesses, injuries or congenital malformations. But they continue to love their lives and appreciate every moment of it.
For example, in sports, the fortitude and courage of Paralympic athletes can be an example for ordinary athletes.
Every four years, immediately after the Olympic Games, the Paralympic Games are held, where athletes with disabilities compete among themselves in various sports. Ukrainian athletes achieve great success in such competitions. In August 2014, the Ukrainian Paralympic football team became the European champion. At the same time, Ukrainian swimmers won the most medals at the European Championships and took first place.
Paralympic football team of Ukraine
Read the proverbs. Explain how you understand their meaning.
To live life is not a field to cross.
No one is born wise, but learned.
Where there is life, there is hope.
What kind of people, such a life will be.
Read.
Victory over the dragon
Soon the explorers decided to go deep into the island and explore it. It turned out that in the very center of the island there is a high mountain with a deep and dark cave, in which a real dragon lives. He was very angry when he saw the intruders, so he immediately chased after them. The piznaiki barely escaped. In the evening they sat down to discuss what to do next.
We must gather an army and defeat the dragon! - menacingly exclaimed Daredevil.
Not! It’s better to wait until the dragon falls asleep, and at night sneak into the cave and tie him up, - suggested the Cunning.
And so they prosperchalis until the morning. Bow alone did not take part in the dispute. It didn't interest him. He just sat on the porch and played the violin. A magical melody rushed over the island and woke up the dragon. He had never heard such strange sounds before. The dragon really liked the music, so he changed his mind about expelling the piznaikiv. Thus a friendship was born between them. The dragon helped the knowers gather firewood, plow the land and water the plants. And sometimes he just carried them on his back. For this, the knowers treated him to the fruits of the candy tree. But most of all, the dragon liked to listen to Bow play the violin.
Who threatened the lives of the piznaiki on the island?
Why did the knowers offer different ways to fight the dragon?
Choose adjectives for the word "life".
Think! What does the statement of the outstanding Italian scientist, artist and thinker Leonardo da Vinci mean: “Remember, life is a gift; and the one who does not appreciate it does not deserve this gift.
Read the poem
Mom's word
I came into the world from my mother's word,
broke through, as if from a bird's egg.
And above me is a new shell -
and now my soul lives in it.
That is a cosmic egg. I see in him
fiery cracks when the thunder plays.
And I will never reach the breach,
what could be my way out.
I return to my native threshold,
building a shelter...
From mother to mother road -
it's just called life!
Dmitry Pavlychko
Can a person live without a soul, which we do not see, but feel in our hearts?
Why exactly native language, in your opinion, is so important for every person?
To what does the poet compare the birth of man?
Calculate your knowledge
Human life is the highest value. Every person's life is unique and unrepeatable. Life must be protected and respected.
check yourself
1. Why is human life the highest value?
2. How should a person relate to his life? Other people's lives?
3. What is the value for Ukraine of each of you?
4. How should you live your life?
Consult with your parents and arrange the presented words and phrases in order of their importance in your life. Justify your opinion.
Love, big house, diligence, money, friends, self-confidence, education, health, good looks, friendly family.
Monoclair decided to study D. S. Likhachev's Letters about the Eternal and Good and publish the best of them.
“In order to take a deep breath, you need to exhale well.
First of all, learn to exhale, to get rid of the “exhaust air”.
When it comes to Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, a brilliant philologist, an academician of world renown and an ideal representative of the Russian intelligentsia, it somehow becomes warmer inside. And the point is not in his fundamental research, without which it is now impossible to imagine either history or Russian literature, but in the love and attention to the person that pervades all his works and speeches.
I am many years old, and I think, of course, that I will have to leave soon. We come from mystery and return to mystery. Am I scared? Don't know. No, I'm not afraid, but I'm very sad and longing, and I think, have I done everything right? Have you always been able to act according to your conscience? Have you offended people often? Did you manage to apologize in time? I would like to recall the idea, perhaps banal, but for me very serious: a small step for a person is a big step for humanity. You can't fix humanity, you can only fix yourself. To feed a child, not to say a rude word, to take an old man across the road, to console a weeping man, not to respond to evil, to cherish his vocation, to be able to look into the eyes of another person. All this is much easier for one person, but for all at once it is very difficult. That's why you should always start asking yourself. This is also a sign of culture - to live without forgiving yourself too much. My favorite saying is to plant a tree, even if tomorrow is the end of the world.”
From the latest interview on the channel "Culture"
We decided to study D.S. Likhachev’s “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful” - this is a legacy to future generations, in which the scientist talks about the greatest spiritual values of man - and publish the best of them. And let's start with this.
THE BIGGEST VALUE IS LIFE
Fourth letter
Life is first and foremost breathing. "Soul", "spirit"! And he died - first of all - "stopped breathing." That's what the ancients thought. "Spirit out!" It means "died".
"Stuffy" happens in the house, "stuffy" and in the moral life. Exhale well all the petty worries, all the fuss of everyday life, get rid of, shake off everything that hampers the movement of thought, that crushes the soul, does not allow a person to accept life, its values, its beauty.
A person should always think about what is most important for himself and for others, throwing off all empty worries.
We must be open to people, tolerant of people, to look for the best in them first of all. The ability to seek and find the best, simply “good”, “veiled beauty” enriches a person spiritually.
To notice beauty in nature, in a village, city, street, not to mention in a person, through all the barriers of trifles, means to expand the sphere of life, the sphere of that living space in which a person lives.
I have been looking for this word for a long time - sphere. At first I said to myself: “We need to expand the boundaries of life,” but life has no boundaries! This is not a land plot fenced with a fence - borders. To expand the limits of life is not suitable for expressing my thought for the same reason. Expanding the horizons of life is already better, but still something is not right. Maximilian Voloshin has a well-thought-out word - “okoe”. This is all that the eye can see, that it can grasp. But even here the limitations of our everyday knowledge interfere. Life cannot be reduced to everyday impressions. We must be able to feel and even notice what is beyond our perception, to have, as it were, a “premonition” of something new that is opening up or that could open up to us. The greatest value in the world is life: someone else's, one's own, the life of the animal world and plants, the life of culture, life throughout its entire length - both in the past, and in the present, and in the future ... And life is infinitely deep. We always come across something that we have not noticed before, which strikes us with its beauty, unexpected wisdom, originality.
Solntsev Dar
Your attention is a review of research work according to the quotation of Academician Likhachev.
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for creative work
Solntsev Dara Andreevich,
10-1 class student of the International Gymnasium "Olgino".
Subject: " The greatest value in the world is life."
D.S. Likhachev
In the work, the student, relying on a quote from D.S. Likhachev, explores his work, which, in his opinion, has a special place in Russian literature.
The rationale for the relevance of the topic under study is given, goals and objectives are set. The material in the work is presented in compliance with the internal logic.
The student showed erudition, erudition in the area under consideration and his own attitude to the problem. When performing work, he showed independence, the ability to select and systematize material.
The work deserves a good rating.
Teacher of biology and chemistry at the International Gymnasium "Olgino"
Struzhenkova T.V.
Autobiography.
My name is Solntsev Dar Andreevich, born in 1999. I was born in the city of Miass, Chelyabinsk region. At the age of 7 he moved to St. Petersburg and began to study at the Diplomat School. I studied there from 2nd to 7th grade. In the 8th grade, I moved to the MG "Olgino", and I study there to this day. On the this moment I am a student of the 10th grade and I plan to finish the 11th grade in this institution. Throughout my life, I have had many interests, but by the age of 16, most of them have faded, and the other part is not as strong as before. The remaining interests are games (of all kinds, i.e. board games, computer games, catch-ups, hide-and-seek, etc., logic... This list is endless. The only exceptions are sport games. Elimination within Elimination - Sports card games remain in my interests), cards (as you can already understand, playing. In addition to games, I also have a collection of all kinds of decksfrom almost all parts of the world), as well as technology. Unfortunately, I have not chosen what I am going to connect my life with, because. I can work in almost any field. But in December, an idea came to me, which I am going to bring to life. I have already purchased almost all the necessary equipment. I'm going to create a game. What is it about? Find out when it comes out.
International Gymnasium "Olgino"
Introduction.
"Inhale - exhale, exhale!" I hear the voice of the gymnastics instructor: “To inhale deeply, you need to exhale well. First of all, learn to exhale, to get rid of the “exhaust air”.
Life is first and foremost breathing. "Soul", "spirit"! And he died - first of all - "stopped breathing." That's what the ancients thought. "Spirit out!" - it means "died".
"Stuffy" happens in the house, "stuffy" and in the moral life. Exhale well all the petty worries, all the fuss of everyday life, get rid of, shake off everything that hampers the movement of thought, that crushes the soul, does not allow a person to accept life, its values, its beauty.
A person should always think about what is most important for himself and for others, throwing off all empty worries.
We must be open to people, tolerant of people, to look for the best in them first of all. The ability to seek and find the best, simply “good”, “veiled beauty” enriches a person spiritually.
To notice beauty in nature, in a village, city, street, not to mention in a person, through all the barriers of trifles, means to expand the sphere of life, the sphere of that living space in which a person lives.
I have been looking for this word for a long time - sphere. At first I said to myself: "We need to expand the boundaries of life" - but life has no boundaries! This is not a land plot enclosed by a fence - borders. To expand the limits of life is not suitable for expressing my thought for the same reason. Expanding the horizons of life is already better, but still something is not right. Maximilian Voloshin has a well-thought-out word - “okoe”. This is all that the eye can take in, that it can grasp. But even here the limitations of our everyday knowledge interfere. Life cannot be reduced to everyday impressions. We must be able to feel and even notice what is beyond our perception, to have, as it were, a “premonition” of something new that is opening up or that could open up to us. The greatest value in the world is life: someone else's, one's own, the life of the animal world and plants, the life of culture, life throughout its entire length - both in the past, and in the present, and in the future ... And life is infinitely deep. We always come across something that we didn’t notice before, which strikes us with its beauty, unexpected wisdom, originality.”
Before you "Letters about the good and the beautiful"-
the book of one of the outstanding scientists of our time, academician Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev. These "letters" are not addressed to anyone in particular, but to all readers. First of all, young people who have yet to learn life and follow its difficult paths.
The fact that the author of the letters, Dmitry Sergeevich Likhachev, is a man whose name is known on all continents, makes this book especially valuable.
After all, only a respected person can give advice. Otherwise, such advice will not be heeded.
And the advice that can be obtained by reading this book relates to almost all aspects of life.
The book was first published in 1985 and has already become a bibliographic rarity.
This book has been translated into many languages.
Here is what D.S. Likhachev himself writes in the preface to the Japanese edition, in which he explains why this book was written:
“It is my deep conviction that goodness and beauty are the same for all peoples. They are united in two senses: truth and beauty are eternal companions, they are united among themselves and are the same for all peoples.
Lies are bad for everyone. Sincerity and truthfulness, honesty and disinterestedness are always good.
In my book “Letters about the Good and the Beautiful”, intended for children, I try to explain with the simplest arguments that following the path of goodness is the most acceptable and the only path for a person. He is tested, he is faithful, he is useful - both to a person alone and to the whole society as a whole.
In my letters I do not try to explain what kindness is and why a good person is internally beautiful, lives in harmony with himself, with society and with nature. There can be many explanations, definitions and approaches. I strive for something else - for specific examples, based on the properties of general human nature.
I do not subordinate the concept of goodness and the accompanying concept of human beauty to any worldview. My examples are not ideological, because I want to explain them to children even before they begin to subordinate themselves to any specific worldview principles.
Children are very fond of traditions, they are proud of their home, their family, as well as their village. But they willingly understand not only their own, but also other people's traditions, someone else's worldview, they catch the common thing that all people have.
I will be happy if the reader, no matter what age he belongs to (after all, it happens that adults also read children's books), finds in my letters at least a part of what he can agree with.
Consent between people different nations- this is the most precious and now the most necessary for humanity.
Chapter I
What is life?
For many centuries, philosophers and scientists from all over the world wondered about the meaning of life, but never came to a common opinion. Even the very concept of the word "life" was different. What is the meaning of "life" today?
There are a large number of definitions of the concept of "life", reflecting different approaches. Of the entire accumulation of approaches to the definition of the word "life", three main ones can be distinguished. According to the first approach, life is determined by the carrier of its properties (for example, protein). According to the second, life is considered as a set of specific physical and chemical processes. And, finally, the third approach is to determine the minimum possible set of mandatory properties, without which no life is possible.Life can be defined as active, going with the cost received from outsideenergy, maintenance and self-reproduction of molecular structures.
Russian scientist M. V. Volkenstein came up with a new definition of the concept of the word life: “Living bodies that exist on Earth are open, self-regulating and self-reproducing systems built from biopolymers - proteins and nucleic acids". According to the views of one of the founders of thanatology M. Bish, life is a set of phenomena that resist death.
From the point of view of the second law of thermodynamics, life is a process, or a system, the development vector of which is opposite in direction to the rest, "non-living" objects of the universe, and is aimed at reducing its own entropy. V. N. Parmon gave the following definition: “Life is a phase-separate form of existence of functioning autocatalysts capable of chemical mutations and undergone a rather long evolution due to natural selection”. According to Ozanger and Morowitz: "Life is a property of matter, leading to the coupled circulation of bioelements in aquatic environment driven, ultimately, by the energy of solar radiation along the path of increasing complexity. "There are also cybernetic definitions of life. According to A. A. Lyapunov, life is" a highly stable state of matter that uses information encoded by the states of individual molecules". There is also a physiological definition of life, given in 1929 by A.F. Samoilov, which, unfortunately, was not fully investigated by the great scientist. So, we will give it in full.
"Life is a vicious circle of reflex activity." The break of this circle in any of its places (the state of "coma") means a sharp limitation of the parameters of life or even the absence of life. Now we can somewhat expand this concept and indicate the reasons on which this "vicious circle" depends. Namely, the state external environment, the "power of the will" of the individual, the internal vegetative principles of the organism, not subject to the "power of the will."
Chapter II.
Life in the Earth.
Now that we have at least the slightest idea of the concept of the word "life", let's look at how it arose. There are many theories on this issue, among which the most famous can be distinguished:
- Theory of spontaneous (spontaneous) generation;
- The theory of creationism (or creation);
- Steady State Theory;
- Theory of panspermia;
- Theory of biochemical evolution (the theory of A.I. Oparin).
Let's take a closer look at each of their theories. So, the theory of spontaneous generationlife was very common in the ancient world - in Babylon, in China, ancient Egypt and ancient Greece.Scientists ancient world and medieval Europe they believed that living beings constantly arise from inanimate matter: from mud - worms, from mud - frogs, from morning dew - fireflies, etc.For the first time, the Italian scientist Francesco Redi decided to subject the theory to experimental verification. He stuffed several pieces of meat into the jars, while covering some of the jars with a cloth. Fly larvae appeared in meat that was not covered with cloth, while no larvae appeared in sealed jars. Thus, F. Redi managed to prove that fly larvae appear from eggs laid by flies on its surface, and not from rotting meat.Some time later withpores about the possibility of spontaneous generation of life became active again in connection with the discovery of microorganisms. If complex living beings can't reproduce spontaneously, perhaps microorganisms can?In this regard, in 1859, the French Academy announced the award of a prize to the one who finally decides the question of the possibility or impossibility of spontaneous generation of life. This award was received in 1862 by the famous French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur. He boiled the broth in a glass flask with an S-shaped neck. Air, and therefore "life force", could enter the flask, but the dust, and with it the microorganisms present in the air, settled in the lower elbow of the S-shaped tube, and the broth in the flask remained sterile. However, it was worth breaking the neck of the flask or rinsing the lower knee of the S-shaped tube with sterile broth, as the broth began to quickly become cloudy - microorganisms appeared in it.Thus, thanks to the work of Louis Pasteur, the theory of spontaneous generation was recognized as untenable and the theory of biogenesis was established in the scientific world, a brief formulation of which is« all living things - from living».
The theory of creationism is quite simple - it assumes that all living organisms were created by some kind of supernatural being (god, supercivilization, etc.).The theory of creationism is still widespread today, not only in religious, but also in scientific circles. It is usually used to explain the most complex, currently unresolved questions of biochemical and biological evolution. Acts of periodic "creation" also explain the absence of clear transitional links from one type of animal
to another. It must be emphasized that the philosophical dispute about the primacy of consciousness (supermind, deity) or matter is fundamentally unsolvable, however, since an attempt to explain any difficulties of modern biochemistry and evolutionary theory by fundamentally incomprehensible supernatural acts of creation takes these questions beyond scientific research, the theory of creationism cannot be attributed to the category of scientific theories of the origin of life on Earth.
Theories of steady state and panspermia are complementary elements of a single picture of the world, the essence of which is as follows: the universe exists forever and life exists in it forever (stationary state). Life is carried from planet to planet by "seeds of life" traveling in outer space, which can be part of comets and meteorites (panspermia). However, the theory of the stationary state, which assumes an infinitely long existence of the universe, is not consistent with the data of modern astrophysics, according to which the universe arose relatively recently (about 16 billion years ago) by means of a primary explosion.
It is obvious that both theories (panspermia and stationary state) do not offer an explanation of the mechanism of the primary origin of life at all, transferring it to other planets or pushing it to infinity in time.
The most common and recognized in the scientific world is the theory of biochemical evolution, proposed in 1924 by the Soviet biochemist Academician A.I. Oparin (in 1936 he described it in detail in his book The Emergence of Life).
The essence of this theory is that biological evolution - i.e. The appearance, development and complication of various forms of living organisms was preceded by chemical evolution - a long period in the history of the Earth associated with the emergence, complication and improvement of the interaction between elementary units, "bricks" that make up all living things - organic molecules.
Chapter III.
The meaning of being.
Each of us has often wondered how he ended up on this planet. On the one hand, everything is simple and clear - a person was born. And so it is with each of us. We were born, that's the answer to the question of how we got here. But on the other hand, the question remained unanswered, and the question, as it were, turns into the question why - "why did I find myself on this planet?" "What brought me here?" "What is my purpose of being here?" "What did I want to do?"
On the last question, we move on to another topic that everyone is arguing about - the meaning of life. "What is my meaning of life?" Keyword- "my". After all, each of us defines the meaning of life in our own way. For some, the meaning of life will be to eat well. For others, to fulfill a dream. Is it possible to call a dream the meaning of life?
Another question that is difficult to answer is the following - "Is there a meaning to the life of mankind?". One, big and thick sense, one for all. The reason why man arose as a species. The reason why the universe created us. He wants something from us, but we still don't understand what it is.
Let's summarize. Meaning of life- This problem related to the definition of the ultimate goal of existence, the destiny of mankind, man as species, as well as a person as a separate creature, one of the main worldview concepts, which is of great importance for the formation of the spiritual and moral image of the individual.
The question of the meaning of life can also be understood as a subjective assessment of the life lived and the correspondence results achieved initial intentions, as a person’s understanding of the content and direction of his life, his place in the world, as a problem of a person’s impact on the surrounding reality and setting goals by a person that go beyond his life. In this case, the need to find an answer to the questions is implied:
- "What are the values of life?"
- "What is the purpose of life?"
- "Why (for what) to live?".
The question of the meaning of life is one of the most widespread problems in philosophy, theology and fiction, where it is considered mainly from the point of view of determining what is the most worthy meaning of life for a person.
Ideas about the meaning of life are formed in the process of people's lives, excuse me for toftology, and depend on the results of their activities. In favorable conditions, a person can see the meaning of his life in achieving happiness and well-being; in a hostile environment of existence, life may lose its value and meaning for him.
People asked questions about the meaning of life, continue to ask and will continue to ask. They come up with new hypotheses, philosophical, theological and religious explanations, which are always in disagreement. Science is able to answer with a certain degree of probability to specific questions like “How exactly ...?”, “Under what conditions ...?”, “What will happen if ...?”, while questions like “What (what is) the goal (meaning of life?" remain within the framework of philosophy and theology.
Chapter IV.
Consciousness.
When a person is born, he is a helpless lump. In infancy, he relies on instincts, then beings like him teach him communication, accepted behavior. The little man grows up, and begins to think about the meaning of life. The man has consciousness. In simple terms, consciousness can be called a set of chemical processes occurring in our brain. And if we dig deeper into this question, we will notice that for some reason only people have consciousness. And, what is most interesting, if some other kind of living creatures raises a little man, then he will remain living on instincts. There will be no consciousness. Just a physical shell that looks like us, but behaves like an animal.
The term "consciousness", almost like all the topics we have talked about, is difficult to define, but the following formulation can be distinguished - "consciousness isthe state of the individual's mental life, expressed in the experience of the events of the external world and the life of the individual himself, as well as in the report on these events. "Consciousness can include thoughts, perceptions, imagination and self-consciousness, and so on. In different time it can act as a type of mental state, as a way of perceiving, as a way of relating to others. It can be described as a point of view, as "I". Many philosophers view consciousness as the most important thing in the world. On the other hand, many scholars tend to view the word as too vague in meaning to be used.
It would be more correct to say that now we are talking about self-consciousness. About how a person knows himself. Why do we realize when we look in the mirror that it is us? What if it's not us, but them? No, it's still us. And why do we understand this? Self-awareness. Just as for consciousness, there are no clear, fully formed scientific theories in the world about how exactly to determine the presence of self-consciousness. In particular, there is still no way for an individual to prove that he has self-consciousness.
Self-consciousness is not an initial given inherent in man, but a product of development. However, the rudiment of consciousness of identity already appears in the infant, when he begins to distinguish between sensations caused by external objects and sensations caused by own body, the consciousness of "I" - from about three years old, when the child begins to use personal pronouns correctly.
Stages of development of self-consciousness:
- The opening of the "I" occurs at the age of 1 year.
- By the age of two or three, a person begins to separate the result of his actions from the actions of others and clearly recognizes himself as a doer.
- By the age of seven, the ability to evaluate oneself (self-esteem) is formed.
- Adolescence and youthful age is the stage of active self-knowledge, the search for oneself, one's style. The period of formation of social and moral assessments is coming to an end.
The formation of self-consciousness is influenced by:
- Assessments of others and status in the peer group.
- The ratio of "I'm real" and "I'm perfect."
- Evaluation of the results of their activities.
At the same time, consciousness makes it clear that we are unique.
Chapter V
Uniqueness.
Uniqueness in another way can be called originality. That is, if something is called unique, it means that something exists only in a single instance. He has no copies. And this term refers to both inanimate creatures and living beings. An example is animals. It seems that the species are similar to each other, but each individual is somewhat different from each other. And this difference can be both congenital (coloration) and acquired (scar). Moreover, there are an infinite number of examples of how one individual differs from another. And all thanks to the fact that the universe does not create two identical copies. Therefore, we must strive to keep life safe and sound, both human and animal life. Of course, even though a person is an omnivore, he should think about the fact that he should slightly limit his diet in order to avoid the extinction of some animal species.
Just like animals, people also have their differences from each other.Uniqueness is not, of course, some kind of absolute, it does not have complete and final completeness, which is a condition for its constant movement, change, development, but at the same time it is the most stable foundation, and as a special case, it is an invariant and one of the foundations. (another basis is society) of the personality structure of a person, changing and at the same time unchanged throughout his life, hiding under many shells, the most tender, most mysterious part of him is the soul.
To understand what is the significance of the unique features of the individual in the life of society, let's answer the question: what would society be like if it suddenly happened that, for some reason, all the people in it would be on the same face, with stamped brains, thoughts, feelings, abilities? Imagine mentally that all the people of a given society were somehow artificially mixed into a homogeneous mass of the physical and spiritual, from which the hand of an omnipotent experimenter, dividing this mass exactly in half into female and male parts, made everyone of the same type and in everything equal to each other. Could this double sameness form a normal society?Only external differences it is not limited. All thanks to consciousness.
Consciousness allows us to differ not only outward signs but also behavior. In the same situations different people will behave differently, sorry for the tautology. But even despite the strong differences in our psyche, several types of aggregates can be distinguishedmental properties of a person. I'm talking about temperament.
Chapter VI.
Temperament.
Temperament ohm is the connectionindividual personality traits associated with dynamic, rather than meaningful aspects of activity. Temperament is also one of the components of the basis of development character . From a physiological point of view, it istype of higher nervous activity person. Depends on the temperament of a person:
- the speed of occurrence of mental processes (for example, the speed of perception, the speed of thinking);
- plasticity and stability of mental phenomena, the ease of their change and switching;
- pace and rhythm of activity;
- the intensity of mental processes (for example, the activity of the will);
- the focus of mental activity on certain objects (extraversion or introversion).
People with pronounced traits of a certain temperament are quite rare, usually people have a mixed temperament in various combinations. But the predominance of traits of any type of temperament makes it possible to attribute a person's temperament to one or another type. Here is one of the classifications of temperament types:
Phlegmatic - unhurried, imperturbable, has stable aspirations and mood, outwardly stingy with the manifestation of emotions and feelings. He shows perseverance and perseverance in work, remaining calm and balanced. In work, he is productive, compensating for his slowness with diligence.
Choleric - fast, impetuous, but completely unbalanced, with a sharply changing mood with emotional outbursts, quickly exhausted. He does not have a balance of nervous processes, this sharply distinguishes him from a sanguine person. Choleric has a great capacity for work, however, being carried away, he carelessly wastes his strength and is quickly depleted.
A sanguine person is a lively, hot, active person, with frequent changes of impressions, with a quick reaction to all events taking place around him, quite easily reconciled with his failures and troubles. Usually a sanguine person has expressive facial expressions. He is very productive at work, when he is interested, if the work is not interesting, he is indifferent to it, he becomes bored.
Melancholic - prone to constant experience of various events, he reacts sharply to external factors. Their asthenic he often cannot restrain his experiences by an effort of will, he is highly impressionable, emotionally vulnerable.
Chapter VII.
The price of life.
Each of us is unique. - someone good, someone bad; someone is beautiful, someone is crooked; someone is smart and someone is dumb... This list of differences can be continued indefinitely, but that's the whole point - thanks to an infinite number of components, we can get an infinite number of combinations. And, as mentioned earlier, each combination is created only once.Human life is priceless. Is it so? At first glance, attempts to determine the value of a human life in money seem inhumane. However, the lack of such assessments leads to even greater social and moral problems. How much should be paid to the relatives of those killed in hostilities or as a result of terrorist acts? How much is it worth spending to reduce deaths from traffic accidents, fires and accidents? The idea that human life is priceless often turns out to be free: the relatives of the dead receive almost nothing, and projects that could reduce the death rate are considered too expensive. The state and society prefer to spend money on other important purposes. But what is ultimately more important than our own lives?
How to estimate the value of life? It can be assumed that the cost of living is equal to the value of "human capital", which, in turn, is equal to the added value that a person produces in his entire life. Using this approach, one can conclude that the cost of living for the average Russian is only about $100,000. In addition, from this theory it follows that the life of one billionaire is worth as much as the life of all the inhabitants of a small city combined.
However, such an approach may seem not only offensive, but also superficial from the point of view of economic science. Man is not only what he produces. We do not live to work, we work to live. Professional activity- this is only a small component of life, therefore, the cost of living should be much higher than "human capital".
To find out how much we ourselves value our lives, a different, more informed methodology has been developed. In the last 20-30 years, economists different countries conducted dozens of studies trying to estimate the so-called "cost of average life." This methodology is based on the analysis of real decisions in which people weigh the cost of their lives. The cost of living can be calculated by knowing, for example, how much more expensive safer cars are compared to conventional cars, or how much higher wage those who work in hazardous industries.
Very good microeconomic data are needed to estimate the cost of an average life, so it is not surprising that the vast majority of the work was done in the US. The results of studies of the American labor market show a relatively small range of estimates: from $4 million to $9 million (in prices 2000) in one life . Similar estimates are obtained when analyzing decisions about buying cars, installing fire-fighting equipment, buying real estate, taking into account the environmental situation, etc. The reliability of these estimates is so high that the US government uses the cost-of-living methodology when making decisions about investment projects in important areas - protection environment, healthcare, transport safety.
Conducting such studies in Russia is not realistic yet. However, you can try to estimate the cost of living for a Russian using American data. An analysis of the average cost of living for various samples of Americans (see the aforementioned work by Kip Viscusi and Joseph Aldi) shows that the income elasticity of the cost of living is only ½, not one (as one would expect according to the "human capital" theory). Translated into everyday language, this means that the cost of living for those who earn 1% more is only 0.5% higher, and with a 4-fold increase in income, the cost of living only doubles (you need to raise 4 to the power of 0.5, that is, take square root of 4). It turns out that the cost of living for a Russian is about 3 times lower than for an American (3 is the square root of the ratio of GDP per capita in Russia and the United States in 2004 .). That is, it ranges from $1.3 million to $3 million.. Consequently, the demands of the relatives of the people who died in the Theater Center on Dubrovka cannot be considered excessive in any way. And the amount of insurance payments to relatives of military personnel participating in hostilities turns out to be an order of magnitude or two lower than the fair amount.
Of course, one can object that Russia is not the United States, and extrapolation of American data is not entirely legitimate. Then let's try to compare the obtained estimates with studies related to less developed countries? For obvious reasons, it is very difficult to calculate the cost of an average life for developing countries. Reliable estimates are obtained only for India. The lowest estimate of the cost of living for an Indian is $1 million. Given that India is four times behind Russia in terms of GDP per capita, extrapolation of Indian data allows us to estimate the life of a Russian at $2 million or more. This figure, as we can see, fits into the range of $1.3-3 million we received earlier.
Why is it so difficult to compare Russia with developed countries? Take for example the statistics of traffic accidents (RTA). In Russia, more than 30,000 people die on the roads every year, and in Sweden - less than 600 people. At the same time, cars in Sweden are only three times less than in Russia. To reduce deaths in road accidents, not so much spending is needed. Even in a very road-safe Britain, there is still an opportunity to reduce the death rate by spending about $150,000 for every life saved. In Russia, reducing mortality would be much cheaper.
The main thing, however, is not that the state values our life extremely low, but that we ourselves often do not value our lives. This is evidenced by the everyday habits of our drivers: they do not like to fasten seat belts, get behind the wheel drunk, drive into the oncoming lane. When you do not value your own life, you are just as dismissive of someone else's: the average Russian driver does not consider it his duty to give way to pedestrians and ambulances rushing to call.
The list of proofs that we do not value our lives can be continued indefinitely: smoking, overuse alcohol, neglect of fire safety rules.
Chapter VIII.
Life saving.
Life on Earth is a great miracle. So far, humanity does not know places in the universe where life could exist, except for the Earth.. Now it is becoming quite clear that the functioning of the biosphere, the concept of which was developed at one time by V.I. Vernadsky, is based on the position that the biosphere on Earth exists precisely due to the huge variety of living beings, from the simplest to the most complex, including - person. Human impact on nature, on the environment, on the biosphere will increase all the time, and our main task is to understand the meaning of this phenomenon and do our best to reduce this negative impact. With The modern biosphere has several degrees of protection:
The 1st degree of protection is its stepwise, hierarchical organization, from simple to complex. If we look at the organization of the biosphere in terms of modern science, then it can be represented as a pyramid, at the base of which lie the simplest organisms that easily adapt to changes in the environment; and the top is completed by a person who has the strongest influence on the biosphere, either turning it into a sphere of reason - into the noosphere, or finally leading it to degradation.
The 2nd degree of protection of the biosphere is an extraordinary variety of living organisms and their ability to adapt, adapt to a wide variety of environmental conditions.
The lower floors of this "biospheric pyramid" are composed of millions and millions of different species. The higher up the pyramid, the fewer species there are. And this decrease in biodiversity and simplification of the hierarchy of the biosphere leads to the fact that the most vulnerable and most vulnerable are its upper parts, especially man.Preservation of life requires a clear balance of temperature, oxygen and other factors. If the Earth were only a couple of grains closer to the Sun, then all the water on the earth would evaporate, oxygen would disappear and there would be deserts. If the Earth were a little further from the Sun, then it would turn into a lifeless block of ice. Besides, earth atmosphere constantly protects us from various cosmic radiations and gases. Yes, radiation! In open space, there are many different radiations that can kill all living things. Solar radiation, alpha, beta, gamma particles. All this in large doses kills a person. Therefore, cosmonauts put on special protective suits when going out into outer space. And all the inhabitants of the earth are protected from these radiations by the earth's atmosphere.But the earth's atmosphere is not eternal. Every year it gets thinner and thinner. More and more often various magnetic storms. You've probably heard of these weather forecasts.And the atmosphere is drying up through our fault. Cars, factories, environmental pollution, deforestation. All this affects our atmosphere negatively.
Conclusion.
Claiming that " The greatest value in the world is life: someone else's, one's own, the life of the animal world and plants, the life of culture, life throughout its entire length - both in the past, and in the present, and in the future "D.S. Likhachev was absolutely right. Combinations of living there are an infinite number of creatures, but they meet only once.Man must try to do everything in his power to preserve this variety of life and not destroy our planet.
List of used literature.
DI. Likhachev "Letters about the good and the beautiful"
- A.I. Oparin "The Emergence of Life"
Journals, diaries and notes of Francesco Redi
Journals, diaries and notes of Louis Pasteur
V.N. Bolshakov " Preservation of the Earth's biodiversity as the most important problem of the 21st century»
