Primorye is rightfully considered the pearl of the southeastern part of Russia. Geographically, this region is located on the shores of the Sea of Japan and borders the Khabarovsk Territory in the north, China and the DPRK in the west. Here, very close are mountain ranges and sea depths with strange inhabitants.
Today, the nature of the Primorsky Territory, as in other regions, has become significantly impoverished. The federal and regional governments have established six, three national and one natural Park, in order to preserve the population and other endangered species of animals and plants.
Landscape
Almost the entire territory, or rather 80% of Primorye, is covered with mountains. These are the Sikhote-Alin mountain ranges and hills. The highest point is Mount Tardoki-Yani, rising 2077 m above sea level. Only 20% of the territory is lowland. The region is rich in clean mountain lakes. Khanka is the largest of them, located in the western part, not far from the border with China. Ussuri is recognized as the main waterway of Primorye. Its winding course begins on Mount Snezhnaya. The small stream, overcoming the mountain slopes, gains strength along the winding banks, so that after 897 km it connects with the Amur.
Flora
The main part of the Primorsky Territory is covered by the Ussuri taiga. The vegetation varies interestingly depending on the altitude of the habitat. Let's start from the top. The tops of the mountains are practically bare. Further, at approximately an altitude of 800-750 m, there are taiga forests where Daurian larch, blond fir, and Ayan spruce grow. The next 100-150 meters down is a zone of mixed forests, dominated by linden and cedar. At an altitude of up to 200 m, deciduous trees predominate.
The total species number of plants exceeds 4000. Of these, more than 250 are shrubs and trees. The fruits of fifty of them are considered edible. 200 different mushrooms are also suitable for food. A third of all coastal plants belong to.
Fauna
In Primorye you can find inhabitants of both subtropical and Siberian fauna. Different biotnoses are characterized by their own species communities. Representatives of the southern fauna live here. Ornithologists will be interested in tree wagtails, wrens and others.
The most exotic animals of the region are the East Asian leopard, Amur forest cat, Ussuri cat and goral. No less common are wapiti, roe deer, and musk deer. Badgers, raccoon dogs, otters, wolverines, and chipmunks are found in abundance.
Ungulates in the south Far East They are very widespread, and the commercial group includes the following species: reindeer, elk, wapiti, roe deer, musk deer and wild boar.
Reindeer, wapiti and musk deer are of lesser importance. Rare, prohibited species include sika deer, goral and bighorn sheep. Ungulate hunting is of great importance in the hunting industry of the Far East. Below is a description of the state of resources and fisheries individual species ungulates.
Wild reindeer. The habitat of reindeer includes ten districts in the Khabarovsk Territory: Khabarovsk, Verkhnebureinsky, Komsomolsky, Sovetsko-Gavansky, Nikolaevsky, named after Polina Osipenko, Tuguro-Chumikansky, Ulchsky, Okhotsky, Ayano-Maysky. The population density of wild reindeer ranges from 0.5 to 2, and on average - 0.6 heads per 1000 hectares. The total area of the habitat of this deer in the region is 3,400 thousand hectares. In the southern zone of the region, a limit is introduced on the shooting of wild reindeer.
In total, the wild deer population in the Khabarovsk Territory is approximately 10-11 thousand. Of these, about 1 thousand heads can be harvested annually.
Reindeer in Amur region distributed in Dzheltulak, Zeya and Selemdzhinsky regions. Previously, it constantly lived in the upper reaches of the Kur and Urmi rivers, in the Tumnin River basin, and in the upper reaches of the Khor, Anyui and Kopni rivers. Here it was mined by local residents (Evenks, Yakuts, Evens, Orochs). Restoration of the reindeer population has begun in some places, although this is greatly hampered Forest fires and massive logging in the Bureya and Amgun river basins, as well as the development of domestic reindeer husbandry (northern regions). To date, the total number of reindeer here is estimated at 25-30 thousand heads.
Reindeer in the Far East is caught in small quantities. The annual shooting is only 600 individuals, or 0.6% of the population. It is impossible to count on an increase in reindeer harvests due to the inaccessibility of hunting grounds. In the future, obviously, it is necessary to limit the hunting of wild reindeer. There is a prospect for the development of northern reindeer husbandry in certain areas of the Amur Region, Khabarovsk Territory and partly Primorye.
Elk are widespread in the Far East, except in the south of Primorye. Its population in 1975 was determined at 34 thousand heads. The number of moose decreased significantly only in the Primorsky Territory (from 4 to 1.9 thousand individuals). Moose are most numerous in the low-lying wetlands of the Amur Valley. For example, along the Amgun River in the Polina Osipenko area of the Khabarovsk Territory, at least 400 animals were shot annually, or about 13-15% of the entire population
In summer, elk concentrate near the sea coast, in floodplains and in lowlands. IN best places Habitat density of elk is 15-20 individuals in summer and 8-12 in winter per 1000 hectares. The average population density of moose is significantly lower: in the Amur region and Primorye 0.4-0.6, in the Khabarovsk Amur region 0.8-1.0 individuals per 1000 hectares. Currently, the total elk population in the Far East is estimated at 34.5 thousand heads, including in the Khabarovsk Territory - 16.5 thousand, in the Amur Region - 15.5 and in Primorye - 2.5 thousand heads. IN last years under licenses, 700-800 moose are harvested per season in the Amur Region, in the Khabarovsk Territory - 800-900, and in Primorye - 60-80 moose. A large number of moose are shot illegally. All this causes a decrease in the number of moose in the Far East.
Elk in the Far Eastern Territory serves as an important object not only for sport, but also for commercial hunting. The hunting of elk here should be strictly regulated in compliance with the terms and rules of hunting.
Red deer very widespread in the south of the Far East. This is due not only to the nature of the vegetation in these places, but also to the depth of the snow cover. Highest density Red deer (5-8 individuals per 1000 hectares) are recorded in floodplain broad-leaved and cedar-broad-leaved forests, where the snow depth reaches 30-40 cm, and the animal is not pursued by humans.
In the past, the Far East often practiced hunting wapiti for antlers, which were caught in large quantities. For example, in 1924, 2,435 pairs of antlers were caught. Total number The number of red deer is now estimated at 38-40 thousand heads, of which 3.1 thousand live in the Amur region, 15.5 thousand in the Khabarovsk Territory and 19.6 thousand in Primorye.
In the Khabarovsk Territory, in the northern part of its range, red deer have a density of 1.0-2.5, and in the southern part - 19-47 heads per 100 km 2. The harvesting of red deer in this region is only 25% developed. It is possible to shoot up to 700 heads, but in fact it is only 260 individuals.
In the mountainous regions of Primorye, red deer predominate in numbers over elk. IN Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve the number of red deer in the past reached 10 thousand heads. Recently, in the best lands of Primorye in the south of Sikhote-Alin, the number of deer was 60-80, and sometimes reached 150-200 heads per 100 km 2. In places where animals were concentrated, the density reached 20-30 animals near salt licks, and 15-20 animals per 1000 hectares along river valleys. The highest density of wapiti habitat is observed in the basins of the Khor, Vikin, Bolshaya Ussurka rivers and other areas of Primorye.
Manchurian deer in the south of the Far East is an important source of prey for ungulates. In Primorye, the official average annual shooting is only a portion of the total deer harvest. In this region, hunters annually hunt about 1.5-2 thousand red deer. In the Bolshaya Ussurka River basin, these animals are shot 3-4 times more than the number of permits issued. If you allow 10% shooting, then 3.5-4 thousand deer can be killed annually.
In total, 600-800 animals are currently hunted, including 100-200 animals for antlers. In the future, it is expected to increase the annual production of red deer to 3.5-4.5 thousand, from which they will receive up to 1000 pairs of antlers and 3-4 thousand quintals of meat. However, such a large harvest size can undermine the natural resources of this fauna species.
Roe widespread in the south of the Far East, where it lives mainly in forest-steppe regions and in the zone of deciduous forests. In the past, roe deer in the Amur region were the most in mass form fauna. Thus, in 1883, the transition of roe deer from the north to the southwest was described, when 150 thousand heads were killed in one year.
In 1974, the total roe deer reserves in this region were determined at 57 thousand heads, of which 42.5 thousand lived in the Amur region, 9.0 thousand in the Khabarovsk Territory, and 5.5 thousand heads in Primorye. In the Far East, with a general limit of roe deer shooting of 5-6 thousand heads, the actual production reached 15-25 thousand animals.
In the Amur region, roe deer are usually found in taiga and forest-steppe areas. Its average habitat density here is 2.5 individuals per 1000 hectares. In the Middle Amur region, the roe deer is the most numerous species of deer, but its number and range are sharply declining. For example, in the northwestern regions, roe deer have disappeared almost everywhere.
In the Khabarovsk Territory, in the basin of the Amgun and Tugur rivers, roe deer inhabit the lands of the Nimslen-Chukcharig lowland, where larch forests with bushes and areas of steppes predominate. On mountain slopes covered with dark coniferous taiga and in winter with high snow cover (60-90 cm), roe deer are practically absent.
In order to restore the roe deer population as quickly as possible, it is proposed to completely ban hunting for 4-5 years. In the Khabarovsk Territory, the density of roe deer was 10-40 animals per 100 km 2. Only in some places of mass accumulation of animals, for example in Birobidzhan, their number reached 250 animals per 100 km 2. The annual limit in the Khabarovsk Territory for shooting roe deer is 2.2-3 thousand heads.
In the coastal part of Primorsky Krai, the roe deer habitat density does not exceed 1.8 individuals per 1000 hectares with an average herd size of 2 individuals. In the central regions of Primorye, among the mountain spurs of the Sikhote-Alin with a predominance of coniferous-deciduous forests, there are 0.2 individuals per 1000 hectares. In the vast Ussuri-Khanka lowland with a forest-steppe landscape, the population density reaches 5.3-8.7 roe deer per 1000 hectares with an average herd index of 2.4 individuals. In the Primorsky Territory, the distribution of roe deer is characterized by the following figures: in coniferous-deciduous forests - 4.5%, broad-leaved forests - 23.4, in sparse mixed forests - 43.1%. These data can be used when planning roe deer harvesting and protection of this species.
According to new data (Kucherenko, Shvets, 1977), the distribution and reserves of roe deer in the Amur-Ussuri region are characterized as follows: the best areas are located at the mouths of the Amur and Ussuri rivers, on the Zeya-Bureya, Middle Amur and Ussuri-Khanka plains, as well as in the south of Primorye. In the best habitats, the population density of roe deer reaches 60-80 individuals per 1000 hectares, in bridges the concentration of animals is up to 130-150, and in the most typical habitats - 20-30 animals. In terms of average density, this amounts to 5-10 individuals per 1000 hectares. Due to a sharp decrease in numbers, hunting for roe deer was banned in the Amur region in 1972, in the Khabarovsk Territory - in 1974. In Primorye, the limit on shooting these animals was reduced.
It is necessary to conduct a general census of the number of roe deer in all their habitats, and hunting should be completely banned for two to three years. With a reduction in poaching and a large number of predators, the number of roe deer can be restored (an increase of 20-25%), since this type of fauna tolerates well the cultivated landscape and can be an important object of commercial and sport hunting.
Musk deer in the Far East it is distributed mainly in the northern part, where it ranges mountain ranges in coniferous (taiga type) forests.
In the Amur region, musk deer are found in mountain taiga forests and along the valleys of the rivers Lopcha, Larba, Selemdzha, Sugadana, Kharga, etc. The population density of musk deer in different areas of this region ranges from 0.5 to 6 individuals per 1000 hectares.
In the Khabarovsk Territory, musk deer are quite numerous. The total number of this species is 4 thousand individuals, and the average annual shooting reaches only 150-300 animals (6.7% of the population). However, in our opinion, musk deer production can be increased to 1,600 pieces per year.
In Primorye, musk deer are found mainly in the northern and middle parts of the region. Thus, in the Sikhote-Alin Nature Reserve it is recorded from the Golubichny Ridge to the Sea of Japan. The highest density of musk deer habitat was noted in dark coniferous forests, where in March 1974 there were up to 20 tracks per 1 km of route. In pine forests, the number of musk deer is smaller, and it rarely descends into the wide valleys at the foot of the ridges. IN summer time These animals move more widely: sometimes they were seen 5-8 km from the nearest coniferous forest. The increase in musk deer density is hampered by the lack of basic food - lichens and persecution of the harza (Astafiev, Zaitsev, 1975).
Musk deer fishing is often predatory in nature. Often they hunt it only for musk, leaving the skin and meat at the hunting site. In the hunting farms of the Far East, musk deer are poorly used: no more than 300 individuals are caught per year, although the size of the population makes it possible to increase its production. The shooting of musk deer should be limited so as not to deplete the reserves of this species of fauna.
Boar widespread in the Far East in the southern taiga, in cedar-deciduous forests. It is common in the south of Primorye and in the middle part of Sikhote-Alin. Total number wild boars in good lands of Primorye are 40-60, in some places reaching 200 animals per 100 km 2.
The number of wild boar in the Far East has now stabilized. The average density of wild boars in the region reaches 2-4 individuals per 1000 hectares of cedar-broad-leaved forests. During years of large cedar harvest, a density of up to 40 heads per 1000 hectares is created in individual forage areas.
In the Far East, wild boar is the main object of ungulate production. For 1966-1971 On average, up to 1000 heads were shot here per season. The Primorsky Territory occupies a leading place in the shooting of wild boar, which accounts for half of the production of all ungulates. During the winter of 1972/73, 1,455 wild boars were killed in Primorye, which is 80% of the total seasonal production of this animal in the Far East. Second place Khabarovsk region, where 200-300 wild boars are caught. Third place belongs to the Amur region, where only 100-120 heads are shot. Despite the licensed system for wild boar production, 3-4 times more wild boar is harvested annually than is issued. In fact, 3-4 thousand wild boars are hunted here annually, or 10-15% of its population. In addition, large predators destroy about 10 thousand wild boars per year. In this regard, the number of wild boar in the Far East has decreased, and is now slowly recovering.
The above outline of the fauna resources of the Far East gives only a general idea of the state of the fishery in this region. Thus, regulated harvesting of the above fur-bearing and ungulate animals in the south of the Far East will help restore their numbers and expand their habitat.
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Primorye has no equal in Russia for the richness and diversity of animals and flora. This is due to the success geographical location edges and the absence of continuous cover ice during the era of global glaciation. As a result, on the territory of modern Primorye we can see a unique mixture of cold- and heat-loving species of animals and plants, diametrically different in their geographical origin.
The distribution of wild animals across the territory of Primorye is determined by climate, terrain, vertical zonation and biodiversity of the plant world. It is thanks to the presence of the mountainous country of Sikhote-Alin, the foothill and flat expanses of the Ussuri taiga, the abundance of rivers and lakes, and the unique sea coast that we observe a special diversity of animals in the Primorsky Territory.
Primorye is home to 82 species of mammals, including: tiger, leopard, sika deer, goral, wapiti, musk deer, roe deer, raccoon dog, sable, Ussuri cat, fox, otter, weasel, wolverine, squirrel, chipmunk, hare and many others.
The feathered world of Primorye is extremely diverse. 458 species of birds have been registered here, many of which are included in the Red Books of various ranks. For example, of all the rare birds listed in the Red Book of Russia, more than half live in forests, on the sea coast, lakes and rivers of Primorye. According to ornithologists, during the spring-autumn migrations, 2.5-3 million birds stop to rest in Primorye. The largest concentrations of waterfowl are observed in the Khanka lowland, where a
The fauna of the Sea of Japan is very rich and diverse. In terms of fish species diversity, the Sea of Japan has no equal among all the seas of Russia. There are 179 species of fish here alone, including: herring, flounder, pollock, navaga, salmon, greenling, smelt, etc. Invertebrate animals: crabs, shrimp, shellfish (mussels, scallops, oysters), octopus, sea cucumber, squid, sea urchin, whelk, etc. There are up to 100 species of freshwater fish in the lakes and rivers of Primorye.
A distinctive feature of the region’s rich wildlife is the presence of a large number of rare and endemic species that require special protection measures. For this purpose, the region has created large and fruitful work on the protection and reproduction of
Rare and endangered species of animals, birds and fish of Primorye:
Tiger Leopard Himalayan bear Sika deer Goral Mole mogera Giant shrew Ussuri clawed newt Far Eastern tortoise Black crane White-naped crane Red-crowned crane Great egret Great egret Great cormorant Scaly-clawed merganser Mandarin duck Fish eagle Spine-footed owl White-tailed eagle Ber kut (eagle) Siberian grouse Paradise flycatcher Yankovsky's oatmeal Reed sutora Black carp Chinese perch (aukha)
The Primorsky region is distinguished by its flora and fauna, which successfully combines the features of southern and northern nature.
The Sikhote-Alin Mountains are a natural barrier to the path of air masses and create special climatic conditions. The Sea of Japan softens the climate in the coastal zone. The unique nature needs protection, because it is thanks to the environmental measures taken that today you can buy crab meat not only in the region, but also in all cities of the country.
There are six nature reserves and 13 wildlife sanctuaries on the territory of Primorye. Some of them have access to the sea coast, and one is a completely marine reserve.
Fauna of the Primorsky Territory In terms of the diversity of fauna on the territory of Russia, there is hardly a territory that can be compared with Primorye.
About 180 species of fish can be found in the Sea of Japan:
Salmon;
flounder;
greenling perch;
herring.
In winter, most of the population goes out on the ice to fish for smelt, which has a strong smell. fresh cucumbers. This small fish is good both fried and dried.
From mid-summer until autumn, Pacific salmon enter coastal rivers and spawn only once in their lives.
Fish such as chum salmon enter rivers from the sea and rise upstream, where spawning occurs. Males acquire their nuptial colors at this time.
Having laid eggs, both females and males die. This ability to return to their place of birth for a single spawning in life distinguishes Pacific salmon from Atlantic salmon, which can spawn several times.
Among coastal fish there are many commercial species, which, together with some invertebrates, are available on store shelves. For example, all guests of the region were able to freely buy crab meat, which is mined in Primorye.
Invertebrate animals inhabit coastal waters;
sea cucumbers;
crabs;
shrimps;
sea urchins;
octopuses;
squid.
Of course, all these animals have the right to be treated with care, but I would like to say something special about the giant Doflein octopus. This mollusk is distinguished not only by its large size; you can find octopuses weighing from 15 to 60 kg, but also by its high intelligence. The animal willingly communicates with divers and can become an attractive object for the development of underwater tourism and attract diving enthusiasts to the region.
Today, Doflein's octopuses are being mercilessly destroyed, especially during periods when they accumulate in shallow waters. If the giant octopus is not officially included in the Red Book, how Amur tiger And Far Eastern leopard, the animal will simply disappear.
After all, once upon a time the Kamchatka crab was subjected to mass extermination and it became impossible to buy Kamchatka crab claws in Primorye, not to mention sending them to other regions.
There are 13 species of sharks in the marine area off the coast of Primorye, but only three species pose a danger to the lives of swimmers:
White:
blue - blue;
hammer.
And although the likelihood of encountering formidable animals tends to zero, several years ago there were cases when several swimmers suffered from a white shark attack.
But you shouldn’t be afraid of huge jellyfish, reaching a diameter of one meter, their poison only affects fish, but the jellyfish themselves can easily become prey, as they are delicacies in Japan and China. Their meat is very popular among gourmets from these countries.
In Japanese fish markets you can find not only huge jellyfish, but also buy Russian-caught crab meat.
In addition to fish and invertebrates, quite rare marine mammals live in coastal waters:
finless porpoise,
Very interesting representative cetaceans,
The animal is slow, and its young often travel on the backs of their parents;
some species of whales, whose populations were reduced to a critical minimum during the years of uncontrolled fishing.
In the coastal zone, divers can also encounter pinnipeds:
larga seal;
sea lion;
bearded seal or bearded seal.
All these and other representatives of marine and coastal fauna can attract tourists to the region, who will not only be able to see these wonderful animals, but also buy crab meat and taste this delicacy in coastal cafes.
In the future, the region should become attractive for Russian and foreign divers; they will be able to dive up to 40 meters in the most picturesque places.
Divers will not only enjoy exploring the underwater world of the Sea of Japan, but when leaving the region, they will be able to take away vivid impressions of underwater world Sea of Japan.
In addition to large land animals such as the tiger, wapiti, and bear, the region is home to smaller, but no less interesting, mammals.
The Amur forest cat, a subspecies of the Bengal cat, is the third wild feline, after the tiger and leopard, that lives in the region and needs protection. It feeds on small rodents, but can attack a hare and even a roe deer - a small wild deer.
Notable reptiles also live in Primorye, these are:
Amur snake, there are specimens both multi-colored and almost black, up to 2 m in size;
Far Eastern freshwater turtle, lives on Lake Khanka and in some rivers.
Considering the location of the region bordering China, there are many tourists from this country on its territory, and many local reptiles and amphibians are considered a delicacy by the Chinese and are bought by them from local producers.
Most people who have the opportunity to buy crab meat obtained from the coastal shores, living in the central regions of the country, have never even heard of such an animal as the Japanese mogera, a small insectivorous mole, which is also a rare species.
The fauna of Primorye is represented by 15 species of bats, most of which are:
Lesser tubebill;
brown long-eared bat;
eastern pipistrelle,
fell into the category of endangered animals.
These bats were destroyed more out of superstitious beliefs, because they were of no value or danger to humans the bats They have no idea that they lead an active lifestyle during the warm season at dusk. The objects of hunting of bats are mainly insects.
But the artiodactyl animals of Primorye, especially sika deer, wapiti, the Primorsky subspecies of red deer, and musk deer, are objects of hunting, including poaching. The rarest of the ungulates was the Amur goral.
There are a large number of people willing to buy wild ungulate meat, as well as to buy crab, which leads to a decrease in the population; at the same time, the food supply for predatory animals, tigers, leopards, and red wolves is also reduced. Ussuri wild boars - cleavers, whose weight exceeded 300 kg - have also become rare.
The insects of the Primorsky Territory are worthy of attention; the body length of the Ussuri relic woodcutter is 8 - 10 cm; next to it you can also find the celestial barbel. These beetles, representatives of arthropods, are distant relatives of seaside crabs; anyone can buy Kamchatka crab claws, not only in Primorye, but also beyond its borders.
Among the birds, it is worth noting the unusually elegant mandarin duck, which, perhaps, has no equal in the brightness of its plumage in the coastal forests.
The Japanese crane also deserves attention; it creates a pair once and for its entire bird life.
The coastal land is distinguished not only by its diverse fauna, but also by its rich flora.
Fauna of Primorye
The flora of the Primorsky Territory has a huge number of plants that have medicinal and beneficial properties. Many of them are prepared either as medicinal plants, or as edible.
First of all, bracken fern is harvested in the region; it is also popular not only among residents of the region; everyone who comes to the region can buy dried bracken fern, as well as buy Kamchatka crab limbs. Local Koreans prepare a huge variety of cold and hot dishes from it.
Osmund fern, although inferior to bracken, taste qualities, but is also prepared for food. Uncontrolled harvesting of these plants causes a decrease in their number in the forests of Primorye.
Plants such as:
Schisandra chinensis;
Aralia;
eleutherococcus,
are recognized as powerful immune agents, as well as the legendary ginseng. Today the coastal ginseng population is the only place on land where this plant occurs frequently enough to regenerate naturally.
Nowadays, the agricultural technology of breeding and growing ginseng in artificial conditions has been mastered; most often this is the kind of ginseng that can be bought outside the region, but you can buy crab not artificially grown, but the real thing, caught off the coast of the region.
It is worth mentioning separately about algae; they belong to lower plants and many of them are widely used by humans. In the Primorsky Territory, commercial production of kelp is underway, from which the usual salad called seaweed is prepared and ahnfeltsia is extracted, which is the raw material for agar-agar.
Unsustainable mining annually reduces the reserves of these algae and, perhaps, you will soon be able to buy a salad from seaweed It will be as difficult as it was once impossible to buy Kamchatka crab limbs. In addition, algae are of great importance for the biology of the crab; it is among the bottom vegetation that the juvenile crab hides during the first years of life. Over the past 30 - 35 years, kelp stocks have decreased by 15 times.
Many plants are relict and they are a real living treasure of the coastal land.
Komarov's lotus is the most cold-resistant lotus on earth. The mass flowering of the lotus is a spectacle whose beauty is universally recognized. The hills covered with rhododendron bushes are also beautiful; in the spring, when there is no foliage on the neighboring bushes, the slopes are shrouded in a gentle purple fog - this is the rhododendron blooming, it is not for nothing that it is called the beauty of spring. If rhododendron branches are cut at the end of winter and placed in water, they very quickly bloom their extraordinary flowers.
The pointed yew is a plant whose ancestors grew during the time of dinosaurs. The yew that grows in the region today looks the same as its ancient ancestors for more than 200 million years.
Very often, trees in the Primorsky taiga are intertwined with vines, as in tropical forests In addition to Schisandra chinensis, three species of actinidia, wild grapes and the most powerful liana grow here - Kirkazon Manchurian, more than 15 m high. The leaves of this liana are very large, up to 35 cm, heart-shaped, with long petioles and look like the leaves of tropical lianas, and the flowers They have a very bizarre curved jug shape. Kirkazon fruits are similar to cucumbers.
There are many legends about the Rhodiola rosea plant; they say that whoever finds this flower in the taiga will be healthy until the end of his days, but you cannot buy or sell the plant, you just need to find it, but anyone can buy a crab.
Of interest are also such deciduous tree species as:
ash, with valuable wood;
Amur velvet, with cork bark;
Manchurian nut, the fruits of which are prescribed miraculous properties.
Coniferous trees presented:
fir trees;
larch;
junipers;
pine trees;
firs.
Special attention deserves the Korean cedar pine, which is simply called cedar. All visitors to the region can buy crab and pine nuts, which are tasteful and useful qualities just as good as crab meat.
In recent decades, nuts have been harvested in such huge quantities that it condemns many animals to starvation. winter months. Chinese entrepreneurs come every year to buy these raw materials. Cedar pine nuts are very valued in the Middle Kingdom.
Anyone can see all the beauty of the animal and plant world of the coastal land with their own eyes. Now all types of tourism are developing in the region, there is a unique safari park that surprised the whole world with the relationship between the Amur tiger and the goat Timur, and anyone can buy crab, which is now available to both local residents and guests of the region.
The Red Book of the Primorsky Territory is the result of the enormous work of a whole team of professionals who are passionate about their work. It is intended for a wide range of readers, from schoolchildren to doctors of science. The book contains information about plants and animals that are on the verge of extinction, have already disappeared, or those whose populations are declining from year to year. The purpose of any Red Book is to attract public attention to the problems of nature conservation, to convey in an accessible form information about the need for a person to take a careful attitude towards the environment.
Structure of the Red Data Book of Primorye
As a rule, all such publications are created according to a certain template. The Red Data Book of Primorsky Krai is no exception.
“Animals” and “Plants” are its two main sections, each of which contains several more subsections.
To make it clear to the reader, the structure is based on the systematization familiar to everyone: kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus and species. This structure allows the reader to quickly find the desired animal or plant in the book.
Categories
The Red Book of Primorsky Krai contains an assessment of the state of populations. They are divided into several categories that correspond to both international and national standards. The categories are presented in the following table.
Red Book | The Red Book of Russia | According to the IUCN system |
0 - probably extinct | RE - probably extinct in the region |
|
1—endangered | CR - critically endangered (on the verge of extinction) |
|
2 - declining populations | EN - endangered (endangered) |
|
3 - rare | VU - vulnerable |
|
NT - potentially vulnerable |
||
LC—moderate concern |
||
4 - status is not defined | DD - not well studied |
|
5 - restored | (absent) |
Legal status
There are several large cats under special state protection: forest cat, leopard. They belong to the first category. Poachers, even despite all the preventive measures taken by the state, are attracted by their valuable fur, which is in great demand on the black market.
Greenland and Japanese whales, several species of killer whales and dolphins for a long time were mined uncontrollably. Today their fishing is prohibited. However, representatives of endangered species often accidentally end up in the nets of trawl vessels.
In total, the first volume of the Primorsky Red Book includes 35 species of mammals.
Flora of Primorye
Which flora representatives does the Red Book of Primorsky Krai include? "Plants" is the second volume of the publication. It describes state-protected species by total number:
- 29 plant species (including algae and mosses);
- 66 species of lichens;
- 58 types of mushrooms.
Human economic activity, deforestation and drainage of swamps lead to the death of lichens, mosses and fungi over vast areas.
Nature conservation measures in Primorsky Krai
Authorities' efforts to protect rare species primarily aimed at further research. Many species are poorly studied, scientists need to collect additional information, on the basis of which it is possible to organize nature reserves and wildlife sanctuaries in the Primorsky Territory.
Law enforcement agencies monitor poaching activities, stopping attempts at illegal hunting and fishing, fruit collection and deforestation.
Over the years of the existence of the Red Book of Primorye, significant success has been achieved, reflected in the preservation and increase in the population size of some species. But at the same time, many plants and animals are still under threat. Preserving them and restoring their numbers is possible only with reasonable efforts on the part of the authorities and the population. Everyone can make their contribution to this noble cause: by donating funds to environmental funds, by refusing interior items, clothing and products for which they die rare plants and animals.
